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Palate
Dr. Deepak K Gupta
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Introduction
• Palate: roof of the
oral cavity. It has
two parts
– an anterior hard
palate
– a posterior soft
palate
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Hard palate
• Separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavities
• Consists of a bony plate covered above and below
by mucosa
– above, it is covered by respiratory mucosa and forms the
floor of the nasal cavities
– below, it is covered by a tightly bound layer of oral
mucosa and forms much of the roof of the oral cavity
• Palatine processes of the maxillae form the anterior
3/4 of the hard palate
• Horizontal plates of the palatine bones form the
posterior 1/4
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Hard palate
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Hard palate
• The upper alveolar arch
borders the hard palate
anteriorly and laterally
• Posteriorly, the hard
palate is continuous with
the soft palate.
• Posteriorly it has a greater
and lesser palatine
foramina
• Deep to the mucous
membrane of the hard
palate are numerous
mucus secreting glands
called palatal glands
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Hard palate
1. Incisive papilla: ends
anteriorly in a small
oval elevation over
incisive fossa
2. Palatine Rugae: The
mucosa of the hard
palate possesses
numerous transverse
palatine folds.
3. Mid-Palatine raphe: a
median longitudinal
ridge
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Palate
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SOFT PALATE
• Posterosuperior border of the
oral cavity
• Separates the oral cavity from
the nasopharynx
• Margins of Soft Palate
– Anteriorly: continuous with the
hard palate at the vibrating line
– Posterolaterally: forms the
superior portion of the
palatoglossal and
palatopharyngeal folds
– Posteriorly: the uvula hangs in
the center of the posterior free
margin
• The thick palatine aponeurosis
forms the foundation of the
soft palate
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Muscles of Soft Palate
• It helps close off the nasopharynx during
deglutition by forming a seal at the fold of
Passavant
• The soft palate is composed of 5 muscles:
– Musculus uvulae
– Tensor veli palatini
– Levator veli palatini
– Palatopharyngeus
– Palatoglossus
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Muscles of Soft Palate
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Muscles of Soft Palate
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Tensor veli palatini
• Origin
– Sphenoid bone (scaphoid fossa of pterygoid process and medial
aspect of the spine);
– It is also connected cartilaginous part of pharyngotympanic
(auditory) tube
• Insertion
– Palatine aponeurosis and palatine bone (horizontal plate) via a
tendon that is redirected medially by the pterygoid hamulus
• Nerve Supply
– N. to medial pterygoid (CN V3)
• Action
– Bilaterally: Tenses anterior portion of the soft palate and flattens
its arch, separating the nasopharynx from the oropharynx.
– Opens pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube.
– Unilaterally: Deviates soft palate laterally
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Levator veli palatini
• Origin
– Vaginal process and petrous part of temporal bone (via a
tendon, anterior to the carotid canal);
– it is also connected to the inferior portion of the cartilaginous
pharyngotympanic tube
• Insertion
– Palatine aponeurosis (the two levators combine to form a
muscular sling)
• Nerve Supply
– Vagus n. (CN X) via pharyngeal plexus
• Action
– Bilaterally: Pulls the posterior portion of the soft palate
superoposteriorly, separating the nasopharynx from the
oropharynx.
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Musculus uvulae
• Orgin
– Palatine bone (posterior nasal spine) and palatine
aponeurosis (superior surface)
• Insertion : Mucosa of the uvula
• Nerve Supply: Vagus n. (CN X) via pharyngeal plexus
• Action
– Pulls the uvula posterosuperiorly, separating the
nasopharynx from the oropharynx.
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Palatoglossus
• Forms palatoglossal arch
• Origin: Palatine aponeurosis (oral surface)
• Insertion: Lateral tongue to dorsum or
intrinsic transverse muscle
• Nerve Supply: Vagus n. (CN X) via pharyngeal plexus
• Action: Pulls the root of the tongue superiorly
and approximates the palatoglossal arch,
separating the oral cavity from the
oropharynx.
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Palatopharyngeus
• Forms palatopharyngeal arch
• Origin: Palatine aponeurosis (superior surface)
and posterior border of palatine bone
• Insertion: Thyroid cartilage (posterior border)
or lateral pharynx
• Nerve Supply: Vagus n. (CN X) via pharyngeal plexus
• Action : Elevates the pharynx anteromedially
bilaterally
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Vessels of Palate
• Arteries
– greater palatine branch of the maxillary artery
– the ascending palatine branch of the facial artery
– the palatine branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery
• Veins
– generally follow the arteries
– Ultimately drain into the pterygoid plexus of
veins in the infratemporal fossa
– Or a network of veins associated with the palatine
tonsil - drain into the pharyngeal plexus of veins or
directly into the facial vein
• Lymphatics: drain into deep cervical nodes
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Vessels of Palate
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Nerve Supply
• Supplied by the greater and lesser palatine
nerves and the nasopalatine nerve
– General sensory fibers carried in all these nerves
originate in the pterygopalatine fossa from the
maxillary nerve [V2]
• Deep petrosal nerve (post ganglionic
sympathetic) from T1 and Greater petrosal Nerve
(parasympathetic and special sensory – taste)
from VII
• Joins to form Nerve of Pterygoid canal which
supplies to palate via pterygopalatine ganglion
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Nerve Supply
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References
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Grays Anatomy for Students 2nd Edition
Head and Neck Anatomy for Dental Medicine
Head, Neck and Dental Anatomy, 4th Edition
Netter’s Head and Neck Anatomy for
Dentistry, 2nd Edition Neil S norton
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