Download I. What led to the Age of Exploration?

I. What led to the Age of
Exploration?
The Crusades led to a
market for Asian goods in
Europe.
Marco Polo – was a 13th
century Italian who
travelled through Asia to
China. This sparked
interest in Asia.
Economics and trade- Europeans wanted spices from
Asia; Arab middlemen (traders) charged high prices.
This led Europeans to seek cheaper sources.
“God, glory, and gold” –
European countries and
explorers also wanted to
achieve glory and spread
the Christian faith outside
Europe.
(Hernán Cortés said the
native Americans must be
“introduced into the holy
Catholic faith”)
Bottom line - Europeans sought a water route to
Asia
Technological advances made exploration possible
The caravel was a faster ship. Its triangular sails
allowed explorers to sail into the wind. Squarerigged vessels had to be rowed into the wind.
An English Crusader ship
Evolution of sailing ships
OLD square rigged cog and carrack
NEW lateen (triangular) rigged ships
The astrolabe and magnetic compass - Both were
used for navigational purposes. The astrolabe
was a Greek invention improved by the Arabs;
the compass was a Chinese invention.
What is it called when technology spreads from
one culture to another through trade?
II. Explorers
Leif Erikson – an Icelander - was probably the first
European to land in the Americas about 1,000
A.D. Named it “Vinland.” (Archaeologists found
the remains of a Norse (Viking) settlement in
Canada in 1960.)
Viking Exploration
Viking ships
Spain and Portugal
• In the 1400’s, Portuguese explorers began
to explore further into the Atlantic. They
sailed East around Africa.
• Educated Europeans knew the world was
spherical. The Spanish sailed to the west,
hoping to reach Asia.
Portugal
Prince Henry the Navigator - In the 15th century, he
set up a navigation school in Portugal. He
sponsored Portuguese voyages, mostly to West
Africa. The Portuguese called West Africa the
“Gold Coast.”
Bartholomeu Dias discovered the southern tip of
Africa, the Cape of Good Hope in 1488.
What is the name of the
southern tip of South
America?
What is the city located at the
Cape of Good Hope?
Vasco da Gama discovered a trade route across the
Indian Ocean and landed in India in 1498. He
took on spices, sold them in Portugal, and made a
profit of several thousand percent!
Spain
Columbus : Convinced he could reach Asia by sailing
west instead of east, Columbus persuaded Queen
Isabella to finance an expedition. Columbus
explored Caribbean islands in 1492.
Ferdinand Magellan: In 1519, sailed around South
America into the Pacific. One of his ships (without
Magellan) circumnavigated the globe.
Amerigo Vespucci (Florentine)– sailed with a
Portuguese voyage to New England. His letters
about voyage led to use of “America.”
An early map of the New World
II. The Spanish Empire
Conquistadors – Spanish
explorers/military men
who conquered the Inca
and Aztec civilizations.
Hernán Cortes defeated the Aztec leader
Montezuma with only 550 soldiers. Spanish
were aided by native allies. Spanish
dismantled Aztec pyramids and temples to
build government buildings and churches.
Spanish colonial architecture
Mexican church built with
dismantled Mayan architecture
National Cathedral of Mexico – built on site of
Tenochtitlan
Spanish advantages (Guns, germs, steel)
1. Superior technology: cannon, muskets, steel
swords
2. Indian exposure to diseases, especially smallpox
Conquest of the Inca
In December 1530, Francisco Pizzaro landed on the
Pacific coast of South America with only 180 men.
Within 5 years, Pizzaro executed Atahualpa, the Inca
leader, and established a new capital at Lima for
a new colony of the Spanish Empire.
Random review
Using the vocab item, make an
informative sentence
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Age of Exploration
Marco Polo
Spices
Asia
“God, glory, and gold”
The caravel
Triangular sails
astrolabe
magnetic compass
Leif Erikson
Vinland
Prince Henry the Navigator
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bartholomeu Dias
Vasco da Gama
Spain
Columbus
Ferdinand Magellan
Conquistadors
Hernán Cortes
Spanish colonial architecture
Spanish advantages in war
smallpox
Francisco Pizzaro
Dividing up the world
Spain and Portugal divided up the world in the
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) and Zaragoza (1529)
Port. took Brazil; Spain much of S. and N. America
The Spanish Empire
The encomienda system of forced labor
• Spain granted Spanish settlers an encomienda (land)
• The Indios were made Spanish subjects and forced to work
• Forced labor, starvation, disease killed off native populations
• Later, the encomienda system was replaced by the
repartimento system
• (E.g. Mexico: 1500, 25 million; by 1630, only 1 million
inhabitants)
Spanish Colonial Social Class System
Peninsulares - Spanish (Portuguese) officials who
had been born in Europe and held all
governmental positions.
Creoles - Descendants of Europeans born in Latin
America, creoles controlled land and business.
Mestizos and Mulattoes –Mestizos were offspring of
Europeans and Native Americans. Mulattoes
were offspring of Europeans and Africans
Native Americans and Africans were at the bottom.
The Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange - Exchange of plants,
animals, and diseases between Europe and the
Americas.
Flora diffusion – Plants
Fauna diffusion – animals
Disease diffusion
The native population was nearly wiped out by
European disease.
Aztec smallpox
victims from
Historia De Las
Casas de Nueva
Espana
Europeans
received
potatoes,
corn,
tomatoes,
tobacco…
Native
Americans
received
diseases,
horses,
cattle,
wheat…
A New World Economy
Mercantilism – Economic system favorable to the
European mother countries
1. The colonies exist to benefit the mother country
2. Colonies give mother country raw materials; on
the other hand, the mother country exports
manufactured goods
3. Favorable trading relationship was established
when exports are greater than imports
4. Wealth was based on the amount of gold in a
nation’s treasury
Triangular Trade between Africa, the
Americans, and
Europe.
Slaves were imported
to the Americas
because there was a
low number of Native
Americans to work
the land.
The Middle Passage – the journey Africans endured
from Africa to the Americas.
Vikings discover Vinland
Constantinople fell
Where was Vinland? Be
specific.
What was the
significance of this
event from a western
European perspective?
Many historians argue the
Vikings had little influence on
modern Europe, offer one
theory that disputes this
claim.
Why did western Europeans
receive credit for the discovery
of the Americas, whereas the
Vikings receive little to no
credit?
1498
1488
1453
Henry the Navigator influences the
Portuguese
In 1507, a German mapmaker
suggested that the name of the
New World should be named
after? Why?
Why does Columbus’s reputation
suffer in the eyes of historians?
Describe the goods that
interested traders
during the 15th century.
1425
1000
What did Columbus discover this
year? Be specific.
1492
What did Dias discover?
1507
What did Vasco da Gama discover
in 1498?
How did Henry the Navigator
influence navigation?
Why did it achieve its name?
Where did the Portuguese explore?
Why?
Why was this more profitable for
Portuguese merchants?