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April 12, 2017
1. Air enters through the
external nares (nostrils)
2. Nasal cavity.
• Nasal cavity is lined with ciliated,
mucosal epithelial tissue that trap
inhaled particles and sweep them
towards the throat to be swallowed
and digested.
• Contains three lobes (conchae)
which increase the surface area of
mucosa exposed to air to better
trap particles
3. Pharynx (upper throat)
• Passage for both food and air
• Contains tonsils
The cilia in the nasal cavity don’t
work as well in cold weather,
which is why you may get a
runny nose in the cold.
4. Larynx (aka voice box)
• Acts to prevent food and liquid from
going into trachea.
• Epiglottis is located at the top of larynx.
Normally it allows free passage of air,
but when we swallow, the larynx is
pulled up and the epiglottis tips over,
sealing off the larynx.
• The vocal cords – a pair of membranes
that vibrate as we expel air are also in
the larynx. The passage between the
vocal cords is the glottis.
Put your hand over your throat and
swallow – what you feel moving is
your larynx!
If food / liquid does get past the
epiglottis, it triggers the cough
reflex.
Swallowing
animation!
5. Trachea
• also contains ciliated mucosa to
trap particles
6. Bronchi
• Largest air tubes of lungs
7. Bronchioles
•
Smallest of the air tubes
8. Alveoli
• Site of gas exchange
• Take up most of the space of the
lungs
• Covered with capillaries to
exchange gasses with blood.
Bronchitis = inflammation of
bronchi
» Sinuses
• Spaces in the skull bones
• Act as resonance chambers for
speech and produce mucus
• Sinusitis = inflammation of sinus
membranes
 Pleural membranes
• Sac surrounding lungs
• Fluid-filled space reduces friction as
lungs expand and contract
• Tightly bound to thorax wall, which
is essential to breathing b/c it
allows the lungs to expand and
contract with muscular movement.
» What structures in the respiratory system help with
disease prevention? Are those structures specific or
non-specific defenses?
» Name some similarities between the cardiovascular and
respiratory systems.
» Inspiration
• Diaphragm & external
intercostals contract,
expanding the chest cavity
and the lung capacity.
• Causes a decrease in
pressure within the lungs.
• Air rushes into the lungs.
Watch me!
Exhalation is normally passive (we just relax
muscles, we do not contract any), but we
CAN actively exhale and do after exercise.
» Expiration
• Diaphragm & external
intercostals relax, reducing
the chest cavity and the lung
capacity.
• Causes a increase in
pressure within the lungs.
How does the process of breathing help
• Air rushes into the lungs.
the cardiovascular system?
» Breathing rate is controlled by
respiratory centers in the pons
and medulla.
» There is a ‘normal’ rate of
inspiration (12 -15 breaths /
min) maintained by self-exciting
cells
» Many sensory inputs act to
increase or decrease this normal
• Low O2 ↑
• High CO2 ↑
• Low blood pH ↑
• Irritants/stretch ↑
• High body temp ↑
• Emotions ↑↓
• Volition ↑↓
Revisit Do Now – How is breathing regulation
similar to and different from heart beat
regulation?
Usually, Our body is more sensitive to
CO2 / blood pH levels than to O2
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder
» 3rd or 4th leading cause of death (after heart disease and cancer,
about tied with stroke)
COPD is strongly associated
with smoking, but it can
» Inability of air to get to capillaries of lungs
also be caused by air
» Two major diseases associated with COPD
pollution
• Chronic bronchitis –
inflammation of
bronchi & excessive
mucus production
• Emphysema –
destruction of
alveoli
How does each disease
reduce gas exchange?
Shortness
of breath
Enlargement of
right side of
heart
COPD is also characterized by high CO2 levels – so
high, that overtime, the body starts to ignore that
information and focus on O2 levels
Pulmonary rehabilitation  breathing exercises
Surgery  removal of part of the lungs or lung transplant
1.What were our objectives and what
did you learn?
2.How does this relate to our unit
question? (How do body systems
work together?)
3.How did we demonstrate our learner
profile trait?