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Mohamad Adada Mr. Tavernia AP World History/P.5 Packet E Social: Bourgeoise The Bourgeoisie is the french term for the middle class who own the means of reproduction, or the materials and tools that workers used to make products. Their wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. The Netherlands was an epitome of such a reality. The bourgeoisie is a class within the theory of Marxism which states that the bourgeoisie and proletariat are opposites, proletariats being the workers under the bourgeoisie. The bourgeoisie class is divided into three subclasses, the high bourgeoisie, who are company owners and major traders, middle bourgeoisie, who earn less than the high, and little bourgeoisie, who earn least of all. Anam Ahmed Mr. Tavernia AP World History Period 5 Packet E Social: Mestizo Mestizo is a word that was traditionally used in Spain and Spanish America to mean a person of combined Amerindian and European descent. It could also mean someone who is a Castizo, which is a person with one European parent and one Mestizo parent. This is regardless if the person was born in Latin America or somewhere else. Mestizo was used as an ethnic or racial category in the cast system that was in use during the Spanish Empire’s control of their New World Colonies. Mestizos are considered to be mixed Spaniards by the Spanish government. During the colonial period, mestizos became the majority group in most of the Spanish-speaking parts of Latin America. When the colonies began to achieve independence from Spain, the mestizo group usually became dominant. The concept of mestizo people became centered around the idea of dual cultural heritage and descent that was neither wholly Spanish or wholly indigenous. This meaning of mestizo is currently used today. Alex Andreozzi Mr. Tavernia Ap World History P.5 Packet E Theme 5: Zamindars Zamindars were mostly hereditary, held enormous tracts of land and control over their peasants, from whom they reserved the right to collect tax on behalf of imperial courts or for military purposes. They also were local officials in Mughal India who received a plot of farmland for temporary use in return for collecting taxes for the central government William Block Mr. Tavernia AP World History Packet D Social Packet D During this time communication between empires grew. Trade routes helped bring together empires and spread culture between them. Interregional trade began to grow very fast and the spread of Islam helped people communicate better. In the chinese society women were seen as immobile people and that their only purpose was birthing. So people would do what is called foot binding and break the bones in the feet so that they couldn't walk. In the Hindu culture people did things called a Sati where the wife would kill themselves after their husband has died by throwing themself on a fire. Yasmine Charles-Harris Mr. Tavernia AP World History / Period 5 Packet: E [Social]: (Mulatto) Mulatto is a term used to refer to persons born of one white parent and one black parent or to persons born of a mulatto parent or parents. The term today is generally confined to historical contexts and English-speakers of mixed white and black ancestry seldom choose to identify themselves as "mulatto." The term is generally considered archaic, and may be taken as pejorative, especially in the United States, where the terms "multi-ethnic", "multiracial" or "biracial" are preferred. The term is frequently found in historical documents where it is merely descriptive. Some residents of Spain, Latin America, the Caribbean, and some countries in Africa freely use the term mulatto, or its cognates in other languages, usually without any suggestion of insult. In Latin America, most mulattoes have descended from multi-ethnic relationships dating to the slavery period, rather than from recent ethnic mixing. This is especially true in Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Haiti, Cape Verde, Puerto Rico and Venezuela. Sofia del Rio Mr. Tavernia AP World History/Period 5 Packet: E Indentured Servitude The idea of indentured servitude was born of a need for cheap labor. The earliest settlers soon realized that they had lots of land to care for, but no one to care for it. The Virginia Company developed the system of indentured servitude to attract workers, and indentured servants became vital to the colonial economy. The timing of the Virginia colony was ideal. The Thirty Year's War had left Europe's economy depressed, and many skilled and unskilled laborers were without work. A new life in the New World offered a glimmer of hope (one-half to twothirds of the immigrants who came to the American colonies arrived as indentured servants). Servants typically worked four to seven years in exchange for passage, room, board, lodging and freedom dues. While the life of an indentured servant was harsh and restrictive, it wasn't slavery. There were laws that protected some of their rights. For those that survived the work and received their freedom package, many historians argue that they were better off than those new immigrants who came freely to the country. Some servants did rise to become part of the colonial elite, but for the majority of indentured servants that survived the treacherous journey by sea and the harsh conditions of life in the New World, satisfaction was a modest life as a freeman in a burgeoning colonial economy. Jose Duran Mr. Tavernia Social: Indentured Servants There were many forms of coerced labor in the colonization period, and one of them was indentured servitude. Indentured servants were men and women who signed a contract by which they agreed to work for a certain number of years in exchange for transportation to Virginia and, once they arrived, food, clothing, and shelter. The people that agreed to contract with such individuals made the servant never able to pay the debt which they owned, so the indentured servant was essentially there for unknown periods of time. As more people started enrolling in this kind of work, very few were able to be successful and complete the contract and start their own life. This was completely different from chattel slavery because the people that you stay with would take care of you and consider you a human being and not property. The essentials were provided by the host, and the indentured servant usually had a bed or a room in the house of the master. A large percentage of the indenture servants actually learned a trade from these long contracts with blacksmiths and carpenters because of how long they made them stay. This line of work was extremely prominent during British rule. Sofia Godoy Mr. Tavernia Period 5 Packet E: Global Civilizations Development and Transformation of Social Structures: Hidalgos Hidalgos were members of the Spanish and Portuguese nobility and received many benefits, such as being exempt from taxes and being given the title of Don. Historically, the Hidalgos have been below the most powerful lords but above the gentry. The status of Hidalgo could be inherited through birth or granted directly by the crown. Although few members of the Spanish nobility journeyed to the New World, Hidalgos viewed the New World as an opportunity to improve their status. Thus, they migrated and became a part of colonial society. Unfortunately, they owned little real property, often possessed little wealth, and were considered the lowest class of nobles. Soon, the clergy and wealthiest merchants came to dominate the colonial social hierarchy. Gradually, the title of Hidalgo lost its importance, particularly in Spanish society. This was because kings often rewarded the title to those who completed personal favors. When the House of Bourbon came to power, there were over half a million people enjoying the tax exemptions that came with being a Hidalgo, which placed a tremendous burden on the royal state. Indentured Servitude An indentured servant is an employee within a system of unfree labor who is bound by a contract to work for a particular employer for a fixed period of time. The employer is often permitted to assign the labor of a servant to a third party. Servants usually enter into an indenture for a specific payment or other benefit or to meet a legal obligation, such as debt bondage. Upon completion of the contract, indentured servants were granted freedom or occasionally plots of land. In many countries, systems of indentured labor have been outlawed. Until the late 18th century, indentured servitude was very common in British North America. It was often a way for poor Europeans to emigrate to the American colonies: they signed an indenture in return for a passage. After their indenture expired, the immigrants were free to work for themselves or another employer. In some cases, the indenture was made with a ship's master, who on-sold the indenture to an employer in the colonies. Most indentured servants worked as farm laborers or domestic servants, although some were apprenticed to craftsmen. The terms of an indenture were not always enforced by American courts, although runaways were usually sought out and returned to their employer. Sydni Josowitz Mr. Tavernia AP World History P5 4 February 2017 Social: Castas The Casta system was a structure of social classes during 1450CE to 1750CE. This hierarchical class structure was instituted by Spain in the new world. This system socially ranked members of it based on their race and ethnical background. It consisted of mestizos, mulattos, creoles, and peninsulares. Mestizos were of mixed European and Amerindian descent and Mulattos were European and African American. Creoles were people of pure European descent but born in the Americas, and Peninsulares were their pure European parents (born in Spain). Creoles and Peninsulares were on the top until eventually the Peninsulares died out and Creoles became the top of the social hierarchy. Mark Kava Tavernia AP World History/Period 5 Packet E Social: Chattel Slavery System in which principles of p roperty law are applied to people, allowing individuals to own, buy and sell other individuals. Slavery continued to spread in this period. Slaves were brought from Africa on ships to the New World ranging from North America, to the Caribbean, to South America, and Middle America. Slaves were needed for agriculture, more specifically, plantation agriculture. Chattel slavery, also called traditional slavery, is so named because people are treated as the c hattel (personal property) of the owner and are bought and sold as if they were commodities. Sloane Knapp AP World History 02/06/2016 Packet E Social: Castas The Casta system was a type of social structure in the time period between 1450 and 1750. This class structure was used by Spain in the New World. Members of this system were ranked based on racial background. The classes on this hierarchy were mestizos, mulattoes, peninsulares, creoles, natives, and africans. Mulattoes were a mix between African and European. Mestizos were a mix between Amerindian and European. Creoles were pure European but born in America. Peninsulares were pure europeans. Thomas Lovegren Mr.Tavernia AP World Geography Packet E AP theme: Trade & Commerce Creoles were In colonial Spanish America and it was term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all non native people.Basically, whites born in America to European parents. Elizabeth Matei Mr. Tavernia World History AP/Period 5 Packet: E Development and Transformation of Social Structure: Ethnocentric When one is Ethnocentric, he/she believes that his culture or group of people is superior to all. One would evaluate others based on the standards of his own group. Most people are not aware that they are ethnocentric, because often times they do not recognize it as a problem. However, the real key here is for people to realize that people are judging and making assumptions about the cultures of others without having any knowledge of their culture in the first place. Ethnocentrism, in its simplest terms, is simply a misunderstanding of other’s culture. People must learn how to look at culture from the context and perspective of the person following that culture, rather than as an outsider looking in. Even though everyone is ethnocentric in one way or another, there are extreme forms of ethnocentrism (which people are most familiar with). These forms of ethnocentrism lead to many conflicts, including wars. These forms of ethnocentrism are racism, colonialism, and ethnic cleansing. The end to ethnocentrism is a matter of realizing the problem and catching it, then trying to understand life from other cultures, rather than degrading those cultures. Ultimately, ethnocentrism is a way for people to feel a sense of power and superiority in themselves and in what they believe in. Alba Minxha Mr. Travernia AP World History Period 5 Packet 5 Theme 5 Development & Transformation of Social Structures: Indentured Servants Indentured servants were men and women who signed a contract stating that they agree to work for a certain number of years to pay off their debt to an individual that they knew as “master”. Some were colonists in the sense they would receive free passage to North America, in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years. Their passage to North America was their debt to pay off. The master would provide them with the basic human necessities; clothes, food, and water. Indentured servitude is often portrayed as a temporary state. However, there are very little cases of individuals escaping indentured servitude. The master would find a way in which the indentured slave was always in his debt. Emily Namm Michael Tavernia AP World History/Period 5 Packet: E [Social]: Indentured Servants Indentured servants were men or women who signed a contract promising a certain number of years of labor in return for transportation to the New World and food, clothing, and shelter. The idea of indentured servitude became popular as the wealthy, higher class people, especially of England, were given land in the New World but needed people to work it. Early on, indentured servitude was a better investment than slaves because mortality rates of coerced laborers were high, so paying less to have someone work for a short time, usually four to seven years, was preferable to paying more to have someone work for life. Though indentured servants were treated better and had more rights than chattel slaves, they typically were treated worse than the paid, household servants. Any infraction of the rules would result in a much harsher punishment than for other servants, and usually an extension of their time as laborers. However, the colonies did have laws in place protecting some of their rights. Once indentured servants completed their contract, not only were they free in the New World, but they often received some land and a food supply to start off with. However, as the need for labor increased, the cost of indentured servants grew and the colonial elite realized the indentured servants’ demand for land was becoming high, and so many landowners switched from indentured servants to chattel slavery. Sean Robins Mr. Tavernia AP World Packet E Social: Bourgeoisie Bourgeoisie is the French term for the urban class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. These people would become richer than the nobles, increasing the gap between rich and poor. The Netherlands was an epitome of such a reality. The Bourgeoisie are the modern day city workers. They are the businessmen and women who work in big industrial cities such as New York City, Chicago, and other cities in the Industrial Belt. Alejandro Sosa Mr. Tavernia AP World History P.5 Packet: E Social Zamindars A zamindar in the Indian subcontinent was an aristocrat. The term means "land owner" in Persian. Typically hereditary, zamindars held enormous tracts of land and control over their peasants, from whom they reserved the right to collect tax on behalf of imperial courts or for military purposes. Their families carried surnames of lordship, such as Chowdhury, Khan, Sardar, Malik, Thakur, Wadero, Reddy, Thevar and Naidu. In the 19th and 20th centuries, many wealthy and influential zamindars were bestowed with princely and royal titles such as Maharaja (Great King), Raja (King) and Nawab (Prince). During the Mughal Empire, zamindars belonged to the nobility and formed the ruling class. Emperor Akbar granted them mansabs and their ancestral domains were treated as jagirs. Under British colonial rule in India, the permanent settlement consolidated what became known as the zamindari system. The British rewarded supportive zamindars by recognizing them as princes. Many of the region's princely states were pre-colonial zamindar holdings elevated to a greater protocol. However, the British also reduced the land holdings of many pre-colonial aristocrats, demoting their status to a zamindar from previously higher ranks of nobility. Saaketh Vedantam Mr. Tavernia AP World History/Period 5 Packet: E Social: Indentured Servitude Indentured servitude was a labor system used both in North America and the Caribbean. In this system, an employer would pay for the passage of a servant to the New World. In return, the servant would provide four to seven years of labor, after which he or she was free from the debt. At the end of the time period, the servant usually ended up with a small parcel of land, some tools, and clothes. Eventually, servants refused to go to the Caribbean because of the harsh conditions on sugar plantations that they didn’t want to endure. The English were the only people who experimented with indentured labor on a large scale, but other countries used it. Indentured servants were usually racially and religiously indistinguishable from the settlers and accounted for the majority of immigrants. While there were high mortality rates, planters paid less for servants from Africa, but as deaths decreased, more and more people were brought over. Slavery was the better option for most colonizers in the end, though, because they worked for life, instead of the short period of time on the indentured servitude contract. Most indentured servants worked in tobacco fields in Virginia, and these servants were the primary source of labor for Virginians. Although the servants weren’t as low as slaves, they still received harsh treatments on the plantations where they worked, and many died before the labor period was up. However, many indentured servants still had to come to the Americas and work with colonizers to meet their increasing demands for luxury goods such as sugar and tobacco. In some cases, as the cost of servants’ trips increased, multiple investors collectively paid for groups of servants to work on fields. Eventually, indentured servants made up half of Virginia’s population. Overall, indentured servitude was a somewhat successful system until slavery became a major source of labor and profit for Europe. Daniela Velez Mr. Tavernia AP World History/ 5 Packet: E Social: Council of the Indies In the 1500s, the overprotective mom, Spain, started keeping a watch on Spanish colonies in the New World with the Council of the Indies. This council was responsible for the governing of the Spanish Empire territory in America, including Florida and New Spain. It would then report the condition and status of the colonies back to the king. Consisting of between six and ten councillors appointed by the king, the council formed and issued laws, approved acts and expenditures, and acted as a court in civil suits for the respective colonies. Even though the members of this council remained in Spain, they were in charge of governing all of Spain’s colonies in America. The Council of the Indies lost most of its importance in the 18th century. Isabella Whiting Mr. Tavernia AP World History Period 5 Packet E Theme 5- Social The last of the five main themes is the development and transformation of social structures. Gender roles/relations, family, racial, ethnic constructions, and social/economic classes are included in this theme. In this packet the bourgeoisie are an example of a topic under the social theme. It is the French term to describe the urban class of wealthy town people who got their wealth from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and other allied professions. They became richer than the nobles and further increased the gap between the rich and the poor, increasing the tension between the two classes. When the bourgeoisie retired from their businesses they would buy property and estates so they could become members of the gentry, which was the English term for landholding families that were just below the aristocracy in society. Kevin Yeung Mr. Tavernia AP World History Period 5 Packet E Theme 5 – Social: Quilombos The slave trade between the Americas and Africa, which was infamously known as the Middle Passage, resulted in the creation of a socioeconomic world system. Out of twelve million African men and women enslaved and taken to the Americas, about forty percent would end up in Brazil working on coffee bean and sugar plantations. While Amerindians were also extensively used for labor, their vulnerability to Old World diseases made them less desirable by Europeans. Therefore, Africans would make up the economic backbone of Brazil for four hundred years, starting with its colonization in the sixteenth century. As a result, these slaves would greatly change the culture of Brazil as a country. Enslaved and oppressed, African slaves tried to rebel against the Portuguese risking the danger of punishment and even death. The terrible conditions and the amount of hard work that slave owners demanded were the main motives for rebellion. They attempted to pursue freedom through any method they can find at any cost. These methods included using brute force to seize power and armed insurrections. In the end, most slaves simply received freedom through the least disruptive method of running away from their masters and forming slave communities, known in Brazil as quilombos. These settlements were founded and inhabited by maroons and were established on the hinterlands of Brazilian society. In some cases, the inhabitants of quilombos would even help provide shelter and care to other minorities in later years, such as Jews and Arabs. In a quilombo, settlers revitalized the culture of central West Africa where the majority of slaves had come from, hoping to revert back to their traditions they grew up with. Quilombos were independent, self-sustaining communities and their inhabitants lived day-to-day fearing for their lives. To avoid being recaptured by the Portuguese, quilombos cooperated together to defend themselves against colonial authorities. However, these settlements were almost always eventually destroyed, and most wouldn’t even last two years. Nevertheless, some quilombos were extremely successful, including the city of Palmares, the most famous of all quilombos. As a federation of maroon communities, Palmares had a population of over 30,000 black citizens. It would survive for almost an entire century and would develop into a militaristic community that held council meetings and even had churches. However, the city would fall due to a Portuguese artillery assault in 1694, as the warriors of Palmares were no match against a gunpowder empire. Still, quilombos such as Palmares are remembered today for their attempts at resisting European colonists.