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Response to Intervention Creating Reward Menus That Motivate: Tips for Teachers www.interventioncentral.org Response to Intervention ‘Motivation in Real Life’ Activity In your ‘elbow groups’: Discuss your current jobs. List the motivators in your employment setting that contribute to your job satisfaction. www.interventioncentral.org 2 Response to Intervention Selecting a Reward: Essential Tests • Do teacher and parent find the reward acceptable? • Is the reward available (conveniently and at an affordable cost) in schools? • Does the child find the reward motivating? www.interventioncentral.org 3 Response to Intervention Creating ‘Reward Deck’: Steps 1. Teacher selects acceptable, feasible rewards from larger list 2. Teacher lists choices on index cards— creating a master ‘deck’ 3. Teacher selects subset of rewards from deck to match individual student cases www.interventioncentral.org 4 Response to Intervention Creating ‘Reward Deck’: Steps (Cont.) 4. Teacher reviews pre-screened reward choices with child, who rates their appeal. (A reward menu is assembled from child’s choices.) 5. Periodically, the teacher ‘refreshes’ the child’s reward menu by repeating steps 14. www.interventioncentral.org 5 Response to Intervention Motivation: An Introduction www.interventioncentral.org Response to Intervention Motivation in Behavioral Theory B.F. Skinner www.interventioncentral.org 7 Response to Intervention Law of Effect (Thorndike, 1898) Behaviors are selected (shaped) by their consequences. Source: Law of effect. (2007). Wikipedia. Retrieved March 19, 2007, from http://wik.ed.uiuc.edu/index.php/Law_of_Effect www.interventioncentral.org 8 Response to Intervention Reinforcement: Definitions • Positive reinforcement. “When a behavior (response) is followed by a favorable stimulus (commonly seen as pleasant) that increases the frequency of that behavior.” • Negative reinforcement. “When a behavior (response) is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus (commonly seen as unpleasant) thereby increasing that behavior's frequency.” Source: Operant conditioning. (2007). Wikipedia. Retrieved March 19, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operant_conditioning www.interventioncentral.org 9 Response to Intervention Punishment: Definitions • Positive punishment. “When a behavior (response) is followed by an aversive stimulus, such as introducing a shock or loud noise, resulting in a decrease in that behavior.” • Negative punishment. “When a behavior (response) is followed by the removal of a favorable stimulus, such as taking away a child's toy following an undesired behavior, resulting in a decrease in that behavior.” Source: Operant conditioning. (2007). Wikipedia. Retrieved March 19, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operant_conditioning www.interventioncentral.org 10 Response to Intervention Motivation • ‘Motivation’ in current behavioral theory is viewed as a function of the events that influence behavior. Those influencing events that precede behaivor are ‘antecedents’. Those influencing events that follow it are ‘consequences’. www.interventioncentral.org 11 Response to Intervention Motivation as a Psychological Construct www.interventioncentral.org 12 Response to Intervention Definitions of ‘Motivation’ “…motivation refers to the initiation, direction, intensity and persistence of behavior.” Source: Motivation. (2007). Wikipedia. Retrieved March 13, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation www.interventioncentral.org 13 Response to Intervention Definitions of ‘Motivation’ “Motivation is an internal state that activates, guides and sustains behavior.” Source: Educational psychology. (2007). Wikipedia. Retrieved March 13, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_psychology#Motivation www.interventioncentral.org 14 Response to Intervention Definitions of ‘Motivation’ “Motivation is typically defined as the forces that account for the arousal, selection, direction, and continuation of behavior.” Source: Excerpted from Chapter 11 of Biehler/Snowman, PSYCHOLOGY APPLIED TO TEACHING, 8/e, Houghton Mifflin, 1997. www.interventioncentral.org 15 Response to Intervention Motivation in Action: ‘Flow’ www.interventioncentral.org 16 Response to Intervention Definition of the ‘Flow’ State “Being completely involved in an activity for its own sake. The ego falls away. Time flies. Every action, movement, and thought follows inevitably from the previous one, like playing jazz. Your whole being is involved, and you're using your skills to the utmost.” --Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi Source: Geirland, J. (Septermber, 1996). Go with the flow. Wired Magazine. Retrieved March 19, 2007, from http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.09/czik_pr.html www.interventioncentral.org 17 Response to Intervention Qualities of Activities that May Elicit a ‘Flow’ State • • • • The activity is challenging and requires skill to complete Goals are clear Feedback is immediate There is a ‘merging of action and awareness’. ‘All the attention is concentrated on the relevant stimuli’ so that individuals are no longer aware of themselves as ‘separate from the actions they are performing’ • The sense of time’s passing is altered: Time may seem slowed or pass very quickly • ‘Flow’ is not static. As one acquires mastery over an activity, he or she must move to more challenging experiences to continue to achieve ‘flow’ Source: Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper & Row www.interventioncentral.org 18 Response to Intervention Flow Channel • Student A: C: Low High Challenge D: HighChallenge Challenge B: HighSkills, Skills,Low Low (High) C Anxiety Challenges D BoredomB A (Low) (Low) Skills Source: Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper & Row www.interventioncentral.org (High) 19 Response to Intervention Motivation in the Classroom www.interventioncentral.org 20 Response to Intervention Unmotivated Students: What Works Motivation can be thought of as having two dimensions: 1. the student’s expectation of success on the task 2. ………………100 Multiplied by X the value that the student places ...………… 100 on achieving success on that learning task 0 The relationship between the two factors is multiplicative. If EITHER of these factors (the student’s expectation of success on the task OR the student’s valuing of that success) is zero, then the ‘motivation’ product will also be zero. Source: Sprick, R. S., Borgmeier, C., & Nolet, V. (2002). Prevention and management of behavior problems in secondary schools. In M. A. Shinn, H. M. Walker & G. Stoner (Eds.), Interventions for academic and behavior problems II: Preventive and remedial approaches (pp.373-401). Bethesda, MD: National Association of School Psychologists. www.interventioncentral.org 21 Response to Intervention Our Working Definition of ‘Academic Motivation’ For This Workshop The student puts reasonable effort into completing academic work. www.interventioncentral.org 22 Response to Intervention Motivating Ideas About Motivating Students… Jim Wright www.interventioncentral.org www.interventioncentral.org 23 Response to Intervention Workshop Goals: In this workshop, you will: Review information about ‘faulty thinking’ that can undercut a student’s self-confidence and motivation to learn Think about a framework for thinking about student motivation that gives you influence over that student’s investment in learning. Review common, simple academic strategies to make learning interesting and to increase student motivation and followthrough. www.interventioncentral.org 24 Response to Intervention Assessing Students’ Ideas About ‘Self-Efficacy’ • • Self-Efficacy. The student’s view of his or her own abilities related to specific learning tasks and subject areas. Self-Esteem. The student’s global view of his or her self-worth. Source: Linnenbrink, E. A., & Pintrich, P. R. (2002). Motivation as an enabler for academic success. School Psychology Review, 31, 313–327. www.interventioncentral.org 25 Response to Intervention Assessing Students’ Ideas About ‘Self-Efficacy’(Cont.) Encourage the student to: • talk about perceived strengths and weaknesses in particular subject areas • share details about successes or failures experienced in examples of academic tasks • present strategies that they typically use to complete common academic tasks (e.g., undertaking a term paper, doing homework) • disclose their routine for preparing for quizzes and tests. www.interventioncentral.org 26 Response to Intervention Motivating Students: ‘Catch’ vs. ‘Hold’ Factors • • Catch Factors. Grab the student’s attention (e.g., catchy graphics in a computer game, Jeopardy format for quiz review) Hold Factors. Encourage the student to invest time and effort in a learning activity over a prolonged period of time (e.g., cooperative learning activity, ‘high-interest’ activity) www.interventioncentral.org 27 Response to Intervention Motivating Students: ‘Catch’ vs. ‘Hold’ Factors (Cont.) Teacher strategy to engage difficult-to-teach students: 1. Start lesson with high-interest ‘catch’ features 2. Transition to include more sustainable ‘hold’ features. www.interventioncentral.org 28 Response to Intervention Motivating Students: ‘Catch’ vs. ‘Hold’ Factors (Cont.) Example of teacher strategy to engage difficult-to-teach students in review of math vocabulary: 1. 2. Students first sent individually around the school on a ‘scavenger hunt’, to collect examples of math vocabulary posted on walls and bulletin boards (‘catch’ activity). After students return to classroom, the teacher organizes them into groups, has each group compile a master-list of their math vocabulary words, and define the math operation(s) to which each word is linked (‘hold’ activity). www.interventioncentral.org 29 Response to Intervention How Attributions About Learning Contribute to Academic Outcomes People regularly make ‘attributions’ about events and situations in which they are involved that ‘explain’ and make sense of those happenings. www.interventioncentral.org 30 Response to Intervention How Attributions About Learning Contribute to Academic Outcomes Attribution Theory: Dimensions Affecting Student Interpretation of Academic Successes & Failures (Linnenbrink & Pintrich, 2002) The situation or event is… Unstable (changes often) Internal (within the student) Uncontrollable (beyond the ability of the student to influence) Stable (can be counted on to remain relatively unchanged) External (occurring in the surrounding environment) Controllable (within the student’s ability to influence) www.interventioncentral.org 31 Response to Intervention How Attributions About Learning Contribute to Academic Outcomes So I did lousy on this oneborn test.done That’s Next This teacher always springs pop quizzes on us— I can’t get any studying atOK. home because my Some people are writers. time, I will listens study harder my grades bounce and picks questions are impossible to study for! back. brother to that theand radio all theshould time. I was born to watch TV. The situation or event is… Unstable (changes often) Internal (within the student) Uncontrollable (beyond the ability of the student to influence) Stable (can be counted on to remain relatively unchanged) External (occurring in the surrounding environment) Controllable (within the student’s ability to influence) www.interventioncentral.org 32 Response to Intervention Finding the Spark: Strategies for Working With the Unmotivated Learner Jim Wright www.interventioncentral.org www.interventioncentral.org Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org www.interventioncentral.org 34 Response to Intervention ‘Big Ideas’ About Motivation… Idea #1: Motivation is not a quality that resides solely in the student. Instead, motivation is a result of the interaction between the student and his or her learning environment. www.interventioncentral.org 35 Response to Intervention ‘Big Ideas’ About Motivation… Idea #2: A student’s level of motivation is greatly influenced by his or her learning history. A history of bad school experiences can make students very resistant to encouragement and incentives. www.interventioncentral.org 36 Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 37 Response to Intervention ‘Big Ideas’ About Motivation… Idea #3: As students become older, their desire to protect and to promote their self-image becomes significantly more important in determining their motivation level. www.interventioncentral.org 38 Response to Intervention ‘Big Ideas’ About Motivation… Idea #4: Teachers can increase the attractiveness of an academic activity or assignment through changes in the: – – – – – Learning environment Social community Academic activity Learning challenge Outcome or payoff www.interventioncentral.org 39 Response to Intervention Elements of Effective Motivation-Building Environment Payoffs Community Activities Learning Challenges www.interventioncentral.org 40 Response to Intervention Motivating Students: Environment The setting in which we work can encourage us to give our best effort or discourage us from even trying to perform. www.interventioncentral.org 41 Response to Intervention Motivating Students: Ideas for… Environment • Let students choose their seat location and study partners. • Enlist students to come up with rules and guidelines for effective classroom learning. • Create a memory-friendly classroom. Post assignments and due dates, written steps for multi-step tasks, etc. www.interventioncentral.org 42 Response to Intervention Motivating Students: Community We define ourselves in relation to others by our social relationships. These connections are a central motivator for most people. www.interventioncentral.org 43 Response to Intervention Motivating Students: Ideas for… Community • Ask students to complete a learning-preferences questionnaire. • Hold weekly 5-minute ‘micro-meetings’ with the group or class. • Use ‘2 X 10’ rule: Hold 2-minute friendly conversations across 10 days with students who are not attached to learning • Provide 3 positive interactions with students for every ‘negative’ interactions (e.g., reprimand) www.interventioncentral.org 44 Response to Intervention Motivating Students: Activities Motivated students are engaged in interesting activities that guarantee a high success rate and relate to real-world issues. www.interventioncentral.org 45 Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 46 Response to Intervention Motivating Students: Ideas for… Activities • Select fun, imaginative activities for reviewing academic material. • Prior to assignments, have students set work or learning goals. Have students rate their own progress toward their goals. • Celebrate mistakes as opportunities for learning. www.interventioncentral.org 47 Response to Intervention Motivating Students: Learning Challenges Every learner presents a unique profile of strengths and weaknesses. We unlock motivation when we acknowledge and address unique learning profiles. www.interventioncentral.org 48 Response to Intervention Motivating Students: Ideas for… Learning Challenges • Avoid ‘stigmatizing’ as low performers those students who require remedial academic support. • Use a ‘think-aloud’ approach when introducing a skill or strategy. • Allow students to take a brief break when tired or frustrated. • Allow frequent opportunities for ‘choice’ in structuring instructional setting and activities www.interventioncentral.org 49 Response to Intervention Motivating Students: Payoffs for Learning Learning is a motivating activity when the learner can count on short- or long-term payoffs for mastering the material being taught. www.interventioncentral.org 50 Response to Intervention Motivating Students: Ideas for… Payoffs For Learning • Reward student effort along with quality of completed work. • Build in short-term rewards (e.g., increased free time, pencils, positive note home) for student effort, work completion. • Give students frequent positive attention (at least 3 positives for each negative interaction) www.interventioncentral.org 51 Response to Intervention Elements of Effective Motivation-Building Environment Payoffs Community Activities Learning Challenges www.interventioncentral.org 52 Response to Intervention ‘Big Ideas’ About Motivation… Idea #5: A student’s level of motivation can be ‘multiply determined’ (i.e. be supported by more than one underlying behavioral principle) www.interventioncentral.org 53 Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 54