Download AP Biology Summer Work

AP BIOLOGY SUMMER WORK
2010-2011
UNIT 1: ECOLOGY
Please read Chapters 50-55 in your textbook: Biology 7th Edition by Campbell and Reece.
These chapters will be the focus of our first unit of study, Ecology. In addition to completing the
reading, please answer the questions below. Type your responses to these questions, and be
concise but thorough in your answers. Attach the table and diagrams from the end of the packet
to your typed responses. This assignment will be collected on the first day of class during the
AP Pre-Season week.
Note: AP Biology is an elective course. Completion of this summer assignment is an indication
that you are willing to challenge yourself with this course, but not a guarantee that your schedule
will definitely be able to accommodate the course.
Chapter 50: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
1. Explain the difference between abiotic and biotic factors. Describe five examples of abiotic
factors.
2. Fill in the attached table (Table 1) for the Terrestrial Biomes. This should be a summary of
major points and should not include every single detail about each biome.
3. On the attached map of the globe (Diagram 1), indicate where the following degrees of
latitude are located: 0°, 30°N, 30°S, 60°N, and 60°S, identify the Tropics of Cancer and
Capricorn and the equator, and show the locations of the Arctic and Antarctic Circles, temperate
zones, and tropical zones. Create a key, and illustrate on the map where each of the major
terrestrial biomes is located. Over the oceans, indicate the direction and names of the prevailing
winds.
4. Describe the rainshadow effect, and explain how this effect is evident in the Mojave Desert of
western North America.
5. On the attached diagram of zonation in aquatic environments (Diagram 2), identify the
following zones: littoral, limnetic, photic, benthic, aphotic, pelagic, intertidal, neritic, oceanic,
abyssal floor, and continental shelf. Keep in mind that not all of these zones appear in both lakes
and marine environments. On a separate sheet, provide a brief definition of each of these zones.
Chapter 51: Behavioral Ecology
1. Explain the difference between proximate and ultimate causation. Give an example of a
proximate and an ultimate question.
2. If an egg rolls out of the nest, a mother graylag goose will retrieve it by nudging with her
beak and head. If researchers move the egg or substitute a ball during this process, the goose
will not alter her response. What type of behavior is this? Why?
3. Explain and give an example of each of the following types of behavior: instinct, imprinting,
classical conditioning, and operant conditioning
4. Discuss an example of a chemical signal and an auditory signal that allows communication
between animals
Chapter 52: Population Ecology
1. Identify the types of survivorship curves shown in Diagram 3 (a-c) and provide an example
of a species that exhibits each type of curve.
2. Explain why the life history of an organism cannot be to reproduce early and often, to have
large numbers of offspring, and to live long.
3. On Diagram 4, identify each of the growth curves (a & b) as either exponential or logistic.
4. Based on Diagram 4, what is the carrying capacity (K) for the population shown by curve b.
5. Under what environmental conditions would you expect to observe exponential and logistic
growth?
6. Indicate whether the following would be examples of R-selected or K-selected organisms
a) Produce many small offspring; thrive in areas that are barren or uninhabited
b) Produce few, relatively large offspring every year; best suited for survival in stable
environments
Chapter 53: Community Ecology
1. Identify the following two types of mimicry?
A) A harmless Viceroy butterfly resembles a poisonous Monarch butterfly
B) The toxic Cuckoo bee has a similar yellow and black banding pattern on its body to
the equally toxic yellow jacket
2. Complete the table of interspecies interactions shown in Diagram 5
3. Explain why the sea otter is considered a keystone species in the North Pacific ecosystem
4. Briefly distinguish between primary succession and secondary succession.
5. Lichens are considered pioneer species. What is a pioneer species and why are these species
important in ecological succession?
6. Explain the difference between an organism’s fundamental niche and its realized niche.
7. Identify what is meant by an invasive species and give an example.
8. Draw and attach a food chain including primary producers, primary consumers, secondary
consumers, tertiary consumers, and quaternary consumers. Provide an example of an organism
at each trophic level. This should be a realistic food chain.
Chapter 54: Ecosystems
1. Why is energy said to flow through an ecosystem, whereas nutrients are said to cycle?
2. The open ocean has low primary production yet contributes the greatest percentage of Earth’s
primary production. Explain why this is the case.
3. Producers in a particular ecosystem have 30,000 Joules available to them. Assuming 10%
trophic efficiency, how much energy do tertiary consumers in this ecosystem have available to
them?
4. Explain the difference between gross primary production and net primary production.
5. Briefly describe the role of carbon dioxide in the greenhouse effect and global warming.
6. Depletion of the ozone layer is a different environmental issue than global warming. What is
the function of the ozone layer and what is causing its destruction?
Chapter 55: Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology
1. Explain the difference between an endangered species and a threatened species
2. Briefly summarize the four major threats to biodiversity
3. What is meant by a biodiversity hot spot? Give an example of a location that is recognized as
a biodiversity hot spot.
4. Contrast bioremediation and biological augmentation