Download Unit I Standards Based Review

Name: _______________________
Date: _________________
Period 1: 1450-1648
Class Block: ______________
________/ 95 Points
Directions: In order to prove your understanding of the unit objectives, you will be required to complete
this assessment (written on a separate sheet of paper and attached to this packet) along with a Unit Test.
Each question will be graded for accuracy. This packet is due completed _______________ (the same day as
your unit test!)
1.1- The Worldview of European intellectuals shifted from one based on the church and classical authority to
one based primarily on inquiry and observation of the natural world
Key Concept
I. Revival of
Classical Texts
led to new
methods of
scholarship
A. Italian
Renaissance
Humanists
B. Shift of
focus of
education to the
classical texts
C. Humanists
promoted
secular models
for individual
and political
behavior
Key Terms & People
- Humanism
- Secularism
- Individualism
- Petrarch
- Lorenzo Valla
- Marsilio Ficino
- Pico della
Mirandola
- Leonardo Bruni
- Niccolo Machiavelli
- Jean Bodin
- Baldassare
Castiglione
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Read the texts and answer the questions.
Source 1: Pico della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity of Man
He made man a creature of indeterminate and indifferent nature, and,
placing him in the middle of the world, said to him "Adam, we give you
no fixed place to live, no form that is peculiar to you, nor any function
that is yours alone. According to your desires and judgment, you will have
and possess whatever place to live, whatever form, and whatever
functions you yourself choose. All other things have a limited and fixed
nature prescribed and bounded by Our laws. You, with no limit or no
bound, may choose for yourself the limits and bounds of your nature. We
have placed you at the world's center so that you may survey everything
else in the world. We have made you neither of heavenly nor of earthly
stuff, neither mortal nor immortal, so that with free choice and dignity,
you may fashion yourself into whatever form you choose. To you is
granted the power of degrading yourself into the lower forms of life, the
beasts, and to you is granted the power, contained in your intellect and
judgment, to be reborn into the higher forms, the divine."
Imagine! The great generosity of God! The happiness of man! To man it
is allowed to be whatever he chooses to be!...
How does Mirandola’s understanding of the nature and freedom of
man differ from the traditions of the Medieval Church?
Is the concept of freedom in this passage a modern one?
Source 2: Baldassare Castiglione, The Book of the Courtier
“I would have him accomplished in letters, at least in those studies which
are called the humanities, and able to speak and understand not only the
Latin language but also Greek. Let him know the poets, and the orators
and the historians. Let him be proficient in writing, verse, and prose,
especially in this vulgar tongue of ours; for besides the enjoyment he will
find in it, he will never lack agreeable entertainment with the ladies, who
are usually fond of such things...”
Describe Castiglione’s ideal Renaissance Man.
Name: _______________________
II. The
Invention of
the Printing
Press
promoted the
dissemination
of new ideas.
- Johnnes
Guttenberg
- Printing Press
Date: _________________
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Where did the printing press originate?
By 1490 most European nations had a printing press, analyze TWO
impacts this could have on European society.
Name: _______________________
III. The visual
arts
incorporated
the new ideas
of the
Renaissance
and were used
to promote
personal,
political, and
religious goals.
A. Italian
Renaissance
Artists
B. Mannerists
and Baroque
artists
- Geometric
Perspective
- Patronage
- Michelangelo
- Donatello
- Raphael
- Filipo Brunelleschi
- Naturalism
- Leonardo da Vinci
- Jan Van Eyck
- Rembrandt
- Mannerism
- Baroque
- El Greco
- Peter Paul Rubens
Date: _________________
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Source 1: Girogio Vasari
Vasari here describes how Pope Julius II, the most fearsome and worldly of the
Renaissance popes, forced Michelangelo to complete the Sistine Chapel before
Michelangelo was ready.
[The pope was very anxious to see the decoration of the Sistine Chapel
completed and constantly inquired when it would be finished.] On one
occasion, therefore, Michelangelo replied, "It will be finished when I shall
have done all that I believe is required to satisfy Art." "And we
command," rejoined the pontiff, "that you satisfy our wish to have it
done quickly," adding that if it were not at once completed, he would
have Michelangelo thrown headlong from the scaffolding. Hearing this,
our artist, who feared the fury of the pope, and with good cause, without
taking time to add what was wanting, took down the remainder of the
scaffolding to the great satisfaction of the whole city on All Saints' day,
when Pope Julius went into the chapel to sing mass. But Michelangelo
had much desired to retouch some portions of the work a secco [that is,
after the damp plaster upon which the paint had been originally laid al
fresco had dried], as had been done by the older masters who had painted
the stories on the walls. He would also have gladly added a little
ultramarine to the draperies and gilded other parts, to the end that the
whole might have a richer and more striking effect.
The pope, too, hearing that these things were still wanting, and finding
that all who beheld the chapel praised it highly, would now fain have had
the additions made. But as Michelangelo thought reconstructing the
scaffold too long an affair, the pictures remained as they were, although
the pope, who often saw Michelangelo, would sometimes say, "Let the
chapel be enriched with bright colors and gold, it looks poor." When
Michelangelo would reply familiarly, "Holy Father, the men of those days
did not adorn themselves with gold, those who are painted here less than
any, for they were none too rich, besides which they were holy men, and
must have despised riches and ornaments
What does this interchange suggest about the relationship of
patrons and artists in the Renaissance?
Source 2: Baroque Church
Name: _______________________
Date: _________________
Class Block: ______________
Source 3: Calvinist Church
Analyze the relationship of church doctrine with architectural
differences shown in Source 2 and 3.
IV. New ideas
in science
based on
observation,
experimentatio
n, and
mathematics
challenges
classical views
of the cosmos,
nature, and the
human body,
although folk
traditions of
knowledge and
the universe
persisted.
- Copernicus
- Galileo
- Newton
- heliocentric
- William Harvey
- Andreas Vesalius
- Francis Bacon
- Rene Descartes
- Deductive
Reasoning
- Scientific Method
- Alchemy
- Johannes Kepler
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Date: _________________
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A. Heliocentric
Model
B. Medical
Discoveries
C. Alchemy
What is the source above illustrating?
Analyze how the heliocentric model challenges traditional sources
of authority.
Analyze how William Harvey and Andreas Vesalius challenged
traditional sources of authority.
Source: The Alchemist, Cornelis Bega
Analyze in what ways this painting presents a contradictory image
of alchemy. How does this scene fit with our understanding of the
Scientific Revolution?
Name: _______________________
Date: _________________
Class Block: ______________
1.2- The struggle for sovereignty within and among states resulted in varying degrees of political
centralization.
Key Concept
I. The new
concept of the
sovereign state
and secular
systems of law
played a
central role in
the creation of
new political
institutions.
Key Terms & People
- New Monarchies
- Ferdinand and
Isabella of Spain
-Star Chamber
-Concordat of
Bologna
- Peace of Augsburg
- Edict of Nantes
- Hugo Grotius
- The Prince
A. New
Monarchies laid
the foundation
for the modern
state.
B. Peace of
Westphalia
marked the end
of universal
Christendom
C. Commercial
and Professional
groups gained
power.
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Source 1: Federico Chabod, Machiavelli and the Renaissance
This [The Prince] was a turning point in the history of the Christian world.
The minds of political theorists were no longer trammeled by Catholic
dogma. The structure of the State was not yet threatened in other
directions by any revolt of the individual conscience. An entire moral
world, if it was not eclipsed, had at any rate receded into the shadows,
nor was any other at once forthcoming to take its place and to inspire a
new fervor of religious belief; hence, political thought could express itself
without being confusing by considerations of a different character. It was
an era in which Unitarian States were being created amid the ruins of the
social and political order of the Middle Ages, an era in which was
necessary to place all the weapons of resistance in the hands of those who
had still to combat the forces of feudalism and particularism. It was, in
short, an era in which it was essential that the freedom and grandeur of
political action and the strength and authority of central government
should clearly be affirmed. Only thus was it possible to obliterate once
and for all the traces of the past and to offer to the society of the future,
in the guise of precept, the weapons, which would preserve the life of the
united nations in the face of disruptive elements old and new.
This was the great achievement of Niccolo Machiavelli, who according
became the legitimate representative of politics and government, the man
who was at once admired and hated, followed and opposed, throughout
two centuries of European history.
Analyze, according to Chabod, why Machiavelli’s ideas were
appropriate to the historical realities of his time.
Using the map on pg. 478 in your textbook, explain how the
geopolitical and religious divisions in Germany explained the
duration and extent of the Thirty Years War.
How could historians use maps to support their interpretations of
the causes and significance of the Thirty Year’s War?
II. The
competitive
state system
led to new
patterns of
diplomacy and
new forms of
warfare.
A. Religion no
longer cause for
warfare and
- Balance of Power
- Gustavus Adolphus
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Define Balance of Power and explain why towards the end of this
time period governments were shifting away from warfare based on
religion.
Name: _______________________
Date: _________________
Class Block: ______________
Increase in
Balance of
Power politics
B. Advances in
military
technology led
to greater
reliance on tax
paid infantry
III. The
competition
for power
between
monarchs and
corporate
groups
produced
different
distributions of
governmental
authority of
European
states.
- English Civil War
- James I. of England
- Charles I. of
England
- Oliver Cromwell
-Louis XIII
-Cardinal Richelieu
- The Fronde
-The Catalan Revolts
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Source: Ben Hart, Oliver Cromwell Destroys The Divine Right of Kings
Cromwell stood in opposition to the extravagant excesses of the
Renaissance, and led an anti-humanist movement against man's impulse
to deify himself. For him, the law derived from Heaven reigned supreme,
even over kings… An age came to an end and a new era was born.
Create two arguments, one that supports and one that refutes,
Hart’s assessment that Oliver Cromwell ended the age of Divine
Right.
A. English Civil
War was a
conflict between
monarchy and
Parliament
B. Monarchies
seeking
enhanced power
faced challenges
from nobles.
1.3- Religious pluralism challenged the concept of a unified Europe.
Key Concept
I. The
Protestant and
Catholic
Reformations
fundamentally
changed
theology,
religious
institutions,
and culture.
A. Christian
humanism
embodied by
ideas of
Erasmus used
Renaissance
Key Terms & People
- Erasmus
- Sir Thomas More
- Martin Luther
- John Calvin
- Anabaptists
- Indulgences
- Nepotism
- Simony
- Pluralism and
Absenteeism
- Jesuits
- Council of Trent
- St. Theresa of Avila
- Ursulines
- Roman Inquisition
- Index of Prohibited
Books
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Source: Johann Tetzel, “The Sale of Indulgences”
Consider, that for watch and every mortal sin it is necessary to undergo
seven years of penitence after confession and contrition, either in this life
or in Purgatory.
How many mortal sins are committed in a day, how many in a week, how
many in a month, how many in a year, how many in the whole extent of
life! They are well-nigh numberless, and those that commit them must
needs suffer endless punishment in the burning pains of Purgatory.
But with these confessional letters you will be able at any time in life to
obtain full indulgence for all penalties imposed upon you.
Name: _______________________
Date: _________________
Class Block: ______________
ideals in service
of religious
reform
After reading the above source and considering Luther’s 95 Theses,
construct an argument that Tetzel would have that defended his
sale of indulgences.
B. Reformers
like Martin
Luther, John
Calvin, and
radicals like the
Anabaptists
criticized
Catholic abuses
and established
new
interpretations
Source: Peter Paul Rubens, “Loyola and Catholic Reform”
In this painting, commissioned by the Jesuits in 1619, Ignatius Loyola is shown
preaching and casting out demons from the Church. In the center, Loyola, with a halo
and backed on his right by the clergy, preaches. He supported above by angels.
C. The Catholic
Reformation
cemented
divisions within
Christianity.
Evaluate whether or not this painting is an example of propaganda.
II. Religious
Reform both
increased state
control and
provided
justifications
to challenge
state authority
A. Henry VIII
and Elizabeth I
initiated
religious reform
from top down
- Henry VIII
- Elizabeth I
- Spanish Inquisition
- Book of Common
Prayer
- Huguenots
- Puritans
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Analyze how the Tudor view of the role of religion and the state
differs from the Calvinist or Anabaptist views.
Name: _______________________
Date: _________________
Class Block: ______________
B. Calvin and
Anabaptists
refused to
recognize
subordination
of church to the
state.
C. Religious
conflict became
basis to
challenge
monarchs.
III. Conflicts
among
religious
groups
overlapped
with political
and economic
competition
within and
among states
A. Religious
reform
exacerbated
conflicts
between
monarchy and
nobility in
French Wars of
Religion
- French Wars of
Religion
- Catherine de’
Medici
- St. Bartholomew’s
Day Massacre
- War of Three
- Henry IV of France
- Hapsburg Family
- Charles I/V
- Philip II of Spain
- Defeat of Spanish
Armada
- Thirty Years’ War
-Religious Pluralism
- Edict of Nantes
- Religious Pluralism
in Netherlands
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Source: The Edict of Nantes, 1598
VI. And in order to leave no occasion for troubles or differences between
our subjects, we have permitted, and herewith permit, those of the said
religion called Reformed to live and abide in all the cities and places of
this our kingdom and countries of our sway, without being annoyed,
molested, or compelled to do anything in the matter of religion contrary
to their consciences, ... upon condition that they comport themselves in
other respects according to that which is contained in this our present
edict.
IX. We also permit those of the said religion to make and continue the
exercise of the same in all villages and places of our dominion where it
was established by them and publicly enjoyed several and divers times in
the year 1597, up to the end of the month of August, notwithstanding all
decrees and judgments to the contrary....
XIII. We very expressly forbid to all those of the said religion its exercise,
either in respect to ministry, regulation, discipline, or the public
instruction of children, or otherwise, in this our kingdom and lands of
our dominion, otherwise than in the places permitted and granted by the
present edict.
B. Hapsburgs
failed to restore
Catholic unity.
C. States
exploited
religious
conflicts to
promote
interests
Analyze the Causes and Results of the Edict of Nantes.
D. Few states
allowed for
religious
pluralism
1.4- Europeans explored and settled overseas territories, encountering and interacting with indigenous
populations.
Key Concept
I. European
nations were
Key Terms & People
- Mercantilism
- Luxury Goods
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Name: _______________________
driven by
commercial
and religious
motives to
explore
overseas
territories and
establish
colonies
- Motives for
Exploration
Date: _________________
Class Block: ______________
Analyze the reasons why European nations were motivated to
explore overseas territories.
A. Direct access
to gold, spices,
and luxury
goods was
sought after
B. Rise of
Mercantilism
and state role in
the economy
C. Spreading
Christianity was
a motive for
exploration.
II. Advances in
navigation,
cartography,
and military
technology
allowed
Europeans to
establish
overseas
colonies and
empires
III. Europeans
established
overseas
empires and
trade networks
A. Portuguese
Empire
B. Spanish
Empire
C. Atlantic
nations- France,
England and
Netherlands
established
empires
- Compass
- Stern-post rudder
- Astrolabe
- Lateen sails
- Guns and
Gunpowder
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Based on this list of Key Terms to the left, evaluate which advance
with the most necessary for Europeans to have in order to establish
overseas colonies and empires.
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Source: Richard B. Reed, “The Expansion of Europe”
The expansion of Europe was an intensely nationalistic phenomenon. It
was an aspect of the trend, most evident in the late fifteenth and early
sixteenth centuries, toward the establishment of strong centralized
authority in the “new monarchies,” as they have been called, and the
emergence of nation-state. A policy of overseas expansion required a
degree of internal stability and national consciousness that only a
powerful central government could command. Portugal achieved this
position long before her eventual competitors, and under the leadership
of the dynamic house of Avis became a consolidated kingdom
comparatively free from feudal divisions before the end of the fifteenth
century. While Spain was still divided into a number of conflicting
political jurisdictions, England and France were preoccupied with their
own and each other’s affairs, and the Dutch were still an appendage of
the Empire, the Portuguese combined the advantages of their natural
geographic situation with their politic and economic stability to initiate
the age of discovery. Spain in the sixteenth century, and England,
Name: _______________________
D. Competition
for trade led to
conflict
Date: _________________
Class Block: ______________
France, and the Netherlands in the seventeenth century, became active
colonial powers only after each had matured into strong national entities,
independent of feudal political and economic restrictions.
What other factors might help explain why Portugal led in overseas
expansion?
Why did Italian and German states not participate in overseas
expansion?
IV. Europe’s
colonial
expansion led
to a global
exchange of
goods, flora,
fauna, cultural
practices, and
disease
resulting in
destroyed
indigenous
cultures and
European
dominance.
- New Plants,
Animals and Diseases
from Europe to the
Americas
- New Plants,
Animals, and
Diseases from the
Americas to Europe
- Plantation
Economy
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List FIVE new plants, animals, or diseases that were exchanged
from Europe to the Americas.
List FIVE new plants, animals, or diseases that were exchanged
from the Americas to Europe.
A. Shift to
Atlantic states as
economic center
B. Columbian
Exchange
C. African Slave
Trade expanded
1.5- European society and the experiences of everyday life were increasingly shaped by commercial and
agricultural capitalism, notwithstanding the persistence of medieval social and economic structures.
Key Concept
I. Economic
change
produced new
social patterns,
while
traditions of
hierarchy still
persisted.
A. Innovations
in Banking and
Finance
promoted
growth of urban
centers
Key Terms & People
- Urban Financial
Centers
- Double entry
bookkeeping
- Bank of Amsterdam
- Dutch East India
Company
-British East India
Company
- Gentry in England
- Nobles of the robe
in France
- Caballeros and
hidaglos in Spain
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Source: Portrait of the Merchant Georg Gisze, Hans Holbein the Younger
Name: _______________________
Date: _________________
Class Block: ______________
B. Growth of
commerce
produced new
economic elite
C. Hierarchy
and status
continued to
define social
power in rural
and urban
settings
How would merchants like Gisze, how paid to have their portraits
painted by artists such as Hans Holbein the Younger, want to be
perceived?
II. Agriculture
still dominated
the European
economy
A. Subsistence
Agriculture was
dominant in
most areas
- Three field system
- Price Revolution
- Market Economy
- Commercialization
of Agriculture
- Enclosure
Movement
- Free- hold tenure
- Serfdom
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B. Price
Revolution led
to
commercializati
on of
agriculture.
C. Serfdom was
ending in west
while being
codified in the
East
D. Peasant
revolts
A. Why did prices begin to rise?
B. List and Explain TWO results of the Price Revolution.
Name: _______________________
Date: _________________
Class Block: ______________
List and Explain ONE economic result and TWO social results of
the Enclosure Movement.
III. Population
shifts and
growing
commerce
caused the
expansion of
cities and
stressed
traditions
- Black Plague
- Craft Guilds
- Sanitation Problems
of cities
- Poverty
- Secular laws
regarding private
lives
- Calvin’s Geneva
A. Recovery of
Population led
to uneven price
increases and
low wages
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Describe the overall trend in agricultural wages from 1500-1650.
Analyze TWO factors for the change in wages.
B. Migrants to
cities challenged
guilds
Examine impacts rising population and low wages would have on
existing social and economic institutions.
C. Social
dislocation
weakened
religious
institutions
IV. The family
remained the
primary social
and economic
institution
- Nuclear Family
- Women as
preachers
- Education of
Women
- Little Ice Age
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Source: Women in the Reformation, Marilyn Boxer and Jean Quataert, 1987
Defying stereotypes, women in good measure also were instrumental in
spreading the ideas of the religious Reformation to the communities,
Name: _______________________
A. Men and
Women
engaged in
separate but
complementary
tasks
Date: _________________
Class Block: ______________
towns, and provinces of Europe after 1517. In their roles as spouses and
mothers they were often the ones to bring the early reform ideas to the
families of Europe's aristocracy and to those of the common people in
urban centers as well. The British theologian Richard Hooker (1553?1600 typically explained the prominence of women in reform movements
by reference to their 11 nature," to the "eagerness of their affection," not
to their intelligence or ability to make conscious choices. Similarly,
Catholic polemicists used notions about women's immature and frail
"nature" to discredit Protestantism.
B. Renaissance
raised debates
about female
roles
…Nevertheless the Reformation did not markedly transform women's
place in society, and the reformers had never intended to do so. To be
sure, they called on men and women to read the Bible and participate in
religious ceremonies together. But Bible reading reinforced the Pauline
view of woman as weak-minded and sinful.
C. Europeans
delayed
marriage and
childbearing in
tough economic
times.
In what ways did women help spread the Reformation?
Analyze why the Reformation did not change women’s place in
society.
V. Popular
culture, leisure
activities, and
rituals
reflected folk
traditions
A. Leisure
activities were
organized by
religious
calendars and
harvests
B. Local and
church
authorities
enforced norms
through rituals
and public
humiliation
C. Witchcraft
accusations
peaked between
1580 and 1650
- Saint’s Days
- Carnival
- Blood Sports
- Charivari
- Stocks
- Public Whipping
and Branding
- Witchcraft Trials
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Analyze TWO factors that account for the rise of witchcraft
persecution.