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Structure and
Function of
Cells
State Objective 3.b.
What are Cells?
 The
cell theory states the following:
All living things are composed of cells.
 Cells are the basic units of structure and function
in living things.
 All cells are produced from other cells.

Two Types of Cells
 Prokaryotic
cells lack membranebound internal structures.
 Ex.
Bacteria
 Eukaryotic
cells contain membranebound structures
 Ex.
Blood cells (plant and animal cells)
Tour of Eukaryotic Cells
Cell Wall
 Rigid
layer that surrounds the cells of plants
and some other organisms(bacteria)
 It
helps protect and support.
 Made of strong material called cellulose.
Cell Membrane
 The
cell membrane protects the contents of the cell and
helps control the materials that enter and leave.

Allows food and oxygen into the cell and waste products
out of the cell.
Moving Material into & out of
Cells
 Cell
membranes are
selectively permeable.
 Two types:
 Passive
Transport allows
materials to pass through
the cell membrane
without using energy
 Active Transport requires
the cell to use energy by
using transport proteins to
move materials across the
cell membrane
Cytoplasm
A
thick, clear, gel-like fluid that fills the regions between
the cell membrane and the organelles of Eukaryotic
cells.

Organelles are tiny cell structures that carry out specific
functions with-in the cell.
Nucleus
 The
nucleus is the cell’s control center, directing all of
the cell’s activities.


Contains DNA
Nucleolus makes ribosomes which are small grain-shaped
organelles that make proteins
Energy
 Known
H2O
Mitochondrion
as the “powerhouses” of the cell because they
convert energy in food molecules to energy the cell
can use to carry out its functions
Chloroplast
 Green
structures typically found in plant cell to make
food by photosynthesis.

Captures energy from sun-light and changes it to energy
the cell needs to make food.
O
₂
Glucose
Vacuole
 Type
of sac that stores water, food, and other materials
needed by the cell.

Vacuoles in plants cell are larger than those in animal cells.
Vacuole
Comparing Plant and Animal Cells
 Plant
cells have a larger vacuole for more
storage.
 Plants have chloroplasts for carrying out
photosynthesis.
 Plants have cell walls for shape & support.
Name
That
Part
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Lysosome
Golgi Apparatus
Cell Wall
Ribosomes
Endoplasmi
c Reticulum
Vacuole
Click on organelle to activate name (cursor will change for “live” organelles).
Bellwork:
12/5 – Use Notes /
Book Compare a cell to a
school. For each organelle,
describe something in the
school that would perform that
same function.
*************************************
nucleus, mitochondria,
chloroplast, Lysosome, Vacuole
endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasm
 cell membrane, cell wall

Types of Cells
CONTINUED !!!
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 The
ER transports proteins
& other materials throughout
the cell spots on this organelle
are ribosomes, which produce
proteins similar to the system of hallways in a building.
Golgi Apparatus
 Receive
proteins and other newly formed materials
from the ER, packages them, and distributes them to
other parts of the cell.
Lysosomes
 Break
down large food
particles into smaller ones
 Break down old cell parts
so they can be reused
(like the recycling center)
Types of Cells
 Not
all cells are the same.
 Cells with different structures perform
different functions.
 Both plants and animals have specialized
cells that perform specific functions.
Organization of Life
 Cells-
smallest basic unit of life
 Tissues- a group of cells that perform a
function
 Organs- a group of tissues
 Organ systems- a group of organs
 Organism
Types of Tissues
 Epithelial
 Connective
 Muscle
 Nervous
Epithelial Tissue
 Tissue
that covers internal or external
surfaces of an animal’s body
 They may consist of single or many layers.
 Cells are packed tightly together with little
space between.
 Classified by shape and function.
 Examples: skin, linings of internal organs,
blood vessels
Squamous Epithelium
Cuboidal Epithelium
Connective Tissue
 Connects
and supports other tissues.
 Cells are often spaced farther apart.
 Examples include blood, bone, cartilage,
ligaments, tendons, adipose
Blood
 Tissue
that carries oxygen, nutrients,
removes wastes, and fights infection.
 Made of red blood cells, white blood
cells, and platelets.
 Red blood cells contain a protein called
hemoglobin that attaches to oxygen
molecules.
Red Blood Cells
• Shaped like
flattened
disks.
• Do not
contain
nuclei.
• Most
numerous cell
in the body.
Blood
 White
blood cells can move in and out of
blood vessels to fight infection.
 Larger but fewer in number than red
blood cells.
 Body can increase production when an
infection occurs.
White Blood Cells
Blood
 Platelets
are tiny, oval-shaped cells that
help blood form clots.
 Stick together when blood vessels break.
 Are constantly being replaced.
Platelets
Bone
A
rigid connective tissue made mostly of
calcium.
 Provides shape and support, protection,
and allow the body to move.
 Compact bone- hard, strong outer
covering.
 Spongy bone- mesh-like center of bones
that contains marrow.
Bone
Which is compact? Which is
spongy?
Adipose Tissue
A
loose connective tissue also called fat.
 Stores energy, cushions and insulates the
body.
 Found beneath the skin and around
internal organs.
Adipose Tissue
Other Connective Tissues
 Cartilage
is a tough, flexible tissue that
covers the ends of bones.
 Ligaments are fibrous, slightly stretching
tissues that connect bones at a joint.
 Tendons connect muscles to bones and
allow movement.
Ligaments, Tendons, and
Cartilage
Muscle Tissue
 Tissues
that contract and relax to allow
the body to move.
 Three types: skeletal, smooth, cardiac
 Skeletal attaches to bones. Smooth is
found in internal organs. Cardiac is found
in the heart.
 Skeletal muscle is voluntary and striated
(striped).
Muscles
Nervous Tissue
 Neurons
(nerve cells) are the basic unit of
the nervous system.
 Form the brain, spinal cord, and other
nerves.
 Controls the body and responds to stimuli.
Parts of a Neuron
Cell
body- contains
nucleus
Axon- carries messages
from the cell
Dendrite- receives
messages from other cells.
Neurons
How Tissues Work Together
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
A.Cell
B.Tissue
C.Organ
D.Organ
System
A.W
B.X
C.Y
D.Z