Download Chapter 9 - Memory I. Introduction ______ any indication that

Chapter 9 - Memory
I. Introduction
____________ any indication that learning has ____________ over time. It is our ability to encode,
store and retrieve information.
- ________________________________ - clear, strong, persistent memory usually caused by
a ___________ or ______________________ moment.
- ________________________________ -_____________________________ visual
memory (the research is mixed as to whether this is a real phenomenon or not).
The basic tasks of memory are ______________,
__________________ and ________________.
According to the Atkinson-Schiffrin Model there are
three stages of memory processing - ___________
memory, ________________________ memory &
_________________ memory.
I. Encoding – Putting Info In
Sensory memory has 2 parts:
- __________ store = ___________ information
- __________ store = ___________ information
_______________________________ - we process an enormous amount of information
______________/automatically (like your route to your school). Through:
- _________ - while reading a textbook, you automatically
encode the place of a picture on a page (visualizing a PP
while taking test)
- ________ - you unintentionally note the events that take
place in a day (where did I leave my keys?)
- _____________ - you effortlessly keep track of things
that happen to you (I’ve sneezed 5 times today, am I sick?)
_______________________________ - committing novel
information to memory ____________________ just like
learning a concept from a textbook or a friend’s address.
- Effortful learning usually requires _____________ or conscious repetition.
- _________________________ studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables (he found
the more times he practiced the list the better he remembered them).
1
Chapter 9 - Memory
Memory Effects
- ____________________________ - when you are so anxious about being next that you
cannot remember what the person just before you in line says, but you can recall what other
people around you say.
- ___________________________ - when your recall is better for first (__________) and
last (__________)items on a list, but poor for middle items.
- ___________________________ - we retain information better when we rehearse it over
time . This is why long-term studying is better than cramming!
____________________ - mental _____________
(imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing,
especially when combined with semantic encoding.
____________________ - we tend to remember
things better and easier when we attach
______________ and _________ of that information
to ourselves.
_____________________ - memory aids (often use imagery).
- _____________________ - using visual _________ cues (either real or imagined) to help
remember items.
- _____________________ - pre-memorizing a list of “______” words that are easy to
________________________ they represent. To rapidly memorize a list of arbitrary objects,
each one is associated with the appropriate peg.
- ______________ - organizing items into a smaller, familiar, ________________________.
● ______________ are another way of chunking information to remember it.
- _______________ - complex information broken down into _____________________ and
further ________________________________ and subcategories.
III. Storage – Retaining Info
_____________________ - has a _________
capacity and the ________ duration ________
for the different senses (iconic, echoic, hepatic…).
_____________________ (Short-term Memory) –
has a limited capacity (magic # =______) and a
________ duration. The capacity of the working
memory may be increased by “_______________.”
_____________________ - has an _________________ capacity store and duration.
2
Chapter 9 - Memory
- ______________________ (Declarative memory) - refers to facts and experiences that one
can consciously know and declare (______________).
●__________________ - neural center in the Limbic System is the site of temporary
processing of explicit/declarative memories.
- ______________________ (Procedural memory) - involves learning an action while the
individual does not know or declare what he/she knows (________________).
●_______________ - neural center in the hindbrain that processes implicit/procedural
memories.
Heightened emotions (stress-related or
otherwise) make for stronger memories of
specific events. However, continued
_________________________________
(which is another reason why cramming the
night before doesn’t really work).
_________________________ - old memory intact but _____________ memories.
_________________________ - can form new memories but _______________ memories.
IV. Retrieval- Getting Information Out
In _________, the person must __________________________ targets (requires more effort). Fillin-the blank and essay tests require recall. In ______________, the person must ________________
_________________________. Multiple-choice or matching tests require recognition.
- Memories are held in storage by a ______________________. These associations are like
anchors that help retrieve memory. The more associations (especially personal ones) you can
make the better memory you have! This is why encoding information through semantics
(___________) works best.
- To retrieve a specific memory from the web of
associations, you must first activate one of the
strands that leads to it. This process is called
_________ (which is related to implicit memory).
- People tend to most strongly respond when retested in the ___________________ rather
than in a different context. You tend to perform better on the SAT/ACT when taken at WHS.
- ___________ means “I've experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an ________________________________.
3
Chapter 9 - Memory
- The idea of ________________________________ (aka Mood Congruence) proposes that
internal cues are also a factor in remembering (people remember better when their
________________________ when they learned/experienced the information). Depressed
tend to people remember bad things in great detail.
We cannot remember what we do not encode. _____________ is an __________________________
information due to poor encoding, storage or retrieval.
Poor durability of stored memories leads to
their decay. _______________ showed this
with his ____________________. Information
_____________________________________.
______________________ (TOT) is a
__________________ phenomenon.
Although the information is retained in the
memory store, it cannot be accessed.
Learning some new information may disrupt retrieval of other information (causes you to forget).
- ____________________________ (forget new)
- ____________________________ (forget old)
Forgetting can occur at any memory stage. We filter, alter,
or lose much information during these stages. While tapping
into our memories, we filter or fill in missing pieces of
PI for proactive interference &
PI for past interferes
RI for retroactive interference &
RI for recent interferes
information to make our recall more coherent.
- ___________________________ occurs when people __________________________
their memories.
- _______________ is a Freudian/psychodynamic ________________________that banishes
anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.
- __________________________ occurs when a person’s ____________________________
of things/events can create false memories.
- __________________________ occurs when a person _____________________________
__________________ into one's memory of an event.
4
Chapter 9 - Memory
●______________________ Experiment
- They showed people images of a car
crash and asked them to estimate the
speed of the vehicles.
- The subjects remembered things differently
depending on the ______________ used to
describe the event (“smashed” versus “hit”).
- This demonstrates the Misinformation Effect.
- _____________________ (a.k.a. source misattribution) occurs when people attribute an
event to the wrong source than they experienced, heard, read, or imagined.
- _____________________________ is a condition in which a person’s identity and
relationships center around a false but strongly believed memory of a traumatic experience,
which is sometimes induced by well-meaning therapists.
A few disorders that can lead to memory distortion:
- Anterograde Amnesia = old information remembered but new memory formation not possible
(_____________________)
- Retrograde Amnesia = can form new memories but loss of old memories occurs
(_____________________)
- _________________________ = lack of many, but not all memories before the age of 3
or 4 (and is completely normal)
- Alzheimer’s Disease
Recognition memory does not decline with age, and material that is meaningful (_______________)
is recalled better than meaningless material.
- _______________________ is remembering to do something _____________________
- _______________________ is remembering you have ___________________ something
(in the past).
●For example, “I have to take another dose of medicine at 5pm” (Prospective) and
“I remember taking my medicine at 9am today” (Retrospective).
5