Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity Session 2: Biodiversity Loss TEEB Training The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity “What is nature worth?” Video © Institute on Environment, Minnesota: Big Question: What Is Nature Worth?" YouTube ©TEEB TEEB Training The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity Let’s define…. Biodiversity loss: The decline of genetic diversity and distribution and abundance of species diversity, the loss of ecosystem structures, and/or the impairment of ecological functions Ecosystem degradation: A persistent reduction in the capacity to provide ecosystem services. Natural capital: An extension of the economic notion of capital (manufactured means of production) to environmental 'goods and services'. ©UNEP/GRID-Arendal ©TEEB TEEB Training The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity 2000 © Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency ©TEEB TEEB Training The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity 2050 TEEB Training © Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency ©TEEB TEEB Training The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity Level of Biodiversity in the World from 2000 and 2050:OECD/Globio 2000 2050 ©TEEB TEEB Training The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity Impact of Biodiversity Loss Deforestation in the Amazon Pollution in the mangroves of Bali Houses collapsing due to coastal erosion in Alaska Litter at the docks in Seychelles ©UNEP/GRID-Arendal ©TEEB TEEB Training The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity The Key drivers Population size (reaching ~9 billion people) Lifestyle changes (increasing urbanisation and per capita income growing 2-4 times) Governance and policy responses (coordinating responses to global challenges) Land conversion and habitat loss (converting 10-20% of additional grassland and forestland) Overexploitation incl. overfishing (increasing pressure) ©UNEP/GRID-Arendal ©TEEB TEEB Training The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity Key drivers cont… Invasive alien species (continuing spread) Reactive nitrogen flow (increasing by another 66% – already doubled during the past 50 years) Climate change (continuing global warming – expected to become the predominant global cause of ecosystem degradation and ecosystem service loss) Pollution (mainly from excessive pesticide use in agriculture and aquaculture; urban and industrial effluents; mining waste; and excessive fertilizer use etc) ©UNEP/GRID-Arendal ©TEEB TEEB Training The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity The Impact on ecosystems Biodiversity (loss) Fisheries exploitation Source: FAO 2005a: 7 Forestry – deforestation, afforestation Coral reefs at risk Source: Nellemann et al 2008: 22 ©2005 Millennium Ecosystems Assessment ©TEEB TEEB Training The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity MA’s major findings regarding ecosystems The structure and functioning of the world’s ecosystems has changed rapidly the past 50 years 20% of the world’s coral reefs have been lost and more than 20% are degraded 35% of mangrove area has been lost in the last several decades Rate of species extinction is estimated to be 100 to 1,000 times more rapid than the “natural” extinction rate In the past two decades, 35% of mangroves have disappeared. ©TEEB ©UNEP/GRID-Arendal TEEB Training The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity Additional findings from other resources… • FAO: Global Forest Area has shrunk by approximately 40% since 1700, Forests have completely disappeared in 25 countries • Ramsar: Since 1900, the world has lost about 50% of its wetlands • Global coral reef monitoring network: Some 20% of the 4 world’s coral reefs- have been effectively destroyed by fishing, pollution, disease and coral bleaching approximately 24% of the remaining reefs in the world are imminent risk of collapse through human pressures ©TEEB TEEB Training The The Economics Economicsof ofEcosystems Ecosystems&&Biodiversity Biodiversity What is happening to Biodiversity? ©TEEB TEEB Training The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity Why does Biodiversity loss matter? ©2005 Millennium Ecosystems Assessment ©TEEB TEEB Training The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity “Has The Earth passed its tipping point?” Video © Institute on Environment, Minnesota, 2010 ©TEEB TEEB Training The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity GDP & Natural Capital Loss How they (don’t) Fit Relative to 2000 GDP (OECD Scenarios) 2.8%/year GDP, with feedback on economic losses from biodiversity losses integrated illustrative GDP: 41.4$ trillion (PPP) (10^12) GDP/capita: 680$ (PPP) Population 9100 million Population: 6092 million GDP adjusted for well-being impact of biodiversity loss - illustrative Services that would have been there, had biodiversity been halted Year 2000 Ecosystem service level Year 2050 ©IEEP, 2009 ©TEEB TEEB Training The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity Key Reasons to End the Economic Invisibility of Nature Costs and risks of business as usual (BAU) are too large to ignore BAU can also exacerbate poverty Economic solutions exist across policy & business which begin by valuing nature To realize the productive and employment potential of Natural Capital stewardship ©UNEP/GRID-Arendal ©TEEB TEEB Training The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity Responding to natures Invisibilities; A Recap so far The value of biodiversity and ecosystem services is not being fully reflected in the markets, price signals and policies Decision making (at company, policy & citizen level) often fails to take into account the local to global benefits of biodiversity and ecosystem services Assessing ecosystem service benefits is critical There is a need to improve the economic signals to help take the values of nature into account There is a growing recognition of the need to improve and invest political capital in natural capital accounts and integrated environmental and economic accounts ©TEEB TEEB Training The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity Group Exercise 3 • Identify: In pairs of two, 1) Identify the drivers of biodiversity loss? 2) What types of biodiversity loss are currently happening in your country. • Brainstorm: what possible solutions could there be for these issues in your country? ©Master isolated images/FreeDigitalPhotos.net ©TEEB TEEB Training