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DAY 8- THE CPU REVIEW No Journal Check Computer Parts Quiz The CPU Today! COMPUTER HISTORY • Online- History of Computing Graphic MOORE’S LAW CPU Chips have improved in line with the prediction of Gordon Moore, Intel’s co-founder. According to his rule of thumb, known as Moore’s law, processing power doubles roughly every two years as smaller transistors are packed ever more tightly onto silicon wafers, boosting performance and reducing costs CIRCUIT A circuit is a path between two or more points along which an electrical current can be carried TRANSISTOR A transistor is used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit To electronically switch (no moving parts) a signal on or off (high/low) (0/1) Requires a semi-conductor, a substance with resistance between that of a conductor and an insulator The best semiconductors for industry can be treated with a wide variety of “dopants” to finely adjust their resistance, as needed SEMICONDUCTOR A semiconductor is a substance, usually a solid chemical element or compound, that can conduct electricity under some conditions but not others, making it a good medium for the control of electrical current Devices made of semiconductors, notably silicon, are essential components of most electronic circuits The specific properties of a semiconductor depend on the impurities, or dopants, added to it An N-type semiconductor carries current mainly in the form of negatively-charged electrons, in a manner similar to the conduction of current in a wire. A P-type semiconductor carries current predominantly as electron deficiencies called holes. A hole has a positive electric charge, equal and opposite to the charge on an electron. SILICON Silicon makes up 25.7% of the earth's crust by weight, and is the second most abundant element, exceeded only by oxygen It is found largely as silicon oxides such as sand Symbol- Si Atomic Number- 14 Silicon isn’t the only semiconducting substance on Earth — it’s not even the best semiconductor on Earth What it is, is by far the most abundant semiconductor on Earth 2 Types of Silicon Current Carriers ONLINE TRANSISTOR ANIMATION How It Works When there is no current to the base, no current can flow between the collector and the emitter, and the transistor is off. A small current to the base enables the transistor to conduct current from the collector to the emitter, and allows a larger current to flow through the transistor. Components connected to the collector can use this larger current. Historical Development 1941, Vacuum Tube 1948, the first (Germanium) TR John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Schockly 1954, Silicon TR At TI Lab, Ease of processing, lower cost, greater power handling, more stable temperature characteristics 1958, Integrated Circuit Individual electronic components were soldered on to printed circuit boards. Sep 2009, 22nm silicon wafer Intel CEO Paul Otellini, Sep 23 2009 more than 2.9 billion transistors is packed into an area of fingernail IC placed all components in one chip. THE CPU- MICROPROCESSOR- THE CHIP In April 1970, Intel hired Italian-born engineer Federico Faggin as project leader, a move that ultimately made the single-chip CPU final design a reality The CPU is a chip containing millions/Billions of tiny transistors Two typical components of a CPU are the following: The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations The control unit (CU), which extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary Online- Transistor Count Chart THE MAKERS The CPU market for desktop (home) computers is controlled by two companies: Intel and Advanced Micro Devices (usually shortened to AMD). There are other CPU manufacturers like Apple, ARM, IBM, VIA, MCST, ELVEES, SRISA, NTC Module, and Sun Microsystems, but their CPUs usually have more specific uses (for example in mobile phones, cars, game consoles, or in the military). CPU SPEED The speed that a CPU works at is measured in hertz, Hz. Modern processors often run so fast that gigahertz, GHz, is used instead. One gigahertz is one billion hertz. For example, a CPU with a clock rate of 1.8 GHz can perform 1,800,000,000 clock cycles per second HERTZ The hertz (symbol: Hz) is a unit time to measure frequency. It tells how often something happens. A frequency of 1 hertz means that something happens once a second. The pitch of the note Middle C (the C in the middle of the piano) is 262 Hz. This means there are 262 vibrations every second when a Middle C is played. Humans ability to hears sounds is somewhere between 20-20 000 Hz. Owl ability to hear sounds is somewhere between 20-120000 Hz. The unit is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz. A Little Chip History First chip built in 1971 called Intel® 4004 processor • Initial clock speed: 108KHz • Transistors: 2,300 • Manufacturing technology: 10 micron 42 years later • In 2014 6th generation Intel® Core™ processor • Initial clock speed: 2.9GHz • Transistors: 2.6 billion • Manufacturing technology: 22nm TYPES OF CPUS There are mainly two different types of CPUs used in modern desktop systems: 32-bit CPUs and 64-bit CPUs. The instructions in a 32-bit CPU are good at handling data that is 32 bits in size Likewise, a 64-bit CPU is good at handling data that is 64 bits in size (and is often good at handling 32-bit data too). Many older CPUs from the 70s, 80s and early 90s (and some modern small CPUs) have an 8-bit or 16-bit size. MULTIPLE CORES Some newer processors have multiple cores. This means that they have many processors built on to the same chip so that they can run many instructions at once. While the individual cores might be slower than a single core processor, all the cores can work together to go faster. This means that the GHz might be lower, however the overall speed of the processor will be higher. To make an analogy, think of traffic lanes; One road having one lane, which takes up 50 cars in 10 minutes. Another road with two lanes will take 100 cars in the same 10 minutes and if one of the lanes has a problems cars can go to the other lane. In today's modern computers, some processors may have up to eight cores and are available to all consumers, like the AMD FX-8350. LARGEST COLLECTION??? • Largest private collection of CPUs has been discovered • Russian guy has posted a message on a forum. His message says “here is my humble collection for you” • Then listed something more than one thousand of different types of computer processors he collected. VIDEO- HOW A CHIP IS MADE REVIEW Review CPU Function Journal for Next Class- Lots of Vocabulary and History Journal Check- Next Class