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Respiratory System ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Functions of the Respiratory System Gas Exchange Organs of the Respiratory System Upper Respiratory Tract Nose Pharynx Larynx Lower Respiratory Tract Trachea Bronchi Lungs Nose framework composed of bone & cartilage 2 nostrils called: external nares where air enters the nasal cavity rt & lt separated by nasal septum site of nose bleeds @ internal edge: internal nares Pharynx throat 3 divisions: Nasopharynx 1. begins @ internal nares end of soft palate 2. Oropharynx edge of soft palate hyoid bone 3. Laryngopharynx hyoid bone upper edge of esophagus 3 Parts of the Pharynx Larynx “voice box” Cartilage Parts: Epiglottis Glottis Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Larynx moves upward when you swallow tips epiglottis over the glottis (opening of trachea) allows food esophagus (--/ down trachea to lungs) if not swallowing: glottis is open allowing air lungs http://www.linkstudio.info/images/portfolio/medani/S wallow.swf Trachea “windpipe” Trachea rings of cartilage maintain its shape to prevent it from closing forks into 2 bronchi Bronchus each enters a lung where it branches into smaller & smaller bronchioles resembling an inverted tree Bronchioles fine tubes that allow passage of air smooth muscle surrounds them when contracts airways constrict epithelium covered with cilia & mucus mucus traps dust, particulates cilia beat upward removing trapped particles from airways (moves particles ~1-3 cm/hr) Bronchioles Gas Exchange in Lungs Gas Exchange in Lungs Pulmonary Function Tests “PFTs” subject breathes into a closed system in which air is trapped w/in a bell floating in water bell moves up when patient exhales / down when they inhale Pulmonary Function Tests Tidal Volume: amt of air expired Vital Capacity: max amt of air that can forcefully exhaled after a max inhalation Spirogram Anatomical Dead Space not all inspired air will get into lungs exhaling does not force all air out of the body Hemoglobin helps transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, & buffer blood as carbon dioxide leaves cells & diffuses thru interstial fluid then into capillary it combines with water to form carbonic acid Hgb Loading & Unloading Oxygen Respiratory pH Balance Respiratory Acidosis hypoventilation accumulation of CO2 in tissues pH decreases plasma HCO3- increases Respiratory Alkalosis hyperventilation excessive loss of CO2 pH increases plasma HCO3- decreases CO2 in blood increases