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Chapter 16 The Cold War
The Cold War: Roots of the Conflict
Soviet
Expansion:
· The Soviet
Union
occupied
most of
Eastern
Europe by
the end of
World War
II.
• In 1946,
Winston
Churchill
correctly
warned that
the Soviets
were creating
an “iron
curtain” in
Eastern
Europe.
Winston Churchill giving the “Iron
Curtain” address at Westminster College on
March 5, 1946
Peep under the
Iron curtain
March 6, 1946
· By 1948, every Eastern European country was under
communist control.
American Response:
· Truman Doctrine – statement of President Truman that
promised military and economic support to nations threatened
by communism.
• In 1947, the U.S. gave $400 million to Greece and Turkey in
order to help them put down communist revolts.
· Marshall, fearing that
communist revolts could
occur in such an
atmosphere, proposed
that the U.S. help to
rebuild the European
economy in what became
known as the Marshall
Plan.
Nuremberg, Germany,
April 20, 1945
* The U.S. gave over $12 billion in aid to European countries
between 1948 and 1952, helping to improve their economies
and lessen the chance of communist revolutions.
Focus on Berlin
• After World War II,
Germany was divided
into four zones,
occupied by French,
British, American, and
Soviet troops.
Occupation zones after
1945. Berlin is the
multinational area
within the Soviet zone.
Soviet blockade:
East Berlin
West
Germany
East
Germany
West Berlin
· In June of 1948, the
French, British and
American zones were
joined into the nation of
West Germany after the
Soviets refused to end
their occupation of
Germany.
· In response, the
Soviets cut off West
Berlin from the rest of
the world with a
blockade.
Eventual site of the Berlin Wall
A huge airlift:
· President Truman
decided to avoid the
blockade by flying in
food and other supplies to
the needy people of West
Berlin.
· At times, over 5,000
tons of supplies arrived
daily.
Germany remains divided:
· In May of 1949, Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union ended the
blockade.
· The Soviet
zone of
Germany,
including
East Berlin,
became
known as the
nation of East
Germany.
October, 1949
Keeping the Peace
United Nations:
· An international
peacekeeping
organization, the United
Nations (UN), came into
existence in 1945 with 51
original members.
United Nations
New York City, NY
· Member nations are a part of the General Assembly.
United Nations General Assembly
The Security Council has 15 members-- five permanent
members and 10 elected by the General Assembly for twoyear terms. The permanent members are:
Great Britain
China
Russia
France
United States
Flag of the United Nations
Opposing Alliances
· In 1949, the U.S.
formed an alliance
with friendly
European countries
called the North
Atlantic Treaty
Organization
(NATO).
· The members of
NATO would defend
each other against any
Soviet aggression.
· In 1955, the Soviet
Union formed its own
military alliance
called the Warsaw
Pact.
· The Warsaw Pact
was made up of
Eastern European
countries dominated
by Soviet control.
Emerging
Nations:
· After World
War II the
people of
Africa and
Asia began to
demand their
independence.
Emerging Nations:
· After World War II the people of Africa and Asia began to
demand their independence.
The results of the Chinese civil war and the Korean War
Growing Interest in China
People’s Republic of China:
• In the 1940’s, China was embroiled in a civil war.
Nationalists
Led by Chiang Kai-shek
Communists
Led by Mao Zedong
• The U.S. gave the Chiang Kai-shek millions of dollars, but
the communists won the war.
Mao Zedong quotations:
On Class Struggle
“Our stand is that of the proletariat
and of the masses.”
Portrait of Chairman Mao
Zedong, Tiananmen Square,
Beijing
• China
became a
communist
country,
and
Chiang
Kai-shek
and his
forces fled
to Taiwan.
Fighting in Korea:
• Korea was divided at the 38th parallel of latitude.
• North Korea was communist and supported by the Soviets,
and South Korea was democratic and supported by the U.S.
• In June of 1950, North Korea
invaded South Korea.
• The U.N. sent an international force to Korea in order to
push the North Koreans out of South Korea.
United
Nations
forces
fighting to
recapture
Seoul,
South
Korea,
from
communist
invaders,
September
1950.
United Nations Forces in Korea: (Nation – Number Killed in Action)
Netherlands - 116
Australia - 339
New Zealand - 31
Belgium - 97
Norway (noncombat role)
Canada - 516
South Africa - 20
Colombia - 146
Philippines - 92
Denmark (noncombat role)
South Korea – 137,899
Ethiopia - 122
Sweden (noncombat role)
France - 287
Thailand - 136
Greece - 194
Turkey - 721
India (noncombat role)
United Kingdom – 1,078
Italy (noncombat role)
Luxembourg - 7
United States – 33,741
United Nations - 932,964 troops served
MacArthur
at Inch'on
landing
• U.S. General Douglas MacArthur led the U.N. force,
approximately 80% of which were U.S. soldiers.
Americans pushed to the Pusan Perimeter
…the North Koreans had pushed the U.N.
forces to the southeast corner of the
peninsula, where they dug in around the port
of Pusan…a "grim-faced and business-like"
MacArthur visited Eighth Army commander
Walton Walker. A witness said that
MacArthur told Walker, "There will be no
Dunkirk in this command. To retire to Pusan
will be unacceptable." Gen. Walker gave the
"stand or die" order, and over the next six
weeks a desperate, bloody struggle ensued
as the North Koreans threw everything they
had at American and ROK (South Korean)
forces in an effort to gain complete control
over Korea.
Inchon
With what is widely considered the crowning
example of his military genius, MacArthur
completely changed the course of the war
overnight by ordering -- over nearly
unanimous objections -- an amphibious
invasion at the port of Inchon, near
Seoul…The Americans quickly gained
control of Inchon, recaptured Seoul within
days, and cut the North Korean supply lines.
American and ROK forces broke out of the
Pusan Perimeter and chased the retreating
enemy north. On September 27, after
Washington had consulted with its allies
regarding war aims, MacArthur received permission to pursue the
enemy into North Korea. ROK forces crossed the 38th parallel on
October 1, opening a fateful new chapter in the conflict.
Approaching
the Yalu
The Chinese army, which had been massing
north of the Yalu River after secretly
slipping into North Korea, struck with
considerable force. After suffering setbacks,
the U.N. forces stabilized their lines by
November 5, only to watch the Chinese
withdraw northward as quickly as they had
struck. MacArthur was now worried
enough to press Washington for greater
latitude in taking the fight into China. He
nevertheless launched a great offensive
toward the end of November, which he
optimistically hoped would end the war in
Korea and "get the boys home by
Christmas." It proved a terrible
miscalculation.
An Entirely New War
MacArthur's "all-out offensive" to the Yalu
had barely begun when the Chinese struck
with awesome force on the night of
November 25. Roughly 300,000 Chinese
troops overwhelmed the U.N. forces. On
November 28, a shaken MacArthur
informed the Joint Chiefs, "We face an
entirely new war."
MacArthur's men fought courageously and
skillfully just to avoid annihilation, as they
were pushed back down the peninsula.
Seoul changed hands yet again on January
5. But under the able and energetic of
General Matthew Ridgway, the U.N. retreat
ended about 70 miles below Seoul.
Stalemate
Beginning January 15, 1952, Gen. Ridgway
led the U.N. in a slow advance northward.
Inflicting heavy casualties on the Chinese
and North Koreans, the U.N. re-recaptured
Seoul (the fourth and final time it changed
hands!) on March 15, and had patrols
crossing the 38th parallel on March 31. A
stalemate ensued, which lasting for another
two years. Not until nearly two million
more had died did the Korean War end,
when an armistice was signed on July 27,
1953.
Ending the War:
• U.N. troops regained South Korea by March of 1951.
• Gen. MacArthur wanted to attack China with support of
Chinese nationalists.
• President Truman disagreed with MacArthur about attacking
China.
• Truman fired MacArthur for defying him by publicly
taunting and threatening the Chinese.
• In July of 1953, the Korean War ended, in which over
54,000 Americans died.
South Korean troops
patrol along the DMZ.
The Red Scare of the 1950’s and beyond.
Cummings of the Daily Express, 24 August 1953,
"Back to Where it all Started"
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4b3HS3zq8E
Hunting Communists
at Home
· A dramatic fear of
communism and
communist spies spread
across the nation.
· In 1949, the U.S. learned that the Soviet Union also
possessed atomic weapons.
BELARUS. Maiski. 1997. Nikolai Yanchen, one of
600,000 ‘liquidators’ conscripted to fight the fires and
clean up the radioactive ash and contaminated villages.
He lost his right leg to cancer. He can no longer work
and lives alone in a small village in a contaminated area
near the 30km ‘hot zone’.
BELARUS. Minsk. 1997. Children’s Home No 1. This
hospital receives many of the most deformed babies
soon after birth. Nurse Alla Komarova hugs 3-year-old
Yulya, whose brain is in a membrane in the back of his
Castle Bravo H-Bomb shot at
Bikini Attoll. Largest H-Bomb
ever exploded.
“Radiation from
that blast would
later bring early
death to many of
us on the island at
that time. Some of
us are still dying of
radiation from
Bravo.” - Bob
Markey, Sr., naval
officer, stationed
on the island of
Kwajalein, 150
miles from Bikini
Atoll.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9V47Qs9Eyus
Example of American
fears of Communism:
- Americans, Julius and
Ethel Rosenberg, were
accused of stealing nuclear
secrets for the Soviets.
- The Rosenbergs were
executed for their crimes in
1953.
McCarthy’s reckless
claims:
· In 1950, Senator Joseph
McCarthy announced that
he had a list of 205 State
Department employees
that were members of the
Communist party.
Communists at
the State
Department:
- State
Department
official Alger Hiss
was imprisoned
for perjury in
1950.
- Hiss had lied under oath, denying that he was a part of
a Soviet spy ring that sent U.S. government secrets to
the Soviet Union.
The Cold War: 1945-1960
The Cold War: 1960-1991
The Cold War in Africa and Asia
· The United States and Soviet Union supported their
allies worldwide, turning small conflicts into international
wars.
Examples:
- In Africa, the U.S. supported Somalia while the Soviets
supported Ethiopia.
- In Asia, Pakistan became an ally of the U.S., while
India accepted assistance from both the U.S. and the
Soviets. Also, the U.S. supported democratic forces in
Indochina while the Soviets supported the communists.
- (Note: today, Indochina consists of the nations of Laos,
Cambodia and Vietnam.)
Alliance for Progress – Latin American nations were urged to
make urgent reforms in order to help the lives of their people
in exchange for U.S. aid for schools, hospitals, farming, and
sanitation services.
Bogotá, Colombia
(Dec. 17, 1961)
"Here is inaugurated the first school of 22,000 to be
constructed by the Colombian government within the
Alliance for Progress with the assistance of the President of
the United States of America, John F. Kennedy."
• Peace Corps – American volunteers work as teachers,
engineers, and technical advisers in developing nations for two
years.
This map shows in what countries the Peace Corps currently
works in (orange) and what countries in which the Peace
Corps is currently inactive (purple).
• Organization
of American
States – the U.S.
promoted
economic
progress in the
Americas by
investing in
transportation
and industry.
Cuba is the only
nation in the
Americas that is not a
member of the OAS.
The Arms Race
• In 1957, the
Soviet Union
launched Sputnik,
the world’s first
artificial satellite.
• Feeling that the U.S. was falling behind technologically to
the Soviets, the U.S. created the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA), which developed a space
program to compete with the Soviets.
Nuclear warhead stockpiles of the United States
and the Soviet Union/Russia, 1945-2006.
32,040
warheads,
1966
• In addition,
the Soviet
Union and
the U.S.
competed
with each
other in
weapon
development.
*
45,000
warheads,
1986
USSR
surpassed
the USA
in
warheads
(1978)
• Both sides developed enough weapons
to easily destroy the other.