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Chapter 15
Diet and Health
Terms
1.
genes: Sections of DNA that contain hereditary information. Most genes contain
information for making proteins.
2.
Human Genome Project: An effort coordinated by the Department of Energy and the
National Institutes of Health to map the genes in human DNA.
3.
nucleotides: Subunits of DNA or RNA consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine,
guanine, thymine, or cytosine in DNA; adenine, guanine, uracil, or cytosine in RNA), a
phosphate molecule, and a sugar molecule (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA).
Thousands of nucleotides are linked to form a DNA or RNA molecule.
4.
base pair: Two nitrogenous bases (adenine and thymine or guanine and cytosine), held
together by weak bonds, that form a “rung” of the “DNA ladder.” The bonds between
base pairs hold the DNA molecule together in the shape of a double helix.
5.
complementary sequence: Nucleic acid base sequence that can form a double-stranded
structure with another DNA fragment by following base-pairing rules (A pairs with T,
and C pairs with G). The complementary sequence to GTAC, for example, is CATG.
6.
genetic code: The instructions in a gene that tell the cell how to make a specific protein.
7.
mutation: A permanent structural alternation in DNA. In most cases, DNA changes either
have no effect or cause harm.
8.
gene expression: The process by which proteins are made from the instructions encoded
in DNA.
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9.
cardiovascular disease (CVD): Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of
the heart and blood vessels.
10.
coronary heart disease (CHD): A type of heart disease caused by the narrowing of the
coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and
nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries.
11.
atherosclerosis: A type of “hardening of the arteries” in which cholesterol and other
substances in the blood build up in the walls of the arteries.
12.
plaque: A flattened patch along the blood vessel wall.
13.
endothelial cells: Thin, flattened cells that line internal body cavities in a single layer.
14.
platelets: Tiny disk-shaped components of blood that are essential for blood clotting.
15.
hypercholesterolemia: The presence of greater than normal amounts of cholesterol in the
blood.
16.
C-reactive protein (CRP): A protein released by the body in response to acute injury,
infection, or other inflammatory stimuli; associated with future cardiovascular events.
17.
risk factors: Anything that increases a person’s chance of developing a disease, including
substances, agents, genetic alterations, traits, habits, or conditions.
18.
hypertension: When resting blood pressure persistently exceeds 140 mm Hg systolic or
90 Hg diastolic.
19.
blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart
chamber.
20.
sphygmomanometer: An instrument for measuring blood pressure and especially arterial
blood pressure.
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21.
secondary hypertension: Hypertension caused by an underlying condition such as kidney
disorder.
22.
DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension): An eating plan low in total fat,
saturated fat, and cholesterol, and rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products
that has been shown to reduce elevated blood pressure.
23.
cancer: A term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control. Cancer cells
can invade nearby tissues and can spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system
to other parts of the body.
24.
tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike and that work together to perform a specific
function.
25.
tumor: An abnormal mass of tissue that results from excessive cell division.
26.
benign: Not cancerous.
27.
malignant: Cancerous.
28.
metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another.
29.
melanocytes: Cells in the skin that produce and contain the pigment called melanin.
30.
melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in the melanocytes, the cells that produce
pigment.
31.
leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue.
32.
lymphoma: Cancer that arises in cells of the lymphatic system.
33.
lymph nodes: Rounded masses of lymphatic tissue that are surrounded by a capsule of
connective tissue.
34.
carcinogens: Any substances that cause cancer.
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35.
aflatoxin: A toxin produced by a mold that grows on crops, such as peanuts, tree nuts,
corn, wheat, and oil seeds (like cottonseed).
36.
hyperglycemia: Abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood.
37.
type 1 diabetes: Diabetes that occurs when the body’s immune system attacks beta cells
in the pancreas, causing them to lose their ability to make insulin.
38.
type 2 diabetes: Diabetes that occurs when target cells (e.g., fat and muscle cells) lose the
ability to respond normally to insulin.
39.
pre-diabetes: blood glucose levels higher than normal but not high enough to warrant a
diagnosis of diabetes.
Fill-in-the-Blank
1.
Understanding how our genes influence our risk for disease has been a major goal of the
Human Genome Project, an international effort spearheaded by the U.S. National
Institutes of Health (NIH).
2.
Our genetic instructions are carried by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a molecule that
can be visualized as an immensely long, corkscrew-shaped ladder—a double helix.
3.
To form a base pair, A always joins with T, and G always joins with C.
4.
Thus, the sequence of bases on one side of the ladder (for example, AGCGT) determines
the complementary sequence on the other side (TCGCA).
5.
Genes are sequences of DNA that carry the genetic code for making proteins.
6.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States and
Canada, claiming one life every 37 seconds.
7.
Atherosclerosis is a slow, progressive hardening and narrowing of the arteries.
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8.
Plaque buildup begins when excess lipid particles collect beneath the cells that line an
artery, called endothelial cells.
9.
Platelets, components of one of the body’s protective mechanisms, collect at the
damaged area and form a cap of cells.
10.
C-reactive protein (CRP), a protein released in response to acute injury, infection, or
other inflammatory stimuli, may offer a new assessment tool for CVD risk.
11.
Risk factors are conditions or behaviors that increase your likelihood of developing a
disease.
12.
Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer and is expressed as two
numbers.
13.
The systolic pressure is the higher number and represents pressure during the heart’s
contraction.
14.
The diastolic pressure is the lower number, measured during the heart’s resting phase.
15.
Persistent high blood pressure of unknown cause (90 percent of cases) is called essential
hypertension.
16.
These extra cells form a mass of tissue, called a tumor.
17.
Tumors can be benign or malignant.
18.
Leukemia and lymphoma are cancers that arise in blood-forming cells.
Fill-in-the-Blank Summaries
Risk Factors for Hypertension
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Even though the cause for most cases of hypertension is unknown, several factors clearly
contribute to hypertension. Risk factors for hypertension under your control include the
following:

Obesity. People with a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or higher are more likely to develop high blood
pressure.

Eating too much salt. High sodium intake increases blood pressure in some people.

Lack of physical activity. A sedentary lifestyle is associated with overweight and
increased blood pressure.

Drinking too much alcohol. Heavy and regular use of alcohol increases blood pressure.
Heart Disease
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States and Canada.
of the prevalence of CVD can be attributed to unhealthy aspects of the
lifestyle, such as smoking, overeating, lack of exercise, high
uncontrolled blood pressure. The body releases C-
Much
American
cholesterol levels, and
reactive protein (CRP) in
response to acute injury, infection, or other inflammatory stimuli; CRP levels may be
predictive of heart disease risk.
Short Answer
1.
What is atherosclerosis?
Atherosclerosis is a slow, progressive hardening and narrowing of the arteries. In
atherosclerosis, arteries become narrowed by deposits of fat, cholesterol, and other
substances. As these deposits, called plaques, accumulate along the artery walls, the
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arteries lose their elasticity and their ability to expand and contract, thereby restricting
blood flow. Once narrowed in this way, an artery is vulnerable to plaque rupture and
blockage by blood clots.
2.
In addition to a healthy diet, what steps can you take to reduce your risk of heart disease?
To reduce your risk of heart disease, don’t smoke, get regular exercise, and control your
weight.
3.
List four (4) complications associated with diabetes.
Complications of diabetes can contribute to degenerative conditions such as peripheral
vascular disease (disease of blood vessels that supply the feet and legs), deterioration of the
eye and eventual blindness, kidney disease, and progressive nerve damage.
4.
Healthy People 2020, a comprehensive set of disease prevention and health promotion
objectives for the nation, has a main focus area of “Nutrition and Weight Status.” The
objectives include increasing intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains while
decreasing intake of fat, saturated fat, and sodium. These ideas probably sound familiar.
The same concepts in Healthy People 2020 are also found in what other published
guidelines?
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
5.
What is the junction between health, diet, and genetics called, and in studying this
concept, will help increase our understanding of how nutrition affects normal body
functioning and the development and prevention of diet-related diseases?
Nutrigenomics
6.
The National High Blood Pressure Education Program (NHBPEP) has updated its
recommendations for preventing hypertension. These recommendations are very similar
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to the AHA recommendations for reducing heart disease risk. Identify five of these
healthy eating suggestions.
1) Maintain normal body weight for adults (BMI 18.5 – 24.9 kg/m2)
2) reduce dietary sodium intake to no more than 6,000 milligrams of sodium chloride or
2,400 milligrams of sodium per day
3) engage in regular aerobic physical activity at least 30 minutes per day most days of the
week
4) limit alcohol consumption to no more than 1 ounce of ethanol per day for most men and
no more than 0.5 ounce for most women
5) consume a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, low-fat dietary products, and foods with a
reduced content of saturated and total fat (DASH eating plan)
7.
Cancer develops in a multistage process that can take many years. List the three typical
phases of cancer development.
Initiation, promotion, and progression
8.
What is the single largest modifiable risk factor in the development of type 2 diabetes?
Obesity
9.
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions including at least three of the following
signs: abdominal fat, elevated blood glucose, elevated triglycerides and HDL cholesterol,
and elevated blood pressure. Identify three underlying causes of metabolic syndrome.
A poor diet and sedentary lifestyle combined with a genetic predisposition
10.
The following recommendations by the U.S. surgeon general are in place to improve
which component of health? Eat foods rich in calcium and vitamin D, be physically
active every day, maintain a healthy body weight throughout your life, protect yourself
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from falls, avoid smoking and limit alcohol intake, and discuss increased risks with your
doctor.
To improve bone health
Labeling
Identify the different parts of the heart and major arteries.
Aortic arch, Left pulmonary artery, Auricle of left atrium, Left coronary artery, Left
ventricle, Descending aorta, Right ventricle, Right coronary artery, Right atrium,
Ascending aorta
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