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How did the Age of Exploration and
Discovery transform both the New
and the Old World from 1492 - 1600?
(positively and negatively)
Results of contact between Native-Americans and
Europeans
A. For Native Americans
1. Mass death and genocide: By 1600, nearly 90% of
Native American population perished.
a. European diseases, e.g., smallpox,
yellow fever, malaria, most destructive.
b. Central American & Caribbean
population in 1519 = perhaps 25 million; only 1 million
remaining in 1605.
2. European impact on culture: cattle, swine and
horses, firearms. Great Plains tribes--Apache,
Blackfoot, and Sioux— transformed via horses
For Europeans
1. Global empires for 1st time in human
history.
2. Explosion of capitalism (Commercial
Revolution)
3. Revolution in diet
a. Corn, beans, tomatoes & esp. potato
lead to improved diet = higher mortality =
higher population = bigger push for
emigration. Revolutionized the international
economy.
b. Stimulants: coffee, cocoa, and tobacco
Contributions of Mother Countries to North
America
1. England: Democratic forms of local gov’t;
tradition of hard-working, zealous individuals,
English language
2. France: Language, culture, and religion
introduced to Canada and Louisiana and to many
Amerindians west of Appalachians; large-scale
trade with Amerindians
3. Spain: Schools, hospitals, and printing
presses established by missionaries; Spanish
language in the Southwest; teaching of
Christianity and handicrafts to Amerindians.
OVERVIEW:
As Europe emerged from the Middle Ages
(500 - c. 1450), fundamental changes
stimulated interest in overseas exploration.
The Crusades, Renaissance, and the rise of
absolute monarchs in the Old World fueled a
“commercial revolution” in which adventurous
navigators sought new routes to Asia around
Africa and across the Atlantic.
Stimulated demand for Eastern goods (spices, sugar, silk, etc.)
RESULTS:
Led to profitable land
trade between Far
East, Middle East,
Italy, and Western
Europe
-Contributed to the
formation of a strong
middle (merchant) class
and the rise of nationstates
Period of intellectual interest in secular aspects of civilization
RESULTS:
Directed Western
European thought to
scientific matters,
geography, &
navigation
-Inspired Prince Henry the
Navigator (Portugal) and
other explorers to search
for an all-water route
around Africa to the Far
East
Monarchs began to extend their authority over feudal lords
RESULTS:
Growing spirit of nationalism w/ monarch as the
symbol of national unity
Rising middle class supported monarchs to
assure their protection of property and trade
Portugal, Spain, France, England unified under
their monarchs
Monarchs of new nation-states financed and
sought colonial empires
1) Rise of towns and
merchant (middle) class
2) New sources of capital
(deposit banking and
joint stock companies)
3) Renaissance (“rebirth”)
4) Printing Press (c. 1438)
5) Protestant Reformation
-Divided Christianity and
contributed to rivalry and
competition
1) Spirit of curiosity and
adventure.
2) Prospective wealth and
glory.
3) “Missionary impulse”
-The “cross accompanied
the sword”.
4) National/Religious
rivalries in the search
for prestige
Inspired by Prince Henry the Navigator (1394 1460), the Portuguese led the way for a direct route
to the Far East
Motives: Set up trading posts for purchase of gold and slaves along W.
African coast
Extent: B. Diaz (Cape of Good Hope - 1487), V. da Gama (India - 1498)
Colonization: 1493 - 1494 Line of Demarcation (drawn by the pope) split
up the New World and Treaty of Tordesillas (with Spain) gave Portugal
title to Eastern South America (Brazil)
With the expulsion of the Muslim Moors and unification of Spain, the
Spanish set sail for a western route to the Indies. Columbus led the way.
Motives: Settle the New World; Secure
gold and valuable agricultural produce;
Convert the natives (“Indians”) to
Catholicism
Extent: First settled in the W. Indies (Cuba,
P.R., Hispaniola); Proceeded to Mexico,
C. America, most of S. America, &
some of U.S. (FL, NM, AZ, CA)
“New Spain”:
Treaty of Tordesillas gave much of New
World to Spain
Queen Isabella of Castile/King Ferdinand of Aragon
Intermarried with natives (mestizos)
Spanish language & culture blended in
Spanish encomienda system
Only Catholics could settle in colonies
Strict control over colonies (no selfgovernment)
Colonial merchants could trade only with
Spain (mercantilism)
Motives: Fish in Newfoundland;
Fur trade with Indians; Convert
“Indians” to Catholicism
Extent: Fur-trading posts and
settlements (Quebec, Montreal,
Detroit, St. Louis, New Orleans)
“New France”:
Few settlers
No gold and silver
Restricted immigration to Catholics
Little interest in farming
Strict rule from Old France
Motives: Fur trade (Dutch West
India Co.)
Extent: New Netherland,
Hudson R., New Amsterdam
(NYC), Manhattan, Long
Island, NJ, New Sweden
(DE)
“New Holland”
Patroonships (land given for
transporting 50 people to
colony) given
Fairly open to non-Dutch
immigrants
Limited population growth
1. Which of the following best describes the
way Europeans treated Native
Americans in the 1500s and 1600s?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Native Americans were regarded as inferior
people subject to superior European
domination.
Native American ways of life were respected.
Since nothing of value could be learned or
obtained from Native Americans, Europeans
thought it permissible to exterminate them.
Europeans cultivated good relations with Native
Americans and sought to make them economic
partners.
Only the English believed that Native
Americans should be treated fairly.
2. Which of the following was the LEAST
important factor behind European
exploration and settlement in the 16th
century?
A. Increase in scientific knowledge and
technological change
B. Population increase
C. Development of nation-states
D. Competition for trade
E. Religious commitment
3. By the end of the 16th century, all of the
following tended to be true about Spain’s
colonial empire EXCEPT
A. It was controlled by a bureaucracy in
Madrid.
B. The Roman Catholic Church had great
influence.
C. New universities were spreading
education and culture.
D. Families continued to emigrate from
Spain.
E. Great wealth was being sent back to
Spain.
4. Spain was united into a single nationstate when
A. It was invaded by Portugal in the late
15th century.
B. Christopher Columbus returned with
news of the New World.
C. The Muslims were expelled from the
Iberian Peninsula.
D. The French gave up claims to various
kingdoms within this country.
E. Prince Henry the Navigator came to the
throne.
5. The institution of encomienda allowed
the
A. Native people to enslave members of
other tribes.
B. Europeans to marry Native Americans.
C. European governments to give Indians
to colonists if they promised to
Christianize them.
D. Governments of Europe to abolish the
practice of Indian slavery and to
establish African slavery.
E. Indentured servant the opportunity to be
freed after a seven-year commitment to
his sponsor.
Based on your notes, the textbook, and your
knowledge of this time period:
**Evaluate the impact of
Europeans (OLD WORLD) on
Native American (NEW WORLD) cultures.
(Intro.) Thesis--Body--Conclusion