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Middle East map Iraq Mesopotamian Empires, 1800-600 BCE Mesopotamia It means the “land between the rivers (Tigris and Euphrates). Cities emerged around 4000 BC. Ziggurat of UR markville.ss.yrdsb.edu.on.ca Ziggurat of Ur http://www.flickr.com/photos/soldiersmediacenter/with/3820600438/ World’s oldest civilization. Sumer Ziggurats were massive stepped pyramids used as temples. “The Epic of Gilgamesh” was a story about Gilgamesh’s search for immortality. Had a polytheistic religion. First writing system (cuneiform). Empires in the Ancient Middle East Empires in the Ancient Middle East Akkad Led by Sargon (2370 BC2315 BC), the Akkadians conquered the land of Sumer. Akkad Sargon created the first empire in history. Babylonians Ruled from 1830 BC to 1530 BC. Their capital was Babylon. Hammurabi (1792 BC1750 BC) created a severe law code. Assyrians The Assyrians (1300612 BC) had a professional army (officers, archers, iron weapons). “A land bathed in blood.” New Babylonian (Chaldean) 600 BC to 550 BC. King Nebuchadnezzar II created the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Hanging Gardens of Babylon Mesopotamian Empires, 1800-600 BCE The Persians Ruled from 539 BC to 331 BC. Founded by Cyrus the Great who allowed freedom of religion. Tomb of Cyrus the Great Lost army of Cambyses http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8E NizFYf96Y Persian Empire The Persians were conquered by Alexander the Great and the Greeks. Egypt Egypt and Nubia: “gifts of the Nile.” Began to emerge around 4,000 BC. Nile Valley: 3,000 BC-2,000 BC Egyptians Nubians http://wysinger.homestead.com/ menes.jpg The pharaoh, Menes, unified Egypt around 3100 BC. Old Kingdom Lasted from 2660 BC to 2160 BC. Great pyramids of Giza were built. Khufu (Cheops) is the largest. Khufu Pyramid of Chephren and the Great Sphinx Khufu, Chephren, and Menkure Mentuhotep Middle Kingdom www.specialtyinterests.net Lasted from 2040 BC to 1640 BC. The Hyksos used bronze weapons and chariots to conquer Egypt in the 17th C. BC. New Kingdom Lasted from 1550 BC to 1070 BC. www.specialtyinterests.net The Egyptians regained power and conquered other lands. After the New Kingdom, Egypt fell to a series of foreign conquerors. Imperial Egypt, 1400 BC Hatshepsut First female pharaoh. She ruled from 1479 BC To 1458 BC. Egyptian Religion Main gods were the sun gods Amon and Re. Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) promoted the worship of only one god--Aten. It didn’t last. Reign: 1379 BC-1362 BC Nefertiti (1372-1350 BCE): Akhenaten’s wife Tutankhamun (1361-1352 BCE) Cult of Osiris: Egyptians believed that Osiris, the god of the underworld, determined who would have eternal life. Osiris Isis, Osiris, a pharoah, Horus Anubis, Ammit, and Thoth Judaism Followers are called Jews. Abraham led a group of Hebrews (a tribe) from Mesopotamia to Palestine in 1850 BC and some went to Egypt. Moses: Some Jews returned with him to Palestine around 1300 BC. He promoted monotheism and the Ten Commandments, which are moral standards. The Torah is a Jewish holy book. Jerusalem became their capital. Jews worship in synagogues. If you could travel back in time to ancient Egypt or Mesopotamia and had the chance to interview somebody, who would it be? What would you ask him or her?