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Living Together
Presentation Outline
 Symbiosis Description
 Obligate vs. Facultative
Main Types of Symbiosis
 Mutualism
 Commensalism
 Parasitism
 Examples of Symbiotic Relationships
Symbiosis
The interaction of organisms in which one organism
lives with, in, or on another species of organism
Obligate Symbiosis
Facultative Symbiosis
 The organisms require the
 The symbiotic relationship gives
symbiotic relationship in
order to survive.
each organism a greater chance
of survival but isn't absolutely
necessary.
Symbiotic relationships aren't always symmetrical -- they can
be obligate for one organism and facultative for the other.
Main Types of Symbiosis
Mutualism

Both organisms benefit from the relationship
•Commensalism

One organism benefits from the relationship, while the other
neither benefits nor is harmed.
Parasitism

One organism (the parasite) benefits, while the host is harmed or
exploited. Often, the host’s health is impaired slowly allowing
the parasite to exploit its host over a longer period.
Mutualism Example
Crocodile- Egyptian Plover Bird
 Food gets stuck in the teeth of
the crocodile and rots.
 A crocodile sits with its mouth
wide open, the Egyptian Plover
bird will fly into the mouth and
eat the food stuck in its teeth.
 The plover gets a meal and the
crocodile gets a valuable tooth
cleaning: they both benefit.
Mutualism Example –You!
Human Gut-Bacteria
 When you eat food, very little
of it gets digested in your
stomach.
 Food travels through your
intestine where bacteria further
digest the partly digested food.
The bacteria also produce
vitamins.
 Your food gets digested, you
get vitamins, and the bacteria
get a meal.
Mutualism Example
Sea Anemone
+Algae (zooxanthellae)
+ Clown Fish
The only fish that do not get stung
by the tentacles of the sea anemone.
Clown fish eat the leftover fish and
algae. Anemones get a cleaning and
better water circulation from the fish
swimming about.
Algae live within the anemone body.
From the algae's photosynthesis, anemone
receives oxygen and food as glycerol,
glucose and alanine.
The algae receive reliable exposure to sun,
and protection from micro-feeders.
Commensalism Example
Barnacle - Whales
 Barnacles adhere to the skin of
a whale
 Barnacle benefits by finding a
habitat where nutrients are
available. Barnacle is
transported to new sources of
food, when whale swims
through a cloud of plankton for
a meal, the barnacle also feeds.
 The presence of barnacle
populations does not appear to
hamper or enhance the survival
of the animals carrying them.
Commensalism Example
Tigers-Golden Jackals
 Lone jackals expelled from
their pack, have been known to
attach themselves to a
particular tiger, trailing it at a
safe distance in order to feed on
the big cat's kills.
 Tigers sometimes tolerate these
jackals: one report describes
how a jackal confidently
walked in and out between
three tigers walking together a
few feet away from each other.
 On rare occasions, Tigers have
killed the Jackal
Parasitism Example
Bed Bugs - Humans
 Bedbugs are small, nocturnal
parasites that come out of
hiding at night to feed on
humans. They feed exclusively
on blood!
 Their bites often result in an
allergic reaction.
 The bedbug benefits, while the
human is harmed.
Parasitism
Example
Tapeworm
- Dog/Cat/Human
 The primary host of the




cucumber tapeworm is mainly
a dog or a cat (occasionally a
human).
Fleas and lice are the
intermediate host.
The dog or cat becomes
contaminated when the eggs
are passed in the feces, and the
flea or louse ingests the eggs.
The dog or cat (or human) is
infected when they ingest a flea
or louse.
The tapeworm has no digestive
system of it’s own, so it
attaches itself to the lining of
the intestines and absorbs the
nutrients the dog ingests.
Picture Sources
http://tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouse_id=3390
http://www.floridastateparks.org/maclaygardens/img/photogallery/macsymbiosis-markferrulo.jpg
3.
http://bookbuilder.cast.org/view_print.php?book=12710
4.
http://drlundgren.wordpress.co
5.
http://candidasurvivorsguide.org/2011/04/human-gut-bacteria-classifiedgenetically-into-three-ecosystems/
6.
http://www.chacocanyon.com/pointlookout/110209.shtml
7.
http://scienceline.org/2010/03/how-do-barnacles-attach-to-whales/
8.
http://www.discoveryindiatours.com/Tiger-Safari.html
9.
http://birdsandmammals.blogspot.com/2008_06_01_archive.html
10. http://bedbugger.com/photos-of-bed-bugs-and-signs-of-bed-bugs/
11. http://www.orkin.com/press-room/bed-bugs--the-unwelcome-travel-companion
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