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Health Education on EBOLA
Dr. Chaltu Wakijra
Oromo Community Organization
Washington, D.C
April 4, 2015
What is Ebola
• An infection that causes
fever, body ache,
diarrhea, and
sometimes bleeding
• A very serious infection
and often leads to
death
• Caused by virus
Background
• Ebola virus is divided
into five species named
after the place it was
initially caused
outbreaks (Zaire, Sudan,
Ivory Coast, Bundibgyo,
and Reston).
Background
Zaire Virus
• 1st appeared in 1976 and caused
multiple large outbreaks in
Central Africa, with mortality
rates ranging from 55 to 88
percent. This is the causative
agent of the West African
epidemic of 2014.
• It was discovered in today’s
Democratic Republic of Congo
• Later occurred in a village near
the Ebola River, from which the
disease takes its name
• Ebola virus causes an acute,
serious illness which is often fatal
if untreated
Background
•
The Sudan virus has been associated with case
fatality rate of approximately 50% in 4 epidemics :
Two in Sudan in 1970s,
one in Uganda in 2000 and
again in Sudan in 2004
•
The Ivory coast virus has only been identified as the
cause of illness in one person and that individual
survived. The exposure occurred when an
ethologist performed a necropsy on a chimpanzee
found death in Tai Forest where marked reduction
in the great Ape had been observed.
•
The Bundibugyo virus emerged in Uganda in 2007,
causing outbreak of Ebola virus disease with a lower
case-fatality rate of approximately 30%. This virus
is mostly related to the Ivory Coast species.
•
The Reston ebola virus was discovered when it
caused an outbreak in macaques imported to US in
1989. Three more outbreaks occurred in
nonhuman primates in quarantine facilities in US
and Europe. This is the only virus not found in
Africa. Has not caused disease in humans.
Background
• Current outbreak in west Africa of 2014/2015
– 1st case confirmed by WHO in March 2014 from a two year
old child who developed fever, vomiting, and black stools
in West African nation of Guinea. The outbreak
subsequently spread to Liberia, Seirra Leone, Nigeria,
Senegal and Mali.
– Largest and most complex since the Ebola virus was first
discovered in 1976
– More cases and deaths during this outbreak than all others
combined
– As of March 22, 2015, the number of probable, suspected
and laboratory confirmed cases attributed to Ebola Virus
is 24, 907, including 10, 326 deaths.
Outbreak Distribution, March 2015
What are the symptoms of Ebola?
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•
•
•
At first the symptoms are like those of the flu and it gets much worse
It may lead to death if untreated(sometimes even with supportive treatment)
Symptoms typically start 2 to 21 days after an exposure
First symptoms may include:
–
–
–
–
–
•
Sudden fever, chills, and feeling sick
Weakness
Loss of appetite
Severe headache
Body and back aches
A few days after the first symptoms start, other symptoms may develop
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–
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Watery diarrhea
Nausea and vomiting
Belly pain
Rash
Bleeding or bruising (e.g. oozing from the gums, blood in the stools; may not happen to
everyone)
How is Ebola Transmitted
• Initially Ebola is introduced into human
population through close contact with the
blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids
of infected animals such as:
– Chimpanzees, gorillas, fruit bats, monkeys, forest
antelopes and porcupines
How is Ebola Transmitted
• Human-to-human transmission is via direct
contact through:
– Blood
– Infected people skin or other bodily fluids
– Contaminated surfaces and materials (e.g. bedding,
clothing, medical equipment)
– Burial ceremonies in which mourners have direct
contact with the body of the deceased person(washing
before burial)
– According to WHO, the most Infectious body fluids are
blood, feces and vomit.
How is Ebola treated?
• If a person is infected with Ebola virus, the person would
be admitted to a specialized hospital capable of treating
Ebola patients.
• The patient will be isolated and kept on contact precautions
usually in the hospital intensive care unit (also called the
“ICU”)
• Currently , there is no cure for ebola infection, an infected
person will only be able to get supportive care
– fluids through a tube that goes into a vein (called and “IV:”)
– medicine to support your blood pressure or treatments to help
your blood clot properly
– experimental treatments that have been given to some patients
and
– Antibodies from blood of a cured patient may be given to
infected patient
When to see a doctor or nurse?
• If you have been exposed to Ebola or have been
to an area where many people are sick with Ebola
• If you may have been exposed-even if you did not
have direct contact with someone with Ebola
here is what you should do:
– Check your temperature every day for 21 days
– Check yourself for any of the Ebola symptoms listed
above for 21 days
– If you think you have a fever, or any symptoms of
Ebola, call your doctor
Can Ebola be prevented?
• You can reduce your chances of getting Ebola by staying
away from infected or sick people or who have had contact
with Ebola victims
• If you must be around people who are sick with Ebola,
contact your doctor and ask for guidance
• Cleared virus from blood doesn’t necessarily mean the
virus has cleared from the body(eg. Ebola virus was
cultured from a patient’s urine 26 days after the onset of
symptoms., 9 days after blood tested negative. In Uganda in
2000, the virus was detected in breast milk after it was no
longer detectable in blood. Two children who were
breastfed by infected but cured mothers died of the
disease.
How do I protect myself against Ebola
• Wash your hands frequently or use an alcoholabased hand sanitizer
• Avoid contact with the blood and body fluids
of infected person
• Do not handle items that may have come in
contact with an infected person’s blood or
body fluids
• Do not touch the body of someone who has
died from Ebola
How do I protect myself against Ebola
• Report any potential unprotected Ebola exposure
or illness promptly
• Seek medical care immediately if you develop:
– fever, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, diarrhea,
stomach pain, or unexplained bruising or bleeding
• If you are in areas where Ebola is present, avoid
contact with
– Bats, monkeys, and non-human primates
(chimpanzees or gorillas)
– Avoid blood, fluids, or raw meat from these animals
Where can I learn more?
• For more EVD information, visit:
http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/