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Essential Questions: What is an open and
closed circulatory system? Which type of
circulatory system demonstrates an evolutionary
advantage?
There are two types of Circulatory Systems:
• Closed Circulatory System
• Open Circulatory System
Closed Circulatory
System-blood is
contained inside
vessels. Exs.
earthworm, human
Open Circulatory
System-blood is not
always contained in
vessels.
Ex. Grasshopper
Essential Question: What are the parts of the
circulatory system?
Parts of the Circulatory System:
Heart
Blood Vessels:

arteries--->arterioles

veins--->venules

capillaries
Lymph Vessels
Essential Questions: What are the structures and their
functions in the heart? What is the flow of blood in the
heart?
Heart:
• Muscular and elastic.
• Protected by the
Pericardium.
• Pumps total quantity of
blood in body(5L) once
around the body every
minute
• Beats about 2.5 billion
times in one’s lifetime.
Pericardium:
Tough protective membrane around the heart.
Composed of 4 chambers: atria(atriumsingular) and ventricles
Atria:
Upper chambers of the heart.
Thin-walled
Function in collecting blood.
Ventricles:
Lower chambers of the heart.
Thick-walled.
Function in pumping blood.
Contains 3 valves to prevent the back flow of
blood (tricuspid, bicuspid, semi lunar).
Contains a pacemaker.
Pacemaker:
• Group of specialized
cells located on the
right atrium.
• Regulates the rhythm
of the heart.
• In turn is regulated by
the medulla
oblongata in the
brain.
Essential Questions: What are the three types of
blood vessels? What is the function of each type
of vessel?
Arteries:
Located deep within the body.
Thick, muscular, and elastic.
Carries oxygenated blood away from
heart. (with the exception of the
pulmonary artery).
Aorta-largest artery in the body.
Veins:
• Contains valves.
• Carry deoxygenated
blood to the
heart(with the
exception of the
pulmonary vein).
Capillaries:
 Smallest blood vessels.

Found close to every cell in the body.
 Point of exchange of nutrients and gases.
 40,000 km of capillaries-Enough to circle the
globe at the equator.
Essential Questions: What are lymph vessels? How
do they relate to homeostasis?
Lymph Vessels:
• Helps the body fight diseases and maintain
homeostasis by keeping the body fluid
constant.
• Separate system (located along side every
blood vessel).
• Carries lymph-lymph is composed of water
and dissolved substances
Lymph System
Lymph Nodes-tissue that contains lymphocytes
and filters pathogens from lymph. Ex. Tonsils
Lymphocytes-type of WBC that kills bacteria.
Intercellular Fluid (ICF)-liquid portion of blood
that leaves the capillaries and surrounds the
cells. Provides an environment for exchange of
materials.
Essential Questions: What is the composition of
blood? What are the types of blood cells and their
respective functions?
Blood
Blood is a tissue composed of fluid, cells,
and cell fragments.
Plasma-liquid portion of blood (Makes up
55% of total volume of the blood).
Types of Blood Cells:
• WBC
• Platelets
• RBC
Red Blood Cells
• Disk-shaped.
• Produced in the bone
marrow.
• Transports oxygen and
some carbon dioxide.
• Lacks a nucleus:
biconcave (center is
thinner than rim).
• 1 WBC--->600 RBC
Bone Marrow
Bone Marrow Custard
Serves 4
1 cup heavy cream
2 ounces bone marrow
2 egg yolks
1 whole egg
sea salt and pepper to taste
Prepare the marrow as above, so it is a pale color, not grey. Blend cream, marrow
and eggs and season to taste. Pour into four small buttered ramekins, place in hot
water and bake at 300 degrees for about 20 minutes or until the custard is set. Let
cool and unmold. Serve as an accompaniment to meat
Tomato Marrow Soup
Serves 8
4 ounces bone marrow
6 fresh tomatoes, seeded, peeled and chopped
3 tablespoons butter or ghee
2 medium onions, sliced
1/2 cup white wine or vermouth
6-8 cups beef stock
sea salt and pepper to taste
pinch cayenne pepper
about 1 cup cultured cream
Use the marrow from the bones used to make stock for this delicious soup—the red
of the tomatoes will cover up any grey.
Sauté onions gently in melted butter until very limp and golden brown. Add the
tomatoes and sauté over medium heat, stirring occasionally until all liquid has
evaporated. Add wine or vermouth and boil down slightly. Add beef broth and marrow
and bring to a simmer. Skim off any scum that may rise to the surface and simmer
about 15 minutes. Blend with a handheld blender. Season to taste and serve with
cultured cream.
White Blood Cells
•
•
•
Five different kinds.
Functions in
fighting bacteria or
clotting blood.
Produced in the
bone marrow and
lymph glands
Platelets
•
•
Irregularly shaped
cells.
Function in blood
clotting.
Blood Groups:
Essential Questions: What are the four blood
groups? What is an antigen-antibody reaction?
Blood Groups:

There are four major blood types
named A,B, AB, and O. A person’s
blood depends on the presence or
absence of two antigens (A and B) on
the surface of RBC.
Antigen-any substance that can cause an
immune response.
BLOOD TYPE
ANTIGENS ON ANTIBODIES
RBC
A
A
ANTI B
B
B
ANTI A
AB
AB
NONE
O
NONE
ANTI A, ANTI B
Matching ABO Blood Types For
Transfusions
Recipient
Blood Donor
A
A,O
B
B,O
AB
A,B, AB,O
O
O
Essential Question What is the Rh factor ?
Rh factor
 Group of antigens found
on the surface of RBC.
 85%-have Rh factors, Rh
 15%-have no Rh factors,
Rh .
 Rh mother and Rh fetus
will destroy the RBCs of
next baby. Treatment of
fetus (28 weeks and at
birth). Mother also
requires injection at birth
of baby. Injection
destroys anti Rh
antibodies.
Essential Question: What is pulmonary and
systemic circulation?
Blood Circuits:
•
Pulmonary
•
Systemic
Pulmonary
Circulationbetween heart and
lungs.
Systemic Circulationbetween heart and
rest of body.
Essential Questions : What is blood pressure?
What type of factors can contribute to an elevated
blood pressure?
Blood Pressure:
Blood pressure-force that the blood exerts on the
blood vessels.
Systolic Pressure-ventricles contract. Top
number
Diastolic Pressure-ventricles relax. Bottom
number
120 mm Hg/80 mm Hg is normal blood
pressure.
140 mm Hg/90 mm Hg is high blood pressure.
Essential Question: What are some diseases
related to the circulatory system?
Diseases Associated
With The
Transport
System:
Leukemia-cancer of
white blood cells.
Cancer-uncontrolled cell
division.
Hemophilia-missing a
clotting factor, thus
blood can’t clot
properly. Can
receive injections
of missing factor.
Heart Attack-clot in
blood vessel to
heart.
Stroke-blood clot in
vessel to the brain.
Aneurysm-swelling in a
blood vessel. May
burst.
Hypertension-high
blood pressure.
Often called the
“silent killer”.