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Palate Dr. Deepak K Gupta www.facebook.com/notesdental Introduction • Palate: roof of the oral cavity. It has two parts – an anterior hard palate – a posterior soft palate www.facebook.com/notesdental Hard palate • Separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavities • Consists of a bony plate covered above and below by mucosa – above, it is covered by respiratory mucosa and forms the floor of the nasal cavities – below, it is covered by a tightly bound layer of oral mucosa and forms much of the roof of the oral cavity • Palatine processes of the maxillae form the anterior 3/4 of the hard palate • Horizontal plates of the palatine bones form the posterior 1/4 www.facebook.com/notesdental Hard palate www.facebook.com/notesdental Hard palate • The upper alveolar arch borders the hard palate anteriorly and laterally • Posteriorly, the hard palate is continuous with the soft palate. • Posteriorly it has a greater and lesser palatine foramina • Deep to the mucous membrane of the hard palate are numerous mucus secreting glands called palatal glands www.facebook.com/notesdental Hard palate 1. Incisive papilla: ends anteriorly in a small oval elevation over incisive fossa 2. Palatine Rugae: The mucosa of the hard palate possesses numerous transverse palatine folds. 3. Mid-Palatine raphe: a median longitudinal ridge www.facebook.com/notesdental Palate www.facebook.com/notesdental SOFT PALATE • Posterosuperior border of the oral cavity • Separates the oral cavity from the nasopharynx • Margins of Soft Palate – Anteriorly: continuous with the hard palate at the vibrating line – Posterolaterally: forms the superior portion of the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds – Posteriorly: the uvula hangs in the center of the posterior free margin • The thick palatine aponeurosis forms the foundation of the soft palate www.facebook.com/notesdental Muscles of Soft Palate • It helps close off the nasopharynx during deglutition by forming a seal at the fold of Passavant • The soft palate is composed of 5 muscles: – Musculus uvulae – Tensor veli palatini – Levator veli palatini – Palatopharyngeus – Palatoglossus www.facebook.com/notesdental Muscles of Soft Palate www.facebook.com/notesdental Muscles of Soft Palate www.facebook.com/notesdental Tensor veli palatini • Origin – Sphenoid bone (scaphoid fossa of pterygoid process and medial aspect of the spine); – It is also connected cartilaginous part of pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube • Insertion – Palatine aponeurosis and palatine bone (horizontal plate) via a tendon that is redirected medially by the pterygoid hamulus • Nerve Supply – N. to medial pterygoid (CN V3) • Action – Bilaterally: Tenses anterior portion of the soft palate and flattens its arch, separating the nasopharynx from the oropharynx. – Opens pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube. – Unilaterally: Deviates soft palate laterally www.facebook.com/notesdental Levator veli palatini • Origin – Vaginal process and petrous part of temporal bone (via a tendon, anterior to the carotid canal); – it is also connected to the inferior portion of the cartilaginous pharyngotympanic tube • Insertion – Palatine aponeurosis (the two levators combine to form a muscular sling) • Nerve Supply – Vagus n. (CN X) via pharyngeal plexus • Action – Bilaterally: Pulls the posterior portion of the soft palate superoposteriorly, separating the nasopharynx from the oropharynx. www.facebook.com/notesdental Musculus uvulae • Orgin – Palatine bone (posterior nasal spine) and palatine aponeurosis (superior surface) • Insertion : Mucosa of the uvula • Nerve Supply: Vagus n. (CN X) via pharyngeal plexus • Action – Pulls the uvula posterosuperiorly, separating the nasopharynx from the oropharynx. www.facebook.com/notesdental Palatoglossus • Forms palatoglossal arch • Origin: Palatine aponeurosis (oral surface) • Insertion: Lateral tongue to dorsum or intrinsic transverse muscle • Nerve Supply: Vagus n. (CN X) via pharyngeal plexus • Action: Pulls the root of the tongue superiorly and approximates the palatoglossal arch, separating the oral cavity from the oropharynx. www.facebook.com/notesdental Palatopharyngeus • Forms palatopharyngeal arch • Origin: Palatine aponeurosis (superior surface) and posterior border of palatine bone • Insertion: Thyroid cartilage (posterior border) or lateral pharynx • Nerve Supply: Vagus n. (CN X) via pharyngeal plexus • Action : Elevates the pharynx anteromedially bilaterally www.facebook.com/notesdental Vessels of Palate • Arteries – greater palatine branch of the maxillary artery – the ascending palatine branch of the facial artery – the palatine branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery • Veins – generally follow the arteries – Ultimately drain into the pterygoid plexus of veins in the infratemporal fossa – Or a network of veins associated with the palatine tonsil - drain into the pharyngeal plexus of veins or directly into the facial vein • Lymphatics: drain into deep cervical nodes www.facebook.com/notesdental Vessels of Palate www.facebook.com/notesdental Nerve Supply • Supplied by the greater and lesser palatine nerves and the nasopalatine nerve – General sensory fibers carried in all these nerves originate in the pterygopalatine fossa from the maxillary nerve [V2] • Deep petrosal nerve (post ganglionic sympathetic) from T1 and Greater petrosal Nerve (parasympathetic and special sensory – taste) from VII • Joins to form Nerve of Pterygoid canal which supplies to palate via pterygopalatine ganglion www.facebook.com/notesdental Nerve Supply www.facebook.com/notesdental References • • • • Grays Anatomy for Students 2nd Edition Head and Neck Anatomy for Dental Medicine Head, Neck and Dental Anatomy, 4th Edition Netter’s Head and Neck Anatomy for Dentistry, 2nd Edition Neil S norton www.facebook.com/notesdental