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Chapter 14 - Respiration Some terms alveolar ventilation rate, alveolus, anatomical dead space, Boyle’s Law, bronchiole (terminal, respiratory), bronchus, carbaminohemoglobin, carbonic anhydrase, conducting portion of respiratory “tree”, Dalton’s Law of partial pressures, external and internal respiration, functional reserve volume, Henry’s Law (of solubility), internal and external nares, intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures, laryngopharynx, larynx, minute volume, nasal conchae (turbinates), nasopharynx, oropharynx, oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, percent hemoglobin saturation, pharynx, pleural membrane (parietal and visceral layers, pleural cavity), respiratory membrane, tidal volume, Type I and Type II alveolar cells, vocal folds Study suggestions ____ 1. How is the type of epithelium found in a region (e.g. nasopharynx vs. oropharynx) related to its function? 2. What variables are involved in the Fick equation for diffusional gas exchange? What adaptations of the alveoli maximize diffusional gas exchange? Won’t you be happy when this class is over and you will never have to think about the Fick equation again? (Unless you take A&P.) 3. Be able to calculate partial pressures. (Dalton’s law) 4. What is “pulmonary ventilation.” How does Boyle’s law help explain this process? 5. How does intrapleural pressure compare with alveolar (intrapulmonary) during inspiration? During expiration? 6. What is anatomical dead space? Why is it physiologically important? 7. Be very familiar with Slide #42. Know the significance of this formula: CO2 + H20 ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO38. A significant amount of CO2 is transported in solution (i.e. dissolved) in the blood. O2 transport, on the other hand, requires a carrier molecule (hemoglobin). How does Henry’s law explain the fact that O2 transport requires a carrier? Some practice questions: 1. The 500 ml of air that is inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing is known as the ___. a. anatomical dead space b. expiratory reserve volume c. functional reserve volume d. tidal volume e. vital capacity 2. Which of the following is not part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system? a. alveolus b. larynx c. oropharynx d. primary bronchus e. trachea 3. The oropharynx functions as part of both the respiratory and digestive systems. Therefore, it is lined with a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells. a. true b. false 4. Exhalation during quiet breathing is primarily a passive process that does not depend directly on muscle contraction. a. true b. false 5. a. b. c. d. The exchange of oxygen at the respiratory membrane in the lungs is efficient because ___. the concentration difference for oxygen between lung air and blood is small the distance over which diffusion must occur is small the alveolar surface area for gas exchange is small none of these 6. The final portion of the conducting airways is called the ___. a. alveolus b. alveolar sac c. primary bronchus d. terminal bronchiole e. tertiary bronchus 7. If the volume of a sealed container filled with air is increased, then the air pressure inside the container will ___. (Assume that environmental temperature does not change.) a. decrease b. increase c. stay the same 8. Intrapleural pressure is the pressure between visceral and parietal pleurae. The lungs remain inflated because intrapleural pressure is always ___ alveolar (intrapulmonary) pressure. a. greater than b. less than c. the same as 9. When the diaphragm contracts it moves downward. This movement results in ___. a. expiration b. inspiration c. perspiration d. consternation 10. During inspiration, pressure within the lungs is ___ atmospheric pressure. a. greater than b. less than c. the same as 11. Most of the CO2 that is carried from the tissues to the lungs is transported as ___. a. bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) b. carbaminohemoglobin c. carbonic acid H2CO3 d. dissolved CO2 gas 12. The partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2) in the tissues is ___ the partial pressure of PCO2 of arterial blood. a. greater than b. less than c. about the same as 13. The partial pressure of O2 (PO2) in the tissues is ___ the partial pressure of PO2 of arterial blood. a. greater than b. less than c. about the same as *** Use the following interesting information about the planet Zorkon to answer the next two questions. Atmospheric pressure at sea level: 1000 mmHg O2 concentration of atmosphere: 20% CO2 concentration of atmosphere: 30% Nitrogen concentration of atmosphere: 50% Average grade in Human Biology: 75% Number of days in a Zorkon week: 8 14. What is the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) on the planet Zorkon? a. 200 mmHg b. 300 mmHg c. 500 mmHg d. 750 mmHg e. 1000 mmHg 15. What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) on the planet Zorkon? a. 200 mmHg b. 300 mmHg c. 500 mmHg d. 750 mmHg e. 1000 mmHg 1. 2. 3. 4. d a b a 5. 6. 7. 8. b d a b 9. b 10. b 11. a 12. a 13. b 14. a 15. b