Download Chapter 11 Respiratory System

Chapter 11
Respiratory System
Chapter Objectives
Upon completion of the chapter the participant will be able to:
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Label the component parts of the respiratory system on a provided diagram.
List the component parts of the respiratory system.
Discuss the functions of the respiratory system.
Describe the normal breathing process.
Discuss the relationship between the respiratory system and the cardiovascular
system.
Analyze, define and spell the medical terms related to the respiratory system.
Successfully complete the exercises at the end of chapter.
As was discussed in the chapter on the cardiovascular system, the many cells of the
body require oxygen for life as well as the elimination of CO2 from the cell. The
respiratory system allows for this gas exchange to occur. The capillaries, which are the
vessels that connect the arteries to the veins, have very thin walls that allow O2 and CO2
to move back and forth through their walls. This exchange of gases between tissue cells
and the capillaries is known as internal respiration.
Functions of the Respiratory System
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bring oxygen from the air outside our body into the body for delivery to
body cells where it is needed.
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after the oxygen is used by the cells the respiratory system is then
responsible for expelling the waste products, (carbon dioxide) from the
body.
Structures of the Respiratory System
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Nose: (nas/o) The external nares or nostrils of the nose allow air to enter
(inspiration) and leave (expiration) the body. Inside the nose are fine hairs
called cilia that filter out dust particles from the air. The nasal cavity
extends from the outside nares down to the pharynx. The nose is divided
into two cavities by a partition (sept/o) called the nasal septum. One of
the more common problems that people experience with the nose is a
nosebleed. The medical term for nosebleed is epistaxis.
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Sinuses (sinus/o): Air filled spaces in the facial bones that have a
mucous membrane lining. They have no real function as part of the
respiratory system but the mucous they produce plays a role in production
of sound.
Pharynx: (pharyng/o) This area is often referred to as the throat and
”
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consists of:
Nasopharynx (nas/o) that is posterior to the nasal cavity. The
Eustachian tube from the ear opens into this area.
Oropharynx (or/o) is posterior to the oral cavity and contains the
tonsils.
Laryngopharynx (laryng/o) opens into the larynx and esophagus
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Larynx (laryng/o) Often referred to as the voice box. Consists of cartilage
that connects the pharynx and the trachea. The movement of air over this
cartilage produces sound and the length and tension of the cords produces
the pitch of our voice.
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Nasal cavity
Laryngopharynx
Epiglottis
Esophagus
Right Lung
Larynx
Trachea
Right Bronchus
Left Lung
Mediastinum
Diaphragm
Alveoli
”
Trachea (trache/o) “windpipe”. Connects the larynx to the lungs via the
bronchi. It is composed mostly of muscle fibers that are lined with mucous
membranes and cilia.
”
Thoracic Cavity (thorac/o, -thorax): The lungs are located in this cavity.
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As well as the lungs the cavity contains the heart, aorta, esophagus,
trachea, bronchial tube and thymus.
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Bronchi (bronchi/o, bronch/o) There are two main bronchi, each leading
into a lung. These main bronchi then split into smaller bronchi and into
further smaller tubes called bronchioles (bronchiol/o).
”
Alveoli (alveol/o): “Air sacs” that are found at the ends of the
bronchioles.The walls of these sacs are very thin and because they are
surrounded by small capillaries gas exchange occurs here.
”
Epiglottis (epiglott/o) A flap of tissue that is connected to the cartilage
around the larynx. This flap covers the opening into the trachea when we
are eating or drinking. It prevents food from entering the lungs and instead
it is directed down into the esophagus.
”
Lungs (pneum/o, pneumon/o, pulmon/o, pulm/o) Found in the thoracic
cavity. The right lung has three lobes (lob/o) and the left has two. Inside
each lung are about 300 million small alveoli (alveol/o) which are
surrounded by pulmonary capillaries. It is here that O2 moves from the
lung into the blood and CO2 moves from the blood into the alveoli to be
eliminated from the body. Because the chest consists of two separate
lungs there is a space that exists between the two. The space between the
lungs is called the mediastinum.
”
Pleura (pleur/o) Each lung is enclosed in a multi-layered membrane called
the pleura. There are two layers to the pleura, the parietal (outside layer)
and the visceral (inside layer) and the space between these layers is called
the pleural space. There normally is nothing in this space except a
lubricating substance that prevents friction occurring as the lungs expand
and contract.
”
Diaphragm is the muscle that separates the chest cavity from the
abdominal cavity. Breathing action is caused primarily by the contracting
and relaxing of this muscle.
Process of Breathing
Respiration is the exchange of gases that is essential for life. Breathing begins with air
entering though the mouth or the nose. Air that enters through the nose is warmed and
cleaned by the cilia and mucous membranes of the nose. The mouth is also lined with
mucous membranes but it doesn’t have the cilia present to clean the small dirt particles
from the air. The mouth also provides a means of expelling any mucous that is produced
by the respiratory system. Expelled mucous from the mouth is referred to as phlegm or
sputum. This process of breathing consists of an external and an internal component.
External respiration is the exchange of gases in the lungs themselves. Air is inhaled into
the alveoli and the oxygen passes into tiny surrounding capillaries and is carried to all
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body cells. At the same time carbon dioxide, the waste product of metabolism, passes
from the blood into the alveoli to be removed as we expire air.
Internal respiration is the exchange of gases within the body cell itself. In this process
the oxygen moves from the bloodstream into the cell and vice versa the carbon dioxide
moves out.
Most of the health problems that occur to the respiratory system are the result of a lack
of oxygen or a dysfunction in the gas exchange process. When there is not enough
oxygen the skin will take on a bluish color referred to as cyanosis. One of the most
common conditions that people experience involving the respiratory system is a
nosebleed. The medical term for a nosebleed is epistaxis.
Word Parts for the Respiratory System
Roots
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adenoid/o
alveol/o
atel/o
bronch/i, bronch/o
bronchiol/o
cyan/o
laryng/o
lob/o
muc/o
nas/o, rhin/o
olfact/o
or/o
ox/o, ox/i, ox/y
pector/o, steth/o, thorac/o
pharyng/o
phren/o
phon/o
pleur/a, pleur/o
pneumon/o, pulmon/o,
pneumat/o, pneum/o
sept/o
sinus/o
spir/o
thorac/o
tonsill/o
trache/o
adenoids
alveolus, air sacs
incomplete
bronchus
bronchioles, little bronchi
blue
larynx, voice box
lobe
mucus
nose
smell
mouth
oxygen
chest
pharynx, throat
diaphragm
sound, voice
pleura, pleural cavity
lungs, air, respiration
partition
sinuses
breathing
pleural cavity, chest
tonsils
trachea, windpipe
Prefixes
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eupneu-
well, good
lungs, air
Suffixes
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-capnia
-ectasis
-graphy
-meter
-oxia
-phonia
-plegia
-pnea
-ptysis
-thorax
level of carbon dioxide
stretch, dilate, enlargement
process of recording, producing images
measure
level of oxygen
voice
paralysis
breathing
spitting
pleural cavity, chest
Term Analysis and Definition
Word Part
Term
adenoid/o
adenoidectomy
adenoid = adenoids
-ectomy = surgical
removal
Surgical removal of the
adenoids.
alveol/o
alveolar
alveol = air sac,
alveolus
-ar = pertaining to
Pertaining to the air sacs
alveolitis
-itis = inflammation
Inflammation of the alveolus
bronchitis
bronch = bronchus
-itis = inflammation
Inflammation of the bronchus
bronchiectasis
-ectasis = dilation,
stretching
Dilation of the bronchus
bronchoscopy
-scopy = process of
visual examination
Process of visually examining
the bronchus
bronchiol/o
bronchiolitis
Inflammation of the small
bronchial tubes
cyan/o
cyanosis
bronchiol = little
bronchi
-itis = inflammation
cyan = blue
-osis= condition
cyanotic
-ic
Pertaining to bluish skin color
laryngeal
laryng = voice box,
Pertaining to the voice box
bronch/i,
bronch/o
laryng/o
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Term Analysis
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Definition
Condition where the skin takes
on a bluish color because of a
lack of oxygen
Word Part
Term
Term Analysis
Definition
larynx
-eal = pertaining to
lob/o
lobar
lob = lobe
-ar = pertaining to
lobectomy
-ectomy = surgical
removal
Pertaining to the lobe (of the
lung)
Surgical removal of a lobe (of
the lung).
muc/o
mucolytic
muc = mucus
-lytic = breakdown
Breakdown of mucus.
nas/o
rhin/o
nasolacrimal
nas = nose
lacrim = lacrimal
apparatus
-al = pertaining to
Pertaining to the nose and
lacrimal apparatus
nasopharyngea
l
pharyng = pharynx
-eal = pertaining to
Pertaining to the nose and
pharynx
rhin = nose
-plasty = surgical
repair
Surgical repair of the nose
rhinoplasty
-rrhea = discharge
Discharge from the nose
-itis = inflammation
Inflammation of the lining of the
nose
anoxia
a = no, lack of
ox = oxygen
-ia = condition
Condition where there is a lack
of oxygen
hypoxia
hypo = deficiency
Deficiency in oxygen
pector/o
pectoral
pector = chest
-al = pertaining to
Pertaining to the chest
pharyng/o
oropharyngeal
or = mouth
pharyng = throat,
pharynx
-eal = pertaining to
Pertaining to the mouth and
throat
pharyngoglossal
-gloss = tongue
-al = pertaining to
Pertaining to the tongue and
throat
rhinorrhea
rhinitis
ox/o, ox/i,
ox/y
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Word Part
Term
phren/o
phrenic
phren = diaphragm
-ic = pertaining to
Pertaining to the diaphragm
phrenoplegia
-plegia = paralysis
Paralysis of the diaphragm
pleuracentesis
pleur = pleura
-centesis = surgical
puncture to remove
fluid
Surgical puncture into the
pleura to remove fluid
pleuralgia
-algia = pain
Pain in the pleura
pneumonectomy
pneumon = lungs
-ectomy = surgical
excision
Surgical removal of the lungs
pneumonia
-ia = condition
Abnormal condition of the lung
pulmonary
-ary = pertaining to
Pertaining to the lungs
pneumatic
pneumat = air, lungs,
respiration
-ic = pertaining to
Pertaining to air or respiration.
pneumopleuritis
pleur = pleura
-itis = inflammation
Inflammation of the pleura and
the lungs
pneumorrhagia
-rrhagia = bursting
forth
Bleeding from the lungs
pansinusitis
pan = all
sinus = sinuses
-itis = inflammation
Inflammation of all the sinus.
sinusotomy
-tomy = Surgical
incision
Surgical incision into the sinus.
spir/o
spirometer
spir = breathing
-meter = meter for
measuring
Instrument used to measure
breathing
steth/o
stethoscope
steth = chest
-scope = instrument
used to examine
Instrument used to listen to the
chest.
thorac/o
thoracoplasty
thorac = chest
-plasty = surgical
repair
Surgical repair of the chest.
pleur/a,
pleur/o
pneumon/o,
pulmon/o
pneumat/o
pneum/o
sinus/o
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Term Analysis
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Definition
Word Part
tonsill/o
trache/o
Term
Term Analysis
Definition
thoracotomy
-otomy = opening into
Process of cutting into the
chest
thoracodynia
dynia = pain
Chest pain.
tonsillar
tonsill = tonsils
-ar = pertaining to
Pertaining to the tonsils
tonsillitis
-itis = inflammation
Inflammation of the tonsils
tonsillectomy
-ectomy = surgical
removal
Surgical removal of the tonsils
endotracheal
endo = within
trache = trachea
-eal = pertaining to
Pertaining to within the
trachea.
laryngotracheobronchitis
laryng = larynx
bronch = bronchus
-itis = inflammation
Inflammation of the larynx,
trachea and bronchus.
tracheostomy
-stomy = Create a
permanent opening
Creation a permanent opening
into the trachea
tracheotomy
-tomy = Surgical
incision
bronch = bronchus
-ectasis = dilation
Surgical incision into the
trachea
Dilation of the bronchus.
-ectasis
bronchiectasis
-phonia
aphonia
a = no, lack of
phonia = voice
Loss of voice
dysphonia
dys = difficult, painful
Difficulty speaking
apnea
a = no, lack of
-pnea = breathing
No breathing
bradypnea
brady = slow
Slow breathing
dyspnea
dys = difficult, painful
Painful breathing
eupnea
eu = normal
Normal breathing
hyperpnea
hyper = abnormal
increase, excessive
Abnormal increase in breathing
-pnea
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Word Part
Term
Term Analysis
Definition
oligopnea
oligo = scanty, few
Scanty breathing
orthopnea
ortho = straight
Breathing only when sitting up
or standing straight
tachypnea
tachy = fast
Fast breathing
hypercapnia
hyper = excessive
-capnia = level of
carbon dioxide
Excessive amount of carbon
dioxide in the blood
hypocapnia
hypo = decrease
Decrease in the carbon dioxide
in the blood
-graphy
bronchography
bronch = bronchus
-graphy = process of
recording
Process of recording the lungs
using X-Ray
-ptysis
hemoptysis
hem = blood
-ptysis = spitting
Spitting up blood
-thorax
hemothorax
hem = blood
-thorax = chest
Blood in the chest
pneumothorax
pneum = air
Air in the chest
pyothorax
py = pus
Pus in the chest
-capnia
Summary Exercises Chapter 11
Exercise 11.1
Fill in the blank with the appropriate word or phrase.
1.
The medical term used to describe an incision or opening being made into the
trachea is a(n) _____________________________________________________
2.
A condition of having a low level of oxygen present is ______________________
3.
Surgical removal of the larynx is called a ________________________________
4.
An abnormally slow rate of breathing is referred to as ______________________
5.
Paralysis of the larynx is termed _______________________________________
6.
The ________________________ is the muscle separating the chest from the
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abdomen.
7.
The ___________________________________ are the smallest branches of the
bronchi.
8.
Bleeding from the lungs is called ______________________________________
9.
________________________ means absence of spontaneous breathing.
10.
Surgical repair of the larynx is called a(n) ________________________________
11.
Inflammation of the pleura is _________________________________________
12.
Inflammation of both the larynx and the pharynx is ________________________
13.
Paralysis of the walls of the bronchi is called _____________________________
14.
___________________________ means to breakdown the mucus produced by
the walls of the mucus membranes.
15.
Exercise 11.2
Define the following terms
1.
Alveolitis _________________________________________________________
2.
Nasolacrimal ______________________________________________________
3.
Anoxia ___________________________________________________________
4.
Pharyngoglossal ___________________________________________________
5.
Pleuralgia ________________________________________________________
6.
Pneumonia _______________________________________________________
7.
Pneumorrhagia ____________________________________________________
8.
Pansinusitis ______________________________________________________
9.
Tonsillectomy _____________________________________________________
10.
Laryngotracheobronchitis ____________________________________________
Exercise 11.3
Build a medical term for the following definitions.
1.
No breathing ______________________________________________________
2.
Slow breathing ____________________________________________________
3.
Excessive amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood _________________________
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4.
Blood in the pleural space ___________________________________________
5.
Instrument used to listen to chest sounds _______________________________
6.
Painful breathing ___________________________________________________
7.
Normal breathing __________________________________________________
8.
Abnormal increase in depth and rate of breathing _________________________
9.
Pus in the pleural cavity _____________________________________________
10.
Fast breathing _____________________________________________________
Exercise 11.4
Circle the misspelled words in the list below. Correct
those that are mis-spelled.
1.
alveolor _______________________________________________________
2.
pulmonary _____________________________________________________
3.
bronchiolitis ____________________________________________________
4.
mucolytic ______________________________________________________
5.
diaphram ______________________________________________________
6.
pneumorhagia __________________________________________________
7.
sperometer ____________________________________________________
8.
rhinorrhea _____________________________________________________
9.
dispnea _______________________________________________________
10.
oligopnea _____________________________________________________
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Exercise 11.5
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Complete the crossword puzzle below
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