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LinguiSHTIK Review
Sentences: The player who rolls the dice must declare the type of sentence to be used that game.
1. Simple Sentence: A single independent clause. Examples: Sam likes pizza. The dog ran
away from home.
2. Compound Sentence: Has two or more simple sentences joined together with a
conjunction like FOR, AND, NOR, BUT, OR, YET (FANBOYS) Examples: John ate the
pizza, but Eliza ate the hotdog. Ms. Shipley sang a song, and the dog ran away from her.
3. Complex Sentence: Has one main simple sentence and at least one subordinate clause
(cannot stand alone). A subordinate clause often starts with since, although, until,
however, therefore, or because. Examples: The boy wanted the football because it was
his birthday. Since it is not a school night, you may stay up later.
4. Compound-Complex Sentence: Has two simple sentences with one subordinate clause.
Examples: Because my homework was difficult, I had to get help, and I stayed up late.
Remember: Sentences must begin with a capital letter, end with the correct punctuation. The
word in the challenge MUST be underlines and spelled correctly.
Demands: There are three types of demands:
1. Type: Part of Speech: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, interjection, conjunction,
preposition.
2. Function: Usage of the part of speech Examples: noun must be the predicate
nominative, noun must be an object of the preposition, abstract noun.
3. General: This demand can be almost anything: must be a palindrome, must be an
animal, etc.
Part of Speech: Nouns
Noun: a word that names a person, place or thing. Examples: pizza, cats, desk, flower, love
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Once a noun demand has been called there many other demands you can make
for the function of the noun.
o Nouns can be SINGULAR or PLURAL. Singular nouns name one thing,
while plural nouns name more than one thing: House, houses; ox, oxen;
kiss, kisses; goose, geese. *A good strategy is to call a plural noun, and
then say it can’t have an s. Some plural nouns without an s are oxen,
deer, mice, feet, geese, dice, hair, teeth
o Nouns can be COLLECTIVE. Collective nouns name more than one
person, place, or thing, even when even when they are singular Examples:
army, class, herd, tribe, school, pride, army, flock, band, bevy, brood, cast,
pack, yoke, hive
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Nouns are often the SUBJECT (noun performing the action of a sentence;
who or what the sentence is about) of the sentence: The balloon blew
away.
Nouns can be the DIRECT OBJECT (noun receiving the action of a
sentence): I dropped my money.
A PREDICATE NOUN comes after the verb and renames the subject:
Benjamin Franklin was an inventor.
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A noun can be the OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION (the noun the
preposition refers to): The ball is behind the bush. I talked over my
brother.
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A NOUN ADJUNCT is a noun that acts as an adjective: shoe store, paper
route
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A noun can be an APPOSITIVE (it renames or further describes another
noun). It is always right next to the noun it is renaming. It is set off from
the rest of the sentence by commas: Ms. Shipley, a teacher, made me
study these words.
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A noun can be CONCRETE (nouns you can know with your five senses):
candy, thunder, desk, pizza
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A noun can be ABSTRACT (nouns associated with emotions or ideas):
love, pride, hope, anger
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A noun can be POSSESSIVE (nouns that show ownership): The dog’s toy
squeaked.
Part of Speech: Pronouns
Pronoun-Takes the place of one or more nouns: he, she, it, they, they, them, us, we, me
When pronoun is called, any of the noun function demands can be called except noun adjunct.
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Pronouns can be PERSONAL (refer to specific people, places, things, or ideas):
they, them
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Pronouns can be INDEFINITE (refer to unspecified people, places, things and
ideas): another, anybody, anyone, both, each, either, many, most, none, some
Prounouns can be POSSESSIVE (show ownership): The pizza is theirs.
Parts of Speech: Verbs
Verb-a word that expresses action: kick, jump, think, dive, stop
or state of being: is, was, am, are, were, be
or a linking verb (relates the subject to the predicate): seems, feels, tastes, appears
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Verbs can be SINGULAR: The bird flies. or PLURAL: The birds sing.
Verbs can be REGULAR (uses “ed” to form a past tense): He passed me the chocolate.
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Verbs can be IRREGULAR (makes the past tense without using “ed”): We began the
race.*Note: A good strategy when a verb and past tense have been called is to call “must
not contain a D”. Here’s a list of past tense verbs that do not contain D:bore, beat,
began, lost, blew, broke, brought, burst, caught, chose, came, crept, fell, flung, drove,
said, lent, rang, rose, shook, shone, flew, froze, gave, grew, went, knew, sang, spoke,
laid, stole, stung, swore, wore, threw, rode
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Verbs can be PAST TENSE: He threw the ball.
Verbs can be PRESENT TENSE: He throws the ball.
Verbs can be FUTURE TENSE: He will throw the ball.
Verbs can be INFINITIVE (a verb preceded by the word “to): to wait, to jump, to walk.
*Note-the first demand should be verb, and then you demand the word must be part of
an infinitive.
You can demand that a verb be part of an INFINITIVE PHRASE (anything after the word
“to” in the sentence: I planned to walk to school in Thursday.
Parts of Speech: Adjectives
Adjective-a word that describes, or modifies a noun or pronoun. Examples: silly, rich, happy,
green, three *Note-colors and numbers are adjectives!
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Demands you can call after an adjective demand: must modify a noun, must modify a
pronoun, must be a predicate adjective, must be an adjacent adjective (right next to the
noun)
Adjectives can be POSITIVE (normal form you would find in the dictionary): pretty, kind,
bald, funny
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Adjectives can be COMPARATIVE (compares two objects by adding “er”): prettier,
kinder, balder, funnier
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Adjectives can be SUPERALATIVE by adding “est: prettiest, kindest, baldest, funniest
Parts of Speech: Adverbs
Adverb- an adverb describes or modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. A lot of adverbs
are made by taking an adjective and adding “ly”: quickly, swiftly, excitedly, slowly, very, soon,
next, fast
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After an adverb has been called, you can say it has to be a VERB MODIFIER (describes
verb): She fell quickly.
You can say it has to be an ADJECTIVE MODIFIER (describes adjective): The very old
man died.
or ADVERB MODIFIER (describes adverb): The man speaks very well.
Parts of Speech: Prepositions
Preposition-words that usually show something’s position in space. These can’t stand alone and
must be part of a prepositional phrase. Examples: about, above, across, under, over, down,
into, past, upon, from, below. The ball was above the net. The entire prepositional phrase here
is “above the net”.
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You can call a PREPOSITION, the word must be part of a PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE, or
the word must be an OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION (the thing in the position the
preposition refers to): The man is behind the tree. “behind the tree” is the prepositional
phrase, “behind” is the preposition, and “tree” is the object of the preposition.
Parts of Speech: Conjunctions
Conjunction-conjunctions join words or groups of words: I bought a present after I saved
enough money. The girl was upset because her toy broke. I was hungry, but I forgot my lunch.
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Conjunctions can be COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (they join two independent
clauses in compound and compound-complex sentences) There are only seven of them
and they all have fewer than four letters: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS)
Conjunctions can be SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (they begin a dependent clause
and are used to form complex and compound-complex sentences): after, although,
because, though, unless, before, provided, since, until, while, however.
Parts of Speech: Interjections
Interjection- an exclamation at the beginning of a sentence, separated by a comma: Help,
the bear is chasing me! Ouch, that hurt! Alas, he was a good friend! Other interjections:
Cheers, dear, gosh, hail, hoot, oops, phew, poof, whee, zooks
Other Useful Function and General Demands
Gerund-a verbal noun formed by adding ing to a verb. Must be used as the subject, thus
becoming a noun: Eating is fun. Singing makes me happy. *Note-first demand could be a
noun, then a gerund, OR first demand could be a verb then a gerund.
Palindromes- words spelled the same backwards and forwards: toot, noon, peep, level, sees,
radar. *Note-some of these are great for multiple demands. Peep could be a verb or a noun,
a palindrome, and onomatopoeia.
Backwards/Forwards Words- a different word spelled backwards and forwards: step-pets,
star-rats, stop-pots, stab-bats, deer-reed *Note-you only have to use one part in your
sentence.
Portmanteau- words combined to form two words: spork, skort, smog, brunch, twirl
Onomatopoeia- words that sound like the actual sound: peep, boom, fizz, hiss, buzz, click
Tautonym- words with repeating syllables: tutu, murmur, mama, gaga, papa *Note-you can’t
use words with hyphens.
1st Degree Isogram-words with no repeating letters: cold, barn, walk, desk
2nd Degree Isogram-each letter appears twice: deed, noon, peep
3rd Degree Isogram- each letter appears 3 times: deeded
Acronym-a word in which each letter stands for another word. You can’t use words with
periods: scuba, laser, sonar, radar, snafu, news
Heteronym- words with two pronunciations, separate meanings: dove, bass, wind, does,
sewer, lead, wound
Anagram- words with same letters, different order: dale-deal, star-rats-arts, teas-seat, teal-late
Alliteration- at least 3 words in a row that begin with the same consonant or vowel sound:
The big boy bowled.
Digraph- two letters that make one sound: beat, phone, shoe, choice
Dipthong-Blended vowel sounds in one syllable( oy or ow sounds): boil, how, toy,
Heterograph- different spelling and meaning: bare-bear, there-their-they’re, some-sum
Homograph- Different pronunciation and meaning, same spelling: bass, lead, minute
Noun Adjunct- Noun that can also be an adjective in another situation: gym teacher, science
book, music room
Short Words That Contain X-oxen, foxes, xyloid, pixie, pixy, pixel, axes, taxi, exit, waxy,
exam, next, axle, text, boxes, faxes, sixes
Short Words that Contain Q-quip, quiz, quit, quad, aqua
Q Words with no U-qoph, qadi
Short Words that Contain Z- zero, buzz, zoos, zaps, quiz, daze, craze, zoot, faze
Plural Words Without S-mice, radii, cacti, lice, quail, deer, oxen, fungi
LinguiSHTIK SCORING
CHALLENGE WIN
Challenger correct: 2 points
Anyone else with correct response 1 point
Anyone without a correct response 0 points
Challenger wrong 0 points
Any other player with correct response 2 points
All others 1point
CHALLENGE IMPOSSIBLE
Challenger correct
2 points
Player making “impossible” demand 0 points
All others
1 point
Challenger wrong
0 points
Anyone with correct response 2 points
Anyone who does nothing
1point
Note: If no one can prove the challenger wrong,
the challenger gets two points even if there really
IS a word.