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Artificial Intelligence Dave Horn Definition-Origins The concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI) often conjures up pop-culture images, such as HAL (9000) or the Terminator, depending upon your age. Although fictional, these machines embody the definition of AI, whereby a machine carries out functions generally associated with being human, including reasoning, learning from situations, and optimization through experience. Machines can carry out the approximations of human reasoning by organizing and manipulating factual and heuristic knowledge. The idea of AI has been around since antiquity, but it wasn't until after WWII that research and development of AI began in earnest. One of the early pioneers in the field was Alan Turing, an English mathematician. He used programmable computers and posited that if a machine could fool a knowledgeable observer into believing that it was human, it could be considered intelligent. He created a test—the Turing Test—to support his theory, and used a teletypewriter to avoid the need to produce speech when the machine and person interacted with the knowledgeable observer. The human would try to persuade the observer that it was human and the machine would try to fool the observer into believing it was also human. Educational Technology & Learning A Terminator as the classroom teacher would definitely reduce issues with behaviour and classroom management! However, the actual capacities of AI machines to date are still limited, although research in this field has opened up doors into the examination of how learners learn. Some impacts of AI on e-Learning and educational technology can already be seen. In California, a small group of post-secondary institutes shifted their high-enrollment courses from traditional lectures to online tutorials, discussions forums, and computerized grading to obtain speedier insight into areas where students were succeeding and where they were struggling. This resulted in increased student learning in 25 of the 30 projects and a cost reduction of 37% for the institutes. The development of intelligent tutoring systems helps students working on algebra and physics problems where there are many ways to solve problems and also equally varied ways to get incorrect solutions. Additionally, computer tutors are capable of recording both longitudinal data and data at a fine time scale, such as mouse clicks and responsetime data. Educational technologists and e-learning developers can then mine this data to build an understanding of student learning and modify learning systems to accommodate these learning modalities. Future AI systems will have application in terms of creating dynamic online learning systems that can adapt to and learn from the strengths and weaknesses of the learners. AI programs will also prove beneficial to students with dyslexia and dysgraphia as their speech recognition and output abilities improve, thus enabling students to progress at a faster pace without being held captive by their learning difficulties. Further Reading Beck, J., Haugsjaan, E., Stern, M. (2006). Applications of AI In Education. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 16 (3), 227-265. AI Topics (2010). Education: Intelligent Tutoring & Other Educational Uses of AI. Retrieved from http://www.aaai.org/aitopics/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/AITopics/Education