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Reproduction and Development Vocabulary acrosomal process acrosomal reaction acrosome allantois amnion amniotes androgen animal pole archenteron blastocoel blastocyst blastomeres blastopore blastula budding cervix corpus luteum cortical granules cortical reaction ectoderm embryo endoderm endometrium endometrium epididymis estrous cycle The discharge of a sperm's acrosome when the sperm approaches an egg. An organelle at the tip of a sperm cell that helps the sperm penetrate the egg. One of four extra-embryonic membranes; serves as a repository for the embryo's nitrogenous waste. The innermost of four extraembryonic membranes; encloses a fluid-filled sac in which the embryo is suspended. A vertebrate possessing an amnion surrounding the embryo; reptiles, birds, and mammals are amniotes. The principal male steroid hormones, such as testosterone, which stimulate the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. The portion of the egg where the least yolk is concentrated. Opposite of vegetal pole. The endoderm-lined cavity, formed during the gastrulation process, that develops into the digestive tract of an animal. The fluid-filled cavity that forms in the center of the blastula embryo An embryonic stage in mammals; a hollow ball of cells produced one week after fertilization in humans. Small cells of an early embryo. The opening of the archenteron in the gastrula that develops into the mouth in protostomes and the anus in deuterostomes. The hollow ball of cells marking the end stage of cleavage during early embryonic development. An asexual means of propagation in which outgrowths from the parent form and pinch off to live independently or else remain attached to eventually form extensive colonies. The neck of the uterus, which opens into the vagina. A secreting tissue in the ovary that forms from the collapsed follicle after ovulation and produces progesterone. Vesicles that begin just under the egg plasma membrane prior to their involvement in the cortical reaction. A series of changes in the cortex of the egg cytoplasm during fertilization. The outermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; gives rise to the outer covering and, in some phyla, the nervous system, inner ear, and lens of the eye. New developing individuals The innermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; lines the archenteron and gives rise to the liver, pancreas, lungs, and the lining of the digestive tract. The inner lining of the uterus, which is richly supplied with blood vessels. A coiled tubule located adjacent to the testes where sperm are stored. A type of reproductive cycle in all female mammals except higher primates, in which the nonpregnant endometrium is reabsorbed rather than shed, and extraembryonic membranes fallopian tube (oviduct) fertilization envelope follicle follicle stimulating hormone follicular phase fragmentation gastrula gestation gray crescent holoblastic cleavage homeotic gene human chorionic gonadotropin hydrolytic enzymes hypothalamus implantation inner cell mass interstitial cells leydig cells luteal phase luteinizing hormone mammary glands menstrual cycle menstrual flow phase sexual response occurs only during midcycle at estrus. Four membranes (yolk sac, amnion, chorion, allantois) that support the developing embryo in reptiles, birds, and mammals. A tube passing from the ovary to the vagina in invertebrates or to the uterus in vertebrates. The swelling of the vitelline layer away from the plasma membrane. A microscopic structure in the ovary that contains the developing ovum and secretes estrogens. A protein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the production of eggs by the ovaries and sperm by the testes. That portion of the ovarian cycle during which several follicles in the ovary begin to grow. breaking body into many pieces which develop into complete adults The two-layered, cup-shaped embryonic stage. Pregnancy; the state of carrying developing young within the female reproductive tract. A light-gray region of cytoplasm located near the equator of the egg on the side opposite the sperm entry. A type of cleavage in which there is complete division of the egg, as in eggs having little yolk (sea urchin) or a moderate amount of yolk (frog). Any of the genes that control the overall body plan of animals by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells. A hormone secreted by the chorion that maintains the corpus leuteum of the ovary during the first three months of pregnancy. The ventral part of the vertebrate forebrain; functions in maintaining homeostasis, especially in coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems; secretes hormones of the posterior pituitary and releasing factors, which regulate the anterior pituitary. A cluster of cells in a mammalian blastocyst that protrudes into one end of the cavity and subsequently develops into the embryo proper and some of the extraembryonic membranes Cells scattered among the seminiferous tubules of the vertebrate testis that secrete testosterone and other androgens, the male sex hormones. Located between the seminiferous tubules of the testes, these cells produce testosterone and other androgens. That portion of the ovarian cycle during which endocrine cells of the corpus luteum secrete female hormones. A protein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates ovulation in females and androgen production in males. Exocrine glands that secrete milk to nourish the young. These glands are characteristic of mammals. A type of reproductive cycle in higher female primates, in which the nonpregnant endometrium is shed as a bloody discharge through the cervix into the vagina. That portion of the menstrual cycle when menstrual bleeding occurs. meroblastic cleavage mesoderm morula neural crest neural tube neurulation notochord organogenesis ovary ovulation oxytocin parturition pheromones pituitary placenta polyspermy primitive streak progesterone prolactin proliferative phase prostate regeneration scrotum A type of cleavage in which there is incomplete division of yolk-rich egg, characteristic of avian development. The middle primary germ layer of an early embryo that develops into the notochord, the lining of the coelom, muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, and most of the circulatory system. A solid ball of blastomeres formed by early cleavage. A band of cells along the border where the neural tube pinches off from the ectoderm; the cells migrate to various parts of the embryo and form the pigment cells in the skin, bones of the skull, the teeth, the adrenal glands, and parts of the peripheral nervous system. A tube of cells running along the dorsal axis of the body, just dorsal to the notochord. It will give rise to the central nervous system. A long flexible rod that runs along the dorsal axis of the body in the future position of the vertebral column. The development of organ rudiments from the three germ layers. (1) In flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop. (2) In animals, the structure that produces female gametes and reproductive hormones. The release of an egg from ovaries. In humans, an ovarian follicle releases an egg during each menstrual cycle. A hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. It induces contractions of the uterine muscles and causes the mammary glands to eject milk during nursing. The expulsion of a baby from the mother, also called birth. A small, volatile chemical signal that functions in communication between animals and acts much like a An endocrine gland at the base of the hypothalamus; consists of a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), which stores and releases two hormones produced by the hypothalamus, and an anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), which produces and secretes many hormones that regulate diverse body functions. A structure in the pregnant uterus for nourishing a viviparous fetus with the mother's blood supply; formed from the uterine lining and embryonic membranes. A groove on the surface of an early avian embryo along the future long axis of the body. A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland with a great diversity of effects in different vertebrate species. That portion of the menstrual cycle when the endometrium regenerates and thickens. A gland in human males that secretes an acid neutralizing component of semen. The regrowth of body parts from pieces of an organism. A pouch of skin outside the abdomen that houses a testis; functions in cooling sperm, thereby keeping them viable. secretory phase seminal vesicle seminiferous tubules somite testes uterus vagina vegetal pole vitelline layer yolk yolk plug zona pellucida That portion of the menstrual cycle when the endometrium continues to thicken, becomes more vascularized, and develops glands that secrete a fluid rich in glycogen. A gland in males that secretes a fluid component of semen that lubricates and nourishes sperm. Highly coiled tubes in the testes in which sperm are produced. Paired blocks of mesoderm just lateral to the notochord of a vertebrate embryo. (plural, testes) The male reproductive organ, or gonad, in which sperm and reproductive hormones are produced. A female organ where eggs are fertilized and/or development of the young occurs. Part of the female reproductive system between the uterus and the outside opening; the birth canal in mammals; also accommodates the male's penis and receives sperm during copulation The portion of the egg where most yolk is concentrated. Opposite of animal pole. Nutrients stored in an egg. Large food-laden endodermal cells surrounded by the blastopore of an amphibian gastrula. The extracellular matrix of a mammalian egg.