Download What is the nose?

*Group 3
Presentation Made by:
Angelica
&
Francesco
The Nose
1.Chemoreceptors: Nasal Mucosa
2.Sinuses
Introduction
The Nose
What is the nose?
*It is an organ on the face which is part of the respiratory,
*It acts as a passageway for air entering the body (lungs),
through inspiration and expiration (exit the lungs)
*Air breathed through the nose is than moistened and
warmed.
Structure
*it made of cartilage and two nasal bones,
*It is covered with skin and on the internal side of mucosa,
*Inside the nostrils we find coarse hairs to filter out dust
particles preventing entering our nostrils.
Nose (2.51 sec)
*http://youtu.be/5iYcFVzcxcI
In the nasal cavity we find tiny hair like structure,
called Cilia, a sticky substance called mucus,
which are produced by goblet cells and it helps to
trap dust particles.
What’s the role of the cilia in the nasal cavity ?
Cilia transports the mucus with the trapped dust
particle towards the pharynx (throat) where is then
swallowed, and any bacteria present is destroyed
by the Hydrochloric acid in the stomach (gastric
juice).
*1. Chemoreceptors:
Nasal Mucosa
Nasal mucosa (0.25 sec)
http://youtu.be/LvjMl5SUcYI
*Dried nasal mucus (0.45 sec)
*http://youtu.be/AD7zvq0qb0o?list=PL48M8DP7U_Bb9g_JiRlFe8QQYrSQtV-so
The Olfactory System
•
The olfactory system provides us with the sense of smell,
also know as Olfaction. And is one of the oldest Sensory
modalities in the phylogenetic history of mammals.
•
As a chemical sensor, the olfactory system detects food
and influences social, and sexual behavior.
•
The specialized olfactory epithelia cells characterize the
only group of neurons capable of regeneration.
•
Activation occurs when odiferous molecules come in
contact with specialized processed known as the olfactory
vesicles.
Head anatomy with olfactory nerve
Did you know?
That receptors are different.
• Olfactory from all other sensory cells: they are not
mediated by any protective barrier, make direct
contact with brain.
(visual receptors are protected by cornea, receptors
for hearing protected by eardrum)
• Therefore many drugs can inhaled
-osn axons are thinnest and slowest in body
• Therefore it takes a long time to perceive odors
compared to other perceptions.
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Within the nasal cavity, the turbinates or nasal conchae
serve to direct the inspired air toward the olfactory
epithelium in the upper posterior region.
This area (only a few centimeters wide) contains more
than 100 million olfactory receptor cells.
These specialized epithelial cells give rise to the olfactory
vesicles containing kinocilia, which serve as sites of
stimulus transduction.
Olfaction is less developed in humans than in other
mammals, such as rodents.
Odorants reach olfactory receptors by:
Being inhaled through the nose,
Through the mouth (vapors circulate up the throat)
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Olfactory receptors respond only to substances
that are in contact with the olfactory
epithelium and are dissolved in the thin layer
of mucus that covers it.
Sensitivity of olfactory receptors differs from
one substance to another.
Olfactory discrimination is remarkable. Human
brain can distinguish 20,000 different scents
with the help of the nervous system.
The olfactory neurons are constantly replaced.
The new ones arise from the basal cells, small
non-specialized cells located in the basal lamina of
the olfactory epithelium.
The olfactory mucous membrane is constantly
covered by mucous produced by Bowman’s
gland(also located in basal lamina of the olfactory
epithelium).
In the olfactory bulbs, the axons of the
receptors contact the primary dendrites of
the mitral cells and tufted cells to form the
complex globular synapses called olfactory
glomeruli.
Each olfactory receptor is a neuron.
Each neuron has a short, thick dendrite with an expanded
end called an olfactory rod.
From these rods, cilia project to the surface of the
mucous.
There are 10-20 cilia per receptor neuron.
The axons of the olfactory receptor neurons pierce the
cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and enter the
olfactory bulbs.
Olfactory receptors
Olfactory System
Note: The Olfactory receptor consists of the olfactory cell, cilia and axon.
Nerves from olfactory bulb then carry nerve impulses to the brain, where many
are part of the limbic system, which involve emotions, pain, anger, pleasure,
affection and memory. This is why smells can evoke different emotional
responses, bringing back a flood of memories.
*Sense of Smell
*Sense of smell
(0.31sec)
http://youtu.be/H_WFlTtPZmE?list=PLF273AE981
4676933
*Smelling and Tasting (0.52 sec)
*http://youtu.be/WavjbJhiRAE?list=PLF273AE98
14676933
*Smelling (1.52 sec)
*http://youtu.be/9qdor5V0SDk?list=PLF273AE98
14676933
*2. Sinuses
*What is sinuses?
*Sinuses, are hollow spaces within the bones of the skull
that open into the nasal cavity. They provide resonance
for the voice, and they lighten the weight of the head.
*These spaces are then filled with air and lined with a
mucous membrane.
*Infections or allergies causes these membranes to
become swollen or inflamed due to the cilia break down
or paralyses, leading to excessive mucus production,
that lingers over delicate epithelial cells, and a watery
discharge is produced.
Frontal Sinus
Infected Sinuses
filled with mucus
Excess Mucus/
Sinus Infections
Maxillary Sinus
*Sinus & Sinusitis explained (1.13 sec)
http://youtu.be/VL8pqYVdYG8
Sinusitis Pathology
• What are the causes of Sinusitis?
• This is a viral or bacterial infection (usually associated with cold or flu), which
causes the inflammation of the membrane lining of the sinuses.
• Types of Sinusitis
• Non-infectious sinusitis – known as allergic rhinitis or hay fever which
causes the inflammation of the sinus membrane without underlying infection.
• Infectious Sinusitis – pathogenic invasion followed by an inflammatory
response that creates a vicious circle, where the body creates excessive
mucus to help remove infectious agents, but inflamed tissues make drainage
of that mucus difficult or impossible. These type of sinuses generally, has to
do with complications of the upper respiratory tract infections such as colds
and flu.
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Signs and Symptoms
High temperature (or severe headache)
Blocked or runny nose
Painful throbbing feeling in the cheeks, behind the nose and eyes
There may be a reduction or loss of the sense of smell.
• Treatment
• Sinusitis treatment begins with:
• Self help
• Staying in humid air or breathing steam to help moisturize and liquefy the
clogged mucus.
• Increasing daily water intake and reducing the use of alcohol, caffeine, and
other diuretics products which may help to soften and loosen thick, sticky
mucus.
• Use saline wash to rinse the sinuses regularly
• Use air filters to remove irritation
• Prescribed drugs/ Medications
• Use antibiotics if the infection is bacterial
• Use decongestants to help shrink the mucous membrane (short-term usage
only)
• Use Corticosteroids in nasal spray to help reduce swelling
• Severe cases, surgery is recommended, where an insertion of a tube
Massage
Risks
• Acute sinus infections contraindicate any bodywork that could exacerbate
symptoms
• In case of fever, chills, or other signs of systemic infection, avoid giving
massage. Is best to delay until this has passed, because a client with
inflamed sinuses have trouble in lying flat on a table, especially when faced
down.
Benefits
• A gentle massage around the face, can be made, as long as, no infection is
present. This is help the sinuses to drain, and the sinus pain to diminish.
• Also, a patient with inflamed sinuses who does not have an infection, can
benefit from a bodywork massage as long as they feel comfortable on the
table.
Alternative options
• Therapists trained in lymphatic work can find this approach successful for
allergic sinusitis