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Cultural Patterns & Processes (Unit 3) Review AP HUG Major Topics • • • • • Culture Language Religion Race & Ethnicity Sex & Gender Essential Questions: • How does globalization impact culture? • Is a worldwide common language more beneficial or harmful? Why? • How can someone’s identities influence their ability to exercise power in society? CULTURE Popular Culture: A wide-ranging group of heterogeneous people, who stretch across identities and across the world, and who embrace cultural traits such as music, dance, clothing, and food preference that change frequently and are part of the cultural landscape. Madonna wearing a red string Kabbalah bracelet. Forms of Pop Culture • Television • Music • Fashion • Food • Sports • Toys • Comic books • Film • Advertising • Cyberspace Characteristics of popular culture • • • • • Constantly changing Based in large, heterogeneous groups of people Based mainly in urban areas Material goods mass-produced by machines in factories Prevailing money economy Folk Culture • Refers to cultural traits that are traditional, no longer widely practiced by a large amount of people and generally isolated in small, often rural areas Types of Diffusion • Relocation • Expansion • Contagious • Hierarchal • Stimulus Relocation Diffusion • Occurs when the spreading disease moves into new areas, leaving behind its origin or source of the disease, for example a person infected with HIV moving into a new location. (people move/migrate and take ideas with them) Expansion Diffusion • The pattern originates in a central place and then expands outward in all directions to other locations. • Note that the distance does not have to be equal in all directions. • Expansion diffusion can be further broken down into three types of diffusion: hierarchical, contagious, and stimulus diffusion Contagious Diffusion • The spread of an infectious disease through the direct contact of individuals with those infected. • Often rapid and spreads through entire population • Example: Disease, viral email Hierarchal Diffusion • Occurs when a phenomenon spreads through an ordered sequence of classes or places, for example from cities to large urban areas to small urban areas. Stimulus Diffusion • Takes a part of an idea and spreads that idea to create an innovative product. • Example: vegetarian eating habits (principle) influence restaurants to offer more vegetarian dishes (new products) Frictional Effect of Distance (Distance Decay) • Suggests that areas that are closer to the source of something (like a disease) are more likely to be affected by it, whereas areas further away from the source are less likely to be affected and/or will be affected at a later date. Barriers to Diffusion • Some physical features act as a barrier towards diffusion, including: • Mountains • Bodies of water • Political and Economic boundaries may also limit the spread of disease. • Travel restrictions and screening of travelers can form ‘human’ barriers. LANGUAGE Official Languages of Countries Major Language Families • • • • • • • • • Indo-European (2.5 billion people) Sino-Tibetan (1.4 billion people) Afro-Asiatic (284 million people) Austronesian (244 million people) Dravidian (203 million people) Niger-Congo (172 million people) Altaic (128 million people) Japanese (122 million people) Korean (67 million people) • Think of the world’s language families as the branches of a tree. Isogloss -A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs Dialect-variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines- vocabulary-syntax- pronunciation- cadence-pace of speech Accent: The way a language sounds or pronounced in a certain location. Vernacular: the local form of a language, words and phrases unique to a certain area. How are Languages Formed? Language divergence – when a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages. Language convergence – when peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one. How do Languages Diffuse? • human interaction • print distribution • Migration • Trade • Rise of nation-states • Colonialism Monolingualism a country in which only one language is spoken Multilingualism a country in which more than one language is in use Official Language should a multilingual state adopt an official language? Examples Monolingual States • • • • • Japan Venezuela Denmark Portugal Poland Multilingual States • • • • Belgium India Canada Peru • Language Extinction: the point at which a language no longer has any active speakers. • Linguistic Refuge: areas providing minority linguistic groups refuge from aggressive neighbors RELIGION Religion Regions Religion Terms • Religion: a cultural system of beliefs, traditions and practices often centered around the worship of a deity or deities (god/gods) • Universalizing Religions: Religions that seek to convert nonbelievers to their ranks (Christianity/Islam) • Ethnic Religions: religions that are associated with a particular ethnic group (Hinduism, Judaism) • Monotheism: Belief in on Supreme Being • Polytheism: belief in multiple gods • Syncretic religions: the process of combining multiple beliefs and practices into one system Major Religions: Commonalities • Religions have a tendency to splinter • Have a founder or key figure • Have scriptures • Have rituals • Have structures for prayer or religious rituals • Teach a form of the Golden Rule • Preach Peace 32 Five Major World Religions • Judaism • Christianity • Islam • Hinduism • Buddhism Judaism • • • • 14 million adherents Monotheistic (claims to the oldest one) Based on covenant with Abraham Scriptures: Torah – 5 books of the “Law” • Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy • Sects • Orthodox, Conservative, Reform • Israel – More Jews in New York City than in Israel • Homeland for Jewish people • Created 1948 • Conflict between Israel and Palestine 34 Christian Fundamentals • Areas of almost complete agreement • Sacraments of Baptism & Matrimony • Monotheism involving one God in a trinity of persons (referred to as a mystery) • Blessing and sharing bread and wine at least in memory of Jesus sacrifice • Jesus was/is 100% God and 100% human • Salvation comes from belief in and acceptance of Jesus as one’s savior 35 • There will be a second coming at the end of time Islam • • • • • Muhammad, prophet Allah (word for God) Monotheistic Major Sects: Sunni – 85% and Shiite – 15% Koran (or Qu’ran), the holy book, is sufficient to direct all aspects of life, seen as direct word of god, as told to Muhammad. • Five Pillars of Islam • Belief in one God • Five daily prayers facing Mecca • Generous alms (help to poor) • Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan • Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) • 36 Hinduism • • • • Most ancient religious tradition in Asia (world?) Vedas – Hindu sacred texts May be viewed as monotheistic Castes • Brahman, priestly • Kshatriya, warrior/ruler • Vaisya, tradesman and farmer • Sudra, servant and laborer • Untouchables (5th caste) • Central belief is in reincarnation 37 Characteristics of Hinduism • No clergy or religious requirements – • No real splintering or sects • Can be practices in many ways & at many levels so there was no need to “split off.” • Each individual is seeking to comprehend the ultimate reality while living out his/her dharma (duty) with the goal of union with Brahman once the cycle of reincarnation is ended. 38 Buddhism • Siddhartha Gautama/Buddha – Enlightened One • Four Noble Truths • Life involves suffering • Cause of suffering is desire • Elimination of desire ends suffering • Right thinking and behavior eliminate desire • Diffused from India 39 Buddhism • Nirvana • Buddhism is a way of living that achieves release from reincarnation and suffering • God is not knowable, so is, therefore, not a major concern in Buddhism • Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama) rejected the caste system 40 RACE & ETHNICITY Race –a categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics. Racial categories are social and political constructions because they are based on ideas that some biological differences are more important than others. Ethnicity • Ethnicity – a constructed identity that is tied to a place … it is often considered “natural” because it implies ancient relations among people over time. Segregation/Ghettos/Ethnoburb s • Segregation: the practice or policy of keeping people of different races, ethnicities, religions, etc., separate from each other. • Ghetto: a poor, densely populated city district populated by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restriction • Ethnoburb: is a suburban residential and business area with a notable cluster of a particular ethnic minority population Assimilation and Acculturation • Assimilation: the process of incorporating new ideas into an existing cultural structure • Loss of culture • Acculturation: The adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture • Bicultural SEX & GENDER GENDER • Gender is: culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males that are based on meanings, beliefs and practices that a group or society associates with “femininity” or “masculinity” Sex/Sexism • Sex is the biological differences between males and females • Sexism is the subordination of one sex, usually female, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex • 51% of the US is female, yet are considered a minority GENDER ROLES • Gender roles are the rights, responsibilities, expectations, and relationships of women & men in society Female – Male Income Differences Arranged/Forced Marriage Arranged marriage or forced marriage: • When a spouse is chosen for a female. • These arrangements are often marriages of convenience to create family ties. • Sometimes women are forced into marriage to pay a family debt or to offload an unwanted daughter. • Women are sometimes are abducted and taken to another country for this to happen Dowries and Marriage • Dowries: Property or money that a brides family has to pay to the groom or the grooms family. • Sometimes it’s the other way around • Dowry deaths are common • Reported as “kitchen accidents” Illiterate Young Women This map shows the number of young women that would need to be educated to reach the same literacy rates as men in each territory. Girls/Women may be denied an education due to: • Economic factors: Females are needed to work at home so that parents can work or only enough money to educate some children (males picked first) • Social/Cultural factors : A belief that the role of females is to look after children and take care of the home and therefore does not need an education. • Religious/Political: Example: Taliban (banned females from working, therefore eliminating possibility of education for girls) FRQ PRACTICE PART A • Spatial diffusion is the spread of a phenomenon, such as disease or trends, across space and time PART B • Vector 5 is spreading through contagious expansion diffusion, when a phenomenon spreads like a wave through space • Contagious diffusion is the spread of a phenomenon geographically outward without regard to the size of the places surrounding it; places near the origin are affected first. The farther away a person or place is from the origin, the later it will be affected by the phenomenon • Vector 5 is spreading outward from its point of origin to the nearest cities, large and small, in each wave of spread. It is not discriminating based on size, only based on proximity to the point of origin. PART C • Vector 6 is spreading through hierarchical expansion diffusion • Hierarchical expansion diffusion is the spread of a phenomenon geographically from its place of origin in an outward pattern, like in the contagious pattern. However, unlike contagious diffusion, it spreads outward with respect to the size of place or level of susceptibility • Vector 6 is spreading outward from its place of origin but is discriminating in its spread pattern to larger cities before hitting smaller places, in a hierarchical pattern