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Blood Typing
Biology
Powerpoint #3
Mr. Velekei
Vocabulary
18.
19.
20.
21.
Agglutination
Antibody
Antigen
Glycoprotein
What is in blood?
1) White blood cells
2) Platelets
3) Plasma
4) Red Blood Cells
• Carry oxygen throughout body
• Determine blood type
Blood Typing Genotypes
Up to this point, we have talked about only
2 alleles for any gene (for example A or a)
In human blood types, there are 3 alleles:
A, B and O
This is called multiple alleles
Blood Typing Genotypes
Some rules in blood typing:
I is dominant to i
A is Co-Dominant to B
There are 6 possible genotypes, and 4
phenotypes
IAIA and IAi
IBIB and IBi
IAIB
ii
= blood type A
= blood type B
= blood type AB
= blood type O
What does your blood type
mean?
Different blood
types have
different
SURFACE
PROTEINS on
their
RED BLOOD
CELLS
Glycoproteins on the surface of
cells help identify “self”
The pattern of sugars that are
attached is determined by a
gene
Type A
An A allele tells
the cell to put
“A” glycoproteins
on its surface
Type B
An B allele tells
the cell to put
different “B”
glycoproteins
on its surface
Type O
An O allele tells
the cell NOT to put
A or B
glycoproteins
on its surface
Type AB
A cell with BOTH
an A and a B allele
has BOTH A and B
glycoproteins on its
surface
ANTIBODIES are specialized proteins that are
part of your immune system. They react to,
and attempt to destroy, ‘foreign’ invaders.
Usually determined by their glycoproteins.
Glycoproteins on the surface
of cells that cause an
immune reaction are called
ANTIGENS
How Antigens & Antibodies Interact
If you are blood type “A”, you have:
“A” Antigens AND “B” Antibodies
If you add ANTI-A (antibody A)
to cells with “A” glycoproteins on
their surface, it causes them to
clump together
AGGLUTINATION
= ________________________
How Antigens & Antibodies Interact
Adding ANTI-A
antibodies to cells
with B glycoproteins
on their surface
causes NO REACTION
BLOOD TYPES
NO
YES
NO
Will ANTI-A react?
YES
BLOOD TYPES
NO
NO
YES
Will ANTI-B react?
YES
Genetics of Blood type
phenogenotype
type
A
B
AB
O
antigen
on RBC
antibodies
in blood
donation
status
IA IA or IA i
type A antigens
on surface
of RBC
anti-B antibodies
__
IB IB or IB i
type B antigens
on surface
of RBC
anti-A antibodies
__
IA IB
both type A &
type B antigens
on surface
of RBC
no antibodies
universal
recipient
ii
no antigens
on surface
of RBC
anti-A & anti-B
antibodies
universal
donor
Blood Typing Game
http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/landsteiner/landsteiner.html
The A,B,O SYSTEM IS NOT THE ONLY
ONE
Blood can also be Rh+ (positive) or
Rh-(negative)
Rh Factor
The Rh factor describes another surface protein on the
RBC. It is named after the Rhesus monkey, where it
was initially identified
If your blood does contain the
Rh protein, your blood is said
to be Rh positive (Rh+)
If your blood does NOT
contain the Rh protein, your
blood is said to be Rh
negative (Rh-)
Rh Factor
Similar to ABO blood types, an Rhperson may have the Rh antibody.
Therefore, Rh+ individuals can give
blood only to other Rh+, but Rhcan give blood to both Rh+ and RhSo, O- is the ultimate donor!
BLOOD TYPES
YES
Will ANTI-Rh react?
NO
You can determine the blood type of a
cell by seeing which ANTIBODY it
reacts with
Add 1 drop of person’s blood to each
well
Add 10uL ANTI-A serum to A well
Add 10uL of ANTI-B serum to B well
Add 10uL of ANTI-Rh to Rh well
You are looking for blood agglutination
Type A will clump in well A
Type B will clump in well B
Type AB will clump in both well A & B
Type O will NOT clump in A or B
Rh+ will clump in Rh well