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IUCN 2008: T12392A3339343
Loxodonta africana, African Elephant
Assessment by: Blanc, J.
View on www.iucnredlist.org
Citation: Blanc, J. 2008. Loxodonta africana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008:
e.T12392A3339343. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12392A3339343.en
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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™
Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Proboscidea
Elephantidae
Taxon Name: Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach, 1797)
Synonym(s):
• Elephas africana Blumenbach, 1797
• Loxodonta cyclotis
Common Name(s):
• English:
• French:
• Spanish:
African Elephant
Éléphant Africain, Éléphant d'Afrique
Elefante Africano
Taxonomic Notes:
Preliminary genetic evidence suggests that there may be at least two species of African elephants,
namely the Savanna Elephant (Loxodonta africana) and the Forest Elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis). A third
species, the West African Elephant, has also been postulated. The African Elephant Specialist Group
believes that more extensive research is required to support the proposed re-classification. Premature
allocation into more than one species may leave hybrids in an uncertain conservation status (IUCN SSC
African Elephant Specialist Group 2003). For this reason, this assessment was conducted for the single
species as currently described, encompassing all populations.
Assessment Information
Red List Category & Criteria:
Vulnerable A2a ver 3.1
Year Published:
2008
Date Assessed:
June 30, 2008
Justification:
Background Considerations and Choice of Criteria
The species is the largest terrestrial animal and has been the subject of considerable research, but
continent-wide distribution and density estimates are difficult to obtain for any one time period. To a
large extent this is due to the enormous range covered by the species (and thus the cost of estimating
its numbers) as well as to the wide variety of habitats it occupies (often woodland and forest where
visibility is poor from the ground as well as from the air; see Habitats list). These difficulties, coupled
with the differential influence that various historical factors have played in different parts of the
continent, result in a continental picture of the status of the African Elephant that varies considerably –
qualitatively and quantitatively – across its range.
Although our knowledge of the status of African Elephants across their range has been progressively
improving since the mid-1990s, when considerable resources began to be channelled into compiling and
producing regular updates of the continental status of elephants with a standardized measure of
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Loxodonta africana – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12392A3339343.en
1
certainty (Said et al. 1995; Barnes et al. 1999; Blanc et al. 2003; Blanc et al. 2007), large gaps still
remain.
In investigating the Red List Criteria (Version 3.1) against these realities, it became clear to the group of
assessors involved in the 2004 assessment, that the variability in population trends and levels of
uncertainty would preclude a full quantitative Red List assessment, such as would be conducted under
criterion E. It was therefore agreed that a compromise approximation would have to be made, and that
the African Elephant Specialist Group would be best placed to undertake this task. In order to facilitate
the process, extensive use was made of the Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at
Regional Levels (IUCN 2003).
The criterion used for the categorization was criterion A. Criteria B, C and D are not applicable as the
species currently occupies more that 20,000 km² and there are more than 10,000 mature individuals.
No quantitative analysis was conducted and therefore criterion E does not apply. Substantial resources
would be required to undertake a consensus-driven modelling approach, which would inevitably be
based on a great deal of uncertainty with regard to some of the key parameters, including estimates of
both human and elephant population size, as well as the scale and extent of threats to the species and
its habitats. While ivory export records and other indirect data could be used to derive these models,
they would still encounter the many uncertainties inherent in the reconstruction of events covering the
better part of a century.
Subcriterion A2a was used because some of the major causes for decline, such as habitat loss due to
human population expansion, have not ceased and may not be reversible throughout the species' range.
While the recent data used in the assessment are based on direct observation, the population size
reduction over three generations is only inferred (see below).
Methodology
A generation time of 25 years, calculated as the average age of reproductive females, was established
using data from many culling exercises in Kruger National Park, South Africa (I. Whyte pers. comm.).
There are no credible estimates for a continental population prior to the late 1970s. Thus for the
continental (global) population, an extrapolation back to the beginning of three generations is plagued
with high levels of uncertainty. Clearly, forward extrapolation to the mid-21st Century would also be
troubled by uncertainty, not only for the reasons cited above, but also because of the variety of causes
for decline and the nature of the current and likely future threats - mainly habitat loss and illegal
hunting for both meat and ivory - which are in themselves variable in intensity across the continent.
One of the key components of the methodology adopted at the AfESG’s 2003 Etosha meeting was the
assumption that continental elephant populations increased during the first half of the 20th century (as
a result of the decline of the ivory trade from the outbreak of WWI, improved protection measures, and
an increase in preferred secondary forest habitat in Central Africa), reaching a peak in the late 1960s and
declining from then until the late 20th century.
In addition, African Elephant population trends in the course of the 20th century are believed to have
differed considerably across the different African sub-regions (see Figure 1 in the Supplementary
Material). In Eastern Africa, for instance, there is a general consensus that there was a peak (regional
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Loxodonta africana – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12392A3339343.en
2
population maximum) around the late 1960s and early 1970s, followed by a decline in the 1980s and
subsequent recovery in recent years (Blanc et al. 2005, 2007). In Southern Africa, which now harbours
the largest known populations on the continent, elephant numbers are believed to have been at their
lowest around the turn of the 20th century, and to have been increasing steadily ever since. The
magnitude of the decline in Eastern Africa has in all likelihood been offset by the magnitude of the
increase in Southern Africa. In West Africa, major declines probably occurred well before the turn of the
20th century and the population has remained at low levels ever since. There is insufficient information
on sub-regional trends in Central Africa prior to 1977, but elephant populations are believed to have
declined since that time. This is important as Central Africa accounts for a large proportion of the
estimated continental range, but our knowledge of its current population size is the poorest.
Taking these problems into account, the consensus among contributors to the 2004 assessment was
that it would be an appropriate and acceptable compromise, more likely to err on the conservative side
relative to the final listing, to assume the continental population of three generations back (1927) to be
equal to that of the first continental estimate in 1977. As the data used for the 2004 assessment were
from 2002 (see section on 'Further Details on Data Used' in the Supplementary Material), it was thus
assumed that the population in 1927 was approximately equal to the population estimate for 1977
derived by the contributors to the 2004 assessment.
For the present assessment, which uses 2006 data for the current generation, a comparison had to be
made between 2006 and 1931. No consensus population estimate for 1931 is available for this
assessment. Had the population remained constant or declined between 1927 and 1931, a comparison
with the 2006 data used in this assessment would have resulted in a downlisting of the species to Near
Threatened (NT). As mentioned above, however, according to the methodology and assumptions
adopted at the 2003 AfESG meeting in Etosha, elephant populations were assumed to be increasing
through the first part of the 20th Century. The extent to which the continental population would have
increased is unknown. However, calculations reveal that, given the assumptions above, an annual rate of
increase of greater than 1.53% would result in the species remaining in the Vulnerable category, and a
rate of 1.53% or less would result in the species being re-categorized as Near Threatened. Under the
conditions likely prevailing at the time the African Elephant Red List Authority believes that the likely
annual rate of increase could easily have exceeded 1.53%. The conservative decision, again relative to
the final global listing, is thus to accept a growth rate of greater than 1.53% per annum and to retain the
African Elephant in the Vulnerable category in this assessment.
Changes to Status
The African Elephant was listed as Vulnerable (VU A2a) in the 2004 IUCN Red List, under the same IUCN
Categories and Criteria used in this assessment (Version 3.1).
Prior to the 2004 assessment, the species was listed as Endangered (EN A1b) under the IUCN Categories
and Criteria Version 2.3 (1994), in an assessment conducted in 1996 by the IUCN SSC African Elephant
Specialist Group.
Regional Assessments
The status of African Elephants varies considerably across the species' range. These differences broadly
follow regional boundaries, and are partly a result of the different historical trends. To better reflect this
variation in status, it was decided to include in this assessment regional-level listings for the four African
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Loxodonta africana – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12392A3339343.en
3
regions in which elephants occur (see Figure 2 in the Supplementary Material). The methodology and
criteria used in these regional assessments is identical to that used for the global assessment, but
employing only the relevant subsets of data. An exception to this rule is West Africa, where a more
precautionary listing was obtained through the application of a different Red List Criterion. The results
of the regional assessments are presented in Table 1 of the Supplementary Material.
For further information about this species, see Supplementary Material.
Previously Published Red List Assessments
2004 – Vulnerable (VU)
1996 – Endangered (EN)
1994 – Vulnerable (V)
1990 – Vulnerable (V)
1988 – Vulnerable (V)
1986 – Vulnerable (V)
Geographic Range
Range Description:
African Elephants currently occur in 37 countries in sub-Saharan Africa (see accompanying map in
Supplementary Material, sourced from Blanc et al. 2007). They are known to have become nationally
extinct in Burundi in the 1970s, in The Gambia in 1913, in Mauritania in the 1980s, and in Swaziland in
1920, where they were reintroduced in the 1980s and 1990s.
Although large tracts of continuous elephant range remain in parts of Central, Eastern and Southern
Africa, elephant distribution is becoming increasingly fragmented across the continent.
The quality of knowledge available on elephant distribution varies considerably across the species'
range. While distribution patterns are well understood in most of Eastern, Southern and West Africa,
there is little reliable information on elephant distribution for much of Central Africa.
For further information about this species, see Supplementary Material.
Country Occurrence:
Native: Angola (Angola); Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad;
Congo; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Côte d'Ivoire; Equatorial Guinea; Eritrea; Ethiopia;
Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Kenya; Liberia; Malawi; Mali; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger;
Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Somalia; South Africa; South Sudan; Tanzania, United Republic
of; Togo; Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe
Regionally extinct: Burundi; Gambia; Mauritania
Reintroduced: Swaziland
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Loxodonta africana – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12392A3339343.en
4
Distribution Map
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Loxodonta africana – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12392A3339343.en
5
Population
Although elephant populations may at present be declining in parts of their range, major populations in
Eastern and Southern Africa, accounting for over two thirds of all known elephants on the continent,
have been surveyed, and are currently increasing at an average annual rate of 4.0% per annum (Blanc et
al. 2005, 2007). As a result, more than 15,000 elephants are estimated to have been recruited into the
population in 2006 and, if current rates of increase continue, the number of elephants born in these
populations between 2005 and 2010 will be larger than the currently estimated total number of
elephants in Central and West Africa combined. In other words, the magnitude of ongoing increases in
Southern and Eastern Africa are likely to outweigh the magnitude of any likely declines in the other two
regions.
For further information about this species, see Supplementary Material.
Current Population Trend: Increasing
Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)
The African Elephant is very catholic in its range, and tends to move between a variety of habitats. It is
found in dense forest, open and closed savanna, grassland and, at considerably lower densities, in the
arid deserts of Namibia and Mali. They are also found over wide altitudinal and latitudinal ranges – from
mountain slopes to oceanic beaches, and from the northern tropics to the southern temperate zone
(approximately between 16.5° North and 34° South). See also the list of habitats.
Systems: Terrestrial
Threats (see Appendix for additional information)
Poaching for ivory and meat has traditionally been the major cause of the species' decline. Although
illegal hunting remains a significant factor in some areas, particularly in Central Africa, currently the
most important perceived threat is the loss and fragmentation of habitat caused by ongoing human
population expansion and rapid land conversion. A specific manifestation of this trend is the reported
increase in human-elephant conflict, which further aggravates the threat to elephant populations.
Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)
The African Elephant has been listed in CITES Appendix I since 1989, but the populations of the following
Range States have since been transferred back to Appendix II with specific annotations: Botswana
(1997), Namibia (1997), South Africa (2000) and Zimbabwe (1997). These annotations have been
recently replaced by a single annotation for all four countries, with certain specific sub-annotations for
the populations of Namibia and Zimbabwe.
The African Elephant is subject to various degrees of legal protection in all Range States. Although up to
70% of the species range is believed to lie in unprotected land, most large populations occur within
protected areas.
Conservation measures usually include habitat management and protection through law enforcement.
Successful management at the site level can result in the build-up of high elephant densities. This is
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Loxodonta africana – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12392A3339343.en
6
often perceived as a threat to their local habitats, as well as to other species and to elephant
populations themselves. Management interventions to reduce elephant numbers and local densities
have been limited and most recently been undertaken through contraception or translocation. Largescale culling has not been performed as a population management option since Zimbabwe discontinued
the practice in 1988 and South Africa did likewise in 1994.
The sport hunting of elephants is permitted under the legislation of a number of Range States, and the
following countries currently (2007) have CITES export quotas for elephant trophies: Botswana,
Cameroon, Gabon, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
Some community-based conservation programmes in which revenue from the sport hunting of
elephants reverts directly to local communities have proved effective in increasing tolerance to
elephants, and thus indirectly in reducing levels of human-elephant conflict.
An increasing number of transboundary elephant populations are co-managed through the
collaboration of relevant neighbouring Range States. Large-scale conservation interventions are also
planned through the development of conservation and management strategies at the national and
regional level.
Credits
Assessor(s):
Blanc, J.
Reviewer(s):
Balfour, D., Craig, C., Dublin, H.T. & Thouless, C.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Loxodonta africana – published in 2008.
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Citation
Blanc, J. 2008. Loxodonta africana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T12392A3339343.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12392A3339343.en
Disclaimer
To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use.
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9
External Resources
For Supplementary Material, and for Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the
Red List website.
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10
Appendix
Habitats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Habitat
Season
Suitability
Major
Importance?
1. Forest -> 1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland
-
-
-
1. Forest -> 1.4. Forest - Temperate
-
-
-
1. Forest -> 1.5. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry
-
-
-
1. Forest -> 1.7. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above
High Tide Level
-
-
-
1. Forest -> 1.8. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Swamp
-
-
-
1. Forest -> 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
-
-
-
2. Savanna -> 2.1. Savanna - Dry
-
-
-
2. Savanna -> 2.2. Savanna - Moist
-
-
-
3. Shrubland -> 3.4. Shrubland - Temperate
-
-
-
3. Shrubland -> 3.5. Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry
-
-
-
3. Shrubland -> 3.6. Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Moist
-
-
-
3. Shrubland -> 3.7. Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude
-
-
-
3. Shrubland -> 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation
-
-
-
4. Grassland -> 4.4. Grassland - Temperate
-
-
-
4. Grassland -> 4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry
-
-
-
4. Grassland -> 4.6. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Seasonally
Wet/Flooded
-
-
-
4. Grassland -> 4.7. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude
-
-
-
5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.2. Wetlands (inland) Seasonal/Intermittent/Irregular Rivers/Streams/Creeks
-
-
-
5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.3. Wetlands (inland) - Shrub Dominated Wetlands
-
-
-
5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.4. Wetlands (inland) - Bogs, Marshes, Swamps,
Fens, Peatlands
-
-
-
5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.8. Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent
Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)
-
-
-
5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.9. Wetlands (inland) - Freshwater Springs and
Oases
-
-
-
5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.13. Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Inland Deltas
-
-
-
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Loxodonta africana – published in 2008.
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11
Habitat
Season
Suitability
Major
Importance?
8. Desert -> 8.1. Desert - Hot
-
-
-
8. Desert -> 8.2. Desert - Temperate
-
-
-
14. Artificial/Terrestrial -> 14.1. Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Land
-
-
-
14. Artificial/Terrestrial -> 14.2. Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland
-
-
-
14. Artificial/Terrestrial -> 14.3. Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations
-
-
-
14. Artificial/Terrestrial -> 14.4. Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens
-
-
-
14. Artificial/Terrestrial -> 14.6. Artificial/Terrestrial - Subtropical/Tropical
Heavily Degraded Former Forest
-
-
-
15. Artificial/Aquatic & Marine -> 15.8. Artificial/Aquatic - Seasonally
Flooded Agricultural Land
-
-
-
Threats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Threat
Timing
Scope
Severity
Impact Score
1. Residential & commercial development -> 1.1.
Housing & urban areas
Ongoing
-
-
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
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Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
1. Residential & commercial development -> 1.2.
Commercial & industrial areas
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &
perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.1. Shifting
agriculture
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &
perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.2. Small-holder
farming
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &
perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.3. Agro-industry
farming
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.2. Wood & pulp
plantations -> 2.2.1. Small-holder plantations
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Loxodonta africana – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12392A3339343.en
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2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.2. Wood & pulp
plantations -> 2.2.2. Agro-industry plantations
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming
& ranching -> 2.3.1. Nomadic grazing
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming
& ranching -> 2.3.2. Small-holder grazing, ranching or
farming
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming
& ranching -> 2.3.3. Agro-industry grazing, ranching
or farming
4. Transportation & service corridors -> 4.1. Roads &
railroads
5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping
terrestrial animals -> 5.1.1. Intentional use (species is
the target)
5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping
terrestrial animals -> 5.1.2. Unintentional effects
(species is not the target)
5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping
terrestrial animals -> 5.1.3. Persecution/control
5. Biological resource use -> 5.3. Logging & wood
harvesting -> 5.3.5. Motivation
Unknown/Unrecorded
6. Human intrusions & disturbance -> 6.1.
Recreational activities
6. Human intrusions & disturbance -> 6.2. War, civil
unrest & military exercises
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Loxodonta africana – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12392A3339343.en
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2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
7. Natural system modifications -> 7.1. Fire & fire
suppression -> 7.1.3. Trend Unknown/Unrecorded
7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & water
management/use -> 7.2.11. Dams (size unknown)
8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes ->
8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.1.
Unspecified species
11. Climate change & severe weather -> 11.2.
Droughts
Ongoing
-
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Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
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Conservation Actions in Place
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Conservation Actions in Place
In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning
Systematic monitoring scheme: Yes
In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management
Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range
Occur in at least one PA: Yes
In-Place Species Management
Harvest management plan: Yes
Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: Yes
In-Place Education
Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: Yes
Included in international legislation: Yes
Subject to any international management/trade controls: Yes
Conservation Actions Needed
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Loxodonta africana – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12392A3339343.en
14
Conservation Actions Needed
1. Land/water protection -> 1.1. Site/area protection
1. Land/water protection -> 1.2. Resource & habitat protection
2. Land/water management -> 2.1. Site/area management
3. Species management -> 3.1. Species management -> 3.1.1. Harvest management
3. Species management -> 3.1. Species management -> 3.1.2. Trade management
3. Species management -> 3.1. Species management -> 3.1.3. Limiting population growth
3. Species management -> 3.2. Species recovery
4. Education & awareness -> 4.1. Formal education
4. Education & awareness -> 4.2. Training
4. Education & awareness -> 4.3. Awareness & communications
5. Law & policy -> 5.1. Legislation -> 5.1.1. International level
5. Law & policy -> 5.1. Legislation -> 5.1.2. National level
5. Law & policy -> 5.1. Legislation -> 5.1.3. Sub-national level
5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.1. International level
5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.2. National level
5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.3. Sub-national level
6. Livelihood, economic & other incentives -> 6.1. Linked enterprises & livelihood alternatives
Research Needed
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Research Needed
1. Research -> 1.1. Taxonomy
1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends
1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology
1. Research -> 1.5. Threats
1. Research -> 1.6. Actions
3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends
Additional Data Fields
Population
Population severely fragmented: No
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Loxodonta africana – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12392A3339343.en
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Habitats and Ecology
Movement patterns: Full Migrant
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Loxodonta africana – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12392A3339343.en
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The IUCN Red List Partnership
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species
Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN
Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation
International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas
A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London.
THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™