Download Age of Nation States - Mr. Morris`s AP European History

Age of Nation States
Nation-States &
Society/Politics Before World
War I
Unit VII Objectives
1.
Analyze how the forces of nationalism and liberalism was carried out by conservatives in
the late 19th century.
2.
What is realpolitik and how does this relate to the Crimean War and the Unifications of
Italy and Germany?
3.
Analyze French politics from the era of Napoleon III to the unstable early years of the
3rd Republic.
4.
Analyze how the Dual Monarchy evolved from the failure of 1848 to the Augsleich of
1867 to the years previous to World War I.
5.
Analyze how Russia went from repression to reform and back to repression in the second
half of the 19th century.
6.
Analyze the evolution of democracy in Great Britain in the second half of the 19th century
to World War I.
7.
8.
Analyze the continued population trends and its effects in perpetuating the Second
Industrial Revolution.
Analyze the continued ascendency of the “middle class” and differences within it.
9.
Analyze the development of major urban areas in the late 19th century.
10.
Analyze the development of political feminism and the life of women of differing social
classes in the late 19th century.
Nation-States
&
Reform in
Society/Politic
Politics
emerged through
s
saw some of the led to changes
goals of
in
In late 19th century saw
War &
working class movements
Liberalism &
Unification
Society
Nationalism
-Trade Unions
War
- Politically
Organize
Fulfilled
With familiar
-Crimean War
-Suffrage brings
trends continuing
-France
- GB/Fr/Piedmo
Political Parties
- Paris Commune −Population Explosion
nt vs. Russia
- Marxist
-2nd Ind. Revolution
- 3rd Republic
-Realpolitik
Influenced
- Steel, Oil,
- Dreyfus Affair
- (Piedmont)Itali
- 1st Internl.
Chemicals,
-Austria
an Unification
-Great Britain
Electricity
- Dual Monarchy
- Cavour
- Fabians
- Augsleich -Middle Class Ascendency
- Garibaldi
- Labour Party
- Suffrage &
- Reichsrat
- (Prussia)German
-France
consumerism
-Russia
Unification
- Empire to 3rd
- Petit bourgeousie
- Reforms of Alex
− Bismarck
Rep.
-19th Century Urban Life
II
− 3 Wars
- Oppurtunism
- Clean up cities
- Rev. Groups
− Den
-Germany
-Women in the 19th century
-Great Britain
− Aus
- SPD
- Work & Political
- 2nd Reform Bill
− Fr
-Russia
Feminism
- Disreali &
- Mens/Bols
Geography
Europe 1848-1871
Following the Napoleonic Wars, nationalism
threatened to breakup the empires of
Kingdom of
Austria , Russia , and the Ottoman Empire.
Sweden
However, when nationalistic uprisings failed
in 1848, conservative governments with
Confederation
ambitious
politicians
began
scheming
to II
ENGLAND
William
and Mary
replace
James
of the Rhine
achieveinnationalistic
aspirations.
London
the Glorious
Revolution Cavour
in 1688.
Amsterdam
(German States)
Bismarck
and
will
achieve
unification
Denmark
Great
NETHERLANDS
Nether
Schlewig/
Theyreferred
make the
Bill of
through a policy
to English
as realpolitik
.
lands
Holstein
The state of Piedmont
under
Cavour’s
Rights in
1689.
Britain
Paris
influence will dupe Napoleon III into helping
EUROPE
him driven the Austrians out of Northern
FRANCE
Prussia
Italy, in exchange for the states of Nice
Belg
Revolution
and Savoy. Meanwhile, Cavour encourages
ends
Garibaldi to take his 1000 Red Shirts to
monarchy.
Sicily and lead an uprising there. Cavour will
France
French
Swiss go
Austria unify and north and Garibaldi the south.
from
North of Italy, Bismarck from the state of
Savoy
Prussia is planning three wars to unify
monarchy to
Rep of Venice
Germany under Prussian leadership. First,
Italian
democracy
Nice
Portugal
he will fight Denmark over Schleswig and
States
to monarchy.
and
Holstein . Then he will fight Austria
Mediterranean Sea Papal
remove their influence from the German
States
SardiniaSpain
States and unify Northern Germany. Lastly,
Piedmont
he will fight France in the Franco-Prussian War
AFRICA
Kingdom
of Naples
and this victory will lead to complete
unification in 1871.
.
The Crimean War
&
the Wars of Unification
Liberalism and
Nationalism
I.
After the revolutions of 1848, it looked
as if the cause of liberalism and
nationalism had been lost.
II.
During the 1850s, conservatives
dominated Europe.
Conservatives began to embrace
some of the ideas of liberalism and
conservatism.
III.
IV.
V.
Events within Eur and internl affairs
compelled some govts to pursue new
policies.
Conservative leaders had to find new
means of maintaining the loyalty of
subjects.
A.
Able to take the credit instead of
liberal leaders.
VI.
The failure of the Revolutions of 1848 did
not end nationalistic aspirations!
Some carried out popular policies
on their own terms.
VII. Nationalism, laced with liberal ideas
will spread rapidly throughout West
Eur during the 2nd half of the 1800s.
The Crimean War
I.
II.
In order to quiet discontent at
home, Napoleon III tried to win
glory abroad.
Napoleon’s biggest foreign
problem involved Russia and
Nicholas I.
A.
III.
Nicholas considered Napoleon an
upstart and was slow to
recognize him as the real ruler of
France.
Napoleon’s goal was to gain the
support of Britain in his opposition
to Russia.
IV. His chance to do so came about
through the weakening Ottoman
Empire.
Photograph of soldiers in the Crimean War
Crimean War Continued
I.
The Ottoman Empire was known as
“The Sick Man of Europe.”
A.
the government was weak, corrupt,
and inefficient.
B.
Religious and nationalist groups were
dissatisfied
II.
Because of earlier agreements,
Russia claimed to right to protect all
Orthodox Christians living under the
rule of the Ottoman Turks.
III.
France was the protector of
Catholics there.
IV. In the 1850s, both France and Russia
claimed jurisdiction over certain holy
places in Palestine.
Crimean War Map
Crimean War
I.
The Crimean War has been
called the “most unnecessary
war in history.”
A.
fought inefficiently and wastefully
1.
Charge of the Light Brigade (Lord
Alfred Tennyson)
2.
600 British cavalry cut down by
Russian cannon fire
B.
The most memorable military action
was the 11 month siege of
Sevastopol (Russian naval base).
C.
Almost the only constructive result
of the war was the establishment of
modern field hospitals and nursing
staffs.
Charge of the Light Brigade
1. Florence Nightingale
2. International Red Cross
Florence Nightingale
Treaty of Paris (1856)
I.
Representatives at the Treaty of Paris
After two years of fighting, with
huge losses from battle and
disease on both sides, Russia
was defeated. (Treaty of Paris,
1856)
A. Gave up its claims to protect
the Christians in the Ottoman
Empire.
B.
1.
Forbidden to build up a
navy in the Black Sea.
2.
The Ottoman Empire was
to be “protected” as a
member of the European
family of nations.
France won glory but little else
from the Crimean War.
1.
2.
None of the peace terms benefited
France.
Costly in number dead, and
financially.
Crimean War
"Forward, the Light
Brigade!"
Was there a man dismay'd?
Not tho' the soldiers knew
Some one had blunder'd:
Their's not to make reply
Their's not to reason why,
Their's but to do and die:
Into the valley of Death
Rode the Six Hundred.
“Unifying Italy”
Italy of the 1800’s had a long
history of independent
states.
I.
A.
Frequent warfare and foreign rule
had led people to identify with local
regions.
B.
Just as in Germany, Italian
nationalism was affected by
Napoleon’s invasion.
C.
After the defeat of Napoleon, the
Congress of Vienna kept Italy
divided and ruled by various
powers.
D. In response, nationalists organized
secret patriotic societies, which
concentrated on expelling the
Austrians from Italy.
E. Between the years of 1820 and
1848, several revolts occurred in
Italy, but Austrian forces put them all
down.
Mazzini’s “Young Italy”
I.
Failure of Liberalism and Nationalism
in Italy through revolution
A.
In the 1830s, a young nationalist
leader named Giuseppi Mazzini
founded “Young Italy.”
1.
The goal of this society was to
create a republic in Italy.
a.
In 1849, Mazzini helped set up a
revolutionary republic in Rome, bu
French forces soon put it down.
b. Mazzini spent the next several
2.
Romantic Republican Nationalist
years in exile.
Nationalists such as Mazzini
promoted a unified Italy not only
because of geography, but also a
common language and culture.
3. Others believed it made economic
sense.
a. A unified Italy would promote
trade betw/ the Italian states
b. encourage the building of
railroads, and stimulate industry.
The Struggle for Italy
I.
Italian Unification (nationalism
fulfilled) from above not from below
A.
After 1848, the small province of
Sardinia led the leadership of the
Italian nationalist movement,
called Risorgimento.
1.
Piedmont Sardinia led by
Victor Emmanuel II.
a. In 1852- appointed Count
Camillo Cavour as prime
minister.
i.
ii.
Camillo di Cavour- unifier of Northern Italy
Cavour would use his
diplomatic ability to work
for Italian unification.
Cavour believed in
Realpolitik like
Bismarck.
Intrigue with
France
I.
Steps Toward Unification
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cavour’s goal was to expel Austria
and unite Lombardy and Venetia
under Sardinian rule.
In 1855, Sardinia aided Britain and
France in the Crimean War against
Russia.
Sardinia gained an ally in France
and Napoleon III.
In 1858, he negotiated a secret treaty
with France gaining their support in
case of war with Austria
In 1859, Cavour provoked a war
with Austria and with French aid,
was victorious.
From the victory, Sardinia annexed
Lombardy.
a.
Italian Unification Map
6.
At the same time, other northern
Italian states gained their
independence from Austria and
voted to join with Sardinia.
An important result of the battles
was the creation of the International
Red Cross.
Garibaldi’s “Red Shirts”
I.
Romantic Republican Unifies
Southern Italy
A.
Garibaldi and Mazzini formed a brief
republic in 1848-49, but collapse
under the power of the duchies.
B.
The nationalist movement
next focused in the Kingdom
of the Two Sicily's.
1.
The leader of the movement
was Giuseppi Garibaldi.
2.
In 1860, with weapons provided by
Cavour, Garibaldi led 1,000 Redshirted volunteers into Sicily.
C. With relative ease, Garibaldi
conquered Sicily and then Naples.
Guisseppe Garibaldi
“Unity at Last”
•Even though he had aided Garibaldi
Cavour feared the nationalist hero
would set up a republic in the south.
•To prevent this, Cavour sent
troops to defeat Garibaldi.
In a patriotic move, Garibaldi
turned over Naples and Sicily to
Victor Emmanuel.
In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was
named king of Italy.
•Two areas remained outside of
the new Italian kingdom: Venetia
and Rome.
•Venetia became part of the new
kingdom as part of the peace
treaty of the Austro-Prussian
War.
•During the Franco-Prussian War,
France was forced to withdraw
troops from Rome.
• Italian troops moved in and Rome
became the capital of the new
nation.
Trials of the New Nation
• Italy faced problems due to its
long history of disunity.
• The greatest regional division was
between the wealthy, industrial north,
and the poorer, agricultural south.
•Another conflict involved the new
government and the Catholic
Church. The Church resented the
seizure of the Papal States.
•The government granted
the Church a small
section of land called
the Vatican, which still
exists today.
Northern and Central Italy
Relatively prosperous while
Southern Italy is poor.
Trials of the New Nation
• Another problem involved the structure
of the new government. Though it had a
bicameral legislature, power rested with
the king.
•During the late 1800s, radicals
fought against the new government.
•Socialists organized worker strikes.
•Anarchists used sabotage and violence as
a means to end all forms of government.
•Government reforms came slowly, but
the unrest continued. To distract
attention at home, Italy set out to win
an overseas empire.
•Despite its problems, Italy grew
economically and socially.
•By 1914, Italy was much better off
than it had been in 1861, but it was not
ready to be drawn into World War I.
Unification of Germany
France Instills Nationalism
• During the First and Third Coalitions,
Prussia was defeated by Napoleon.
•Napoleon dominated Prussia from 1806
to 1812.
–– The restrictions placed on Prussia by
the French helped stimulate patriotic
demands for nationalism.
–– Wanted to regain the greatness of
Prussia under Frederick the Great.
Napoleon at the Battle of Jena
(1806)
•German nationalism favored Prussia
over Austria.
•After 1812, Prussia began to
rebuild its army and helped defeat
Napoleon at the Battle of the
Nations.
German Unity
• After 1815, Napoleon’s Conf of
the Rhine was replaced with the
German Confederation.
•Prussia gained territory in
Saxony and along the Rhine.
•The new government was
well-organized and efficient,
with a strong economy.
•The population’s vast majority
were German.
•The Zollverein
– In 1831, the Junker class
(aristocratic landowners)
convinced the king to abolish
tariffs, within his territories.
Abolished tariffs
in all territories.
»
The Zollverein Customs Union
(Economic Unity)
–– The Zollverein
benefited members by
making prices lower and
more uniform.
» It provided the German
states with a large variety of
products at lower prices,
The Revolutions of 1848
• In the years after the Congress of
Vienna, there were strong nationalistic
and democratic movements within the
states of the German Confederation.
–– Though professors and students had
been stopped in 1819, by Metternich and
his Carlsbad Decree, they continued to
work underground for limited
constitutional monarchies.
•In the revolutionary year of 1848, the
uprisings in France touched off political
agitation in much of Germany.
Metternich issues the
Carlsbad Decrees
The Revolutions of 1848
•Everywhere there were
demands for constitutions,
establishing representative,
democratic governments.
The Revolutions of 1848
• Everywhere there were demands for
constitutions, establishing
representative, democratic governments.
•Frankfurt Assembly met for a year in 1848.
•In 1849, the princes gathered troops for a
bloody repression of the liberals.
•In an act of desperation, the National
Assembly tried to save national unity by
offering a German crown to the Prussian king,
William IV.
•William, refuses to accept crown from
revolutionaries (“which he called a “crown
from the gutter”).
“crown from the gutter”
•The Assembly was disbanded and many
liberals realized that military force would
be necessary to unite Germany.
Bismarck and the Prussian State
• Bismarck was a conservative landlord
(Junker) and he hated liberalism,
democracy, and socialism.
•Bismarck exercised realpolitik ( politics
where success matters more than legality
and ideals)
•For years, Bismarck was virtually the ruler
of Prussia and had the cooperation of the
king and the two top generals of the army,
Count Melmuth von Moltke and Count
Albrecht von Roon.
Otto von Bismarck
“Unifier of Germany”
•They agreed that it was necessary to
reorganize the Prussian army and strengthen
it even more.
•They agreed that it was necessary to
reorganize the Prussian army and
strengthen it even more.
•First, however, an increase in taxes was
needed.
Bismarck & the Prussian State
• The Prussian parliament refused to
appropriate money for a military
expansion
– – Bismarck dismissed the
Parliament
– – Collected taxes without their
authorization.
– – His plan was to stop any criticism
with military victories.
• Bismarck proceeded to make the
Prussian army a great war machine.
– – Breechloading rifles
– – Army reorganized to make it the
most efficient in Europe.
– – Detailed military planning
executed to meet any future
invasions.
Bismarck & William I
3 Wars of
Unification
• Bismarck had to overcome
two major obstacles to
increase the power and
size of Prussia.
– – Drive Austria out of its
position of authority in
the German
Confederation
– – Overcome Austria’s
influence over the
southern German states.
• Bismarck went at these
objectives carefully.
• Instead of attacking
Austria directly, he chose
a roundabout way.
The Danish War
Schleswig & Holstein
• The duchies of Schleswig and
Holstein lie between Denmark
and Prussia.
– – Many of the inhabitants
there were German
• In 1863, Denmark tried to
annex these two states.
• Both Prussia and Austria
protested.
• When Denmark continued and
war was declared.
– – Denmark had hoped for
aid from France and Britain
• After three months of fighting,
Denmark was defeated.
– – Prussia administered
Schleswig
– – Austria administered
Holstein.
The Seven Weeks’ War
• Bismarck was now ready to drive Austria out
of the German Confederation.
Bismarck
– – Persuaded Napoleon III to remain neutral if
war developed between Prussia and Austria.
– – Form an alliance with the new nation of
Italy.
» In return for fighting, Italy would receive
the Austria territory of Venetia.
– – By various complicated moves, Bismarck
provoked war with Austria in 1866.
• Austria was supported by Bavaria,
Saxony, and Hanover.
• The efficiency of the Prussian army amazed
the world.
– – Use of railroads and the telegraph
• Prussian initiative led to victory over Austria in
only seven weeks.
Franz Joseph
Seven • Weeks’
War
Austria was supported by Bavaria, Saxony, and
Hanover.
• The efficiency of the Prussian army amazed the
world.
– – Use of railroads and the telegraph
• Prussian initiative led to victory over Austria in
only seven weeks.
• The war ended with the Treaty of Prague (1866)
• Austria approved the dissolution of the German
Confederation and surrendered its rule of
Holstein to Prussia.
• The Italians gained Venetia.
• Many Prussians wanted Bismarck to crush
Austria.
• However, Bismarck was a shrewd diplomat.
– – Wanted Austria out of the Confederation, not
as a permanent enemy.
– – Wanted the southern German states to join
Prussia willingly.
• In the north, Prussia gained Hanover, HessCassel, and Nassau along with the free city of
Frankfurt.
The North German Confederation
• In 1867, the North German
Confederation was formed.
– – Each state had self-government
– – The king of Prussia was
hereditary president of the
Confederation
• Because of its superior army and
industry, and with the greatest
number of representatives, Prussia
dominated the legislature of the
Confederation.
• Only Bavaria, Baden, and
Wurttemberg and the southern part
of Hesse-Darmstadt remained
outside the Confederation.
• If they could be persuaded to join
Prussia, German unity would be
complete.
• However, Catholic and Austrian
influence was strong there, it would
take some great outside danger to
persuade the states to unite willingly.
Franco-Prussian War
• Bismarck now felt that a war with France
would be to the benefit of Prussia.
• Bismarck used diplomacy to provoke a
war.
• Ems Dispatch was the tool necessary to
lure France into a war with Prussia.
• France declared war on Prussia in 1870.
– – Bismarck showed a document (1865)
listing Napoleon’s demands for the
southern states of France.
• Within a few months the French were
totally defeated. France was not treated
as leniently as was Austria.
– – Occupied by German forces.
– – Lost Alsace and part of Lorraine.
– – Had to pay a huge indemnity.
Ems Telegram
The Birth of the Second Reich
• In 1871, at Versailles, the
formation of a new German
Empire was declared.
Treaty of Versailles
Unification of Germany
– – Its new capital was Berlin
– – William I was proclaimed
German emperor
– – Bismarck was named
“Chancellor” of the new German
Empire.
» Because of his policy of
“blood and iron” he was
called the “Iron Chancellor.”
– – A two house legislature was
established
» Bundesrat (upper house)
» Reichstag (lower house)
France and the Third French Republic
The Second French Republic
•
– – It was evident that he was not
committed to the Republic.
– – In May, 1849, elections for the
Legislative Assembly clearly indicated that
the people were not bound to its
continuance either.
»
In this election, the Conservatives
and Monarchists scored significant
gains, the republicans and radicals lost
power in the Assembly.
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•
Louis Napoleon
Louis Napoleon became the President
of the Second French Republic in
December, 1848.
During the three year life of the Second
Republic, Louis Napoleon demonstrated his
skills as a gifted politician through the
manipulation of the various factions in
French politics.
– – His deployment of troops in Italy to
rescue and restore Pope Pius IX was
condemned by the republicans, but strongly
supported by conservatives.
Louis Napoleon’s Policies
• Louis Napoleon initiated a
policy which minimized the
importance of the Legislative
Assembly, capitalized:
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Pierre Falloux
– – on the developing
Napoleonic Legend
– – courted the support of the
army
– – the Catholic Church
– – and a range of
conservative political groups.
• The Falloux Law returned
control of education to the
Church.
Coup d’ etat
• Article 45 of the constitution
stipulated that the president was
limited to one four-year term.
• Napoleon had no intention to
relinquishing power.
• With the assistance of a core of
dedicated supporters, Louis
Napoleon arranged for a coup d’
etat on the night of December 1 –
2, 1851.
• The Second French Republic fell
and soon replaced by the Second
French Empire.
The Second French Empire
•
–
–
–
–
–
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•
Flag of the 2nd Second
Empire- combines the
Tricolor rev. flag with
Royal symbol of the Bonapartes
Louis Napoleon drafted a new
constitution which resulted in a highly
centralized government centered
around himself.
•
– He was to have a ten year term
– Power to declare war
– To lead armed forces
– To conduct foreign policy
– and to initiate and pronounce all
laws.
The new Legislative Assembly
would be under the control of the
president.
On December 2, 1852, he
announced himself as Napoleon
III, Emperor of the French.
Domestic History of the
French Empire
•
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Les Dejun
The domestic history of the Second
Empire is divided into two periods;
– – 1851-1870
» Decade of the Liberal Empire.
» During this period, the empire was
liberalized through a series of reforms.
» – Living conditions improved during
this period.
» The French economic system was
also improved.
» – Credit Mobilier and the Credit
Focier.
» The arts also prospered during this
period.
» – Victor Hugo, Gustav Flaubert,
Renoir and Monet.
» During this period the legislature
gained control of education from the
Church and promoted trade unions.
Decline of the 2nd French Empire
•
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In a large part, this liberalization was
designed to divert criticism from Napoleon
III’s unsuccessful foreign policy.
– – The Crimean War benefited France little.
– – Italian Unification.
– – Establishment of colonies in Africa and
Indochina.
– – The short lived reign of Maximillian in
Mexico resulted in increased criticism of
Napoleon III and his authority.
•
The Second French Empire collapsed
after the capture of Napoleon III during the
Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871).
– – Victory gained by the Prussian after the
Battle of Sedan.
•
After a regrettable Parisian experience
with a communist type of government, the
Third French Republic was established.
– – It survived until 1940 with the invasion of
Nazi Germany.
France Surrenders
•
The 3rd Republic
• ･Prussians stay
until 1873
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– controlled by
monarchists who
can't find a king
– Republic survives
until 1940,
scandals & all
The Dreyfus Affair
• ･Dreyfus (a Jew)
convicted of giving
info to Germans,
flimsy forged
evidence (1894)･
Dreyfus is finally
cleared (1906)
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Decline of the Eastern
European Empires
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Russia
Austria-Hungary: Early Reforms
•
After Austria’s defeat to
Sardinia in 1859, Franz Josef
realized he needed to make
some reforms from within his
country.
•
He granted a constitution
and set up a legislature.
•
The body was dominated
by German speaking
Austrians and did little for the
other nationalities of the
empire.
•
The Hungarians were
most determined to obtain
self-government.
Dual Monarchy
•
•
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•
•
•
Hungarians saw their
chance for autonomy when
Austria lost its war with Prussia
in 1866.
In 1867, under the
leadership of Francis Deak a
compromise (Ausgleich) was
established and the Dual
Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.
Each country was separate
with its own constitution, but
shared the same monarch.
(Emperor of Austria and King
of Hungary)
The Hungarians would
have their own assembly,
cabinet, and administrative
system.
The Slavic people of the
empire still pursued
independence, causing
conflict.
A Cultural Revival
•
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Sigmund Freud
Though Austria was losing power
to Prussia as the leader of the
German states, it enjoyed a cultural
revival in which its scholars, painters,
and writers were renowned
throughout the world.
– – Scholars
» Sigmund Freud (psychology),
Carl Menger (economist), and
Heinrich Friedjung
(historian/politician)
– – Painters
» Hans Makart
– – Writers
» Stefan Zweig (biographer)
and Rilke (philosopher / poet)
Ottoman Empire
Balkan Nationalism
•
•
•
•
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Like the Hapsburgs, the Ottomans ruled a huge empire. It was home to
many ethnic groups.
Among them were Serbs, Greeks, Bulgarians, and Romanians.
During the 1800s, groups in the Balkans rebelled.
Serbia gained their autonomy in 1817.
Greece gained its independence in 1836.
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These nationalist movements allowed other European powers to try to
obtain lands in the Balkans.
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European powers saw the Ottoman Empire as the “sick man” of Europe.
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Austria-Hungary gained control of Bosnia-Herzegovina.
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Russia fought several wars with the Ottoman Empire over territory in the
Balkans because they believed they were the protectors of Orthodoxy.
(Russo-Turkish Wars: a series of 12 wars)
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Because of European countries wanting to dominate the Balkans as well
as the ethnic inhabitants wanting national independence, the territory
became known as the “Powder Keg” of Europe.
Russia
“Three Pillars of Russian
Absolutism”
Orthodoxy: Russian Orthodox
Church
Autocracy: Their Father the Czar
Nationalism: Mother Russia
Reign of Alexander I
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Came to the throne in
1801.
Tried to instill some
reforms.
When Napoleon
invaded in 1812, Alexander
was forced to give up on
many of his reform ideas.
When Alexander died a
group of military officers
tried to take over the
government.
This was called the
“Decembrist Revolution.”