Download central pattern generator

NORMAL
DEVELOPMENT
PART 1.
HEAD CONTROL
CONSIDERATION
 POSTURAL
CONTROL
POSTURAL ORIENTATION
INTERNAL REPRESENTATION
BODY CONCEPT(Awareness, Schema , Image )
SENSORY CHANNEL
MUSCULOSKELETAL COMPONENT
NEUROMUSCULAR COMPONENT
CENTRAL PATTERN GENERATOR
HEAD CONTROL
SHOULDER
SCAPULAR
ELBOW
HAND
PROXIMAL
(ALIGNMENT)
PELVIS
HIP
kNEE
ANKLE
MOVEMENT
STATOKINETIC REACTION

STABILITY/ MOBILITY
= WORKS TOGETHER WHILE DOING
SOMETHING.
( PURPOSEFUL MOVEMENT)
= WE CALL IT POSTURAL CONTROL.
= BASIS OF MOVEMENT
= RR. ER, SR
CENTRAL PATTERN GENERATOR
POSURAL ALIGNMENT
 MOVEMENT
 ACIVATION FROM THE MUSCLES
 PROGRAMED MOVEMENT
 INFORMATION

Central Pattern Generators.
Spinal circuits act as central pattern gener
ators.
 The existence of pacemaker cells within ne
ural tissue demonstrate the ability for circui
ts to be active without sensory input.
 The overall stepping pattern consists of a r
hythmic alteration in the contractions of fl
exor and extensor muscles.
 The pattern of the pattern generator is writt
en into the CNS map i.e. it is genetic.

Central Pattern Generators.
EACH LIMB HAS IT’S OWN PATTERN
GENERATOR EACH OF WHICH CAN
ACT INDEPENDENTLY OF THE OTHE
R GENERATOR.
 THE LIMBS ARE TIMED SPATIALLLY A
ND TEMPORALLY BY CEREBELLAR C
ONTROL.

MIDBRAIN LOCOMOTOR AREA

1.
2.
3.
3 DIFFERENT ZONAL AREAS IN BASE OF THE
FOREBRAIN HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED, EACH
CAPABLE OF INITIATING WALKING FOR
DIFFERENT REASONS.
LATERAL HYOTHALAMUS
ZONAL INCERTA
PERIVENTRICULAR ZONE
ASSESSMENT

MUSCLE
Length
Direction
Strength
Synergist
ROM

SKELETAL
DIRECTION
LENGTH
SIZE
MOBILITY
HEAD CONTROL

Most important part of the body
- Appearance (expression)
- Function of vision, breathing, eating,
speech, auditory
- Mirror of postural control
Neck space, Chin tuck, Hyperextended neck
- Initiation of all kind of activity
HEAD CONTROL




Base of support
Trunk control(proximal stability)
Rib cage, Scapular, Pelvis
Neck elongation
Shape of head
HEAD CONTROL(III)






Vestibulocollic
reflex
Vestibulospinal
reflex
Vestibuloocular
reflex
Optokinetic reflex
Tongue
Maseters
DEVELOPMENT OF HEAD CONTROL
Starting from rolling to side to side
 Rolling means
- Neck space (Elongation)
- Dissociation from the shoulder &
Arms, Trunk, lower part of the body
- Dissociation each part of the body

HEAD CONTROL

PROXIMAL
ABDOMEN,TRUNK,
PELVIS



HIP
KNEE
ANKLE
RIB CAGE
 SCAPULAR
 SHOULDER
 ARM, HAND
HEAD
CONTROL
ARM MOVEMENT

RIB CAGE
 SCAPULAR
 SHOULDER
 ARM, HAND
PROXIMAL
ABDOMEN,TRUNK,
PELVIS



HIP
KNEE
ANKLE
ARM MOVEMENT






HEAD
VISION & AUDITORY
RIB CAGE , UPPER BACK MUSCLES
SCAPULAR
ABDOMINAL , BACK MUSCLES
PELVIS & LOWER EXTREMITY
PATHOLOGIC ARM MOVEMENT

Moves in together
Hyperextended Neck and Back Muscle
Adducted scapular as a PUMP
LACK OF PROXIMAL STABILITY

HEAVY ARM
 FIXATION OF SCAPULAR
 COMPENSATORY HEAD FIXATION
 UPWARD GAZE

POOR STABILITY FROM PROXIMAL & LEGS
PATHOLOGIC ARM MOVEMENT

PATTERN
WITH LESS MOVEMENT
CHANGING DIRCTION AND MUSCLE
PROPERTIES

RETRACED OR PROTRACTED
SHOULDER
PRONATED ELBOW
FLEXED WRIST AND FINGERS
TRUNK

HEAD CONTROL

RIB CAGE
ASYMMETRY

BACK MUSCLE
GROUP
- STEREOTYPED
DIRECTION
- CHANGING
DIRECTION
a) LESS MOVEMENT
b) TOO SHORT
c) ASYMMETRY
POOR MOBILITY
HIGHER POSITION

LOWER STABILITY
PELVIS
LEGS
TRUNK CONTROL
* LENGTH
THROUGH PROXIMAL STABILITY
W.T SHIFTING ELONGATION
* RIB CAGE CONTROL
* FOUNDATION OF MOVEMENTS
PATHOLOGIC TRUNK MOVEMENT







MOVES TOGETHER
HIGHER RIB CAGE
ASYMMTRY RIB CAGE
PULLED BACK AND FIXATED SCAPULAR
IMMOBILIZES RID CAGE
POOR STABILITY FROM PROXIMAL & LEGS
PELVIS INSTABILITY
PELVIS

HEAD CONTROL

RIB CAGE
ASYMMETRY

BACK MUSCLE
GROUP
- STEREOTYPED
DIRECTION
- CHANGING
DIRECTION
a) LESS MOVEMENT
b) TOO SHORT
c) ASYMMETRY
POOR MOBILITY
HIGHER POSITION

LOWER STABILITY
PELVIS
LEGS
FEET
PELVIC CONTROL






SIZE OF PELVIS
MOBILITY OF PELVIS ( DISSOCIATION)
- POSTERIOR . ANTERIOR TILTING
PROXIMAL STABILITY
ANGLE OF HIP JOINT
LENGTH AND STRENGTH OF MUSCLES
DIRECTION OF LEG MOVEMENT
PATHOLOGIC PELVIC MOVEMENT

MOVES TOGETHER
LACK OF PROXIMAL STABILITY
TYPICAL PATTERN
SMALL RANGE OF MOVEMENT
POOR DISSOCIATION

INFLUENCE TO LEG MOVEMENT
LEG AND FEET CONTROL
LEG & Feet MOVEMENT





SIZE OF PELVIS
PROXIMAL STABILITY
ANGLE OF HIP JOINT
LENGTH AND STRENGTH OF
THE MUSCLULATURES
DIRECTION OF LEG MOVEMENT
PATHOLOGIC LEG AND FEET MOVEMENT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
LACK OF PROXIMAL STABILITY
TYPICAL PATTERN
SMALL RANGE OF MOVEMENT
POOR DISSOCIATION
CAN’T EXTEND THE LEGS – CHANGED
DIRECTION
ANKLE INSTABILITY
SMALL FEET ( MAINLY MEDIAL PART)
POOR MUSCULATURE ACTIVITY
SITTING

ALIGNMENT + B.O.S
 WEIGHT BEARING ON BONES,
MUSCLE, LIGAMENTS, SKINS
 TRUNK MOVES AGAINST PELVIS
 PELVIS SHOULD BE STABILIZEDMOVES LATERALLY
 POSURAL CONTROL
SITTING

PROXIMAL QUADRICEPS &
HAMSTRING, GLUTEUS GROUP STABILIZE
PELVIS
 ANKLE GUIDES PELVIS MOVEMENT
AND STABILIZE PELVIS
 ANKLE IS THE SIGNAL OF PICTURE OF
THE PELVIS
PATHOLOGIC LEG AND FEET MOVEMENT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
LACK OF PROXIMAL STABILITY
TYPICAL PATTERN
SMALL RANGE OF MOVEMENT
POOR DISSOCIATION
CAN’T EXTEND THE LEGS – CHANGED
DIRECTION
ANKLE INSTABILITY
SMALL FEET ( MAINLY MEDIAL PART)
POOR MUSCULATURE ACTIVITY
PATHOLOGIC SITTING
STRUCTUAL PROBLEMS
SMALL, IMMOBILIZATION, ASYMMETRY
DIRECTION OF THE JOINT AND
MUSCLES
POOR PERCEPTUAL MOTOR
EXPERIENCES
STANDING UP

NORMAL
Tibillis anterior
2) Rhomboides
3) Trapezius
4) Quadriceps
1)

ABNORMAL
Rhomboideus
2) Trapezius
3) Tibialis anterior
4) Quadriceps
1)
STANDING

ALIGNMENT
COG tends to move forward because
of instability on trunk and pelvis.
-
Especially, poor structure of
abdominal muscles and stereotyped
direction of the back muscles .
WALKING

Spinal Cord
The spinal cord is necessary but not sufficient for the expression of
even the most rudementary of stepping behaviour (Bronstein, Brandt
and Woollacott 1996)

Central Pattern generators
Neuronal networks in the spinal cord capable of producing rhythmical
movements such as walking. (Mackay-Lyons 2002)
Produce stereotyped locomotor patterns
Each limb has its own pattern generator ( Leonard 1998)

Descending tracts
Provide modulation to the spinal circuitry during locomotion
Timing

Somatosensory System
– input comes from afferent receptors in muscles tendons skin.
– Gives us information on orientation of body parts, movement of body parts,
muscle tension, orientation of support surfaces and body with reference to
support surface.

Visual System
visual clues help in alignment, step frequency and even step length. Gives
us movement relative to environment.

Cerebellum
Timing cannot be considered without considering the cerebellum
Co-ordination
Cerebellum

receives a huge amount of information during locomotion.

If information is unexpected the olive is able to modify
walking via the reticulospinal, vestibulospinal and
rubrospinal tracts.

The cerebellum does not initiate walking but is more
involved in the modulation of CPGs where necessary.

In order to learn to cope with a variety of of complex
environments there is a need to be exposed to different
situations to enable the cerebellum to develop strategies.

It is also thought that the cerebellum can alter step cycle
according to visual information received.

The overall function of the cerebellum is improved inter
and inter limb co-ordination
Motivation

Limbic System
Involved in core emotions / motivations (eg fight or flight
reactions)