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Respiration Review
1. Inspiration and expiration are involved in the process of _Ventilation_____________.
2. During inspiration, the rib cage moves up and __out____________; the diaphragm moves
_down_____________.
3. The primary stimulus for breathing is the amount of ___carbon dioxide_____________in the blood.
4. Oxygen moves from the alveoli to the capillaries by means of _pressure gradient and
diffusion_____________.
5. Carbon dioxide is carried in the plasma as the _HCO3-_____________ion.
6. Hemoglobin readily takes up oxygen in the lungs, where the pH is __7.38__________and the temperature
is _____37C_________.
7. At the tissues, _____CO2______diffuses out of the blood and _________O2______________diffuses into
the blood.
8. In which structures does gas exchange actually occur? __alveoli____________
9. When food is swallowed, the respiratory passage is closed off. How are the nasal passages closed off?
_by the epiglottis__________________________________________
10. How is the trachea (larynx) closed off? ________ by the epiglottis ______________________
11 X
12. Indicate whether the following phrases describe INSPIRATION or EXPIRATION:
i) lungs expanded
____I________
ii) muscles (diaphragm and ribs) relaxed
____E_______
iii) diaphragm dome-shaped
____E________
iv) chest enlarged
____I_______
v) less air pressure in lungs than environment
____E________
13. Put these statements in the proper sequence:
Event
a
Respiratory center stops sending messages to diaphragm and rib muscles
b
Respiratory center sends excitatory message to diaphragm and rib muscles
c
Diaphragm becomes dome-shaped and rib muscles relax
d
Chest expands as diaphragm goes down and rib cage goes out.
e
Air goes rushing out as lungs recoil.
f
Air comes rushing in as lungs expand
g
Expanded lungs send message to respiratory system
Correct sequence: _______B, D, F, G, A, C, E__________________
14. Where does oxygen enter the blood? _____capillaries______. Where does oxygen leave the blood?
___capillaries___________
15. Where does carbon dioxide enter the blood? __ capillaries __Where does it exit from the blood? _
capillaries ___
16. Give the equation that describes how oxygen is transported in the blood. Label one arrow lungs and the
reverse arrow tissues.
O2 + H2O (Lungs) --> H2CO3 --> H+ + HCO3 (tissues)
17. Give the equation that describes how most carbon dioxide is transported in the blood. Label one arrow
lungs and the reverse arrow tissues.
H+ + HCO3– (tissue) H2CO3  CO2 + H2O (lungs)
18. What is the name of the enzyme that speeds up the above reaction? __Carbonic anhydrase_______
19. Carbon dioxide combining with water produces hydrogen ions. Why does the blood not become acidic?
___because Hb and HCO3- in the blood can help buffer the pH_____________________________
20. Hemoglobin is remarkably suited to the transport of oxygen. Why? __the irons groups containing the
heme groups allow oxygen to attach to the hemoglobin_______________
21. Why does a person die from carbon monoxide poisoning? ____MO will bind with RBCs using up the
space that is normally reserved for O2. As more and more MO bind to the RBC less and less O2 gets
into the blood. Therefore the person dies from a lack of O2 in his/her blood._________
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22. How does hemoglobin help with the transport of carbon dioxide?
___Hemoglobin binds with CO2 to form Carbaminohemoglobin______________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
23. Rewrite these false statements to make true statements:
i. Diffusion of gases occurs in the lungs but not (and) in the tissues
ii.
An alveolus is a thin-walled air sac surrounded by a layer of poorly highly vascularized tissue. capillaries
iii. The respiratory center is sensitive to low CO2 oxygen content in the blood.
iv. A person cannot commit suicide by holding his or her breath.
25. Smoking cigarettes a) cause tuberculosis b) leads to emphysema and cancer c) increases the vital
capacity of the lungs d) leads to super health and a long, happy life
26. List the structures, in order, in which air passes through from nostrils to alveoli.
Nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
27. Explain how the structure of alveoli is related to function.
- thin, allows gas exchange
- multiple grape shape structures – increases surface area to increase gas exchange efficiency
- numerous – incases surface area
- surrounded by capillaries – better gas exchange
28. Explain how the nervous system controls the rate of breathing (inspiration and expiration).
Vagus nerve, intercostal nerve, phrenic nerve – check yours notes.
29. Explain how the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 influence their transport at the alveolus-capillary level and
at the capillary-tissue (non-lung) level.
30. What is the role of hemoglobin in maintaining blood pH?
Hemoglobin is a buffer. It is able to buffer the pH when we produce lots of CO2 and it’s by-product
H+ ions in our blood.
31. A person was brought to the emergency room unconscious. Breathing was shallow and irregular. A blood
sample showed the blood pH to be 7.18 (normal = 7.4). A mechanical respirator, which increased breathing
rate, was inserted and sodium bicarbonate was administered intravenously.
a) Explain why the lowered breath rate lowers the blood pH
Because it forces our equation (O2 + H2O --> H2CO3 --> H+ + HCO3) to the right side
b) How does the respirator help return the blood pH to normal?
Helps a person breath long deep breathes thereby increasing the pH level
c) What was the reason for administering the sodium bicarbonate?
Return the pH back to normal
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