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Chapter 14 (SOL WH 1.12 a, b, c, d,) Notes/Study Guide – Late or High Middle Ages WH 1.12 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of social, economic, and political changes and cultural achievements in the late medieval period by P1 a) describing the emergence of nation-states (England, France, Spain, and Russia) and distinctive political developments in each. How did European nation-states expand their territories and consolidate their power? European monarchies consolidated power and began forming nation-states in the late medieval period. P2 England Kingdoms of Angles Saxons and Jutes unite. Territorial expansion Norman Conquest by William the Conqueror. Common law had its beginnings during the reign of Henry II. King John signed the Magna Carta, limiting the King’s power. Evolution of Parliament from advising the King to the power to refuse new taxes. The Hundred Years’ War between England and France helped define England as a nation. P2 France Hugh Capet established the French throne in Paris, and his dynasty gradually expanded their control over most of France. Territorial expansion around Paris The Hundred Years’ War between England and France helped define France as a nation. Joan of Arc was a unifying factor. P2 Spain Ferdinand and Isabella unified the country and expelled Muslim Moors. Territorial expansion. Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere expanded under Philip II. P2 Russia Ivan the Great threw off the rule of the Mongols, centralized power in Moscow, and expanded the Russian nation. Territorial expansion around Moscow Power was centralized in the hands of the tsar. The Orthodox Church influenced unification. b) explaining conflicts among Eurasian powers, including the Crusades, the Mongol conquests, and the fall of Constantinople. P1 - Crusades were carried out by Christian political and religious leaders to take control of the Holy Land from the Muslims. What were key events and effects of the Crusades? P1 Key events of Crusades: Pope Urban’s speech The capture of Jerusalem Founding of Crusader states Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin after approximately 110 years of European rule. Sack of Constantinople by western Crusaders P1 Effects of Crusades Weakened the Pope and nobles; strengthened monarchs Stimulated trade throughout the Mediterranean area and the Middle East Left a legacy of bitterness among Christians, Jews, and Muslims Weakened the Byzantine Empire P1 - Mongol armies invaded Russia, Southwest Asia, and China, creating an empire. What were the effects of the Mongol invasions? P1 Mongol armies Invaded Russian, China, and Muslim states in Southwest Asia, destroying cities and countryside Created an empire P1 - Ottoman Turks conquered the Byzantine Empire. What were the effects of the Ottoman invasions of Europe? P1 Constantinople Fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire Became capital of the Ottoman Empire c) identifying patterns of crisis and recovery related to the Black Death (Bubonic Plague). P1 In the fourteenth century, the Black Death (bubonic plague) decimated the population of much of Asia and then the population of much of Europe. How did the Black Death alter economic and social institutions in much of Asia and then in Europe? P2 Impact of the Black Death Decline of population Scarcity of labor, which led to the elimination of serfdom over time. Towns freed from federal obligations Decline of church influence Disruption of trade Death of much of the population along hemispheric trade routes. d) explaining the preservation and transfer to Western Europe of Greek, Roman, and Arabic philosophy, medicine, and science. P1 Education was largely confined to the clergy during the Middle Ages. The masses were uneducated, while the nobility was concerned with feudal obligations. Church scholars preserved ancient literature in monasteries in the East and West. How did European scholars begin to interpret and value ancient learning? P2 Church scholars Were among the very few who could read and write Worked in monasteries Translated Greek and Arabic works into Latin Made new knowledge in philosophy, medicine, and science available in Europe. Laid the foundation for the rise of universities in Europe. WH 1.13 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of developments leading to the Renaissance in Europe in terms of its impact on Western civilization by a) identifying the economic foundations of the Italian Renaissance. How did the Crusades trade between Europe and the Muslim Empire? What were the economic foundations of the Renaissance? P1 The Crusades stimulated trade by introducing Europeans to many desirable products. P1 Trade promoted frequent contacts with the Byzantine and Muslim Empires. P1 New economic institutions developed. P2 Economic effects of the Crusades Increased demand for Middle Eastern products Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern markets Encouraged the use of credit and banking P2 Important economic concepts Church role against usury and the banks’ practice of charging interest helped to secularize northern Italy. Letters of credit served to expand the supply of money and expedite trade. New accounting and bookkeeping practices (use of Arabic numerals) were introduced. b) sequencing events related to the rise of Italian city-states and their political development, including Machiavelli’s theory of governing as described in The Prince. How did northern Italian cities benefit from their geographic location? P1 Wealth accumulated from European trade with the Middle East led to the rise of Italian city-states. Wealthy merchants were active civic leaders. P2 Florence, Venice, and Genoa Had access to trade routes connecting Europe with Middle Eastern markets Served as trading centers for the distribution of goods to northern Europe Were initially independent city-states governed as republics Chapter 14 (SOL WH 1.12 a, b, c, d, 1.13 a, b) Notes/Study Guide – Late or High Middle Ages WH 1.12 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of social, economic, and political changes and cultural achievements in the late medieval period by a) describing the emergence of nation-states (England, France, Spain, and Russia) and distinctive political developments in each. How did European nation-states expand their territories and consolidate their power? P1 European m________________________ consolidated power and began forming n___________states (countries) in the late medieval period. P2 England Kingdoms of A_______________ S__________________ and Jutes unite. Territorial e_____________________ N__________________ Conquest by William the Conqueror. The Bayeux Tapestry tells the story of the Norman conquest of E___________ C_________________ law had its beginnings during the reign of H_________________ II. King John signed the M____________ C_____________, limiting the King’s power. Evolution of P_______________ from advising the King to the power to refuse new taxes. The H________________ Years’ W_____ between England and France helped define England as a nation. P2 France Hugh C_____________ established the F_______________ throne in Paris, and his dynasty gradually expanded their control over most of France. Territorial e_________________ around Paris The Hundred Years’ War between E_________________ and F______________ helped define France as a nation. J____________ of A___________ was a unifying factor. P2 Spain F________________ and I________________ unified the country and expelled Muslim Moors. T___________________ expansion. Spanish Empire in the W_________________ Hemisphere expanded under Philip II. P2 Russia I________________ the Great threw off the rule of the M_______________, centralized power in Moscow, and expanded the Russian nation. T____________________ expansion around Moscow Power was c______________________ in the hands of the tsar. The O______________________ Church influenced unification. b) explaining conflicts among Eurasian powers, including the Crusades, the Mongol conquests, and the fall of Constantinople. P1 - Crusades were carried out by C_____________________ political and religious leaders to take control of the H_____________ L________________ from the M__________________. What were key events and effects of the Crusades? P1 Key events of Crusades: Pope U_____________’s speech The capture of J________________ ended the First Crusade Founding of the C____________________ states in the Middle East (Palestine) after the First Crusade. Loss of Jerusalem to S________________ after approximately ______ years of European rule. Sack of C______________________ by western Crusaders P1 Effects of Crusades Weakened the P_____________ and nobles; strengthened m_________________ Stimulated t____________ throughout the M______________________ area and the Middle East Left a legacy of bitterness among C_______________, J_________, and M____________ Weakened the B_______________ Empire P1 - M______________ armies invaded R________________, Southwest Asia, and China, creating an empire. What were the effects of the Mongol invasions? P1 Mongol armies Invaded R_______________, C__________, and M________________ states in Southwest Asia, destroying cities and countryside Created an e_______________ P1 - O__________________ Turks conquered the Byzantine Empire. What were the effects of the Ottoman invasions of Europe? P1 Constantinople Fell to the Ottoman T____________ in 1453, ending the B___________________ Empire Became capital of the O__________________ Empire c) identifying patterns of crisis and recovery related to the Black Death (Bubonic Plague). How did the Black Death alter economic and social institutions in much of Asia and then in Europe? P1 In the f_______________ century, the B_____________ D_____________ (bubonic plague) decimated the population of much of Asia and then the population of much of E____________. P2 Impact of the Black Death Decline of p________________________ Scarcity of l_______________, which led to the elimination of serfdom over time. Towns freed from f__________________ obligations Decline of C__________________ influence Disruption of t_______________ Death of much of the population along hemispheric trade r__________________. d) explaining the preservation and transfer to Western Europe of Greek, Roman, and Arabic philosophy, medicine, and science. How did European scholars begin to interpret and value ancient learning? P1 Education was largely confined to the c_______________ during the Middle Ages. The masses were uneducated, while the n_______________ was concerned with feudal obligations. C________ scholars preserved ancient literature in m_______________________ in the East and West. P2 Church scholars Were among the very few who could r____________ and w__________________ Worked in m______________________ Translated G_____________ and Arabic works into L________________ Made new knowledge in philosophy, medicine, and science available in E____________. Laid the foundation for the rise of u____________________________ in Europe. WH 1.13 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of developments leading to the Renaissance in Europe in terms of its impact on Western civilization by a) identifying the economic foundations of the Italian Renaissance. How did the Crusades trade between Europe and the Muslim Empire? What were the economic foundations of the Renaissance? P1 The Crusades stimulated t___________ by introducing Europeans to many desirable p__________. P1 Trade promoted frequent contacts with the B___________________ and M_______________ Empires. P1 New e___________________ institutions developed (banks). P2 Economic effects of the Crusades Increased demand for M__________________ E________________ products Stimulated production of European g_______________ to trade in Middle Eastern markets Encouraged the use of c______________ and b________________________ P2 Important economic concepts Church role against u_______________ and the banks’ practice of charging i___________ helped to s____________________ northern Italy. Letters of credit served to expand the supply of m_____________ and expedite t_______. New a____________________ and bookkeeping practices (use of A__________ numerals) were introduced. b) sequencing events related to the rise of Italian city-states and their political development. How did northern Italian cities benefit from their geographic location? P1 Wealth accumulated from European t_____________ with the M______________ E___________ led to the rise of I_______________ city-states. Wealthy m________________ were active civic leaders. P2 F_______________, V______________, and G_________________ Had access to t_______ r__________ connecting E_________ with Middle Eastern markets Served as trading c_____________ for the distribution of goods to northern E__________. Were initially independent city-states governed as r___________________.
