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Chapter Introduction
Section 1: The Republicans Take Power
Section 2: The Louisiana Purchase
Section 3: A Time of Conflict
Section 4: The War of 1812
Visual Summary
The Republicans Take Power
Essential Question In what ways did Thomas
Jefferson and the Republicans limit the powers
of the government?
The Louisiana Purchase
Essential Question How did the Louisiana
Purchase affect the nation’s economy and
politics?
A Time of Conflict
Essential Question What were the challenges
to the nation’s stability during the late 1700s
and early 1800s?
The War of 1812
Essential Question How did the United States
benefit from the War of 1812?
In what ways did Thomas Jefferson
and the Republicans limit the powers
of the government?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• laissez-faire
• customs duties
• judicial review
Academic Vocabulary
• similar
• conflict
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Thomas Jefferson
• Aaron Burr
• Judiciary Act of 1801
• Marbury v. Madison
What factor most influences people today
on who they vote for in an election?
A. The candidate’s political
party affiliation
0%
D
0%
A
D. The candidate’s
physical appearance
A
B
C
0%
D
C
C. How likeable the
candidate is
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. The candidate’s opinion
on a specific issue
The Election of 1800
The election of 1800 showed that
power could be peacefully
transferred even when the political
parties were in disagreement.
The Election of 1800 (cont.)
• President Adams ran against
Thomas Jefferson in the presidential election
of 1800.
• The electoral votes were tied, so the House of
Representatives had to decide the election.
• Jefferson won and Aaron Burr became vice
president.
Election Results, 1800
The Election of 1800 (cont.)
• Jefferson’s belief that a large federal
government threatened liberty was similar
to the French philosophy known as
laissez-faire.
In their letter writing campaign, Thomas
Jefferson’s supporters warned that reelecting President Adams would do what?
A. Raise taxes
0%
D
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A
D. Give too much power
to individual states
A
B
C
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D
C
C. Weaken the military
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. Bring back monarchy
Jefferson’s Presidency
Thomas Jefferson wanted to reduce
the power of the federal
government.
Jefferson’s Presidency (cont.)
• Thomas Jefferson repealed all federal
internal taxes and funded the government
through customs duties.
• Jefferson was shut out of the judicial
appointment process by President Adams’s
last-minute appointments to the courts set
up by the Judiciary Act of 1801.
• Marbury v. Madison established the
principle of judicial review to help resolve
conflicts constitutionally.
Which of the following statements is a principle of
judicial review?
A. The Constitution is the
supreme law of the land.
for upholding the Constitution.
A
B
C
D
0%
0%
0%
D
A
0%
B
A.
C. The Constitution should not
B.
be followed when it conflicts
with any other law.
C.
D. The legislative branch is responsible D.
C
B. State law takes precedence
over federal law.
How did the Louisiana Purchase
affect the nation’s economy and
politics?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• Conestoga wagon
• secede
Academic Vocabulary
• purchase
• authority
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Napoleon Bonaparte
• Meriwether Lewis
• William Clark
• Sacagawea
• Zebulon Pike
How appealing is the idea of packing
up all of your belongings and moving
to a new area?
A. Very appealing
0%
D
0%
A
D. Very unappealing
A
B
C
0%
D
C
C. Somewhat unappealing
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. Somewhat appealing
Western Territory
As Americans moved west in the
early 1800s, Spain and France
made a secret agreement about
land that affected American trade.
Western Territory (cont.)
• American pioneers loaded their
Conestoga wagons and moved towards the
Mississippi river, then the westernmost
boundary of the United States.
• The Louisiana Territory—the land west of the
Mississippi River—belonged to Spain.
• In 1802 Spain secretly transferred the
Louisiana Territory to France.
Western Territory (cont.)
• France’s leader, Napoleon Bonaparte, had
plans to create empires in Europe and the
Americas.
• A revolt by enslaved Africans and other
laborers in the key port of Santo Domingo
ended Napoleon’s dream of a Western
empire.
Why did French control of the Louisiana Territory worry
Jefferson?
A. He worried Napoleon would try to start a
war with the United States.
B. He feared France’s alliance
with Native American tribes
0%
0%
0%
D
0%
C
A
B
C
D
B
D. He had a secret deal with the
Spanish to expand the United States’
border west of the Mississippi.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A
C. He worried that the farmers along the
Mississippi would not be able to send their
goods to New Orleans for trade with
East Coast markets.
The Nation Expands
The Louisiana Purchase opened a
vast area to exploration and
settlement.
The Nation Expands (cont.)
• Needing money to fund his war against
Britain, Napoleon agreed to sell the
Louisiana Territory to the United States for
$15 million.
• President Jefferson worried whether the
government had constitutional authority to
make such a purchase.
Louisiana Purchase and Westward Expansion
The Nation Expands (cont.)
• In 1804 Congress sponsored an expedition
to explore the new western territory and
search for the Northwest Passage.
• Meriwether Lewis and William Clark led
the expedition and were guided by a young
Shoshone woman named Sacagawea.
• Lieutenant Zebulon Pike also led
expeditions through the upper Mississippi
Valley and into present-day Colorado.
The Nation Expands (cont.)
• Opposed to the Louisiana Purchase, some
Federalists plotted to secede from the
Union.
• Alexander Hamilton was killed by Aaron Burr
in a duel. Burr had blamed Hamilton for
ruining his political career.
Which factor prompted Napoleon’s decision to sell
the Louisiana Territory to the United States?
A. The movement of
American settlers west
0%
D
0%
A
D. Spain’s refusal to allow
American goods to move
into or past New Orleans
A
B
C
0%
D
C
C. The loss of the naval base
at Santo Domingo
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. France’s plans to go to
war against Russia
What were the challenges to the
nation’s stability during the late
1700s and early 1800s?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• tribute
• embargo
• neutral rights
• nationalism
• impressment
Academic Vocabulary
• react
• restriction
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Embargo Act
• Nonintercourse Act
• Tecumseh
• Battle of Tippecanoe
• Henry Clay
• John Calhoun
Why do you think the newly-created
United States most needed a navy?
A. To invade European countries
0%
D
0%
A
D. To explore and colonize
new lands
A
B
C
0%
D
C
C. To protect coastal cities
from attack
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. To protect American
trading vessels
Americans on Foreign Seas
Pirates made travel by sea
dangerous and brought the United
States into conflict with Tripoli.
Americans on Foreign Seas (cont.)
• Because France and Britain were at war,
American merchant ships took over much of
the transport of goods and profited greatly.
• Pirates from the Barbary Coast of Africa
frequently intercepted ships and demanded
tribute in exchange for safe passage.
• In 1804 Tripoli declared war on the United
States for Jefferson’s refusal to pay tribute.
Why did Tripoli declare war on the
United States?
A. The United States refused
to pay tribute.
0%
D
0%
C
D. American pirates were boarding
trading vessels from Tripoli.
B
C. The United States refused to
trade with Tripoli.
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
A
B. The United States blockaded
the coast of Tripoli.
Freedom of the Seas
A war between Great Britain and
France threatened the security of
the United States, as well as
American shipping and trade.
Freedom of the Seas (cont.)
• The United States tried to retain
neutral rights in the war between Britain
and France.
• In desperate need of sailors for their naval
war, the British boarded American ships and
forced members of their crews to serve in
the British navy in a practice known as
impressment.
Economics & History
Freedom of the Seas (cont.)
• A British attack on an American ship, the
Chesapeake, caused Americans to react
with violent anti-British feeling.
• In 1807, Congress passed the Embargo Act,
which was an embargo against all foreign
trade.
• Later the Nonintercourse Act, which
prohibited trade only with Britain and France,
was passed.
Why did the Embargo Act backfire?
A. Because it allowed pirates
to take control of the seas.
0%
0%
D
0%
C
A
0%
B
B. Because it caused France
and England to make an alliance.
A. A
C. Because it caused taxes
B. B
to be raised.
C. C
D. Because it cut the United StatesD. D
off from trade with other countries.
War Fever
Trade issues with Britain and
France and tensions between
Native Americans and settlers
challenged James Madison.
War Fever (cont.)
• Congress lifted its trade restrictions with
France in 1810, but American ships
continued to be seized by both the French
and British.
• A Native American confederacy, led by
Shawnee chief Tecumseh, wanted to halt
the movement of settlers into Native
American land.
Territorial Expansion, 1800–1820
War Fever (cont.)
• After defeat at the Battle of Tippecanoe,
Tecumseh made an alliance with the British.
• A group of young Republicans known as the
War Hawks, led by Henry Clay and John
Calhoun, wanted President Madison to take
a more aggressive stand toward Britain.
• The War Hawks’ nationalism appealed to a
renewed American patriotism.
Territorial Expansion, 1800–1820
War Fever (cont.)
• In 1812 the U.S. declared war against
Britain, not knowing that the British had
decided to change their policy of capturing
American ships.
Territorial Expansion, 1800–1820
What was one effect of the Battle of
Tippecanoe?
A. Many soldiers deserted.
0%
0%
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
D
C
A.
C. It inspired anti-Native American B.
sentiment among the War Hawks.
C.
D. It drove Chief Tecumseh to make
D.
an alliance with the British.
B
B. It diverted much needed
funds into the military.
How did the United States benefit
from the War of 1812?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• frigate
• privateer
Academic Vocabulary
• underestimate
• goal
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Andrew Jackson
• Battle of Horseshoe Bend
• Francis Scott Key
• Treaty of Ghent
• Battle of New Orleans
What do you think might have
prevented the War of 1812?
A. Better diplomacy
B. Better communication
0%
D
C
B
D. Nothing could have
prevented the War of 1812
A. A
B. B
0% C.
0% C0%
D. D
A
C. Better judgment of
British military power
War Begins
The United States was unprepared
for war with Great Britain.
War Begins (cont.)
• Going into war, the military was not prepared
for battle and the Americans
underestimated the strength of the British
and their Native American allies.
• The United States used naval frigates and
privateers to battle the British navy.
• Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek
people at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.
The War of 1812
Why was Tecumseh’s death such a setback for the
British?
A. Because he was such
a good warrior.
0%
D
0%
A
D. Because the United States
feared him.
A
B
C
0%
D
C
C. Because he knew how to
navigate the rough terrain
of the northwest.
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. Because he might have
united the Native American
nations against the United States.
British Offensive
Americans were instilled with a
sense of national pride after the
Battle of New Orleans.
British Offensive (cont.)
• After winning their war against France, the
British were able to send more forces to
America.
• In August 1814, the British sailed up the
Chesapeake and attacked Washington D.C.,
burning the Capitol and president’s mansion.
• Francis Scott Key, inspired by the
American victory in Baltimore, wrote the
poem “The Star-Spangled Banner” which
became the National Anthem in 1931.
British Offensive (cont.)
• Unable to meet their goal of capturing
Plattsburgh, the British decided the war was
too costly and unnecessary.
• A peace agreement known as the
Treaty of Ghent was signed in Belgium
in 1814.
• The last battle of the War of 1812, the
Battle of New Orleans, was waged after the
Treaty of Ghent was signed.
British Offensive (cont.)
• After the War of 1812, Americans felt a new
sense of patriotism and strong national
identity.
Which Federalist principle did the
Republicans retain when they took control
of the government after the War of 1812?
A. raising taxes to repay
the war debt
0%
D
0%
A
D. a strict interpretation of
the Constitution
A
B
C
0%
D
C
C. a strong central government
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. the idea of implied powers
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laissez-faire
policy that government should
interfere as little as possible in the
nation’s economy
customs duty
tax on foreign imported goods
judicial review
the right of the Supreme Court to
determine if a law violates the
Constitution
similar
having common qualities
conflict
disagreement; war or prolonged
struggle
Conestoga wagon
large, broad-wheeled, canvascovered wagon used by western
settlers
secede
to leave or withdraw
purchase
something bought and paid for
authority
power to decide; power to give orders
and make decisions
tribute
money paid for protection
neutral rights
the right to sail the seas and not take
sides in a war
impressment
forcing people into service, as in
the navy
embargo
an order prohibiting trade with
another country
nationalism
intense loyalty to one’s nation or
group and promotion of its interests
above all others
react
respond
restriction
limitation
frigate
small warship
privateer
armed private ship licensed to attack
merchant ships
underestimate
misjudge; disbelieve the abilities
of others
goal
aim or purpose
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