Download comm 1104

BA (Hons) Counselling
Cohort: BCNLG/08/PT Year 1
Examinations for 2008 – 2009 Semester II
/ 2009 Semester I
MODULE: HUMAN COMMUNICATION
MODULE CODE: COMM 1104
Duration: 2 Hours
Reading time: 15 Minutes
Instructions to Candidates:
1.
Read all questions properly before answering.
2.
Answer only on the answer booklet provided.
3.
Answer each question on a fresh page.
4.
Section A is compulsory
5.
Answer any 2 questions from Section B
6.
Total Marks: 100.
This question paper contains 5 questions and 2 pages.
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SECTION A: COMPULSORY
QUESTION 1: (40 MARKS)
(a) Define communication.
(5 marks)
Answer: Communication is the process of passing information and understanding
from one person to another. It is essentially a bridge of meaning.
(b) Fully explain the following components of the communication process:
(i) Encoding
(10 marks)
Answer: 2 .5 marks for each of the following descriptions:
Message source, Encoding, Message formulation, Message transmission (Via
channel/medium)
Encoding refers to the activities that a source goes through to translate thoughts,
ideas and feelings in a form that may be perceived by the senses.
(ii) Decoding
(10 marks)
Answer: 2 .5 marks for each of the following descriptions:
Decoding, Message perception, Message interpretation, Message evaluation
Decoding refers to the activities that translate physical messages into a form that has
eventual meaning for the receiver.
(iii) Feedback
(5 marks)
Answer: Refers to transmitting a response to the sender through a medium. The
communication cycle is repeated where the receiver becomes sender and the
sender becomes receiver.
(iv) Noise
(5 marks)
Answer: 1 mark for each of the following descriptions:
Mechanical noise, Semantic noise, Environmental noise, Internal noise (Selective
attention, selective distortion and selective recall)
(c) Describe the factors affecting language selection in communication.
Answer: 0.5 mark for each of the following answers:
(5 marks)
Nature of social relationship/interaction, Status level, Level of intimacy, Mother
tongue, Official language of the country, Nature of thinking, Culture, Life experience,
Memory, Geographical area, Health.
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SECTION B: ANSWER ANY 2 QUESTIONS
EACH QUESTION CONTAIN 30 MARKS
QUESTION 2
(a) Describe, with examples, the non-verbal forms of communication.
(20 marks)
Answer: 1 mark for any 10 of the followings described (10 marks) and 1 mark for
each example (10 marks):
Facial expression, Eye contact, Body Language/Body posture, Gestures,
Paralanguage, Touching, Artificial cues (e.g. clothing, furnishing), Architecture,
Media, Time, Humour, Physiological responses, Locomotion and Space.
(b) State the various functions of communication.
(10 marks)
Answer: 1 mark for each function:
To: Send messages, make learning more effective, express ourselves, give meaning
to our thoughts, feelings and emotions, communicate at different levels (individual,
group, organization), question and answer, exchange information, respond to the
social and physical world around us, transmit verbal and non-verbal communication,
establish understanding between people and create good atmosphere.
QUESTION 3
(a) Write down the reasons for referring a client to other professionals.
Answer: 1 mark for each answer .
(10 marks)
1. Counsellor or client may be in the process of moving away from the area of
counselling.
2. Client may require other specialized health/support services
3. Problems are specific to certain areas (e.g. adoption)
4. Client may ask to see a male or female counsellor
5. Your level of expertise is lacking
6. You do not have sufficient time to offer to the client
7. Your theoretical orientation and training may not be right for the client or client’s
problem.
8. You lack the kind of information the client needs
9. You may not be able to offer confidentiality to certain clients
10. Your relationship with a client is difficult or compromised
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(b) Explain the defense mechanisms.
(20 marks)
Answer: 2 mark for each answer (2x10=20):
According to Freudian theory: Denial, Reaction formation, Introjection, Regression,
Displacement, Repression, Humour, Projection, Rationalisation, and Denial.
According to Gestalt theory: Retroflection, Deflection, and Confluence.
QUESTION 4
(a) Describe the role of communication in a counselling interview. (10 marks)
Answer: 1 mark for each answer:
1. It allows sharing and gathering of information.
2. It allows interaction and collaboration between counsellor and counsellee.
3. It is a core element in counselling as it can only happen if the person seeking help
wants it to happen.
4. It allows questioning and answering.
5. Through communication, client is encouraged to express feelings and emotions.
6. It allows proper rapport establishment to take place and hence, building up
trustworthiness, care and respect.
7. It permits a sense of relief when clients are allowed to share problems.
8. Allows resolution of the problem presented.
9. Learning takes place through communication.
10. Allows reciprocal listening and speaking.
11. It helps overcome barriers, misperceptions and misunderstandings.
(b) Briefly differentiate between directive and non-directive counselling.
Answer:
5x2 = (10 marks)
Directive counselling is the process of listening to the client’s problem, deciding
with the client what should be done and then encouraging and motivating him/her to
do it. Nondirective counselling (client-centered) is the process of skillfully listening
to a counsellee, encouraging the person to explain bothersome problems, and
helping him/her to understand those problems and determine courses of action.
(c) State the various communication skills.
(10 marks)
Answer: 1 mark for each answer:
Speaking, Listening, Defensiveness, Giving constructive feedback, Voice (tone,
pitch), Body language, Appearance, Silence, Style when speaking,
Questioning/Answering.
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QUESTION 5
(a) Define counselling.
(5 marks)
Counselling is an interaction between a counsellor and a counsellee. It is an activity
that takes place when someone who is troubled seeks for help and allows another
person to enter into a kind of relationship (counselling relationship).
(b) Fully describe the steps involved in counselling process.
(25 marks)
Answer: 2.5 marks for each step mentioned:
A Pre-counselling/initial session: 1.Readiness/feeling the need/referral for
counselling. 2. Appointment, information gathering like fees (if charged) and physical
setting, initial contact and case history taken. Process of Counselling: 3. Actual
seeking of help, rapport establishment, empathy. 4. Expression of feelings/needs,
clarifying and elaborating them as related to the problem(s), 5. Explore feelings,
ideas and personal resources, awareness of desirable direction of change. 6.
Inducing desirable change. 7. Developing insights. 8. Planning action. 9.
Implementing the action. 10. Ending the session.
***END OF QUESTION PAPER**
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