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Chapter 3 The Social Sciences 1. SOCIOLOGY Auguste Comte was the first to utilize the term, also Max Weber. Comte as a positivist considered that the study of social phenomena should employ the same techniques as the Natural Sciences: observation and measurement, to describe social laws. 1. Sociology can be defined as: the systematic study of social groups and their interrelations. The first person to use that term was Auguste Comte. As a positivist Comte considered that the study of social phenomena should use the same techniques as the natural sciences: observation and measurement. 2. Economics is a Social Science that helps humans in their decision to satisfy their material needs with available resources and the process of production. It also studies the laws of economic behavior. In Economics, the attention is centered in the material needs of society: Food Clothing Shelter Health Education Recreation Furniture Cars Etc. Microeconomics and Macroeconomics Microeconomics: Concerned with how supply and demand interact in individual markets for goods and services. Example: The market of electronics. Macroeconomics: Concerned with how the overall economy works. Example: Employment, GDP, inflation, etc. 3. Political Science: The study of government and power exercised in a society by the State. Domestic policies international affairs public health the environment civil rights Law political parties and elections, etc. Political science deals not only with exercising power over society, but it also deals with other matters like: Elections Levels of government Political parties People participation 4. History: The narration and exposition of past events. It tells what happened and the repercussions for the present. Historiography: Historical interpretation. The written register of those events and the different points of view of historians to explain them. Object of study: Everything done by man in society in the past that affects an important number of people and has repercussions or influence. Something relevant would be that which produces economic, political or social change. Examples: An electoral process or an epidemic. History is also important because it forms the collective consciousness, and the knowledge of a common past provides unity to a people or a nation. Famous Historians Herodotus (400 B.C.).- He considered the father of history. is 5. Anthropology: Investigates how human beings have produced their culture*. *Culture: Lifestyles, customs, knowledge, and artistic, scientific, industrial development in a social group. Anthropology is also interested in finding out about biological and physical evolution of humanity, their behavior, along with their cultural manifestations. In your notebook, copy the conceptual map from page 61. 6. Law: The study of law is important because as a social discipline it studies the established norms that regulate the social conduct of individuals. The law regulates the behavior of people in a society so the State can maintain social order. Respect and application are two things we need to do with regards to the law. In your notebook, copy the conceptual map from page 66. 7. Social Psychology: The scientific study of human behavior and the ideas that determine their social behavior. So, the object of study of Social Psychology is the human being but as he or she interacts in society and how the group action influences their individualities. 8. Human Geography: Studies the relation of people to the environment. So, it studies soil, climate, water, relief and population centers. It also studies: cultural differences, communication networks, migratory processes and the changes people make in their physical environment.