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FORENSIC PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Proceedings 2002-2011 Forensic Physical Anthropology American Academy of Forensic Sciences Proceedings 2002-p1 i ii Forensic Physical Anthropology iii AMERICAN ACADEMY OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 410 North 21st Street Colorado Springs, CO 80904 www.aafs.org The Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences is an official publication of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) and includes various areas of the forensic sciences such as pathology, toxicology, physical anthropology, psychiatry, odontology, jurisprudence, criminalistics, questioned documents, digital sciences, engineering sciences and other disciplines. The proceedings herein are from the Physical Anthropology section for the years 2002 to 2011. As with the Proceedings in which these abstracts were originally published, there is no implication or assertion that the AAFS, any of its sections, or any member of the AAFS have verified the statements and/or conclusions of the abstracts. The views expressed in this publication are not those of the AAFS or individual members. In short, the data and opinions appearing in the abstracts are the responsibility of the individual authors alone. All contents copyright 2002-2011 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial reproduction of material contained herein is permitted by the AAFS provided that the copying is faithful to the original. No other reproduction of any form may be done without prior written permission from the AAFS. Printed in the United States of America. iv Preface The American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) is a multi-disciplinary professional organization created and maintained to provide leadership in the application of science to the legal system. A premier forensic science organization, its specific objectives are to promote professionalism, integrity, competency and education, and to foster scientific research, improvements in the practice of forensic science, and collaboration within the many fields of forensic science. For sixty-three years, since its founding in 1948, the AAFS has served a distinguished and diverse membership. It comprises eleven different sections representing the broad range of expertise and interest of its members, now numbering over 6200. Included among them are physicians, attorneys, dentists, toxicologists, physical anthropologists, document examiners, psychiatrists, physicists, engineers, criminalists, educators, and digital evidence specialists. Representing all fifty US states, all ten Canadian provinces and 61 other countries from all corners of the world, AAFS members actively practice forensic science. In many cases, AAFS members also teach and conduct research in the field, producing hundreds of refereed publications and books. v The editors express gratitude to the past and present AAFS leadership, to the AAFS staff headed by Executive Director Anne Warren, to AAFS Presidents since 1949 and to our section’s directors and chair persons. Academy Presidents Robert E. Barsley, DDS, JD 2012-13 Douglas H. Ubelaker, PhD 2011-12 Lowell J. Levine, DDS 1980-81 Joseph P. Bono, MA Thomas L. Bohan, PhD, JD Carol E. Henderson, JD Bruce A. Goldberger, PhD James G. Young, MD Edmund R. Donoghue, MD Ronald L. Singer, MS Kenneth E. Melson, JD Graham R. Jones, PhD Mary Fran Ernst, BLS John D. McDowell, DDS, MS Patricia J. McFeeley, MD Barry A.J. Fisher, MS, MBA. Michael A. Peat, PhD Richard Rosner, MD Haskell M. Pitluck, JD Steven C. Batterman, PhD Enrico N. Togneri, BA Marina Stajic, PhD. Homer R. Campbell, Jr., DDS Ellis R. Kerley, PhD. Richard C. Froede, MD Richard S. Frank, BS Yale H. Caplan, PhD Don Harper Mills, JD, MD Arthur D. Goldman, DMD Maureen Casey Owens, AB George E. Gantner, MD Anthony Longhetti, BA Joseph H. Davis, MD 2010-11 2009-10 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 2005-06 2004-05 2003-04 2002-03 2001-02 2000-01 1999-00 1998-99 1997-98 1996-97 1995-96 1994-95 1993-94 1992-93 1991-92 1990-91 1989-90 1988-89 1987-88 1986-87 1985-86 1984-85 1983-84 1982-83 1981-82 June K. Jones, MS Kurt M. Dubowski, PhD B. Edward Whittaker, BS James T. Weston, MD Robert J. Joling, JD David A. Crown, DCrim Morton F. Mason, PhD Douglas M. Lucas, MSc, DSc Cyril H. Wecht, MD, JD Edwin C. Conrad, JD, PhD James W. Osterburg, MPA Maier I. Tuchler, MD Charles S. Petty Jack L. Sachs, JD Robert B. Forney, PhD Dwight M. Palmer, MD Oliver C. Schroeder, Jr., JD Milton Helpern, MD S.R. Gerber, MD, LLB Russel S. Fisher, MD Ordway Hilton, MA John F. Williams, BS Val B. Satterfield, MD Alan R. Moritz Fred E. Inbau, BS, LLB, A.W. Freireich, MD Louis P. Regan, MD, LLB R.N. Harger, PhD S.A. Levinson, MD, PhD R.B.H. Gradwohl, MD 1979-80 1978-79 1977-78 1976-77 1975-76 1974-75 1973-74 1972-73 1971-72 1970-71 1969-70 1968-69 1967-68 1966-67 1965-66 1964-65 1963-64 1962-63 1961-62 1960-61 1959-60 1958-59 1957-58 1956-57 1955-56 1954-55 1953-54 1952-53 1951-52 1949-51 vi Physical Anthropology Board of Directors Representatives and Chairs Director 2011-2012 2010-2011 2009-2010 2008-2009 2007-2008 2006-2007 2005-2006 2004-2005 2003-2004 2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000 1998-1999 1997-1998 1996-1997 1995-1996 1994-1995 1993-1994 1992-1993 1991-1992 1990-1991 1989-1990 1988-1989 1987-1988 1986-1987 1985-1986 1984-1985 1983-1984 1982-1983 1981-1982 1980-1981 1979-1980 1978-1979 1977-1978 1976-1977 1975-1976 1974-1975 Chair Norman J. Sauer, PhD Norman J. Sauer, PhD Norman J. Sauer, PhD Norman J. Sauer, PhD Norman J. Sauer, PhD Douglas H.Ubelaker, PhD Douglas H.Ubelaker, PhD Douglas H.Ubelaker, PhD Douglas H.Ubelaker, PhD Douglas H.Ubelaker, PhD Kathleen J. Reichs, PhD Kathleen J. Reichs, PhD Kathleen J. Reichs, PhD Kathleen J. Reichs, PhD Kathleen J. Reichs, PhD Kathleen J. Reichs, PhD Michael Finnegan, PhD Michael Finnegan, PhD Michael Finnegan, PhD William R. Maples, PhD William R. Maples, PhD William R. Maples, PhD William R. Maples, PhD Ellis R. Kerley, PhD Ellis R. Kerley, PhD Ellis R. Kerley, PhD Ellis R. Kerley, PhD Ellis R. Kerley, PhD William R. Maples, PhD William R. Maples, PhD William R. Maples, PhD Walter H. Birkby, PhD Walter H. Birkby, PhD Walter H. Birkby, PhD Clyde C. Snow, PhD Clyde C. Snow, PhD Clyde C. Snow, PhD Ellis R. Kerley, PhD Susan M.T. Myster, PhD Bradley J. Adams, PhD Thomas D. Holland, PhD Laura C. Fulginiti, PhD Michael W. Warren, PhD Todd W. Fenton, PhD Paul S. Sledzik, MS Marilyn R. London, MA Elizabeth A. Murray, PhD John A. Williams, PhD Jerry Melbye, PhD Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD David M. Glassman, PhD Diane L. France, PhD Karen Ramey Burns, PhD Alison Galloway, PhD Kathleen J. Reichs, PhD Kenneth A.R. Kennedy, PhD Madeleine J. Hinkes, PhD Norman J. Sauer, PhD Ted A. Rathbun, PhD Douglas H. Ubelaker, PhD Robert I. Sundick, PhD J. Michael Hoffman, MD, PhD George W. Gill, PhD J. Stanley Rhine, PhD J. Stanley Rhine, PhD Judy M. Suchey, PhD Richard L. Jantz, PhD William M. Bass, III, PhD Michael Finnegan, PhD Sheilagh T. Brooks, PhD Martha D. Graham, PhD William R. Maples, phD Rodger Heglar, PhD Walter H. Birkby, PhD Ellis R. Kerley, PhD William M. Bass, III, PhD vii 1973-1974 1972-1973 Ellis R. Kerley, PhD Ellis R. Kerley, PhD Ellis R. Kerley, PhD Ellis R. Kerley, PhD Our heartfelt thanks to the Academy Staff for managing the proceedings process that results in the highest standards of quality including Sonya Bynoe, Publications & Website Coordinator; Debbie Crockett, Finance Manager; Sondra Doolittle, Meetings & Exposition Manager; Phyllis Gilliam, Receptionist; Salena Grant, Assistant Meetings Manager; Cheryl Hunter, Membership Coordinator; Nancy Jackson, Director of Development & Accreditation; Tracie McCray, Accounting Assistant; Christie Vigil, Membership Assistant; and Kimberly Wrasse, Executive Assistant. This further acknowledges the excellent work of all our Physical Anthropology authors and colleagues worldwide who are willing to share their work for education. Douglas H. Ubelaker, PhD Norman J. Sauer, PhD Susan M.T. Myster, PhD Prepared by: Laura L. Liptai, PhD 1 Engineering Sciences 1 The Executive Committee of The American Academy of Forensic Sciences has directed Laura Liptai, Ph.D. of the Engineering Sciences Section to prepare this volume for publication. viii Table of Contents Index of Title by Year 2011 ..................................................................................................................................................................Index 1 2010 ............................................................................................................................................................... Index 12 2009 ............................................................................................................................................................... Index 29 2008 ............................................................................................................................................................... Index 41 2007 ............................................................................................................................................................... Index 55 2006 ............................................................................................................................................................... Index 67 2005 ............................................................................................................................................................... Index 76 2004 ............................................................................................................................................................... Index 85 2003 ............................................................................................................................................................... Index 94 2002 .............................................................................................................................................................Index 100 Index by Presenting Author ............................................................................ Index 107 Proceedings by Year 2011 ...............................................................................................................................................................................1 2010 ............................................................................................................................................................................64 2009 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 145 2008 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 216 2007 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 293 2006 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 361 2005 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 410 2004 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 466 2003 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 531 2002 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 574 ix Index of Title by Year Monitoring the Long-Term Applicability of Ground-Penetrating Radar Using Proxy Cadavers Monitoring the Applicability of GroundPenetrating Radar on Detecting Shallow Graves Using Proxy Cadavers Taphonomy of a Mass Grave in MidMichigan: The Case of the Missing Cattle The Fromelles Project: Organizational and Operational Structures of a Large Scale Mass Grave Excavation and On-Site Anthropological Analysis Blast Injury in Skeletal Remains: The Case of a Soldier From WWI Peri-Mortem Fracture Patterns in SouthCentral Texas: A Preliminary Investigation Into the Peri-Mortem Interval Analysis of Primary Blast Rib Fractures Pattern and Distribution of Fractures in the William M. Bass and Hamann-Todd Osteological Collections 2011 William T. Hawkins, BA*, 10215 Blanchard Park Trail, Apartment 2314, Orlando, FL 32817; Joanna M. Fletcher, BA, 9941 Timber Oaks Court, Orlando, FL 32817; and John J. Schultz, PhD, University of Central Florida, Department of Anthropology, PO Box 25000, Orlando, FL 32816 Joanna M. Fletcher, BA*, 9941 Timber Oaks Court, Orlando, FL 32817; William T. Hawkins, BA, 10215 Blanchard Park Trail, Apartment 2314, Orlando, FL 32817; and John J. Schultz, PhD, University of Central Florida, Department of Anthropology, PO Box 25000, Orlando, FL 32816 Mary S. Megyesi, PhD*, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; Lindsey L. Jenny, MA, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823; Cate Bird, MA, 2740 Senate Drive, #3E, Lansing, MI 48912; Amy Michael, MA, 528 West Lapeer Street, Lansing, MI 48933; and Angela Soler, MA, and Jane Wankmiller, MA, Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 Roland Wessling, MSc*, Inforce Foundation, Cranfield University, Cranfield Forensic Institute, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UNITED KINGDOM; and Louise Loe, PhD, Oxford Archaeology, Janus House, Osney Mead, Oxford, OX2 0ES, UNITED KINGDOM Martin Smith, PhD, and Marie Christine Dussault, MSc*, Bournemouth University, Centre for Forensic Science, Christchurch House, Poole, BH12 5BB, UNITED KINGDOM Rebecca E. Shattuck, MA*, 809 Green Meadows Drive, Apartment #305, Columbia, MO 65201 1 Angi M. Christensen, PhD, FBI Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; and Victoria A. Smith, MA*, ORAU, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA Shauna McNulty, MA*, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 4 Index 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 No Country for Young Pigs: Identifying the Use of Captive Bolt Pistols in NonNatural Death Occurrences Defining Intimate Partner Violence: New Case Studies in IPV Skeletal Trauma Patterns in a VietnamEra Aircraft Loss: Part I - Lower Extremities The Central Identification Unit (CIU) During the Korean War Introducing COFFA: An International Consortium of Forensic Anthropology Programs The American Board of Forensic Anthropology: Historical Trends in Research and Training The Scientific Working Group for Forensic Anthropology: An Update Involvement of Forensic Anthropologists in the National Unidentified and Missing Persons System (NamUs) Diversification: Evolving Professional Roles for the Forensic Anthropologist in the Medicolegal System Scott A. Kirkland, MA*, North Carolina State University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695; Sarah L. Cunningham, MA, Binghamton University, Department of Anthropology, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902; Jonathan Cammack, MS, North Carolina State University, Department of Entomology, Campus Box 7626, Raleigh, NC 27695; Ann H. Ross, PhD, North Carolina State University, Department of Sociology & Anthropology, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695-8107; and D. Wes Watson, PhD, North Carolina State University, Department of Entomology, Campus Box 7626, Raleigh, NC 27612 Chelsey Juarez, MA*, University of California - Santa Cruz, Social Science 1, Department of Anthropology, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064; and Cris E. Hughes, MA, 2306 East Delaware Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802 Matthew Rhode, PhD*, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam, AFB, HI 96853 6 Kathleen M. Loyd, MA*, Joint POW-MIA Accounting Command Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Ann H. Ross, PhD*, North Carolina State University, Department of Sociology & Anthropology, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695-8107; and Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD*, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820 Jonathan D. Bethard, MA*, Pellissippi State Community College, 10915 Hardin Valley Road, PO Box 22990, Knoxville, TN 37933 Thomas D. Holland, PhD*, DoD JPAC, Central ID Lab, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Bruce E. Anderson, PhD, Forensic Science Center, Office of the Medical Examiner, 2825 East District Street, Tucson, AZ 85714; Elizabeth A. Murray, PhD*, College of Mount Saint Joseph, Department of Biology, 5701 Delhi Road, Cincinnati, OH 45233-1670; Susan M.T. Myster, PhD, Hamline University, MB 196, 1536 Hewitt Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55104; and Jennifer C. Love, PhD, Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054 Gwendolyn M. Haugen, MA*, Saint Louis County Medical Examiner’s Office, 6039 Helen Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63134; Gina O. Hart, MA, 325 Norfolk Street, Newark, NJ 07103-2701; and Pamela M. Steger, MS, 934 Sycamore Street, San Marcos, TX 78666 7 Index 2 6 7 8 8 9 10 10 Forensic Anthropology and Virtual Human Remains: Ethics in Uncharted Territory Femmes Fatales: Why Do Women Dominate the Discipline of Forensic Anthropology? Development of the Colombian Skeletal Collection A Bayesian Approach to Multifactorial Age-at-Death Estimation The Use of Vertebral Osteoarthritis and Osteophytosis in Age Estimation Error and Uncertainty in Pelvic Age Estimation Part II: Younger vs. Older Adult Females Assumptions and Bias in Recalibrating Age Standards Across Populations Sacral Epiphyseal Fusion at S1-S2: Classification, Comparability, and Error An Evaluation of the Chen et al. Pubic Aging Method on a North American Sample The Accuracy of the Lamendin Method of Dental Aging in Teeth With Fillings Stephanie L. Davy-Jow, PhD*, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UNITED KINGDOM; Summer J. Decker, MS, USF COM Department of Pathology, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, MDC 11, Tampa, FL 33612; and Diane L. France, PhD, Colorado State University, Human Identification Lab, Department of Anthropology, Fort Collins, CO 80523 Anna Williams, PhD*, Cranfield University, Defense Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UNITED KINGDOM Cesar Sanabria, MA*, Instituto de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses, Calle 7a #12-61, Segundo Piso, Bogota, COLOMBIA; and Elizabeth A. DiGangi, PhD*, ICITAP, Calle 125 #19-89, Office 401, Bogota, COLOMBIA Natalie M. Uhl, MS*, 308 North Orchard Street, Apartment 7, Urbana, IL 61801; Nicholas V. Passalacqua, MS, 1559 Mount Vernon, East Lansing, MI 48823; and Lyle W. Konigsberg, PhD, University of Illinois, 109 Davenport Hall, 607 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 Ginesse A. Listi, PhD*, and Mary H. Manhein, MA, Louisiana State University, Department of Geography & Anthropology, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Allysha P. Winburn, MA*, and Carrie A. Brown, MA, Joint POW/MIA Acct Command, Central Identification Lab, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD*, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820; and Lyle W. Konigsberg, PhD, University of Illinois, Department of Anthropology, 109 Davenport Hall, 607 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 Carrie A. Brown, MA*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Central Identification Laboratory, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Julie M. Fleischman, BA*, Michigan State University, 560 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 11 Kristin E. Horner, MA*, Secchia Center, 15 Michigan Street Northeast, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 17 Index 3 11 12 13 13 14 15 16 16 Three-Dimensional Geometric Morphometric Analysis and Multislice Computed Tomography: Application for Adult Sexual Dimorphism in Human Coxal Bone Estimation of Stature From Foot and its Segments in a Sub-Adult Population of North India New Linear Measurements for the Estimation of Sex From the Human Sacrum Sex Discrimination Using Patellar Measurements: Method and Validation Study Sex Estimation Using the Petrous Portion of the Temporal Bone By Linear Regression Anaylsis Age Estimation Utilizing Postnatal Dental Mineralization: An Exploratory Analysis of Molar Development for a Contemporary Florida Population. A New Method for Height Estimation Using Photogrammetry: Reliability and Validity Fabrice Dedouit, Ph D*, Service de Médecine Légale, Hôpital de Rangueil, 1 Avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès, TSA 50032, Toulouse Cedex 9, 31059, FRANCE; Marie Faruch Bifeld, MS, Service de Médecine Légale, CHU Toulouse-Rangueil, 1 Avenue Professeur Jean Poulhès, Toulouse Cedex 9, 31059, FRANCE; José Braga, PhD, Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie AMIS, FRE 2960 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 37 allées Jules Guesde, Toulouse, 31000, FRANCE; Nicolas Sans, PhD, Service de Radiologie, CHU Toulouse-Purpan, Place du Docteur Baylac, Toulouse, 31059, FRANCE; Hervé Rousseau, PhD, Service de Radiologie, CHU Toulouse-Rangueil, 1 Avenue Professeur Jean Poulhès, Toulouse, 31059, FRANCE; Eric Crubezy, PhD, Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie AMIS, FRE 2960 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 37 allées Jules Guesde, Toulouse, 31000, FRANCE; Daniel Rouge, PhD, Service de Médecine Légale, CHU Toulouse-Rangueil, 1 Avenue Professeur Jean Poulhès, Toulouse, 31059, FRANCE; and Norbert Telmov, PhD, Service MedicoJudiciaire, CHU Rangueil, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhes, Toulouse, F-31054, FRANCE Kewal Krishan, PhD*, Panjab University, Department of Anthropology, Sectoc-14, Chandigarh, 160 014, INDIA; Tanuj Kanchan, MD, Kasturba Medical College, Department of Forensic Medicine, Light House Hill Road, Mangalore, 575 001, INDIA; and Neelam Passi, MSc, Panjab University, Department of Anthropology, Sector-14, Chandigarh, HI 160 014, INDIA Jennifer M. Vollner, MS*, 328 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824; Nicholas V. Passalacqua, MS, 1559 Mount Vernon, East Lansing, MI 48823; and Christopher W. Rainwater, MS, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Matthew Rhode, PhD*, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam, AFB, HI 96853 17 Dolly K. Stolze, MA*, 1900 Huntington Lane, Apartment 4, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 20 Meryle A. Dotson, BA*, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33620; Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820; and Lyle W. Konigsberg, PhD, University of Illinois, Department of Anthropology, 109 Davenport Hall, 607 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 Antonio De Donno, PhD*, and Bruno Morgese, MD, Section of Legal Medicine - University of Bari, Pizza Giulio Cesare n.11, Bari, 70124, ITALY; Maurizio Scarpa, MD, Pizza G. Cesare 11 University of Bari, Bari, ITALY; and Francesco Introna, PhD, Section of Legal Medicine DiMIMP, P.zza Giulio Cesare n.11, Bari, 70124, ITALY 20 Index 4 18 19 19 21 Contribution of the Maxillary Sinus Analysis for Human Identification Evaluating the Performance of Population Estimation Methods in Commingled Skeletal Assemblages Revising Revisions: Modification of the Measurement of the Sacral Body Height for Use in Fully’s (1956) Anatomical Method of Stature Estimation Investigating Between Group Differences in Zygomaxillary Suture Form Using Fourier Analysis An Investigation and Critique of the DiGangi et al. (2009) First Rib Aging Method Cervical Vertebral Centra Epiphyseal Union as an Age Estimation Method in Teenage and Young Adult Skeletons A Pilot Study in the Forensic Potential of the Health Index Demographic Differences of Homicide Victims Examined by Forensic Anthropologists in Comparison to National Homicide Victim Trends Ancestry Estimation Using Random Forest Modeling Ancestry Determination From Foramen Magnum Group Classification Using Traditional Craniometrics, Angle Measurements, Geometric Morphometric Techniques, and the Potential Applications of These Methods to Fragmentary Crania Jamilly O. Musse, PhD*, Jeidson A.M. Marques, PhD, Faculty of Dentistry, Feira de Santana State University (UEFS), Fanco Manoel da Silva, 437, Cidade Nova, Feira de Santana - Bahia, 44053-060, BRAZIL; and Rogério N. Oliveira, PhD, University of São Paulo, Lineu Prestes, 5081, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-000, BRAZIL Bradley I. Lanning, MA*, Jolen Anya Minetz, MA, and Jennie J.H. Jin, PhD, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96835 Atsuko Hayashi, BA*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 968535530 Sabrina B. Sholts, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-3210; and Sebastian K.T.S. Wärmländer, PhD, Stockholm University, Division of Biophysics, Stockholm, 10691, SWEDEN Sara M. Getz, BS*, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 A. Midori Albert, PhD*, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Anthropology, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403-5907 Nicholas V. Passalacqua, MS*, 1559 Mount Vernon, East Lansing, MI 48823; Jennifer M. Vollner, MS, 328 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824; Dominique Semeraro, MS, Office of State Medical Examiners, 48 Orms Street, Providence, RI 02904; and Christopher W. Rainwater, MS, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Alma Koon, BS*, 731 Pond Branch Road, Lexington, SC 29073; and Katherine E. Weisensee, PhD*, Clemson University, Department of Sociology & Anthropology, 132 Brackett Hall, Clemson, SC 29634 Joseph T. Hefner, PhD*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96583; Kate Spradley, PhD, Department of Anthropology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666; and Bruce E. Anderson, PhD, Forensic Science Center, Office of the Medical Examiner, 2825 East District Street, Tucson, AZ 85714 Stephanie Marie Crider, MA*, Louisiana State University, Department of Geography and Anthropology, 227 HoweRussell-Kniffen Geosciences Complex, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and Mary H. Manhein, MA, Department of Geography & Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Jolen Anya Minetz, MA*, and Jiro Manabe, MA, JPACCIL, 310 Worchester Avenue Building 45, Hickam AFB, Honolulu, HI 96853 Index 5 21 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 27 27 Sex and Ancestry Estimation Using the Olecranon Fossa Applicability of Femur Subtrochanteric Shape to Ancestry Assessment Improving Sex Estimation From the Cranium Using 3-Dimensional Modeling From CT Scans Dismemberment: Cause of Death in the Colombian Armed Conflict CPR Fractures in Infants: When Do They Occur? The Relationship Between Directionality of Force and the Formation of Butterfly Fractures Microscopic Analysis of Sharp Force Trauma From Knives: A Validation Study Strontium Particles: Confirmation of Primer Derived Gunshot Residue on Bone in an Experimental Setting Determining the Epidemiology of Hyoid Fractures in Cases of Hanging and Strangulation Fusion Patterns in Modern Hyoid Bones The Prosecution of a 28-Year-Old Case of Shaken Baby Syndrome Michael W. Kenyhercz, MS*, 6327 Catawba Drive, Canfield, OH 44406 Sean D. Tallman, MA*, and Allysha P. Winburn, MA, Joint POW/MIA Acct Command, Central ID Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 968535530 Natalie R. Shirley, PhD*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Emam E.A. Fatah, MS, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Tennessee, 307 Perkins Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Richard Jantz, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720; and Mohamed Mahfouz, PhD, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Tennessee, 307 Perkins Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Isla Y. Campos Varela*, and Maria D. Morcillo, MD, National Institute of Legal Medicine, Calle 7 A Number 1261, Piso 3, Bogota, COLOMBIA Miriam E. Soto, MA*, The University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Tammy S. Thomas, BS*, 910 San Jacinto Street, Lockhart, TX 78644; and Tal Simmons, PhD, School of Forensic & Investigative Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UNITED KINGDOM Christopher W. Rainwater, MS*, and Christian Crowder, PhD, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016; and Jeannette S. Fridie, MA, 520 First Avenue, Forensic Anthropology Unit, New York, NY 10016 Alicja K. Kutyla, MS*, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720; and Hugh E. Berryman, PhD, Department Sociology & Anthropology, Middle Tennessee State University, Box 89, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 Samantha M. Seasons, BA*, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620; Charles A. Dionne, MA, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33620-7200; Leszek Chrostowski, MD, Hillsborough County Medical Examiner’s Office, 11025 North 46th Street, Tampa, FL 33617; and Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820 Charles A. Dionne, MA*, and Samantha M. Seasons, BA, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33620; Leszek Chrostowski, MD, Hillsborough County Medical Examiner’s Office, 11025 North 46th Street, Tampa, FL 33617; and Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820 Turhon A. Murad, PhD*, California State University Chico, Department of Anthropology, 400 West First Street Chico, Chico, CA 95929-0400 Index 6 28 29 29 30 31 31 32 32 33 33 34 Infanticide and Unclear Law: The Death of Four Infants Proficiency and Competency Testing — What They Are, What They Are Not Errors, Error Rates, and Their Meanings in Forensic Science A Simulation for Exploring the Effects of the “Trait List” Method’s Subjectivity on Consistency and Accuracy of Ancestry Estimations The More the Better?: Evaluating the Impact of Fixed Semi-Landmark Number in Cranial Shape Variation Analyses A Performance Check of Ear Prediction Guidelines Used in Facial Approximation Based on CT Scans of Living People The Importance of Testing and Understanding Statistical Methods in the Age of Daubert: Can FORDISC Really Classify Individuals Correctly Only One Percent of the Time? Forensic Interviews: Corroborating Evidence and Collecting Data for Anthropological Field Work Archaeological Methodology Used at the World Trade Center Site During the 2006/2007 Recovery Excavation William C. Rodriguez III, PhD*, Armed Forces Medical Examiner, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 102, Rockville, MD 20850; Tasha Z. Greenburg, MD, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 7530; and David R. Fowler, MD, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 111 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201 Vincent J. Sava, MA*, JPAC, Central Identification Lab, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Angi M. Christensen, PhD, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; Christian M. Crowder, PhD*, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016; Stephen D. Ousley, PhD, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic, Anthropology, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; and Max M. Houck, PhD, West Virginia University, 1600 University Avenue, 208 Oglebay Hall, Morgantown, WV 26506-6217 Cris E. Hughes, PhD*, 2306 East Delaware Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802; Chelsey A. Juarez, PhD, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Social Science 1, Department of Anthropology, Santa Cruz, California 95064; Gillian M. Fowler, MS, Lincoln University, Brayford Pool Lincoln, Lincolnshire, LN6 7TS, UNITED KINGDOM; Taylor Hughes, PhD, University of UrbanaChampaign, 2306 East Delaware Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802; and Shirley C. Chacon, BA, FAFG, Avenida Simeón Cañas 10-64 zona 2, Guatemala, 01002, GUATEMALA Shanna E. Williams, PhD*, University of Florida, Department of Anatomy, PO Box 100235, Gainesville, FL 32610-0235 Pierre Guyomarc’h, MS*, Universite Bordeaux 1, UMR 5199 PACEA, UMR 5199 PACEA, Universite Bordeaux 1, Av des Facultes, Bat B8, Talence, 33405, FRANCE; Carl N. Stephan, PhD, JPAC - CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Nicole D. Siegel, DVM*, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106-1767; and Stephen D. Ousley, PhD, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic, Anthropology, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Charles J. Massucci, MA*, Tampa Police Department, 411 North Franklin Avenue, Tampa, FL 33602; and Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820 Scott C. Warnasch, MA*, New York City Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016; Christian Crowder, PhD, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016; and Kristen Hartnett, PhD, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Forensic Anthropology, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Index 7 34 35 36 36 37 38 38 39 39 World Trade Center Revisited: A Bayesian Approach to Disaster Victim Identification New Forensic Archaeological Recovery Protocols for Fatal Fire Scenes Using Spatial Analysis to Recognize Normal and Abnormal Patterns in Burned Bodies Recovery and Identification of a WWI American Doughboy in Rembercourt-surMad, France The Fromelles Project – The Recovery and Identification of British and Australian WWI Soldiers From Mass Graves in Northern France Validation of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) to Determine Osseous or Dental Origin of Unknown Material The Condyle Connection: Forensic Implications for the Association Between the Condyles of the Femur and Tibia Craniometric Variation in the Caribbean and Latin America as Influenced by the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Regional Variation of the Proximal Femur in the United States: Analysis of Data From NHANES III Morphometric Evaluation of Nasal Characteristics in 20th Century White and Black South Africans Can Femoral Shape be Used to Estimate Weight? Benjamin J. Figura, MA*, New York City Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Dennis C. Dirkmaat, PhD, Luis L. Cabo-Pérez, MS, Alexandra R. Klales, MS*, Erin Chapman, MS, and Allison M. Nesbitt, MS, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Christina L. Fojas, MS*, Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902; Christopher W. Rainwater, MS, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016; Luis L. Cabo-Pérez, MS, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; and Steven A. Symes, PhD, Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th, Erie, PA 16546-0001 Denise To, PhD*, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; and Carrie A. Brown, MA, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Lab, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Roland Wessling, MSc*, Inforce Foundation, Cranfield University, Cranfield Forensic Institute, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UNITED KINGDOM; and Louise Loe, PhD, Oxford Archaeology, Janus House, Osney Mead, Oxford, OX2 0ES, UNITED KINGDOM Angi M. Christensen, PhD*, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Forensic Anthropology Program (TEU), Quantico, VA 22135; Michael A. Smith, PhD, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Chemistry Unit, Quantico, VA 22135; and Richard M. Thomas, PhD, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, Trace Evidence Unit, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135 Erin B. Waxenbaum, PhD*, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60208; and Kelsea Linney, BA*, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60208 Ashley L. Humphries, BA*, North Carolina State University, Department of Sociology & Anthropology, 334 1911 Building, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695 Richard A. Gonzalez, PhD*, Saint Lawrence University, Department of Anthropology, 1 Romoda Drive, Canton, NY 13617 Jennifer L. McDowell, BSc, University of Pretoria, Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Sciences Building, PO Box 2034, Pretoria, 0001, SOUTH AFRICA; Ericka N. L’Abbe, PhD*, University of Pretoria, PO Box 5023, Pretoria, 0001, SOUTH AFRICA; and Michael W. Kenyhercz, MS, 6327 Catawba Drive, Canfield, OH 44406 Gina M. Agostini, MA*, 83 Newton Street, Greenfield, MA 01301 Index 8 40 41 41 42 43 43 44 44 45 46 46 Osteometric Analysis of the Vertebral Column Variation in Browridge and Chin Morphologies: Sexual Dimorphism and Covariation With Body Size Taphonomic Changes Observed on Skeletal Remains in Southeast Texas Using the Freeze-Thaw Cycle to Determine the Postmortem Interval: An Assessment of Pig Decomposition in West Central Montana Animal Scavenging and Taphonomic Interpretation: An Evaluation of the Role of Scavenger Behavior and Environmental Context in Outdoor Forensic Scenes A Longitudinal Study on the Outdoor Human Decomposition Sequence in Central Texas Taphonomy Reader Beta-Version: A Software to Help in Taphonomic Syndromes Diagnosis Comparison of Fresh Tissue Autopsy and Skeletal Analysis Reports in Colombia Conditions for Breaking Down Mummified Tissue and the Subsequent Implications for Time Since Death Comparing Human and Porcine Infant Parietal Histomorphology to Facilitate Research on Pediatric Cranial Trauma Identification vs. Cause of Death in Mass Graves Where Individuals are Commingled in Colombia Positive Identification Through Comparative Panoramic Radiography of the Maxillary Sinuses: A Validation Study Jolen Anya Minetz, MA*, JPAC/CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; Bradley I. Lanning, MA, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96835; Kylie Puzzuto, West Virginia University, PO Box 6201, Morgantown, WV 26506; and Elizabeth Okrutny, BS, Central Florida University, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32816 Heather M. Garvin, MS*, Johns Hopkins University, 1830 East Monument Street, Room 302, Baltimore, MD 21205 47 Charity G. Owings, BS*, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77845; Nicole C. Larison, BS*, Sam Houston State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Box 2116, Huntsville, TX 77341; and Joan A. Bytheway, PhD, Sam Houston State University, Box 2296, Huntsville, TX 773412296 Beatrix Dudzik, MA*, and Hillary R. Parsons, MA, 508 Chisholm Trail, Knoxville, TN 37919-7050; and Ashley H. McKeown, PhD, University of Montana, Department of Anthropology, Missoula, MT 59812 Lisa N. Bright, BS*, 1259 Hobart, Chico, CA 95926 48 Joanna K. Suckling, BS*, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666 50 Matteo Borrini, MS*, via del Mattone 17\a, La Spezia, 19131, ITALY; Maria V. Tumbarello, Via Luigi Calabresi 14, Montecatini (PT), AE 51016, ITALY Karen R. Burns, PhD*, University of Utah, Department of Anthropology, 270 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0060; and Ana C. Guatame-Garcia, MSc, Calle 126A #7C-45, Bogota, COLOMBIA Kanya Godde, PhD*, Texas State University, San Marcos, Department of Anthropology, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666 Lindsey L. Jenny, MA, Paige V. Wojcik, BS*, and Todd W. Fenton, PhD, Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 Maria D. Morcillo, MD*, and Isla Y. Campos Varela, National Institute of Legal Medicine, Calle 7 A Number 1261, Piso 3, Bogota, COLOMBIA Angela Soler, MA*, Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 50 Index 9 48 49 49 51 52 52 53 53 New Method of Identification Based on Computer-Assisted Radiograph Comparison Test of Osteon Circularity as a Method of Human/Non-Human Identification The Evaluation of Bone Area as a Histomorphometric Variable for Estimating Age at Death Improving Forensic Facial Reproductions Using Empirical Modeling Prediction of Mouth Shape Using Geometric Morphometrics for Facial Approximation The Effects of Avian and Terrestrial Scavenger Activity on Human Remains in the Piney Woods of Southeast Texas Scavenging Impacts on the Progression of Decomposition in Northern New England Decomposition Patterns of Human Remains Within Enclosed Environments: A Comparative Analysis of the Midwest and Southeast Using Algae to Estimate Postmortem Submersion Interval in a Louisiana Bayou Sharon M. Derrick, PhD*, Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054; John A. Hipp, PhD, Medical Metrics, Incorporated, 2121 Sage Road, Houston, TX 77056; Jennifer C. Love, PhD, and Jason M. Wiersema, PhD, Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054; N. Shastry Akella, PhD, Medical Metrics, Incorporated, 2121 Sage Road, Houston, TX 77056; and Luis A. Sanchez, MD, Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054 MariaTeresa A. Tersigni-Tarrant, PhD*, MCG/UGA Medical Partnership, 279 Williams Street, Athens, GA 30602; John E. Byrd, PhD, 95-033 Hokuiwa Street, #51, Mililani, HI 96853-5530; and Jiro Manabe, MA, JPACCIL, 310 Worchester Avenue Building 45, Hickam AFB, Honolulu, HI 96853 Janna M. Andronowski, BA*, University of Toronto, 19 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S2, CANADA; and Christian Crowder, PhD, New York Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Brian Wood, MS*, University of Tennessee, 315 Pasqua Engineering Building, Knoxville, TN 37996; Richard Jantz, PhD, Lee Meadows Jantz, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720; and Mohamed Mahfouz, PhD, University of Tennessee, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, 307 Perkins Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Pierre Guyomarc’h, MS*, Bruno Dutailly, MS, Christine Couture, PhD, and Helene Coqueugniot, PhD, Universite Bordeaux 1 - UMR 5199 PACEA, Universite Bordeaux 1, UMR 5199 PACEA - LAPP, Av des Facultes, Bat B8, Talence, 33405, FRANCE Kathryn E. Moss, BS*, 4800 Calhoun Street, Houston, TX 77004; and Angela D. Rippley, BS, and Joan A. Bytheway, PhD, Sam Houston State University, Box 2296, Huntsville, TX 77341-2296 Marcella H. Sorg, PhD*, University of Maine, Margaret Chase Smith Policy Center, 5784 York Complex, Building #4, Orono, ME 04469 Melissa A. Pope, MA*, University of South Florida, Anthropology Department, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620 54 Sophia G.D. Renke, MA*, Faculty of Law, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H5, CANADA; Mary H. Manhein, MA, Department of Geography & Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and Sibel Bargu-Ates, PhD, Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, 1235 Energy, Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 59 Index 10 55 55 56 57 57 58 59 Profiling of Marine Microbial Communities Associated With Decomposing Remains Can Indicate Postmortem Submersion Interval Scavenging and Its Relationship to Decomposition in the Northern Rockies Anaerobic and Aerobic Decomposition in 55-gallon Oil Drums: A Two-Year Study on the Deliberate Concealment of Remains Potential Impact of Regional Ecologies on the Estimation of Postmortem Interval: Case Comparisons From Northern New England The Relationship Between Ambient Temperature and the Temperature of Maggot Masses on Decomposing Pig and Rabbit Carcasses Gemma C. Dickson, BSc*, and Russell T.M. Poulter, PhD, University of Otago, Department of Biochemistry, PO Box 56, Dunedin, AS 9054, NEW ZEALAND; Jules A. Kieser, PhD, University of Otago, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, PO Box 647, Dunedin, AS 9054, NEW ZEALAND; Elizabeth W. Maas, PhD, National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Ltd. (NIWA), Private Bag 14901, Wellington, AS 9054, NEW ZEALAND; and P. Keith Probert, PhD, University of Otago, Department of Marine Science, PO Box 56, Dunedin, AS 9054, NEW ZEALAND Ashley H. McKeown, PhD*, University of Montana, Department of Anthropology, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812; Walter L. Kemp, MD, Department Of Justice, State of Montana, Forensic Science Division, 2679 Palmer, Missoula, MT 59808-6010; and Beatrix Dudzik, MA, and Hillary R. Parsons, MA, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Lauren R. Pharr, MA*, and Mary H. Manhein, MA, Louisiana State University, Department of Geography & Anthropology, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and Wayne L. Kramer, PhD, Louisiana State University, Department of Entomology, 404 Life Science Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Kerriann Marden, MA*, 3800 New Hampshire Avenue, Northwest, Apartment #509, Washington, DC 20011; and Marcella H. Sorg, PhD, University of Maine, Margaret Chase Smith Policy Center, 5784 York Complex, Building #4, Orono, ME 04469 Amanda B. Troy, MSc*, 13 Castlerock, Tulla Road, Ennis, IRELAND; and Colin Moffatt, PhD, and Tal Simmons, PhD, School of Forensic & Investigative Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UNITED KINGDOM Index 11 60 61 61 62 63 Interpretation and Confirmation of Patterned Clothing Stains Observed on Both Tibiae A Preliminary Study of the Timing of Specific Characteristics of Copper and Iron Discoloration on Bone Detecting Various Burial Scenarios in a Controlled Setting Using GroundPenetrating Radar Precision of Coordinate Landmark Data Acquired From the Os Coxa The Utility of Cohen’s Kappa for Testing Observer Error in Discrete Data and Alternatives Tags and Spurs: Morphological Features of Cranial Blunt Force Trauma Fractures Primary and Secondary Skeletal Blast Trauma Case Studies and Patterns of Postmortem Dismemberment A SEM-EDS Trace Elemental Analysis of Sharp Force Trauma on Bone 2010 Danielle A.M. Wieberg, MA*, Knoxville Police Department, 800 Howard Baker, Jr. Avenue, PO Box 3610, Knoxville, TN 37927; and Daniel J. Wescott, PhD, Florida International University, Department of Biological Sciences, 11200 Southwest 8th Street, Miami, FL 333199 Cate E. Bird, BA*, Michigan State University, 2740 Senate Drive, #3E, Lansing, MI 48912; and Amy R. Michael, BA, Michigan State University, 528 West Lapeer Street, Lansing, MI 48933 Michael Martin, BS*, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Phillips Hall, Room 309, Orlando, FL 32816; and John J. Schultz, PhD, University of Central Florida, Department of Anthropology, PO Box 25000, Orlando, FL 32816 Joan A. Bytheway, PhD*, Sam Houston State University, Chemistry & Forensic Science Building, 1003 Bowers Boulevard, Box 2525, Huntsville, TX 77340; and Ann H. Ross, PhD*, North Carolina State University, Sociology and Anthropology, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 276958107 Alexandra R. Klales, MS*, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; and Stephen D. Ousley, PhD, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic, Anthropology, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Vincent H. Stefan, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, Lehman College, CUNY, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard, West, Bronx, NY 10468 Angi M. Christensen, PhD*, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, Trace Evidence Unit Anthropology, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; Vanessa Ramos, BS, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA ; Rachealle Sanford, BA, Western Kentucky University, College Heights Boulevard, Bowling Green, KY 42101; Candie Shegogue, BS, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; Victoria A. Smith, MA*, ORAU, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, Trace Evidence Unit, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; and W. Mark Whitworth, BS, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Explosives Unit, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135 Nicolette M. Parr, MS*, 1305 Northeast 6th Terrace, Gainesville, Florida ; Katherine Skorpinski, MA, 1626 Southwest 14th Street, Aartment 16, Gainesville, FL 32608; Traci L. Van Deest, MA, 121 Southeast 16th Avenue, Apartment J201, Gainesville, FL 32601; and Laurel Freas, MA, 3425 Southwest 2nd Avenue, #246, Gainesville, FL 32607 Shannon E. May, MA*, 250 South Stadium Hall, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37966 Index 12 64 64 65 65 66 66 67 68 68 Long Bone Healing Following Trauma Schmorl’s Nodes in the Skeletal Remains of an American Military Population: Frequency, Formation, and Etiology Protocol for Objective Evidentiary Photography in Forensic Anthropology Postmortem Interval of Surface Remains During Spring in Southeast Texas Common Household Rope and an Outdoor Hanging: An Investigation Sparked by a Skeletal Case Exhibiting Cervical Vertebra Entrapment Estimating Sex of the Human Skeleton Based on Metrics of the Sternum Microscopic Markers of Trauma in Decomposed Bone and Skin Can We Estimate Stature From the Scapula? A Test Considering Sex and Ancestry Lenore Barbian, PhD*, Department of History & Anthropology, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania, Edinboro, PA 16444 Kelly L. Burke, MSc*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Malina L. Reveal, MSc*, PO Box 4493, Chico, CA 95927; and Ian Hanson, MSc, Bournemouth University, Room C136, Christchurch House, Talbott Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, UNITED KINGDOM Katelyn A. Stafford*, Sam Houston State Univeristy, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 2117, 1003 Bowers Boulevard, Huntsville, TX 77341; Kathryn E. Moss, BS*, 4800 Calhoun Street, Houston, TX 77004; Natalie Lindgren, BS, Sam Houston State University, College of Criminal Justice, 1300 Bowers Boulevard, Huntsville, TX 77340; and Joan A. Bytheway, PhD*, Sam Houston State University, Chemistry & Forensic Science Building, 1003 Bowers Boulevard, Box 2525, Huntsville, TX 77340 Alicja K. Kutyla, MS*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Rebecca J. Wilson, MA, 3108 Rennoc Road, Knoxville, TN 37918; and Hugh E. Berryman, PhD, Department Sociology & Anthropology, Middle Tennessee State University, Box 89, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 Rosanne Bongiovanni, BA*, 601 University Drive, ELA 232, San Marcos, TX 78666 Anna Taborelli, MD, and Salvatore Andreola, MD, Sezione di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze Biomediche, V. Mangiagalli, 37, Milan, ITALY; Alessia Di Giancamillo, DVM, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Veterinarie p, Università degli Studi, Milan, ITALY; Guendalina Gentile, BSc, Sezione di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze Biomediche, Via Mangiagalli, 37, Milano, ITALY; Daniele Gibelli, MD*, and Marketa Pechnikova, BSc, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Sezione di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze Biomediche, Via Mangiagalli, 37, Milan, ITALY; Cinzia Domeneghini, DVM, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Veterinarie, Università degli Studi, Milan, ITALY; Marco Grandi, MD, Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni di Milano, Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze Biomediche, V. Mangiagalli, 37, Milan, ITALY; and Cristina Cattaneo, PhD, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Sezione di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze Biomediche, V. Mangiagalli, 37, Milan, ITALY Rachel M. Burke, MA*, 10024 Northeast 120th Sreet #D3, Kirkland, WA Index 13 69 70 70 71 71 72 73 73 A Pilot Study on Nuclear DNA Recovery From Charred White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Bone Tissue Rolling Bones: A Field “System” for the Recovery and Transportation of Fragile Skeletal Evidence The Effects of Fire Suppression Techniques on Burned Bone Burned Beyond Recognition: Can the Biological Profile Be Estimated From Unprocessed Human Cremated Remains? Effects of Heat-Modification on Sharp Force Trauma in Charred Remains Teaching Forensic Field Methods to Anthropology Students: The University of West Florida Model Fatal Fire Modeling: Replicating Environmental and Human Factors Associated With the Recovery and Analysis of Burned Human Remains Differentiating Peri- and Postmortem Fractures in Burned Postcranial Remains Towards a Standardization of Burnt Bone Analysis: The Use of Micro-Computed Tomography and 3-Dimensional Imaging to Assess Morphological Change Mama Mia! Murder and Disposal of a Corpse in a Pizza Oven XRD and FTIR: A Diagnostic Tool to Determine Whether or Not a DNA Profile Can Be Successfully Generated From Heat Treated Bone Prior to DNA Extraction Taphonomic Patterns: Can Brush Fires Mimic the Natural Decomposition of Heavy Muscle Markers on Bone? Differential Decomposition Patterns in Charred Versus Un-Charred Remains Rethinking Bone Trauma: A New Biomechanical Continuum Based Approach Jordan N. Espenshade, BS*, 1420 Centre Avenue, Apartment 103, Pittsburgh, PA 15282; and Lisa Ludvico, PhD, Duquesne University Department of Biology, 341 Fisher Hall 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 Julie M. Saul, BA*, Lucas County Coroner’s Office Forensic Anthropology Lab, 2595 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614-2674; Frank P. Saul, PhD*, Lucas County Coroners Office, US HHS DMORT 5, 2595 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614-2674; G. Michael Pratt, PhD, Heidelberg University, Department of Anthropology, 310 East Market Street, Tiffin, OH 44993; Richard P. Brownley, BA, Ohio Peace Officers Training Academy, 1650 State Route 56, London, OH 43140; and Lauri M. Martin, PhD, University of Texas, Austin, Department of Anthropology, Campus Mail Code C3200 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712 Briana K. Curtin, BA*, 1901 Elaine Drive, St. Joseph, MO 64505 Teresa G. Nugent, BA*, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, ELA 232, San Marcos, TX 78666 74 Daisy D.M. Vincent, MA*, 29 rue des Poudrieres, Neuchatel, 2000, SWITZERLAND A. Joanne Curtin, PhD*, University of West Florida, Department of Anthropology, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL 32514 Elayne J. Pope, PhD*, Anthropology Department, University of West Florida, Anthropology Building 13, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL 32514 76 Elayne J. Pope, PhD, Heidi S. Davis, BA, BS*, and Ashley E. Shidner, BA, University of West Florida, Anthropology Department,11000 University Parkway, Building 13, Pensacola, FL 32514 Patrick Randolph-Quinney, PhD*, Centre for Anatomy & Human Identification, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UNITED KINGDOM 78 William C. Rodriguez III, PhD*, Armed Forces Medical Examiner’s Office, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 102, Rockville, MD 20850 Jamie D. Fredericks, MSc*, Cranfield University, SCR 12, DASSR, Shrivenham, Swindon, SN6 8LA, UNITED KINGDOM 79 Tricia A. Fernandes, BSc*, Saint Mary’s University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3C3, CANADA 80 Ariel M. Gruenthal, BA*, 2534 E, Eureka, CA 95501 81 Anne Kroman, PhD*, Lincolm Memorial UniversityDeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN 81 Index 14 74 75 75 77 77 78 80 A Forensic Pathology Tool to Predict Pediatric Skull Fracture Patterns – Part 2: Fracture Quantification and Further Investigations on Infant Cranial Bone Fracture Properties Objective Interpretation of the Striation Pattern Observed in Experimentally Cut Costal Cartilage The Contextual Nature of “Excessive Force”: Alcohol-Induced Osteopenia, Fracture Prevalence, and Healing Rates Among In-Custody and Homicide Deaths From the Harris County Medical Examiner’s Office Patterns of Trauma on the Skeletal Remains of U.S. Soldiers in the Battle of East Chosin, North Korea Peri-Mortem Skeletal Trauma in U.S. Korean War Soldiers: An Epidemiological and Historical Study of Prisoner-of-War and Battlefield Casualties Preliminary Studies of the Isolation of Drugs From Bone and Bone Marrow: A Broadened Role for the Forensic Anthropologist The Effects of Varying pH on Bone in Aquatic Environments Taphonomic Processes Involved With the Decomposition of Human Remains Within the Puget Sound Nicholas V. Passalacqua, MS*, 3518 Hagadorn Road, Okemos, MI 48864-4200; Todd W. Fenton, PhD, Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824; Brian J. Powell, BS, and Timothy G. Baumer, BS, Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratories, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; William N. Newberry, MS, Exponent Failure Analysis Associates, Inc., Farmington Hills, MI 48331; and Roger C. Haut, PhD, A407 East Fee Hall, Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 Jennifer C. Love, PhD*, Jason M. Wiersema, PhD, and Sharon M. Derrick, PhD, Harris County Medical Examiner’s Office, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054; and Heather Backo, MA, Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, 1326 Audubon Street, New Orleans, LA 70118 Heather Backo, MA*, Tulane University Deaprtment of Anthropology, 1326 Audubon Street, New Orleans, LA 70118 82 James T. Pokines, PhD*, Kelly L. Burke, MSc, and Josephine M. Paolello, MS, JPAC/CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Joan E. Baker, PhD*, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; and Alexander F. Christensen, PhD, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Maranda A. Kles, MA*, C.A. Pound Human ID Labortory, 1376 Mowry Road, Room G17, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610; Bruce A. Goldberger, PhD, Department of Pathology, University of Florida College of Medicine, 4800 Southwest 35th Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608; Michele Merves, PhD, University of Florida, Rocky Point Labs, Toxicology, 4800 Southwest 35th Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608; and Michael W. Warren, PhD, C.A. Pound Human ID Laboratory, 1376 Mowry Road, Room G17, PO Box 113615, Gainesville, FL 32610, and John Krigbaum, PhD, University of Florida, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Department of Anthropology, 1112 Turlington Hall, Gainsville, FL 32611 Angi M. Christensen, PhD*, FBI Laboratory, Trace Evidence Unit - Anthropology, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; Kevin J. Horn, JD*, FBI Laboratory, Evidence Response Team Unit, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; and Sarah W. Myers, BA, Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322 Sarah M. Huntington, MSc*, PO Box 961, Kingston, WA 98346; and Tal Simmons, PhD, School of Forensic & Investigative Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, UNITED KINGDOM 84 Index 15 83 83 85 85 86 87 Microbial Marine Decomposition: Marine Bacteria as an Indicator of Postmortem Submersion Interval A Study of the Differences Between Fresh Water and Salt Water Decomposition: Establishing Time Since Death or Time Since Submergence Decomposition Patterns in Indoor Environments: A Comparative Analysis of Rodriguez and Bass’s Stages Differential Decomposition of NonTraumatized, Blunt Force, and Sharp Force-Traumatized Buried Pig Carcasses Application of Geopedology to Forensic Anthropology: Can Vivianite Be a Marker of Burial in Soil? – Three Case Reports Biometric Assessment of the Accuracy of a Large Sample of Three-Dimensional Computerized Facial Approximations Results From a Survey on Computerized Facial Approximation Gemma C. Dickson, BSc*, and Russell T.M. Poulter, PhD, University of Otago, Department of Biochemistry, PO Box 56, Dunedin, Otago 9054, NEW ZEALAND; Jules A. Kieser, PhD, University of Otago, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, PO Box 647, Dunedin, Otago 9054, NEW ZEALAND; Elizabeth W. Maas, PhD, National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Ltd. (NIWA), Private Bag 14901, Wellington, Otago 9054, NEW ZEALAND; and P. Keith Probert, PhD, University of Otago, Department of Marine Science, PO Box 56, Dunedin, Otago 9054, NEW ZEALAND Mallory S. Littman, BS*, and Peter J. Colleran, BS, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118; and Tara L. Moore, PhD, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118; and Billie L. Seet, MA, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 720 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118 Melissa A. Pope, BA*, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33612; and Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820 Donna C. Boyd, PhD*, Lindsay Sliwa, BS, and Cliff Boyd, PhD*, Radford University, Anthropological Sciences Program, School of Environmental and Physical Sciences, Radford, VA 24142 Stephania Ern, BSc, and Luca Trombino, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY; Daniele Gibelli, MD*, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Sezione di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze Biomediche, V. Mangiagalli, 37, Milan, ITALY; and Cristina Cattaneo, PhD, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Sezione di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze Biomediche, V. Mangiagalli, 37, Milan, ITALY Terrie L. Simmons, MA*, Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit, FBI Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; Peter H. Tu, PhD, and Jeffrey D. Erno, MS, GE Global Research, One Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY 12309; and Philip N. Williams, BS, and Keith L. Monson, PhD, Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit, FBI Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135 Terrie L. Simmons, MA*, FBI Laboratory Division, Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; Lisa G. Bailey, BA, FBI Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, SPU/Room 1115, Quantico, VA 22135; and Melissa A. Torpey, MS, Philip N. Williams, BS, and Keith L. Monson, PhD, Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit, FBI Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135 Index 16 87 88 88 89 90 90 91 Integrative Measurement Protocol Incorporating Morphometric and Behavioral Research Tools From Forensic Anthropology, Human Biology, and Primatology Evaluation of Bilateral Differences in Histomorphometry From the Anterior Cortex of the Femur of Korean Adults Phoebe R. Stubblefield, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of North Dakota, 236 Centennial Drive Stop 8374, Grand Forks, ND 58202; Susan C. Anton, PhD*, New York University, Department of Anthropology, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003; James J. Snodgrass, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, 1218 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 974051218; Christian Crowder, PhD, Medical Examiner’s Office, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016; Anthony Di Fiore, PhD, Department of Anthropology, New York University, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003; Dana L. Duren, PhD, Departments of Community Health, Neuroscience, Wright State Boonshoft School of Medicine, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435; Eduardo FernandezDuque, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, 3260 South Street, Philadelphia, PA 191046398; William R. Leonard, PhD, Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60208-1330; Steve Leigh, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 109 Davenport Hall, 607 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801; Felicia Madimenos, MS, Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, 1218 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97405-1218; Scott McGraw, PhD, Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, 174 West 18th Avenue Columbus, OH 43210; Emily R. Middleton, MS, and Chris A. Schmitt, MS, Department of Anthropology, New York University, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003; Richard J. Sherwood, PhD, Wright State Boonshoft School of Medicine, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435; Trudy R. Turner, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, PO Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201; Claudia R. Valeggia, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, 3260 South Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6398; and Francis J. White, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, 1218 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97405-1218 Seung Mook Jo, MD, PhD, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Department of Anatomy, 1198, Kuwol-dong, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 405760, KOREA; and Yi-Suk Kim, MD, PhD*, Ewha Womans University, Departement of Anatomy, School of Medicine, 911-1, Mok6-dong, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 158710, KOREA Index 17 92 93 Forensic Anthropological Consideration of Quantification Techniques of Individuals From Excavated Human Remains in Case of Burial Place at Daehak-Ro, Korea Stature Estimation: Are There Any Advantages to Using Principal Component Analysis? An Investigation Into the Rate of Decomposition of Decapitated Heads and Heads With an Attached Body An Assessment of a Simple Model and Method for Osteometric Sorting Improving Histomorphometric Age Estimation: An Application of Osteon Population Density on Kerley’s Original Sample Data Histological Age Estimation: Towards Standardizing Definitions of Bone Histological Variables And Dens There Were Two: The Utility of the Second Cervical Vertebra as an Indicator of Sex and Age-at-Death A Radiographic Assessment of Age Using Distal Radius Epiphysis Presence in a Modern Subadult Sample U-Young Lee, MD*, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpodong, Socho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA; Dae-Kyoon Park, MD, PhD, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, 366-1 Ssangyong-dong, Cheonansi, Seoul 330946 KOREA; Yi-Suk Kim, MD, PhD, Ewha Womans University, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, 911-1, Mok6-dong, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 158710, KOREA; Sang-Seob Lee, DDS, National Institute of Scientific Investigation, Shinwol-7-dong, Yancheon-gu, Seoul, 158707, KOREA; Yong-Woo Ahn, DDS, PhD, Institute of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 1-10, Ami-dong, Seo-gu, Busan, 602739, KOREA; Nak-Eun Jung, PhD, National Institute of Scientific Investigation, Shinwol-7-dong, Yancheon-gu, Seoul, 158707, KOREA; and Seung-Ho Han, MD, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA Kalan S. Lynn, BSc*, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; and Stephen D. Ousley, PhD, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic, Anthropology, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Tal Simmons, PhD*, School of Forensic & Investigative Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, UNITED KINGDOM; and Elizabeth A. Walker, BSc, 3 Ruskin Road, Birtley, Co Durham, DH3 1AD, UNITED KINGDOM Ana Del Alamo, BA*, 4521 Northeast 22 Road, Fort Lauderdale, FL Merissa Olmer, BA*, Department of Anthropology, University of Maryland, 1111 Woods Hall, College Park, MD 20742; Sophia Mavroudas, BA*, Department of Anthropology, New York University, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY; Franklin E. Damann, MA, National Museum of Heath and Medicine, AFIP, PO Box 59685, Washington, DC 20012-0685; and Christian Crowder, PhD, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Meghan-Tomasita J. Cosgriff-Hernandez, MS*, The Ohio State University, Department of Anthropology, 4034 Smith Laboratory, 174 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210; and Sam D. Stout, PhD, Ohio State University, Department of Anthropology, 4034 Smith Laboratory, Columbus, OH 43210-1106 Billie L. Seet, MA*, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 720 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118; and Jonathan D. Bethard, MA*, Pellissippi State Community College, 10915 Hardin Valley Road, PO Box 22990, Knoxville, TN 37933 Christina L. Fojas, BA*, Mercyhurst College, Department of Anthropology & Applied Forensic Sciences, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Index 18 93 94 94 95 95 96 97 97 New York City Unidentified Decedents From 1980 – 2008 Detecting Individuals With Reduced Mobility Using Femoral Morphology Sociocultural Factors in the Identification of Undocumented Migrants What’s in a Number: Statistical Paradigm Shifts in Forensic Anthropology The Use (and Abuse) of the Sacrum in Sex Determination Sex and Ancestry Estimation From Landmarks of the Cranial Base Virtual Sex: Phenice and Metrics of the Pelvis From 3D Computed Tomography (CT) Models Molar Crenulation as an Attribute of Ancestry in Forensic Cases: Identification and Accuracy Benjamin J. Figura, MA*, New York City Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Stephanie L. Child, MA*, University of Missouri, 107 Swallow Hall, Columbia, MO 65211; and Daniel J. Wescott, PhD, Florida International University, Department Biological Sciences, 11200 Southwest 8th Street, Miami, FL 333199 Robin Reineke, MA*, The University of Arizona, School of Anthropology, 1009 East South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ 85721; and Bruce E. Anderson, PhD, Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner, 2825 East District Street, Tucson, AZ 85714 Natalie R. Shirley, PhD*, Alicja K. Kutyla, MS, and Richard Jantz, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Elizabeth A. Miller, PhD*, California State University at Los Angeles, Department of Anthropology, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032; and Stephen D. Ousley, PhD, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic, Anthropology, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Ashley H. McKeown, PhD*, University of Montana, Department of Anthropology, Missoula, MT 59812; and Daniel J. Wescott, PhD, Florida International University, Department of Biological Sciences, 11200 Southwest 8th Street, Miami, FL 333199 Summer J. Decker, MA, MS*, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, MDC 11, Tampa, FL 33612; Stephanie L. Davy-Jow, PhD, School of Biological and Earth Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, 236, Byrum Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UNITED KINGDOM; and Jonathan M. Ford, MS, and Don R. Hilbelink, PhD, Deptartment of Pathology & Cell Biology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, MDC11, Tampa, FL 33612 Christen E. Herrick, BS*, and Heather A. Walsh-Haney, PhD, Florida Gulf Coast University, Division of Justice Studies, 10501 FGCU Boulevard AB3, Fort Myers, FL 33965-6565; Katy L. Shepherd, BS, Florida Gulf Coast University, Division of Justice Studies, 10501 FGCU Boulevard, South, Fort Myers, FL 33965; Marta U. Coburn, MD, District 20 Medical Examiner’s Office, 3838 Domestic Avenue, Naples, FL 34104; and Margarita Arruza, MD, Medical Examiner’s Office, 2100 Jefferson Street, Jacksonville, FL 32206 Index 19 98 99 99 100 100 101 101 102 Subadult Ancestry Determinations Using Geometric Morphometrics Craniometric Variation in South African and American Blacks Death on America’s Southern Border: A Summary of Five Years of Genetic Data Acquisition and Analysis of the Reuniting Families Project The Scientific Working Group for Forensic Anthropology Shanna E. Williams, PhD*, University of Florida, Department of Anatomy, PO Box 100235, Gainesville, FL 32610-0235; and Ann H. Ross, PhD, North Carolina State University, Sociology and Anthropology, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695-8107 Stephen D. Ousley, PhD*, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Anthropology, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; and Ericka N. L’Abbe, PhD*, PO Box 5023, Pretoria, 0001, SOUTH AFRICA Lori E. Baker, PhD*, Baylor University, Forensic Research Lab, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798-7388; and Yasmine M. Baktash, BA, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798 Thomas D. Holland, PhD*, DoD JPAC, Central ID Lab, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; Angi M. Christensen, PhD*, FBI Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; Bradley J. Adams, PhD, New York Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016; Bruce E. Anderson, PhD, Forensic Science Center, 2825 East District Street, Tucson, AZ 85714; Hugh E. Berryman, PhD, Department Sociology & Anthropology, Middle Tennessee State University, Box 89, Murfreesboro, TN 37132; John E. Byrd, PhD, JPAC/CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853- 5530; Leslie E. Eisenberg, PhD, 6228 Trail Ridge Court, Oregon, WI 53575; Todd W. Fenton, PhD, Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824; Michael Finnegan, PhD, Kansas State University, Osteology Lab, 204 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506; Diane L. France, PhD, Colorado State University, Human Identification Lab, Department of Anthropology, Fort Collins, CO 80523; Lisa M. Leppo, PhD, U.S. Army QM Center & School, Joint Mortuary Affairs Center, 1201 22nd Street, Fort Lee, VA 23801-1601; Lee Meadows Jantz, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996- 0720; Robert W. Mann, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5000; Stephen D. Ousley, PhD, Mercyhurst College, Department of Anthropology/Archaeology, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; William C. Rodriguez III, PhD, Armed Forces Medical Examiner’s Office, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 102, Rockville, MD 20850; Paul S. Sledzik, MS, NTSB, Office ofTransportation Disaster Assistance, 490 L’Enfant Plaza, Southwest Washington, DC 20594; Richard M. Thomas, PhD, FBI Laboratory, DNA Unit II, Room 3220, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; Andrew Tyrrell, PhD, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; Douglas H. Ubelaker, PhD, Department of Anthropology, NMNH MRC 112, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560; Michael W. Warren, PhD, C.A. Pound Human ID Laboratory, 1376 Mowry Road, Room G17, PO Box Index 20 103 103 104 105 Developing a Regional Forensic Taphonomy: Environmental and Climatic Inputs Human Decomposition Ecology at the University of Tennessee Anthropology Research Facility Deep Coastal Marine Taphonomy: Interim Results From an Ongoing Experimental Investigation of Decomposition in the Saanich Inlet, British Columbia An Experimental Study of Putrefaction and Decomposition in Aqueous Environments Decomposition in Water: The Effects of Climate on the Rate of Decay in New England Dead on Time? The Repellent Effect of Liquid Petroleum Gas on Time Since Death Estimation Predicting the Postmortem Submersion Interval From the Adipocere Formation on Rabbits Differential Decomposition in Terrestrial, Saltwater, and Freshwater Environments: A Pilot Study Inter- and Intra-Element Variation in Carnivore and Rodent Scavenging Patterns in Northern California 113615, Gainesville, FL 32610; and P. Willey, PhD, Chico State University, Department of Anthropology, Chico, CA 95929-0400 Marcella H. Sorg, PhD*, Margaret Chase Smith Policy Center, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469; William D. Haglund, PhD, 20410 25th Avenue, Northwest, Shoreline, WA 98177; Edward David, MD, JD, 498 Essex Street, Bangor, ME 04401; Sarah A. Kiley, MS, 235 Forest Hill Street, Jamaica Plain, MA 02130; William Parker, BS, Margaret Chase Smith, Policy Center, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469; Harold W. Borns, PhD, Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469; John Burger, PhD, Department of Zoology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03834; John Dearborn, PhD, School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469; Ann Dieffenbacher-Krall, PhD, Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469; Deborah Palman, MS, Maine K-9 Services, PO Box 57, Aurora, ME 04408; and Touradj Solouki, PhD, Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 Franklin E. Damann, MA*, National Museum of Health and Medicine, AFIP, PO Box 59685, Washington, DC 200120685; and Aphantree Tanittaisong, MS, AFIP Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory, 1413 Research Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20850 Gail S. Anderson, PhD*, and Lynne S. Bell, PhD, Simon Fraser University, School of Criminology, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, CANADA 106 106 107 Kristen E. Greenwald, MA*, 32 10th Street, Hermosa Beach, CA 90254 108 Peter J. Colleran, BS*, and Mallory S. Littman, BA, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118; Billie L. Seet, MA, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Boston, MA 02118; Tara L. Moore, PhD, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118; Debra A. Prince, PhD, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Boston, MA 02118 Branka Franicevic, MSc*, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UNITED KINGDOM 108 Marcella M.C. Widya, BSc*, 14 Stanleyfield Road, Preston, Lancashire PR1 1QL, UNITED KINGDOM 110 Laura E. Ayers, BA*, 206 B Redbud, New Braunfels, TX 78130 110 Eric J. Bartelink, PhD, 400 West First Street, Department of Anthropology, Butte #311, California State UniversityChico, Chico, CA 95929-0400; and Lisa N. Bright, BS*, 1259 Hobart, Chico, CA 95926 111 Index 21 109 Southeast Texas Applied Forensic Science Facility (STAFS) at Sam Houston State University: A New Forensic Anthropology Human Decomposition Facility Establishing a Taphonomic Research Facility in the United Kingdom Forensic Archaeological Recovery of the Victims of the Continental Connection Flight 3407 Crash in Clarence Center, New York Spatial Patterning of Clandestine Graves in the Investigation of Large Scale Human Rights Violations: The Example of the Spanish Civil War Rearguard Repression Validity of Portable X-Ray Fluorescence in Assistance With Identification of Individuals in a Burial Setting by Comparison With mtDNA The Assessment and Determination of Forensic Significance in Forensic Anthropology A Radiographic Database for Forensic Anthropology New Scapular Measurements for Determining Sex Sex Estimation From the Calcaneus Using Discriminant Function Analysis Sex Determination Using the Calcaneus in Koreans Joan A. Bytheway, PhD*, Sam Houston State University, Chemistry & Forensic Science Building, 1003 Bowers Boulevard, Box 2525, Huntsville, TX 77340 112 Tal Simmons, PhD, Peter A. Cross, MSc*, and Rachel E. Cunliffe, MSC, University of Central Lancashire, School of Forensic and Investigative Sciences, Preston, AS PR1 2HE, UNITED KINGDOM Dennis C. Dirkmaat, PhD*, Applied Forensic Sciences Department, Mercyhurst College, Glenwood Hills, Erie, PA 16546; Steven A. Symes, PhD, Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th, Erie, PA 16546-0001; and Luis L. Cabo-Pérez, MS, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Derek Congram, MSc*, 706-1850 Comox Street, Vancouver, BC V6G 1R3, CANADA 112 Jennifer F. Byrnes, MA*, SUNY at Buffalo, Department of Anthropology, 380 MFAC, Ellicott Complex, Buffalo, NY 14261-0026; Peter J. Bush, BS, SUNY at Buffalo, South Campus Instrument Center, B1 Squire Hall, South Campus, Buffalo, NY 14214; Esther J. Lee, MSc, and D. Andrew Merriwether, PhD, Binghamton University, Department of Anthropology, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000; and Joyce E. Sirianni, PhD, SUNY at Buffalo, Department of Anthropology, 380 MFAC, Ellicott Complex, Buffalo, NY 14261-0026 Lelia Watamaniuk, BSc*, University of Toronto, Department of Anthropology, 3359 Mississauga Road, North, NB 226, Mississauga, ON M4V 1R6, CANADA Stephen D. Ousley, PhD*, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Anthropology, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; Kyra E. Stull, MS*, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; and Kathryn L. Frazee, MS*, 351 West 22nd Street, Floor 2, Erie, PA 16502 Natalie Uhl, MS*, 308 North Orchard Street, Apartment 7, Urbana, IL 61801 Daniel L. DiMichele, BS*, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, ELA 232, San Marcos, TX 78666 Deog-Im Kim, PhD*, Department of Anatomy, Kwandong University College of Medicine, 522, Naegok-dong, Gangneug, 201701, KOREA; Yi-Suk Kim, MD, PhD, Ewha Womans University, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, 911-1, Mok6-dong, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 158710, KOREA; Dae-Kyoon Park, MD, PhD, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 366-1 Sangyong-dong, Cheonan-si, Seoul 330946, KOREA; and U-Young Lee, MD, and Seung- Ho Han, MD, PhD, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpodong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA 114 Index 22 113 114 115 115 116 117 117 Postcranial Sex Estimation of Individuals Considered Hispanic The Use of Geometric Morphometric Analysis for Subadult Sex Estimation Utilizing Innominates Secular Trends in Cranial Morphological Sexing: The Mastoid Process Twentieth Century Change in Facial Morphology and Its Relationship to Metric Sexing Foramen Magnum Shape as a Potential Indicator of Ancestry Prognathism and Prosthion in the Evaluation of Ancestry Craniometric Variation Within Southeast Asia Ancestry Trends in Trophy Skulls in Northern California Ancestry Estimation From the Tibia: Size and Shape Differences Between American Whites and Blacks Recollected Versus Actual Stature: How Does the Height Reported by Next of Kin Measure Up? The Use of Morbidity and Mortality Patterns in Transitional Justice Initiatives Towards Human Identification Meredith L. Tise, BA*, Texas State University, Department of Anthropology, 601 University Drive, ELA 232, San Marcos, TX 78666; and Kate Spradley, PhD, Texas State University, Department of Anthropology, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666 Jennifer M. Vollner, MS*, 328 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824; Nicholas V. Passalacqua, MS, 3518 Hagadorn Road, Okemos, MI 48864-4200; and Stephen D. Ousley, PhD, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Anthropology, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Angela M. Dautartas, MA, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; and Kanya Godde, PhD*, University of Tennessee, 3904 Lonas Drive, Knoxville, TN 37909 Richard Jantz, PhD*, and Lee Meadows Jantz, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720 Stephanie M. Crider, BA*, Louisiana State University, Department of Geography and Anthropology, 227 HoweRussell, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and Mary H. Manhein, MA, Louisiana State University, Department of Geography & Anthropology, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Rebekah K. Baranoff, BA*, 10 East 34th Street, Apartment #1, Erie, PA 16504 Michael W. Kenyhercz, BA*, 6327 Catawba Drive, Canfield, OH 44406; Michael Pietrusewsky, PhD, University of Hawaii, Department of Anthropology, 2424 Maile Way, Saunders 346, Honolulu, HI 96822; Franklin E. Damann, MA, NMHM, AFIP, PO Box 59685, Washington, DC 20012-0685; and Stephen D. Ousley, PhD, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Anthropology, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Lisa N. Bright, BS*, California State University, Chico, 400 West First Street, Chico, CA 95928; Ashley E. Kendell, BS*, 808 West 2nd Avenue, Apartment 12, Chico, CA 95926; and Turhon A. Murad, PhD, California State University, Chico, Department of Anthropology, Chico, CA 95929-0400 Natalie R. Shirley, PhD*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Emam ElHak Abdel Fatah, BS, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Tennessee, Department Mechanical, Aerospace, & Biomedical Engineer, 307 Perkins Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; and Mohamed Mahfouz, PhD, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department Mechanical, Aerospace, & Biomedical Engineer, University of Tennessee, 307 Perkins Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Lauren J. Duhaime, BSc*, 1693 Virginia Drive, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 4T7, CANADA 118 Liotta N. Dowdy,*BS, and Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue SOC 107, Tampa FL 33620; and John O. Obafunwa, MD, JD, Department of Pathology and 124 Index 23 118 119 119 120 121 121 122 123 123 Forensic Anthropology and Age-at-Death Estimation: Current Trends in Adult Age Estimation Understanding Uncertainty in Age Estimation: Error Associated With the Mann et al. Maxillary Suture Method X-Ray Diffraction as a Tool for the Analysis of Age-Related Changes in Teeth Using the Acetabulum to Estimate Age: A Revised Method Error and Uncertainty in Pelvic Age Estimation Part I: Younger vs. Older Adult Males The Impact of Obesity on Morphology of the Femur Mortality Structure and Age Estimation in Nigerian Populations Dead Man’s Curve: How Scoliosis Affects Rib Aging The Effect of Axial Developmental Defects on Forensic Stature Estimates Automatic Skull Landmark Determination for Facial Reconstruction In Vivo Facial Tissue Depth Measurements Forensic Medicine, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Lagos, NIGERIA Heather M. Garvin, MS*, Johns Hopkins University, 1830 East Monument Street, Room 302, Baltimore, MD 21205; and Nicholas V. Passalacqua, MS, 3518 Hagadorn Road, Okemos, MI 48864-4200 Carrie A. Brown, MA*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Teresa V. Wilson, MA*, and Mary H. Manhein, MA, Louisiana State University, Department of Geography and Anthropology, 227 Howe- Russell Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and Ray E. Ferrell, Jr., PhD, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, E235 Howe Russell Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Stephanie E. Calce, BSc*, University of Toronto, Department of Anthropology, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON L5L1C6, CANADA Allysha P. Winburn, MA, BA*, and Carrie A. Brown, MA, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Gina M. Agostini, MA*, 205 Middle Street, Hadley, MA 01035 Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD*, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820; and John O. Obafunwa, MD, JD, Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Lagos, NIGERIA Nicole M. Webb, BS*, 19760 Osprey Cove Boulevard, Apartment 136, Fort Myers, FL 33967; Heather A. WalshHaney, PhD, Katy L. Shepherd, BS, and Christen E. Herrick, BS, Florida Gulf Coast University, Division of Justice Studies, 10501 Florida Gulf Coast University Boulevard South, AB3, Fort Myers, FL 33965-6565; Alyssa L. Butler, BA, 9795 Glen Heron Drive, Bonita Springs, FL 34135; Marta U. Coburn, MD, District 20 Medical Examiner’s Office, 3838 Domestic Avenue, Naples, FL 34104; and Margarita Arruza, MD, Medical Examiner’s Office, 2100 Jefferson Street, Jacksonville, FL 32206 Katy L. Shepherd, BS*, Heather A. Walsh-Haney, PhD, and Christen E. Herrick, BS, Florida Gulf Coast University, Division of Justice Studies, 10501 Florida Gulf Coast University Boulevard South, AB3, Fort Myers, FL 339656565; Marta U. Coburn, MD, District 20 Medical Examiner’s Office, 3838 Domestic Avenue, Naples, FL 34104; and Margarita Arruza, MD, Medical Examiner’s Office, 2100 Jefferson Street, Jacksonville, FL 32206 Jeffrey D. Erno, MS*, and Peter H. Tu, PhD, GE Global Research, Imaging Technologies, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY 12309; and Terrie Simmons, MA, and Philip N. Williams, BS, FBI Laboratory, CFSRU, Building 12, Quantico, VA 22135 Meaghan A. Huculak, BSc*, Saint Mary’s University, 923 Index 24 125 125 126 127 127 128 129 129 130 130 131 of African Nova Scotian Children for 3-D Forensic Facial Reconstruction Skeletal Identification by Radiographic Comparison: Blind Tests of a Morphoscopic Method Using Antemortem Chest Radiographs Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3C3, CANADA Carl N. Stephan, PhD*, and Andrew J. Tyrrell, PhD, JPACCIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Index 25 131 Positive Identification Using Radiographs of the Lumbar Spine: A Validation Study Hand Comparison: The Potential for Accurate Identification/Recognition in Cases of Serious Sexual Assault Forensic Characteristics of Hand Shape: Analysis of Individuation Potential and Sexual Dimorphism Using Geometric Morphometrics Bionic Remains: Positive Identifications From Surgical Implants Epidemiology of Homicide in the Spanish Civil War Forensic Anthropology in Colombia: Working Amidst Armed Conflict Ten Years On: Problems Relating to Victim Identification in Timor Leste Personal Identification from Skeletal Remains in Human Rights Investigations: Challenges from the Field The International Commission on Missing Persons and an Integrated, Multidisciplinary Forensic Approach to Identification of the Missing From the 1995 Srebrenica, Bosnia Mass Execution Event Jane C. Wankmiller, MA*, Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 Xanth Mallett, PhD*, University of Dundee, Centre for Anatomy & Human Identification, Dow Street, Dundee, UK DD1 5EH, SCOTLAND Patrick Randolph-Quinney, PhD*, Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UNITED KINGDOM 132 Alison E. Jordan, BS*, Forensic Institute for Research and Education, PO Box 89, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132; and Hugh E. Berryman, PhD, Department Sociology & Anthropology, Middle Tennessee State University, Box 89, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 Dawnie W. Steadman, PhD*, Binghamton University, Department of Anthropology, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000; Camila Oliart, MA, Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Prehistory, Edifici B, Barcelona, 08193, SPAIN; Elena Garcia-Guixé, MA, Museu d’Arqueologia de Catalunya, Laboratori de Paleoantropologia i Paleopatologia, Barcelona, SPAIN; María Inés Fregeiro, MA, and Elena Sintes, MA, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Department of Prehistory, Edifici B, Barcelona, 08193, SPAIN; Jennifer Bauder, MA, and Aimee E. Huard, MA, Binghamton University, Department of Anthropology, Binghamton, NY 13902; Jorge Jiménez, MA, Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Prehistory, Barcelona, 08193, SPAIN; and Carme Boix, PhD, Badley Ashton & Associates Ltd., Winceby House, Winceby, Horncastle, Lincolnshire, LN9 6PB, UNITED KINGDOM Isla Yolima Campos Varela*, Institute of Legal Medicine, Calle 7A #12- 61, Bogota, COLOMBIA; and Elizabeth A. DiGangi, PhD*, ICITAP, Calle 125 #19-89, Of. 401, Bogota, COLOMBIA Debra Komar, PhD*, United Nations Mission in Timor Leste, UN House, Dili, EAST TIMOR Luis Fondebrider*, Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team (EAAF), Rivadavia 2443, 2do piso, dpto.3 y 4, (1034) Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA; and Soren Blau, PhD*, Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, 57-83 Kavanagh Street, Southbank, Melbourne, Victoria 3146, AUSTRALIA Thomas Parsons, PhD*, Adnan Rizvić, BSc, Andreas Kleise, LLM; Adam Boys, MA, and Asta Zinbo, MA; Forensic Sciences International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIAHERZEGOVINA; Mark Skinner, PhD, Simon Fraser University, Department of Archeology, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, CANADA; and Kathryne Bomberger, MA, Forensic Sciences International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 134 Index 26 133 133 134 135 136 137 137 The Work of the ICMP in the Detection, Excavation, Documentation, and Analysis of Clandestine Graves Relating to the 1995 Fall of Srebrenica: A Review of Activities and Challenges Encountered The Podrinje Identification Project: A Dedicated Mortuary Facility for the Missing From Srebrenica The Lukavac Re-Association Center: A Model for a Multidisciplinary Approach in the Examination of Commingled Remains The Use of Population-Specific Standards in Anthropological Examination and Their Incorporation Into a Multidisciplinary Mortuary Database High Throughput DNA Typing for Degraded Skeletal Remains and Victim Reference Samples in a Large Scale “DNALed” Missing Persons Identification and Re-Association Project: The ICMP Work on the Missing Recovered From Srebrenica Mass Graves The ICMP Identification Coordination Center: A Sample Accessioning and Blind DNA Matching System for Missing Persons Identification on a Regional Scale Renée C. Kosalka, MA*, Sharna Daley, MSc, and Jon Sterenberg, MSc, Forensic Sciences International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA; Rick Harrington, PhD, PO Box 40191, Tucson, AZ 85717; Hugh Tuller, MA, JPAC CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI; Cecily Cropper, PhD, Forensic Sciences International Commission on Mission Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA; Mark Skinner, PhD, Simon Fraser University, Department of Archeology, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, CANADA; and Thomas Parsons, PhD, Forensic Sciences International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Rifat Kešetović, MD*, Laura Yazedjian, MSc, Dragana Vučetić, MSc, Emina Kurtalić, Zlatan Šabanović, Cheryl Katzmarzyk, MA, Adnan Rizvić, BSc, and Thomas Parsons, PhD, Forensic Sciences International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Cheryl Katzmarzyk, MA*, Rifat Kešetović, MD, Kerry-Ann Martin, MSc, Edin Jasaragić, René Huel, BA, Jon Sterenberg, MSc, and Adnan Rizvić, BSc, International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA; Mark Skinner, PhD; Simon Fraser University, Department of Archeology, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, CANADA; and Thomas Parsons, PhD, Forensic Sciences International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Cheryl Katzmarzyk, MA, and Kerry-Ann Martin, MSc, Forensic Sciences International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIAHERZEGOVINA; Senem Skulj, MSc*, 17 VKB 19/11, Sanski Most, 79260, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA; and Laura Yazedjian, MSc, Dragana Vučetić, MSc, Adnan Rizvić, MA, and Thomas Parsons, PhD, Forensic Sciences International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Rene Huel, BA*, Ana Miloš-Bilic MSc, Sylvain Amory PhD, Stojko Vidović, Tony Donlon, BSc, Adnan Rizvić, BSc, and Thomas Parsons, PhD, Forensic Sciences International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 138 Edin Jasaragic, BA*, Zlatan Bajunovic, Adnan Rizvić, BSc, and Thomas Parsons, PhD, Forensic Sciences International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 141 Index 27 139 139 140 141 An Innovative Software Solution for Large Scale Forensic Identification Efforts Mapping Forensic Evidence Onto the Stor of Srebrenica: Augmenting the Historical Record Through Analysis of Archaeology, Anthropology, and DNA Identifying the Missing From Srebrenica: Family Contact and the Final Identification Process The Social Effects of Recognizing Srebrenica’s Missing Lessons and Challenges From Srebrenica: A Summary and Future Perspectives Adnan Rizvic, MA*; Azra Aljić, MSc; Djordje Badza, BsC; Damir Bolić, BsC; Goran Jotanović, BsC; Muris Pucić, BsC; Amir Mandzuka, PhD; Zoran Cvijanović, PhD; Edin Jasaragić, BA, Zlatan Bajunović, Cheryl Katzmarzyk, MA, Kerry-Ann Martin, MSc, Sharna Daley, MSc, Reneé Kosalka, MA, René Huel, BA, Tony Donlon, BSc, and Thomas Parsons, PhD, Forensic Sciences International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Renee Kosalka, MA*, Cheryl Katzmarzyk, MA*, Sharna Daley, MSc, Jon Sterenberg, MSc, Rifat Kešetović, MD, Laura Yazedjian, MSc, René Huel, BSc, Edin Jasaragić, Adnan Rizić, BSc, and Thomas Parsons, PhD, Forensic Sciences International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Nedim Durakovic, BSc*, Rifat Kešetović, MD, Emina Kurtalić, Amir Hasandžiković, BSc, Adnan Rizvić, BSc, and Thomas Parsons, PhD, Forensic Sciences International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Sarah Wagner, PhD*, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Department of Anthropology, 437 Graham Building, Greensboro, North Carolina 27410 Thomas Parsons, PhD*, Andreas Kleiser LLM, Adnan Rizvić BSc, and Kathryne Bomberger MA, Forensic Sciences International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIAHERZEGOVINA Index 28 142 142 143 143 144 Assessment of Differences in Decomposition Rates of Rabbit Carcasses With and Without Insect Access Prior to Burial Bugs Bunny? No Bugs Bunny Decomposition of Sharpey’s Fibers in Estimating Postmortem Interval Year-of-Death Determination Based Upon the Measurement of Atomic Bomb-Derived Radiocarbon in Human Soft Tissues The Effects of Coverings on the Rate of Human Decomposition Modes of Mutilation in Taphonomic Context: Can Sharp Force Trauma Decelerate the Decomposition Process? Living With Corpses: Case Report of Psychological Impairment and Neglect, Leading to the Death of Two Women Creating an Open-Air Forensic Anthropology Human Decomposition Research Facility Metacarpal and Metatarsal Histology of Humans and Black Bears The Effects of Papain and EDTA on Bone in the Processing of Forensic Remains Practical Considerations in Trace Element Analysis of Bone by Portable X-Ray Fluorescence 2009 Jutta Bachmann, MSc*, Postweg 2, Fellbach, BadenWuerttemberg 70736, GERMANY 145 Tal Simmons, PhD*, Peter A. Cross, MSc, Rachel Adlam, MSc, and Colin Moffatt, PhD, University of Central Lancashire, School of Forensic and Investigative Sciences, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, UNITED KINGDOM Gretchen R. Dabbs, MA*, University of Arkansas, 330 Old Main, Fayetteville, AR 72701; and Michelle A. Granrud, 585 North Scottsdale Drive, Apartment 6, Fayetteville, AR 72701 Gregory W. Hodgins, PhD*, University of Arizona, Department of Physics, 1118 East Fourth Street, Tucson, AZ 85721 Angela M. Dautartas, BS*, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Branka Franicevic, MSc*, Department of Archaeology, Sheffield University, Sheffield, S1 4ET, UNITED KINGDOM William C. Rodriguez III, PhD*, Armed Forces Medical Examiner, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 102, Rockville, MD 20850 Jerry Melbye, PhD*, and Michelle D. Hamilton, PhD, Texas State University-San Marcos, Department of Anthropology, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666-4616 Brannon I. Hulsey, MA*, Walter E. Klippel, PhD, and Lee Meadows Jantz, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37966-0720 Bobbie J. Kemp, MS, Michael I. Siegel, PhD, Margaret A. Judd, PhD, and Mark P. Mooney, PhD, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Anthropology, 3302 Wesley W. Posvar Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, and Luis L. CaboPérez, MS, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Jennifer F. Byrnes, BS*, SUNY University at Buffalo, Department of Anthropology, 380 MFAC, Ellicott Complex, Buffalo, NY 14261-0026; and Peter J. Bush, BS, SUNY at Buffalo, South Campus Instrument Center, B1 Squire Hall, South Campus, Buffalo, NY 14214 145 Index 29 146 147 147 148 149 149 150 150 151 Field Contamination of Archaeological Bone Samples Submitted for Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Analysis Training in Forensic Archaeology and Anthropology on a Shoestring: Is It Possible? Is It Sensible? Ground Penetrating Radar: A New Tool in Crime Scene Examination? Forensic Field Radiography: In the Trenches With MacGyver Hispanic: History and Use of a Generic Term Cephalic Index of Gurung Community of Nepal: An Anthropometric Study Ancestry Estimation Using the Femur: A Pilot Study Evaluation of Enamel Short Chemical History as a Forensic Tool: A Comparative Study of Six Countries Differentiating Between Foreign National Hispanics and U.S. Hispanics in the Southwest: The Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Dental Health and Stature Past or Present? An Empirical Basis for Quantitatively Distinguishing Between Prehistoric and Modern Forensic Cases Using a California Native American Population Frequencies of Non-Metric Characteristics in Northern California Native Populations: Establishing a Foundation for Comparison Alexander F. Christensen, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Lab, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; Suni M. Edson, MS*, Armed Forces DNA ID Lab, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 101, Rockville, MD 20850; Erica L. Chatfield, MFS, AFDIL, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 101, Rockville, MD 20850; Audrey L. Meehan, BGS, JPAC-CIL, 91-1074 Anaunau Street, Ewa Beach, HI 96706; and Suzanne M. Barritt, MS, AFDIL, Armed Forces DNA ID Lab, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 101, Rockville, MD 20850 Roland Wessling, BSc*, and Ambika Flavel, MSc, Inforce Foundation, Cranfield University, Cranfield Forensic Institute, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UNITED KINGDOM Donna M. MacGregor, MSc*, Queensland Police Service, Scientific Section, 200 Roma Street, Brisbane, 4001, AUSTRALIA Gerald J. Conlogue, MHS*, c/o Diagnostic Imaging Program, Quinnipiac University, 275 Mt. Carmel Avenue, Hamden, CT 06518; and Mark D. Viner, MSc, Inforce Foundation, Forensic Science Institute, Cranfield University, Royal Military College of Science, Shrivenham, Wiltshire, UNITED KINGDOM Ashley E. Shidner, BA*, and Heidi S. Davis, BA, BS, University of West Florida, Department of Anthropology, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL 32514 Stany W. Lobo, MSc*, Department of Anatomy, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, INDIA Sarah E. McManus, BA*, 2019 Stonybrook Road, Louisville, TN 37777 Khudooma S. Al Na’imi, BSc*, University of Central Lancashire, United Kingdom, Um Ghafa, Abu Dhabi, Al Ain, Box 16584, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Bruce E. Anderson, PhD, Forensic Science Center, 2825 East District Street, Tucson, AZ 85714; Tamela R. Smith, BA*, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281; Walter H. Birkby, PhD, Forensic Science Center, 2825 East District Street, Tucson, AZ 85714; Todd W. Fenton, PhD, Michigan State University, 354 Baker Hall, Department of Anthropology, East Lansing, MI 48824; Carolyn V. Hurst, BA, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823; and Claire C. Gordon, PhD, U.S. Army Natick RD&E Center, Kansas Street, Natick, MA 01760-5020 Cris E. Hughes, MA*, and Chelsey Juarez, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of California – Santa Cruz, Social Science 1, 1156 High Street Room 435, Santa Cruz, CA 95064; and Lauren Zephro, MA, Santa Cruz Sheriff’s Office, 701 Ocean Street, Room 340, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 Cris E. Hughes, MA*, and Chelsey Juarez, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of California – Santa Cruz, Social Science 1, 1156 High Street Room 435, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Index 30 152 152 153 154 154 155 155 156 156 157 157 A New Metric Procedure for the Estimation of Sex and Ancestry From the Human Innominate Secular Trends in Cranial Morphological Sexing Determination of Sex Using Metric Data of Greater Sciatic Notch in Koreans Sexual Dimorphism of Joint Surface Area through 3-D Digital Data Modeling Sex-Determination of Koreans Using Metric Analysis of Vertebrae Tarsal Measurements to Estimate Sex for Use in a Forensic Setting An Evaluation of Facial Features Used for Facial Recognition Applied to Cases of Missing Persons Alexandra R. Klales, BA*, Jennifer M. Vollner, BS*, and Stephen D. Ousley, PhD, Mercyhurst College, Department of Anthropology & Applied Forensic Science Program, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Kanya Godde, MA*, and Angela M. Dautartas, BS, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 U-Young Lee, MD*, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpodong, Socho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA; In-Hyuk Chung, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Sinchon-dong, Seodaemoon-gu, Seoul, 120752, KOREA; Dae-Kyoon Park, PhD, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 366-1 Sangyong-dong, Cheonan-si, Seoul, 330946, KOREA; Yi-Suk Kim, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Gachon University of Medicine & Science, 1198 Kuwoldong, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 405760, KOREA; Sang-Seob Lee, MSD, National Institute of Scientific Investigation, Shinwol-7-dong, Yancheon-gu, Seoul, 158707, KOREA; Yong-Woo Ahn, PhD, Institute of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 1- 10, Amidong, Seo-gu, Busan, 602739, KOREA; Deog-Im Kim, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Kwandong University College of Medicine, 522, Naegok-dong, Gangneug, 201701, KOREA; and Je-Hoon Lee, MSc, and Seung-Ho Han, PhD, The Catholic University of Korea, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, 505, Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA Denise To, MA*, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Dae-Kyoon Park, PhD*, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Department of Anatomy; U-Young Lee, MD, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpo-dong, Socho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA; YiSuk Kim, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Gachon University of Medicine & Science, 1198 Kuwol-dong, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 405760, KOREA; Deog-Im Kim, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Kwandong University College of Medicine, 522, Naegok-dong, Gangneug, 201701, KOREA; Seung-Ho Han, PhD, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA; and In-Hyuk Chung, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Sinchon-dong, Seodaemoon-gu, Seoul, 120752, KOREA Vanessa L. Aziz, BA*, 11735 Bergamo Court, Las Vegas, NV 89183 Samantha M. Seasons, BA*, and Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820 Index 31 158 158 159 159 160 160 161 The Reliability of Visually Comparing Small Frontal Sinuses Three-Dimensional Computer Modeling and Anthropological Assessment of the National Library of Medicine’s Visible Human Male The Reproducibility of Results From Facial Approximation Accuracy Tests That Use Face-Arrays Cranial Fracture Patterns in Pediatric “Crushing” Injuries and Preliminary Biomechanical Modeling Using a Simple Finite Element Model Shark-Inflicted Trauma on Human Skeletal Remains Patterns of Blunt Force Trauma Induced by Motorboat and Ferry Propellers as Illustrated by Three Known Cases From Rhode Island Cervical Vertebrae Entrapment in the Noose as Evidence of Cause of Death by Hanging in Skeletal Cases: Three Remarkable Finds Diagnosing Peri-Mortem Blunt Force Trauma in Burnt Remains Victoria A. Smith, MA*, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory TEU, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; Angi M. Christensen, PhD, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; and Sarah W. Myers, Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322 Summer J. Decker, MA*, Jonathan M. Ford, BA*, and Don R. Hilbelink, PhD, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, MDC 11, Tampa, FL 33612; and Eric J. Hoegstrom, MSBE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Florida College of Engineering, Tampa, FL 33612 Carl N. Stephan, PhD*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530; Jody Cicolini, BSc, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 AUSTRALIA Marcus B. Nashelsky, MD*, Department of Pathology 5244 RCP, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242; Todd W. Fenton, PhD, Michigan State University, 354 Baker Hall, Department of Anthropology, East Lansing, MI 48824; Nicholas V. Passalacqua, MS, 3518 Hagadorn Road, Okemos, MI 48864; Carolyn V. Hurst, BA, 3303 Wharton Street, East Lansing, MI 48823; and Timothy G. Baumer, BS, and Roger C. Haut, PhD, Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratories, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 Maria T. Allaire, MA*, Louisiana State University FACES Laboratory, Louisiana State University, 227 Howe-Russell Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and Mary H. Manhein, MA, Department of Geography & Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Dominique S. Semeraro, MS*, Office of State Medical Examiners, 48 Orms Street, Providence, RI 02904; Nicholas V. Passalacqua, MS, Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824; Steven A. Symes, PhD, Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th, Erie, PA 16546-0001; and Thomas P. Gilson, MD, Office of State Medical Examiners, 48 Orms Street, Providence, RI 02904 Jennifer A. Ledford, BS*, Barrett Gobelet, BS*, and Hugh E. Berryman, PhD, Department Sociology & Anthropology, Middle Tennessee State University, Box 89, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 Aimee E. Huard, MA*, Binghamton University, Jeremy J. Wilson, MA, and Dawnie W. Steadman, PhD, Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000 Index 32 162 162 163 164 164 165 166 166 A Forensic Pathology Tool to Predict Pediatric Skull Fracture Patterns - Part 1: Investigations on Infant Cranial Bone Fracture Initiation and Interface Dependent Fracture Patterns And a Little Child Shall Lead Them.... Callus Treatment: Collaboration Between Forensic Anthropology and Forensic Pathology to Improve the Recognition and Elucidation of Skeletal Fractures in Infants and Children Eaten or Attacked By His Own Dogs? From the Crime Scene to a Multidisciplinary Approach Solving Medical Examiner Cold Cases: Modern Resources in the Reanalysis of Human Skeletal Remains What Lies Beneath: Re-Examining a Cold Case Homicide From a Forensic Anthropological Perspective - A Case Report Todd W. Fenton, PhD*, Michigan State University, 354 Baker Hall, Department of Anthropology, East Lansing, MI 48824; Nicholas V. Passalacqua, MS, 3518 Hagadorn Road, Okemos, MI 48864; and Timothy G. Baumer, BS, Brian J. Powell, BS, and Roger C. Haut, PhD, Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratories, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 Julie M. Saul, BA*, Forensic Anthropology Lab, Lucas County Coroner’s Office, 2595 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614-2674; Frank P. Saul, PhD, U.S. HHS DMORT 5, 2595 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614- 2674; and Allan J. Warnick, DDS, Wayne & Oakland Counties Medical Examiner’s Office, 31632 Schoolcraft Road, Livonia, MI 48150 Julie M. Fleischman, BA*, Laura C. Fulginiti, PhD, and Jeffrey S. Johnston, MD, Maricopa County Office of the Medical Examiner, 701 West Jefferson, Phoenix, AZ 85007 167 João Pinheiro, MD, MSc*, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal, Instit Nacional Medicina Legal, Delegação do Centro, Largo da Sé Nova, Coimbra, 3000, PORTUGAL; Eugenia Cunha, PhD, Departamento De Antropologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-056, PORTUGAL; Hugo Pissarra, DVM, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Univsersidade Técnica da Lisboa, Av. da Univsersidade Técnica da Lisboa, Lisbon, AL, PORTUGAL; and Francisco Corte Real, PhD, Insituto Nacional de Medicina Legal, Largo da Sé Nova, 3000, Coimbra, AL, PORTUGAL Christen E. Herrick, BS*, and Heather A. Walsh-Haney, PhD, Florida Gulf Coast University, Division of Justice Studies, 10501 FGCU Boulevard AB3, Fort Myers, FL 33965-6565; Margarita Arruza, MD, Medical Examiner’s Office, 2100 Jefferson Street, Jacksonville, FL 32206; Marta U. Coburn, MD, District 20 Medical Examiner, 3838 Domestic Avenue, Naples, FL 34104; E.H. Scheuerman, MD, 1856 Colonial Drive, Green Cove Springs, FL 32043; Jennifer L. Anderson, BS, BA, 4632 Deleon Street, #129, Fort Myers, FL 33907; Jeffrey J. Brokaw, BA, 2100 Jefferson Street, Jacksonville, FL 32206; Brian Womble, BS, 3838 Domestic Avenue, Naples, FL 34104; Katy L. Shepherd, BS, Florida Gulf Coast University, Division of Justice Studies, 10501 FGCU Boulevard, South, Fort Myers, FL 33965; Laura E. Gibson, BS, 2040 Larchmont Way, Clearwater, FL 33764; and Minas Iliopoulos, BS, 10501 FGCU Boulevard, South, Division of Justice Studies, AB3, Fort Myers, FL 33965 Joan A. Bytheway, PhD*, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Boulevard, Huntsville, TX 77340; Kathryn E. Moss, BS*, 4800 Calhoun Street, Houston, TX 77004; and Stephen M. Pustilnik, MD*, Galveston County Medical Examiner’s Office, 6607 Highway 1764, Texas City, TX 77591 169 Index 33 168 168 170 170 Age-Related Change in Adult Orbital Shape Craniofacial Growth, Maturation, and Change: Teens to Mid-Adulthood Estimating Advanced Adult Age-at-Death in the Pelvis: A Comparison of Techniques on Known-Age Samples From Iberia The Sacral Auricular Surface: A New Approach to Aging the Human Skeleton Cranial Suture Closure as a Reflection of Somatic Dysfunction: Lessons From Osteopathic Medicine Applied to Physical Anthropology A Multidisciplinary Test of the Lamendin Age Estimation Method Full Time Employment of Forensic Anthropologists in Medical Examiner’s/Coroner’s Offices in the United States—A History Death Investigation for Anthropologists: Examining an Alternative Role for Forensic Anthropologists in Medical Examiner’s and Coroner’s Offices Identification of Multiple Cranial Traumas in a Recently Closed Homicide Investigation Anthropologist/Medical Examiner Collaboration at Isolated, Inaccessible, or Disrupted Crime Scenes Shanna E. Williams, PhD*, University of Florida, Department of Anatomy, PO Box 100235, Gainesville, FL 32610-0235; Dennis E. Slice, PhD, Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306; and Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD, CA Pound Human Id Lab, C/O Cancer/Genetics Research, PO Box 103615, Gainesville, FL 32610 Ann H. Ross, PhD*, North Carolina State University, Sociology and Anthropology, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695-8107; and Shanna E. Williams, PhD, University of Florida, Department of Anatomy, PO Box 100235, Gainesville, FL 32610-0235 Allysha P. Winburn, MA*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam Airforce Base, HI 96853; and Carme Rissech, PhD, Universitat de Barcelona, Avd. Diagonal, 645; 08028, Barcelona, SPAIN Alicja K. Kutyla, MS*, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; and Hugh E. Berryman, PhD, Department Sociology & Anthropology, Middle Tennessee State University, Box 89, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 Anne M. Kroman, PhD*, and Gregory A. Thomspon, DO, Lincoln Memorial University, De-Busk College of Osteopathic Medicine, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN 37752 Ann W. Bunch, PhD*, 164 Albert Brown Building, Department of Criminal Justice, SUNY Brockport, Brockport, NY 14420; Mary I. Jumbelic, MD, Onondaga County Medical Examiners Office, 100 Elizabeth Blackwell Street, Syracuse, NY 13210; Robert D. Willis, DDS, 7282 Oswego Road, Liverpool, NY 13090; Ronald Brunelli, Onondaga County Medical Examiner’s Office, 100 Elizabeth Blackwell Street, Syracuse, NY 13210; and Jennifer J. VanWie-Dobson, BA, 403 Robinson Road, Durham, NC 27705 Hugh E. Berryman, PhD*, Department Sociology & Anthropology, Middle Tennessee State University, Box 89, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 171 Gina O. Hart, MA*, Regional Medical Examiner’s Office, 325 Norfolk Street, Newark, NJ 07103-2701 175 Thomas A. Furgeson, MA*, University of Wyoming, 1002 South 3rd Street, Laramie, WY 82070; George W. Gill, PhD, University of Wyoming, Department of Anthropology, Laramie, WY 82071; and Rick L. Weathermon, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, 10 East University Avenue, Department 3431, Anthropology, Laramie, WY 82071 Emily A. Craig, PhD*, Medical Examiner’s Office, 100 Sower Boulevard, Suite 202, Frankfort, KY 40601 176 Index 34 171 172 173 173 174 175 177 The Role of Forensic Anthropology in Disaster Operations The Forensic Anthropologist, the National Crime Information Center (N.C.I.C.), and National Missing and Unidentified Persons\System (NamUs) Databases The Role of the Harris County Medical Examiner’s Office Forensic Anthropology Division in Scientific Identification Forensic Anthropology at the Pima County (Arizona) Office of the Medical Examiner: The Identification of Foreign Nationals Forensic Pathology and Anthropology: A Collaborative Effort Maintaining Custody: A Virtual Method of Creating Accurate Reproductions of Skeletal Remains for Facial Approximation The Role of Adult Age-Related Craniofacial Changes and the MORPH Database in Computer Automated Face Recognition Research and Development Skull/ Photo Superimposition Validation Study The Importance of Morphological Traits in Facial Identification Christian Crowder, PhD*, Benjamin J. Figura, MA, Bradley J. Adams, PhD, and Frank DePaolo, MS, New York City, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Donna A. Fontana, MS*, New Jersey State Police, Office of Forensic Sciences, Forensic Anthropology Laboratory, 1200 Negron Drive, Hamilton, NJ 08691 177 Jason M. Wiersema, PhD*, Harris County Medical Examiner, Anthropology Division, Houston, TX 77054; and Jennifer C. Love, PhD, Sharon M. Derrick, PhD, and Luis A. Sanchez, MD, Harris County, Medical Examiner’s Office, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054 Bruce E. Anderson, PhD*, and Walter H. Birkby, PhD, Forensic Science Center, 2825 East District Street, Tucson, AZ 85714 Kathryn H. Haden-Pinneri, MD*, Jennifer C. Love, PhD*, Jason M. Wiersema, PhD, and Sharon M. Derrick, PhD, Harris County Medical Examiner’s Office, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054 Summer J. Decker, MA*, Jonathan M. Ford, BA, BA, and Don R. Hilbelink, PhD, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, MDC11, Tampa, FL 33612; and Eric J. Hoegstrom, MSBE, Department. of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida College of Engineering, Tampa, FL 33612 A. Midori Albert, PhD*, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Anthropology, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403-5907 178 Audrey L. Meehan, BGS*, 91-1074 Anaunau Street, Ewa Beach, HI 96706; and Robert W. Mann, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Acct Command, Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5000 Cristina Cattaneo, PhD, LABANOF, and Danilo De Angelis, DDS*, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, via Mangiagalli 37, Milan, 20133, ITALY; Peter Gabriel, MD, Institut für Rechtsmedizin, im Uniklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 12, D24105, Kiel, ITALY; Stefanie Ritz-Timme, MD, Institut für Rechtsmedizin, im Uniklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 12, D-24105, Kiel, , GERMANY; Janine Tutkuviene, MD, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, , LITHUANIA; and Daniele Gibelli, MD, LABANOF, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, V. Mangiagalli, 37, Milan, ITALY 181 Index 35 178 179 179 180 181 182 Fingering a Murderer: A Successful Anthropological and Radiological Collaboration Material Culture Analysis in Forensic Cases: A Call for Formal Recognition by Forensic Anthropologists Training the National Disaster Victim Identification Team The Need for Holistic Investigations of Human Rights Violations: An Example From Peru Reconciling the Discrepancy in Victim Number Between the S-21 Prison and the Choeung Ek Killing Fields of Cambodia Forensic Findings on Illegal Burials in Colombia Evolution of Forensic Archaeology and Anthropology in Italy: Three Criminal Cases Sexual Dimorphism of Index to Ring Finger Ratio in South Indian Children Subadult Sexual Dimorphism in Long Bone Dimensions (The Luis Lopes Collection) Sex Estimation From the Clavicle in Modern Americans: Traditional Versus Alternative Approaches The Impact of Racial Metric Variation in the Pelvis on the Morphological Assessment of Sex Bilateral Asymmetry in Historic Versus Modern Skeletal Remains: Activity and Identification B.G. Brogdon, MD*, University of South Alabama Medical Center, Department of Radiology, 2451 Fillingim Street, Mobile, AL 36617; Marcella H. Sorg, PhD*, Margaret Chase Smith Policy Center, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469; and Kerriann Marden, MA, c/o 23 Flicker Drive, Topsham, ME 04086 Mark Skinner, PhD, Simon Fraser University, Department of Archeology, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, CANADA; and Ariana Fernandez, MPhil, and Derek Congram, MSc*, 7061850 Comox Street, Vancouver, BC V6G 1R3, CANADA Lucina Hackman, MSc*, Dundee University, WTB/MSI Complex, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 4AH, UNITED KINGDOM Jose P. Baraybar, MSc*, EPAF, Av. Mello Franco 341, Jesus Maria, PERU; and Ellen Salter-Pedersen, MA, Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, 701 East Kirkwood, SB130, Bloomington, IN 47405 Debra Komar, PhD*, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Van der Heimstraat 64, The Hague, NETHERLANDS Claudia M. Briceno*, Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad, Carrera 28 # 17a-00, BOGOTA, COLOMBIA Cristina Cattaneo, PhD, Dominic Salsarola, BSc, Davide J. Porta, PhD, Pasquale Poppa, BSc, and Daniele Gibelli, MD*, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, V. Mangiagalli, 37, Milan, ITALY; Giovanna Sansoni, BE, Laboratorio di Optoelettronica, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia – Italy, Brescia, ITALY; and Enrico Silingardi, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, V. Mangiagalli, 37, Milan, ITALY Tanuj Kanchan, MD*, Kasturba Medical College, Department of Forensic Medicine, Light House Hill Road, Mangalore, 575 001, INDIA Miriam E. Soto, MA*, The University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, 1425 South Stadium Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996 Natalie R. Shirley, MA*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Brandon C. Merkl, MS, University of Tennessee, Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedica, 414 Dougherty Engineering Building, Knoxville, TN 37996; and Richard Jantz, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720 Ginesse A. Listi, PhD*, Louisiana State University, 1723 Lombard Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70810 183 Shannon E. May, MA*, 250 South Stadium Hall, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37966 189 Index 36 183 184 184 185 186 186 187 187 188 189 Observer Error Analysis Trends in Forensic Anthropology Prediction of Shoe Size From Tarsals and Metatarsals Radiography as a Tool for Contemporary Anthropological Research Can Bilateral Joint Asymmetry Be Used as an Estimation of Handedness? Forensic Anthropology Academic and Employment Trends Biology and Culture in the Modern Era: How Cultural Evidence Can Conflict With Forensic Significance Analysis of Thirty-Three Years of Forensic Anthropology Casework at California State University, Chico (1975-2008) Detecting Buried Metallic Weapons in a Controlled Setting Using a Conductivity Meter The Effects of Ethanol Abuse on Bone Mineral Density in the Proximal Femur Geophysical Remote Sensing Applied to the Forensic Search for WWII Graves in Guadalcanal Megan Ingvoldstad, MA, Ohio State University, Department of Anthropology, 244 Lord Hall, 124 West 17th Avenue Columbus, OH 43210; and Christian Crowder, PhD*, Medical Examiner’s Office, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Paul D. Emanovsky, MS*, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Melissa A. Pope, BA*, University of South Florida, Anthropology Department, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33613; and Liotta N. Dowdy, BA*, University of South Florida, 3115 Palmira Street, Tampa, Florida 33629 Kathryn R.D. Driscoll, MA*, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Gina M. Agostini, BS*, and Emily J. Gomez, BA, 4500 Manor Village, Apartment 316, Raleigh, NC 27612 Clarissa R. Dicke, AD*, 1325 East Orange Street, Tempe, AZ 85281; Laura C. Fulginiti, PhD, Forensic Science Center, 701 West Jefferson, Phoenix, AZ 85007; and Mark A. Fischione, MD, Maricopa County Office of the Medical Examiner, 701 West Jefferson Street, Phoenix, AZ 85003 Ashley E. Kendell, BS*, 1253 West 5th Street, Apartment 85, Chico, CA 95928; and Ashley Hutchinson, BA, James Brill, BA, Eric J. Bartelink, PhD, Turhon A. Murad, PhD, and P. Willey, PhD, California State University-Chico, 400 West First Street, Department of Anthropology, Butte #311, Chico, CA 95929-0400 Charles A. Dionne, BS*, University of Central Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32816 Bridget Algee-Hewitt, MA*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Rebecca J. Wilson, MA*, 3108 Rennoc Road, Knoxville, TN 37918; and Megan Katrina Moore, PhD, University of Tennessee, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, Knoxville, TN 37996 Rhett Herman, PhD, Radford University, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Radford University, Radford, VA 24142; Cliff Boyd, PhD, Radford University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Radford University, Radford, VA 24142; Jarrod Burks, PhD, Ohio Valley Archaeological Consultants, 4889 Sinclair Road, Suite 210, Columbus, OH 43229; Donna C. Boyd, PhD*, Department Sociology & Anthropology, Radford University, Radford, VA 24142; and Doug Drumheller, MBA, Greatest Generation MIA Recoveries, 2187 Ben Franklin Drive, Pittsburg, PA 15327 Index 37 190 191 191 192 193 193 194 194 195 196 Necessary Breaks With Conservator Standards: Cranial Reconstruction in Forensic Cases Anthropology for Breakfast: A SemiCautionary Tale Unusual Skeletal Variations Observed in an Adult Aboriginal Male: Case Study from Brisbane, Australia Estimation of Age at Death From the Juvenile Scapula Forensic Age Estimation of Living Individuals: A Retrospective Case Analysis Sealed For Your Protection II: The Effects of Corrosive Substances on Human Bone and Tissue Aquatic Taphonomy in a Lacustrine Environment: A Case Study From Southeastern Tennessee Recovery of Human Remains From Vehicles Submerged in Fresh Water Decomposition Variables: A Comparison of Skeletal Remains Recovered After LongTerm Submersion in Florida Aquatic Environments Laura E. Gibson, BS*, 2040 Larchmont Way, Clearwater, FL 33764; Heather A. Walsh-Haney, and Christen E. Herrick, BS, Florida Gulf Coast University, Division of Justice Studies, 10501 FGCU Boulevard South, AB3, Fort Myers, FL 33965-6565; Katy L. Shepherd, BS, Florida Gulf Coast University, Division of Justice Studies, 10501 FGCU Boulevard, South, Fort Myers, FL 33965; Gertrude M. Juste, MD, District 15 Office of the Medical Examiner, 3126 Gun Club Road, West Palm Beach, FL 33406; and Margarita Arruza, MD, Medical Examiner’s Office, 2100 Jefferson Street, Jacksonville, FL 32206 John A. Williams, PhD*, Anthropology & Sociology, Western Carolina University, 101 McKee Hall, Cullowhee, NC 28723 Donna M. MacGregor, MSc*, Queensland Police Service, Scientific Section, 200 Roma Street, Brisbane, 4001, AUSTRALIA Natalie Uhl, MS*, 308 North Orchard Avenue, Apartment 7, Urbana, IL 68101 Antonio De Donno, PhD*, and Valeria Santoro, PhD, Section of Legal Medicine - DiMIMP, P.zza Giulio Cesare n.11, Bari, 70124, ITALY; Carlo P. Campobasso, PhD, University of Molise, via De Sanctis, snc, Campobasso, 86100, ITALY; Nunzio Di Nunno, PhD, via Guido Dorso 9, Bari, 70125, ITALY; and Francesco Introna, PhD, Section of Legal Medicine - DiMIMP, P.zza Giulio Cesare n.11, Bari, 70124, ITALY Laura C. Fulginiti, PhD*, Forensic Science Center, 701 West Jefferson, Phoenix, AZ 85007; Frank Di Modica, Phoenix Police Department, 620 West Washington Street, Phoenix, AZ 85003; Kristen Hartnett, PhD, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, Forensic Anthropology, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016; and Diane Karluk, MD, Maricopa County Office of the Medical Examiner, 701 West Jefferson, Phoenix, AZ 85007 Jonathan D. Bethard, MA*, The University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996; and Murray K. Marks, PhD*, University of Tennessee, Graduate School of Medicine, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, TN 37920-6999 Stephen P. Nawrocki, PhD*, and Anthony J. Koehl, BS*, University of Indianapolis, Archeology & Forensics Laboratory, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46227 Katy L. Shepherd, BS*, and Heather A. Walsh-Haney, PhD, Florida Gulf Coast University, Division of Justice Studies, 10501 FGCU Boulevard AB3, Fort Myers, FL 33965-6565; Valerie J. Rao, MD, District 4 Medical Examiner’s Office, 2100 Jefferson Street, Jacksonville, FL 32206; Khalil S. Wardak, MD, 5301 SW 31st Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33312; Predrag Bulic, MD, District 7 Office of the Medical Examiner, 1360 Indian Lake Road, Daytona Beach, FL 32124; and Christena Roberts, MD, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of Virginia, Western District, 6600 Index 38 196 197 198 198 199 199 200 200 201 Taphonomic Degradation to Bone Through Scavenging by Marine Mollusks of the Class Polyplacophora Skeletal Remains in a Fluvial Environment: Microscopic Evidence of Glycoproteinous Adhesive of Balanus Improvisus on the Occlusal Surface of Mandibular Teeth Cremated Tooth Morphology: A User’s Guide to Identification Going Green: Environmentally Sound Practices in Human Decomposition Research and Laboratory Settings A Study of the Human Decomposition Sequence in Central Texas Forensic Osteology Research Station (FOREST): The First Donation Taphonomic Signatures of Animal Scavengers in Northern California Raccoon (Protocyon lotor) Soft Tissue Modfication of Human Remains Estimating Ancestry Through Nonmetric Traits of the Skull: A Test of Education and Experience A Statistical Assessment of Cranial and Mandibular Morphoscopic Traits Used in the Determination of Ancestry Morphological Variations of the Cervical Spine as Racial Indicators: A Validation and Observer Error Study Using the Terry Collection Hispanic Affiliation: Definitions, Assumptions, and Biological Reality Northside High School Road, Roanoke, VA 24019 Audrey L. Scott, MA*, Simon Fraser University, Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, CANADA Amanda Johnson, MPA*, Sam Houston State University, PO Box 2296, Huntsville, TX 77340; Joan A. Bytheway, PhD*, 23936 Northcrest Trail, New Caney, TX 77357; and Stephen M. Pustilnik, MD, Galveston County Medical Examiner’s Office, 6607 Highway 1764, Texas City, TX 77591 Elizabeth M. Danner, BA*, School of Forensic and Investigative Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UNITED KINGDOM Michelle D. Hamilton, PhD*, and Jerry Melbye, PhD, Texas State University-San Marcos, Department of Anthropology, 601 University Drive, ELA 273, San Marcos, TX 78666-4616 Connie L. Parks, BA*, 8802 Featherhill Road, Austin, TX 78737; Elizabeth T. Brandt, BA, 232 Evans Liberal Arts, Anthropology Department 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666; Michelle D. Hamilton, PhD, Texas State University-San Marcos, Department of Anthropology, 601 University Drive, Austin, TX 78666; Jennifer Pechal, MS, TAMU 2475, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843- 2475; and Jeffery K. Tomberlin, PhD, Department of Entomology, TAMU 2475, College Station, TX 77843-2475 Cheryl A. Johnston, PhD*, Western Carolina University, Department of Anthropology & Sociology, 101 McKee Building, Cullowhee, NC 28723 Eric J. Bartelink, PhD*, and Lisa N. Bright, BS, California State University-Chico, 400 West First Street, Department of Anthropology, Butte #311, Chico, CA 95929-0400 Jennifer A. Synstelien, MA*, The University of Tennessee, The University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720 Amber D. Wheat, BS*, 232 Evan Liberal Arts, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666 Nicolette M. Parr, MS*, University of Florida, CA Pound Human Identification Laboratory, 1305 NE 6th Terrace, Gainesville, FL 32601; and Joseph T. Hefner, PhD, Statistical Research, Inc., 6099 East Speedway Boulevard, Tucson, AZ 85712 Joan E. Baker, PhD*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Central Identification, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; and Paul S. Sledzik, MS, National Transportation Safety Board, Office of Transportation Disaster Assistance, 490 L’Enfant Plaza, SW, Washington, DC 20594 Kate Spradley, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, Texas State University - San Marcos, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666; and Bruce E. Anderson, PhD, Forensic Science Center, 2825 East District Street, Tucson, AZ 85714 Index 39 202 202 203 203 204 205 205 206 206 207 207 208 Morphoscopic Traits: Mixed Ancestry, Hispanics, and Biological Variation Shifting Morphological Structure: Comparing Craniometric Morphology in Founding and Descendant Populations Non-Metric Trait Expressions Most Prevalent in Undocumented Border Crossers of Southwest Hispanic Descent From the Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner Skeletal Fracture Patterns in Documented Cases of Torture, Assault, Abuse, and Accidents Assessing Directionality of Low Velocity Gunshot Wounds to the Vertebrae: A Preliminary Study A Radiographic Assessment of Pediatric Fracture Healing and Time Since Injury Supra-Inion Depressions in a Pediatric Medical Examiner Sample: Support for a Synergy of Developmental and Biomechanical Etiologies The Recovery of Human Remains From a Fatal Fire Setting Using Archeological Methodology From Scene to Seen: Post-Fire Taphonomic Changes Between the In Situ Context and the Medicolegal Examination of Burned Bodies Human Cremains From a Controlled Car Fire The Burning Question: A Case Analysis of Peri-Mortem Trauma vs. Post Fire Damage Joseph T. Hefner, PhD*, Statistical Research, Inc., 6099 East Speedway Boulevard, Tucson, AZ 85712 Shanna E. Williams, PhD*, University of Florida, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, PO Box 100235, Gainesville, FL 32610- 0235; and Ann H. Ross, PhD, North Carolina State University, Sociology and Anthropology, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695-8107 Carolyn V. Hurst, BA*, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 208 Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD*, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820; Matthias I. Okoye, MD, JD, The Nebraska Institute of Forensic Sciences, 5925 Adams Street, Lincoln, NE 68507; John O. Obafunwa, LLB, 5540 South 72nd Street, Lincoln, NE 68516; Thomas L. Bennett, MD, Yellowstone Pathology Institute, 2900 12th Avenue, North, Suite 260W, Billings, MT 59101; and Paul F. Mellen, MD, East Central Indiana Pathologists, PC & PA Labs, LLC2401 West University Avenue, Muncie, IN 47303 Julie A. Henderson, BA*, PO Box 125, 130 4th Street, Morton, WA 98356 210 Christina A. Malone, BHS, BA*, Michigan State University, Forensic Anthropology Lab, A-439 East Fee Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 Sharon M. Derrick, PhD*, Harris County Medical Examiner’s Office, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054 211 Gregory O. Olson, MSc*, Office of the Fire Marshal, 2284 Nursery Road, Midhurst, Ontario L0L 1X0, CANADA 212 Elayne J. Pope, PhD*, University of West Florida, Anthropology Department, 11000 University Parkway, Building 13, Pensacola, FL 72701 213 Peer H. Moore-Jansen, PhD, Department of Anthropology, Wichita State University, 114 Neff Hall, Wichita, KS 672600052; Elayne J. Pope, PhD, University of West Florida, Anthropology Department, 11000 University Parkway, Building 13, Pensacola, FL 72701; and Laura B. Bennett, BS*, 1013 Wisteria Drive, Derby, KS 67037 Alison Galloway, PhD, University of California, Social Science One FS, Santa Cruz, CA 95064; Elayne J. Pope, PhD, University of West Florida, Anthropology Building 13, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL 32514; and Chelsey Juarez, MA*, Dept of Anthropology, UCSC Social Science 1, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 214 Index 40 209 210 211 212 215 A Small Plane Crash With (Unforeseen) Large Legal Consequences An Assessment of Biological Ancestry in an Unmarked Cemetery From Nevada: An Integrated Approach Separately Discovered Skeletal Remains and the Path to Reassociation: A Case Review Surgical Sutures as a Means of Identifying Human Remains Fractured Frontier: An Analysis of Fracture Patterns in a Historic Nevada Cemetery Homicide by Lapidation in Neolitic Age: Results of Two Cases 2008 Julie M. Saul, BA*, Frank P. Saul, PhD, and James R. Patrick, MD, Lucas County Coroner’s Office, 2595 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614-2673 Kyle McCormick, BA*, Kate E. Kolpan, BA, Karen Smith Gardner, BA, Eric J. Bartelink, PhD, Beth Shook, PhD, and Turhon A. Murad, PhD, California State University, Department of Anthropology, 400 West First Street, Butte #311, Chico, CA 95929-0400 Audrey Scott, MA*, Simon Fraser University, Department of Archaeology, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, CANADA; David Sweet, DMD, PhD, Bureau of Legal Dentistry Lab, University of British Columbia, 6190 Agronomy Road, Suite 202, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, CANADA; Derek Congram, MSc, Simon Fraser University, Department of Archaeology, 8888 University Drive, Vancouver, BC V5A 1S6, CANADA; and Stephen Fonseca, Office of the Chief Coroner, Identification and Disaster Response Unit, 2035-4720 Kingsway, Burnaby, BC V5H 4N2, CANADA Katy L. Shepherd, BS*, 10101 Villagio Palms Way, Unit 201, Estero, FL 33928; Heather A. Walsh-Haney, PhD, Florida Gulf Coast University, Division of Justice Studies, 10501 FGCU Boulevard South, AB3, Fort Myers, FL 33965-6565; and Marta U. Coburn, MD, District 20 Medical Examiner, 3838 Domestic Avenue, Naples, FL 34104 Carrie A. Brown, BA*, Nikki A. Willits, BA, Brenna K. Blanchard, BA, and Kristin L. Chelotti, BA, California State University, Department of Anthropology, 400 West First Street, Butte Hall 311, Chico, CA 95929 Antonio De Donno, PhD*, Section of Legal Medicine DiMIMP - University of Bari, P.zza Giulio Cesare n.11, Bari, 70124, ITALY; Simona Corrado, MD, Sezione di Medicina Legale, Bari, 70100, ITALY; Valeria Santoro, PhD, Domenico Urso, MD, Piercarlo Lozito, DDS, and Francesco Introna, MD, Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Internal and Public Medicine (DiMIMP), University of Bari, P.zza Giulio Cesare n.11, Bari, 70124, ITALY; Aldo Di Fazio, MD, Section of legal medicine Matera Hospital, via Montescaglioso n.5, Matera, 75100, ITALY; and Rocco Maglietta, MD, Section of Legal Medicine - San Carlo Hospital Potenza, via P.Petroni n.6, Potenza, 85100, ITALY Index 41 216 216 217 218 218 219 Identification by the Numbers: A Case Study in Skeletal Trauma Examination and Surgical Implant Tracking Practical Consideration of the Daubert Guidelines on Methods of Identification in the Medical Examiner Setting Archival Matters: The William R. Maples Collection at Florida Gulf Coast University A Summary of Trauma Specimens at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, National Museum of Health and Medicine Taphonomy and Dentition: Understanding Postmortem Crack Propagation in Teeth Quantitative and Spatial Comparison of the Microscopic Bone Structures Of Deer (Odocoileus virginianus), Dog (Canis familiaris), and Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) Controlled Research Utilizing Geophysical Technologies in the Search for Buried Firearms and Miscellaneous Weapons Accuracy Testing of Computerized Facial Approximations by Comparison With Antemortem Photographs Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) Scans for Skeletal Remains Identification of Anorexia Nervosa Placement of the Human Eyeball and Canthi in Craniofacial Identification Gwendolyn M. Haugen, MA*, St. Louis County Medical Examiner’s Office, 6039 Helen Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63134; Kathleen Diebold, MA*, St. Charles, Jefferson & Franklin, Medical Examiner’s Office, 3556 Caroline Street, Room C305, St. Louis, MO 63104; Mary E.S. Case, MD, Chief Medical Examiner of St. Louis, St. Charles, Jefferson, and Franklin Counties in Missouri, 6039 Helen Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63134; St. Louis County Medical Examiner’s Office, 6039 Helen Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63134; and Charles W. Subke, Franklin County Sheriff’s Office, #1 Bruns Drive, Union, MO 63084 Jason M. Wiersema, PhD*, Harris County Medical Examiner, Anthropology Division, Houston, TX 77054; Jennifer C. Love, PhD, and Luis A. Sanchez, MD, Harris County, Medical Examiner’s Office, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054 Kevin A. Waters, BS*, Laura Gibson, BS, and Heather A. Walsh- Haney, PhD, Florida Gulf Coast University, Division of Justice Studies, 10501 FGCU Boulevard South, AB3, Fort Myers, FL 33965-6565 Brian F. Spatola, MA*, and Franklin E. Damann, MA*, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, National Museum of Health and Medicine, 6825 16th St. NW, Building 54, Washington, DC 20306-6000 Cris E. Hughes, MA*, University of California at Santa Cruz, 5405 Prospect Road, #7, San Jose, CA 95129; and Crystal A. White*, University of California at Santa Cruz, Crown College, 400 McLaughlin Drive, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Zoe Hensley Morris, HBSc, MA*, University Of Western Ontario, Department Of Anthropology, Social Sciences Centre, London, Ontario N6A 5C2, CANADA; Mary H. Manhein, MA, Department Of Geography & Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and Ginesse A. Listi, MA, 1723 Lombard Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70810 Mary M. Rezos, BA*, 12644 Victoria Place Circle, Apartment 7216, Orlando, FL 32828; John J. Schultz, PhD, University of Central Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32816; and Ronald A. Murdock, MFS, and Stephen A. Smith, BS, Orange County Sheriff’s Office, 2500 W Colonial Drive, Orlando, FL 32804 Diana K. Moyers, MA*, and Philip N. Williams, BS, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit, Building 12, Quantico, VA 22135 Bianca Vigil, MFS*, Ismail Sebetan, MD, PhD, and Paul Stein, PhD, Forensic Sciences Program, National University, 11255 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 Carl N. Stephan, PhD*, Anne Huang, and Paavi Davidson, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Otto Hirschfeld Building, Brisbane, 4072, AUSTRALIA Index 42 219 220 221 221 222 222 223 224 224 225 Analysis of the Auricular Surface on MultiSlice Computed Tomography Reconstructions for Assessment of Aging: A Preliminary Study Design Perspectives for Obtaining Facial Soft Tissue Depths From Cadavers Using a New Approach VICTIMS Identification Project: The Nation’s Unidentified...Who Are They? And What Can We Do? Virtual Skull Anatomy: Three-Dimensional Computer Modeling and Measurement of Human Cranial Anatomy What Starts as a Homicide Ends as a Forgotten Cemetery: How Medical Examiners, Law Enforcement, and State Archaeologists Work Together to Protect Archaeological Sites Towards a Comprehensive Theory in Forensic Anthropology Beyond the Fire: Taphonomic Variables of Burned Human Remains Estimation of Bone Exposure Duration Through the Use of Spectrophotometric Analysis of Surface Bleaching and its Applications in Forensic Taphonomy The Taphonomic Effects of Agricultural Practices on Bone The Reliability of Cadaver Decomposition: Can Non-Enteric Microbes Rapidly Contribute to Cadaver Breakdown in Soil? The Influence of Penetrative Trauma on the Rate of Decomposition Fabrice Dedouit, MD*, Service de Médecine Légale, Hôpital de Rangueil, 1 avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès, TSA 50032, Toulouse Cedex 9, 31059, FRANCE; Pierre Barrier, Philippe Otal, PhD, Hervé Rousseau, PhD, and Francis Joffre, PhD, Service de Radiologie Générale, Hôpital de Rangueil, 1 Avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès,TSA 50032, Toulouse Cedex 9, 31059, FRANCE; and Daniel Rouge, PhD, and Norbert Telmon, PhD, Service de Médecine Légale, Hôpital de Rangueil, 1 avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès, TSA 50032, Toulouse Cedex 9, 31059, FRANCE Janene M. Curtis, MS*, and Owen B. Beattie, PhD, University of Alberta, Department of Anthropology, 13-15 HM Tory Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H4, CANADA Philip N Williams, BS*, and Melissa A Torpey, MS, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit, Building 12, Quantico, VA 22135; and Lisa Bailey, BA, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, SPU/Room 1115, Quantico, VA 22135 Summer J. Decker, MA, MABMH*, and Don R. Hilbelink, PhD, Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, University. of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, MDC 11, Tampa, FL 33612; and Eric J. Hoegstrom, MSBE, Department. of Chemical Engineering, University of South Florida, College of Engineering, 13201 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard Tampa, FL 33612 Christen E. Herrick, BS*,and Heather A. Walsh-Haney, PhD, Florida Gulf Coast University, Division of Justice Studies, 10501 FGCU Boulevard S, AB3, Fort Myers, FL 33965-6565; and E. Hunt Scheuerman, MD, 1856 Colonial Drive, Green Cove Springs, FL 32043 Cliff Boyd, PhD, and; Donna C. Boyd, PhD*, Radford University, Department of Sociology & Anthropology, Box 6948, Russell Hall 228, Radford, VA 24142 Elayne J. Pope, MA*, University of Arkansas, Anthropology Department, 330 Old Main, Fayetteville, AR 72701 Mark O. Beary, MS*, University of Missouri at Columbia, 107 Swallow Hall, Columbia, MO 65211-1440; and Luis L. Cabo-Pérez, MS, Mercyhurst College, Department Applied Forensic Sciences, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Sarah A. Kiley, MS*, University of Indianapolis, Archeology & Forensics Laboratory, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46227 David O. Carter, PhD*, University of Nebraska, Department of Entomology, 202 Plant Industry Building, Lincoln, NE 68583-0816; David Yellowlees, PhD, School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, AUSTRALIA; and Mark Tibbett, PhD, Centre for Land Rehabilitation, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, AUSTRALIA Peter A. Cross, BSc*, 11 Lower Bank Road, Fulwood, Preston, 0 PR2 8NS, UNITED KINGDOM Index 43 225 226 226 227 228 228 229 230 230 231 232 Debugging Decomposition Data Beyond Taphonomy: Craniometric Variation Among Anatomical Specimens Decomposition and Postmortem Interval: A Critical Analysis of British Medico-legal Investigation and Trends in South Yorkshire, 1995-2002 Basement Bodies: The Effect of Light on Decomposition in Indoor Settings Taphonomic Effects of Vulture Scavenging Computer Simulation for Drift Trajectories of Objects in the Magdalena River, Colombia Experiential Education: The Use of Simulation in Training in Forensic Anthropology and Archaeology Realism in Simulation Training: Examples of Mass Grave Excavation and Mass Fatality Incident Mortuary Simulation Exercises The Effects of Body Mass Index on Cremation Weight The Influence of Body Fat on the Rate of Decomposition in Traumatized Pigs Saw Cut Marks in Bone Created by Atypical Saws DNA Quantification of Burned Skeletal Tissue Tal Simmons, PhD*, and Rachel Adlam, MSc, University of Central Lancashire, Forensic & Investigative Science, Maudland Building, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, UNITED KINGDOM Joseph T. Hefner, PhD*, and Natalie Uhl, MS, 1503 North Pennsylvania Street, Apartment 21, Indianapolis, IN 46202; and Nicholas V. Passalaqua, MS, Michigan State University, 203 Berkey Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824-1111 Brooke L. Magnanti, PhD, Newcastle University, Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-uponTyne, Tyne and Wear NE1 4LP, UNITED KINGDOM; and Anna Williams, PhD*, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, Wiltshire SN6 8LA, UNITED KINGDOM Branka Franicevic, MSc*, University of Central Lancashire, Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, Preston, PR1 2HE, UNITED KINGDOM Nicole M. Reeves, BA*, Texas State University-San Marcos, Anthropology Department, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666 Ana C. Guatame-Garcia, BSc*, University of Central Lancashire, Calle 9 #0-95, Bogota, COLOMBIA; Luis A. Camacho, PhD, Universidad Nacional de Colombia at Bogota, Bogota, COLOMBIA; and Tal Simmons, PhD, Department of Forensic and, Investigative Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, UNITED KINGDOM Margaret Cox, PhD*, Cranfield University / Inforce Foundation, Shrivenham, Swindon, UNITED KINGDOM 232 Roland Wessling, MSc*, Inforce Foundation, Cranfield University, Cranfield Forensic Institutde, Shrivenham, 0 SN6 8LA, UNITED KINGDOM 236 Shannon E. May, BA*, and Richard Jantz, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 S Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720 Kavita Novinchandra Chibba, BSc*, 9203 Nile Street, Extension 10, Lenasia, Johannesburg, 1820, SOUTH AFRICA John A. Williams, PhD*, Anthropology & Sociology, Western Carolina University, 101 McKee Hall, Cullowhee, NC 28723 Jamie Daniel Fredericks*, Lower Bank Road, Fulwood, Preston, Lancashire PR2 8NS, UNITED KINGDOM; and Tal Simmons, PhD, Department of Forensic and Investigative Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, UNITED KINGDOM 236 Index 44 232 233 234 234 235 235 237 237 238 Early Diagenesis of Bone and DNA Preservation The Effect of Carcass Weight on the Decomposition of Pigs (Sus scrofa) Patterns of Perimortem Fracture From Military Aircraft Crashes Predicting the Location of Scattered Human Remains: When Will Heads Roll and Where Will They Go? Identifying Sharp Force Trauma on Burned Bones Fracture Patterns in Fleshed and DeFleshed Pig Femora Inflicted With Various Ammunition Types Decomposition Scoring as a Method for Estimating the Postmortem Submersion Interval of Human Remains Recovered From United Kingdom Rivers - A Comparative Study Sealed for Your Protection, Part I: The Effects of an Unknown Corrosive Agent on Human Bone Mummification and Palynology: What We Can Learn in Regards to Time and Location of Death Forensic Osteology Research Station (FOREST): A New Facility for Studies of Human Decomposition Biomechanics of Blunt Ballistic Impacts to the Forehead and Zygoma Miranda M.E. Jans, PhD*, Institute for Geology and Bioarchaeology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, NETHERLANDS; Andrew J. Tyrrell, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Lab, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 54, Hickam Air Force Base, HI 96853; Odile Loreille, PhD, Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory, 1413 Research Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20850; and Henk Kars, PhD, Institute for Geology and Bioarchaeology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, NETHERLANDS Heather J. Brand, BA*, 422 Queen Anne Heights, Victoria, British Columbia V8S 4K6, CANADA Franklin E. Damann, MA*, National Museum of Health and Medicine, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 6825 16th Street, NW, Bldg 54, Washington, DC 20306-6000; and Rebekkah Adler, BS, Derek C. Benedix, PhD, and Elias J. Kontanis, PhD Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command (JPAC), Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam Air Force Base, HI 96853-5530 Gretchen R. Dabbs, BA, MA*, University of Arkansas, 330 Old Main, Fayetteville, AR 72701 239 Daniel W. Jackson, MA*, and Pamela M. Steger, MS*, Travis County Medical Examiner’s Office, 1213 Sabine Street, PO Box 1748, Austin, TX 78666 Joanna Yaffa Kay, BA*, 222 South 150th Circle, Omaha, NE 68154 241 Abigail C. Lagden, BSc*, and Tal Simmons, PhD, Department of Forensic and, Investigative Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, UNITED KINGDOM 242 Laura C. Fulginiti, PhD*, Forensic Science Center, 701 West Jefferson, Phoenix, AZ 85007; Kristen Hartnett, PhD, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, Forensic Anthropology, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016; Frank Di Modica, Phoenix Police Department, 620 West Washington Street, Phoeniz, AZ 85003; and Diane Karluk, MD, Maircopa County Office of the Medical Examiner, 701 West Jefferson, Phoenix, AZ 85007 Cheslee Cornell*, and Nicole A. Wall, MFS, College of Saint Mary, Forensic Science Program 7000 Mercy Road, Omaha, NE 68106 Cheryl A. Johnston, PhD*, Western Carolina University, Department of Anthropology & Sociology, 101 McKee Building, Cullowhee, NC 28723 Greg Crawford, MS,; David Raymond, MS*, Chris Van Ee, PhD, and Cynthia Bir, PhD, Wayne State University, 818 West Hancock, Detroit, MI 48201 243 Index 45 239 240 240 241 243 243 244 The Effectiveness of Papain in the Processing of Remains Beating a Dead Pig to Death: An Actualistic Test of Archaeological Assumptions Gunshot Residue (GSR) on Bone as a Potential Indicator of Gunshot Trauma in the Absence of a Bullet Wound Defect — A Noteworthy Observation Use of Facial Indices for Comparative Metric Facial Identification After Parametrical Superimposition Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs) and Forensic Anthropologist’s New Competition: Understanding the Theories, Methods, and Techniques for Allocating Ancestry in the Field of Forensic Genetics Introduction to the Use and Limits of Elemental and Isotopic Analysis for the Forensic Provenancing of Unidentified Human Remains Extending the Biological Profile Using Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Analysis: Prospects and Pitfalls Studies in Isotopic Variability: Investigating Human Tooth Enamel X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis of Human Cremains and Concrete Characterization of Lead, Transition Metal, and Rare Earth Element Composition of Human Bone by ICP-MS and LA-ICP-MS Bobbie J. Kemp, MS*, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Anthropology, 3302 Wesley W. Posvar Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260; Luis Lorenzo Cabo-Pérez, MS, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; John J. Matia, BS, 901 Jancey Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15206; and Dennis C. Dirkmaat, PhD, Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, Mercyhurst College, Glenwood Hills, Erie, PA 16546 Kerriann Marden, MA*, Dept of Anthropology, Tulane University, 1326 Audubon Street, New Orleans, LA 70118 244 Hugh E. Berryman, PhD*, Middle Tennessee State University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Box 10, Murfreesboro, TN 37132; and Alicja K Kutyla, BS*, Middle Tennessee State University, MTSU Box 60, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 Francesco Introna, MD*, Antonio De Donno, PhD, Domenico Urso, PhD, and Valeria Santoro, PhD, Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Internal and Public Medicine (DiMIMP) - University of Bari, P.zza Giulio Cesare n.11, Bari, 70124, ITALY Cris E. Hughes, MA*, University of Californiaat Santa Cruz, 5405 Prospect Road, #7, San Jose, CA 95129 246 Jurian A. Hoogewerff, PhD*, University of East Anglia, , Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UNITED KINGDOM 247 Eric J. Bartelink, PhD*, 400 West First Street, Department of Anthropology, Butte #311, CSUC, Chico, CA 959290400; Melanie Beasley, BS, 400 West First Street, Chico, CA 95929-0400; Chelsey A. Juarez, MA, Department of Anthropology, UCSC Social Science 1, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Chelsey A. Juarez, MA*, Department of Anthropology, UCSC Social Science 1, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Thomas E. Bodkin, MA*, Hamilton County Medical Examiner Office, 3202 Amnicola Highway, Chattanooga, TN 37406; Jonathan W. Mies, PhD, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Department of Physics, Geology, and Astronomy, Department 6556, Chattanooga, TN 37403 Thomas H. Darrah, MS*, University of Rochester, 227 Hutchison Hall, University of Rochester, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Rochester, NY 14627; Jennifer J. Prutsman-Pfeiffer, MA, University of Rochester Medical Center, Autopsy & Neuropathology, 601 Elmwood, Box 626, Rochester, NY 14642; and Robert J. Poreda, PhD, University of Rochester, 227 Hutchison Hall, University of Rochester, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Rochester, NY 14627 248 Index 46 245 246 247 249 249 250 Comparison of Portable X-ray Florescence and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy in the Measurement of Lead in Human Bone Species Identification of Fragmented Bone: Evaluation of a New Method of Pyrolysis and X-ray Diffraction Analysis Estimating Body Mass From Bone Mineral Density of Human Skeletal Remains Preservation of Skeletal Collections: The Viability of DNA Analysis After the Application of Chemical Preservative Forensic Bone Toxicology In Vivo Facial Tissue Depth Study of Adult Chinese Americans in New York City Who Is This Person? A Comparison Study of Current 3-Dimensional Facial Approximation Methods Advances in Computer Graphic Facial Recognition Software: Matching Facial Approximations to Antemortem Photographs Jennifer J. Prutsman-Pfeiffer, MA*, University of Rochester, University of Rochester Medical Center, Autopsy & Neuropathology, 601 Elmwood, Box 626, Rochester, NY 14642; and Thomas H. Darrah, MS, University of Rochester, 227 Hutchison Hall, University of Rochester, Department Earth & Environmental Sciences, Rochester, NY 14627 Sophie Beckett, MSc*, and Keith D. Rogers, PhD, Cranfield University, Cranfield Forensic Institute, Department of Materials and Applied Science, Shrivenham, Swindon, SN6 8LA, UNITED KINGDOM Megan K. Moore, MS*, University of Tennessee, 301 Perkins Hall, Department of Mech, Aero, & Biomed Engineering, Knoxville, TN; and Dixie L. Thompson, PhD, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Department of Exercise, Sports and Leisure Studies, 340 Health, Physical Education, and Recreation Building, Knoxville, TN 37996 Lori E. Baker, PhD*, Baylor University, Department of Anthropology and Forensic Science, Forensic Research Lab, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798-7388; Lee Meadows Jantz, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996- 0720; Yasmine M. Baktash, BA, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798; and J. Randall Pearce, DDS, 3769 West Andrew Johnson Highway, Morristown, TN 37814 Melinda L. Carter, PhD*, 302 Heritage Drive, De Soto, IL 62924 Wing Nam J. Chan, MA*, 4720 210th Street, Bayside, NY 11361; Mary H. Manhein, MA, Department of Geography & Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and Ginesse A. Listi, MA, 1723 Lombard Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70810 Summer J. Decker, MABMH*, and Don R. Hilbelink, PhD, Department. of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, MDC11, Tampa, FL 33612; Eric J. Hoegstrom, MSBE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Florida College of Engineering, Tampa, FL 33612; Carl K. Adrian, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Attn: Carl Adrian/IPGU Rm. #1170, Quantico, VA 22135; and Stephanie L. Davy-Jow, Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield, Northgate House, West Street, Sheffield, S1 4ET, UNITED KINGDOM Murray K. Marks, PhD*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 252 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Diana K. Moyers, MA, Visiting Scientist, CFSRU, FBI Laboratory, FBI Academy, Building 12, Quantico, VA 22135; Peter H. Tu, PhD, GE Global Research, Imaging Technologies, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY 12309; and Philip N. Williams, BS, FBI Laboratory, CFSRU, Building 12, Quantico, VA 22135 Index 47 251 252 252 253 253 254 254 255 Accreditation of the Small Skeletal Laboratory: It is Easier Than You Think! Testing the Demirjian Method and the International Demirjian Method on an Urban American Sample Dental Aging Methods and Population Variation as Demonstrated in a Peruvian Sample Multifactorial Determination of Age at Death From the Human Skeleton An Evaluation of the Skeletal Aging Method Using Adult Male Vertebrae as Developed by Drukier, et al. Spheno-Occipital Synchondrosis Fusion in the American Population A Curve Where No Hand Has Touched Vertebral Ageing Method in Females Investigation of Second, Fourth, and Eighth Sternal Rib End Variation Related to Age Estimation Age Related Histomorphometric Changes in Fetal Long Bones Critical Study of Observations of the Sternal Extremity of the 4th Rib Determination of Sex From Juvenile Crania by Means of Discriminant Function Analysis: A First Study Vincent J. Sava, MA*, JPAC, Central Identification Lab, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; and John E. Byrd, PhD, JPAC, Central Identification Lab, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530 Nicole M. Burt, MS*, Forensic Anthropology Laboratory, Michigan State University, A-439 East Fee Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 Douglas H. Ubelaker, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, NMNH - MRC 112, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560; and Roberto C. Parra, BA, Instituto de Medicina Legal del Peru, Av. Abancay 491 6to Piso, Lima, PERU Natalie Uhl, MS*, 1503 North Pennsylvania Street, Apartment 21, Indianapolis, IN 46202 Nanette Hollands, BSc*, Flat 8, 5 Bryanstone Road, Winton, Bournemouth, BH3 7JE, UNITED KINGDOM; and Piotr D. Drukier, MSc*, Bournemouth University, C134 Christchurch House, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, UNITED KINGDOM Natalie R. Shirley, MA*, and Richard Jantz, PhD, University of Tennessee Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Reuben Edwin Leigh Moreton*, Bournemouth University, 33 Corsair Drive, Dibden, Southampton, Hampshire SO45 5UF, UNITED KINGDOM; and Piotr D. Drukier, MSc*, Bournemouth University, C134 Christchurch House, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, 0 BH12 5BB, UNITED KINGDOM Kathleen Alsup, MA*, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 307996 255 Courtney D. Eleazer, MA*, 7700 Gleason Drive, Apartment 39G, Knoxville, TN 37919 Laurent Fanton, MD*, Institut of Legal Medicine, 12 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon, 69008, FRANCE; Marie Paule Gustin-Paultre, PhD, Lyon University, Lyon 1 University, Laboratory of Biostatistics ISPB, Lyon, F-69008, FRANCE; Habdelhamid Grait, MD, Milltary Hospital, Alger, ALGERIA; Aissa Boudabba, MD, Military Hospital, Alger, ALGERIA; Claire Desbois, MD, Lyon University, Lyon 1 University, Institut of Forensic Medicine, Lyon, F-69008, FRANCE; Patrice Stephane Schoendorff, MD, Institut Medico-Legal de Lyon, 12 Avenue Rockfeller, Lyon, 69007, FRANCE; Stéphane Tilhet-Coartet, MD, Institut of Legal Medicine, 12 avenue Rockefeller, Lyons, 69008, FRANCE; Daniel Malicier, MD, Institu Medico Legal, 12 Avenue Rockfeller, Lyon, 69007, FRANCE Richard A. Gonzalez, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, Saint Lawrence University, 23 Romoda Drive, Canton, NY 13617 261 Index 48 256 257 257 258 259 259 260 262 262 Admixture and the Growing List of Racial Categories: Clarity or Confusion for Law Enforcement (and the Public) Racial Admixture: A Test of Non-Metric Ancestry Estimation Discriminant Function Analysis as Applied to Mandibular Metrics to Assess Population Affinity A Test of Methods: Implications of Dimorphism, Population Variation, and Secular Change in Estimating Population Affinity in the Iberian Peninsula Cranial Histomorphology: Species Identification and Age Estimation Are Cranial Morphological Traits Population Specific? A Reevaluation of Traditional Sex Estimation Methodology A Practical Method for Determining Sex From Human Chest Plate Radiographs A Test of an Age-at-Death Method Using the First Rib Classification of Frontal Sinus Patterns in Koreans by Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Using Computed Tomography Conrad Bezekiah Quintyn, PhD*, Bloomsburg University, Department of Anthropology, 400 East 2nd Street, Bloomsburg, PA 17815 Lindsey L. Caldwell, BA*, 2245 College Drive, Apartment 178, Baton Rouge, LA 70808; MariaTeresa A. Tersigni, PhD, Department of Anthropology, Univeristy of Cincinnati, Braunstein 481 PO 210380, Cincinnati, OH 45221; and Mary H. Manhein, MA, Department of Geography & Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Gregory E. Berg, MA*, US Army Central ID Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530 263 Ann H. Ross, PhD*, North Carolina State University, Sociology and Anthropology, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695-8107; Douglas H. Ubelaker, PhD, Department of Anthropology, NMNH - MRC 112, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560; and Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820 Lindsay H. Trammell, MA*, Murray K. Marks, PhD, and Walter E. Klippel, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37966-0720; and Darinka MileusnicPolchan, MD, PhD, UTMCK, Department of Pathology, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, TN 37920 Angela M. Dautartas, BS*, and Kanya M Godde, MA*, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Heather Garvin, MS*, 7471 SE 117th Terrace, Morriston, FL 32668; Luis Lorenzo Cabo-Pérez, MS, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; Kyra Elizabeth Stull, BA, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; and Dennis C. Dirkmaat, PhD, Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, Mercyhurst College, Glenwood Hills, Erie, PA 16546 Elizabeth A. DiGangi, MA*, Department of Natural and Behavioral Sciences, 10541 Hardin Valley Road, Knoxville, TN 37933; Jonathan D. Bethard, MA*, The University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Deog-Im Kim, PhD*, Department of Anatomy, Kwandong University, College of Medicine, 522, Naegok-dong, Gangneug, 201701, KOREA; Dai-Soon Kwak, PhD, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA; and Seung-Ho Han, MD, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA 264 Index 49 263 264 265 265 266 267 267 Demographic Expression of the Frontal Sinuses Sex Determination of Talus in Korean Using Discrimination Function Analysis Morphometrics of the Korean Thyroid Cartilage for Determination of Sex Sexual Dimorphism of the Humerus in Contemporary Cretans Evaluating Methods of Age Estimation of Fetal/Neonate Remains From Radiographs Using a Diverse Autopsy Sample The Utility of the Samworth and Gowland Age-at-Death “Look-Up” Tables in Forensic Anthropology Kathryn Lee Frazee*, 1422 Pearce Park, Apartment # 2, Erie, PA 16502-2915 U-Young Lee, MD*, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpo-dong, Socho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA; In-Heok Chung, MD, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Sinchon-dong, Seodaemoon-gu, Seoul, 120752, KOREA; Dae-Kyoon Park, MD, PhD, Deptartment of Anatomy, Colleege of Medicine, Soonchunhyang Univ, Soonchunhyang University, 366-1 Ssangyong-dong, Cheonan-si, Seoul 330946 KOREA; Yi-Suk Kim, MD, MS, Department of Anatomy, Gachon University of Medicine, 1198 Kuwol-dong, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 405760, KOREA; Deog-Im Kim, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Kwandong University College of Medicine, 522, Naegokdong, Gangneug, 201701, KOREA; Je-Hoon Lee, MSc, Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea,, 505 Banpo-dong, Sochogu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA; and Seung-Ho Han, MD, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA Dae-Kyoon Park, MD, PhD*, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine Soonchunhyang University, 366-1 Ssangyong-dong, Cheonan-si, Seoul, 330946 KOREA; Deog-Im Kim, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Kwandong University College of Medicine, 522, Naegok-dong, Gangneug, 201701, KOREA; U-Young Lee, MD, and Seung-Ho Han, MD, PhD, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpodong, Socho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA Elena Fotios Kranioti, MD, Mused Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, Madrid, 28006, SPAIN; Anastasia Efstratios Kastanaki, MSc*, State Mental Health Hospital of Chania, Psychooncology Centre, 38, I. Skaltsouni Str., El. Giakoumaki Str., and DaraTso, Chania, Crete, 73100, GREECE; M. Yasar Iscan, PhD, Istanbul Universitesi, Adli Tip Enstitusu, Cerrahpasa Kampusu, PK.10, 34303, Istanbul, 34098, TURKEY; and Manolis N. Michalodimitrakis, MD, JD, University of Crete, Medical School, Dpt Forensic Sciences, Heraklion, Crete 71110, GREECE Christopher R. Grivas, MS*, University of New Mexico, Department of Anthropology, MSC01-1040, Albuquerque, NM 87131; Debra Komar, PhD, Office of the Medical Investigator, 1 University of New Mexico, MSC11 6030, Albuquerque, NM 87131 Nicholas Vere Passalacqua, MS*, 3518 Hagadorn Road, Okemos, MI 48864 Index 50 268 269 269 270 271 271 Metric Sex Determination From the Mandible Microscopic Age Estimation From the Anterior Cortex of the Femus in Korean Adults Sternal Rib Histomorphometry: A Test of the Age Estimation Method of Stout, et al. (1994) Accuracy of Regression Formulae for Racing and Sexing the Cranial Base in a Forensic Collection Deconstructing or Perpetuating Race: The Status of Race in Forensic Anthropology A Test of the FORDISC Sex Discriminant Function on a Korean Cranial Sample Sexual Dimorphism in the Juvenile Skeleton Coming Unglued: The Use of Acrylic Resin Adhesives in Forensic Reconstruction Biomechanics of Blunt Ballistic Impacts to the Head and Fracture Specific Injury Criteria Development Nicolette Maria Luney Parr, BA, MS*, 1305 NE 6th Terrace, Gainesville, FL 32601-3732; Carlos J. Zambrano, MS, 5231 NW 56th Court, Gainesville, FL 32653; and Laurel Freas, MA, 3425 SW 2nd Avenue, #246, Gainesville, FL 32607 Yi-Suk Kim, MD, MS*, Department of Anatomy, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Department of Anatomy, Gachon University of Medicine, 1198, Kuwoldong, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 405760, KOREA; Yong-Woo Ahn, DDS, PhD, and Gi-Yeong Huh, MD, PhD, Institute of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 1-10, Ami-dong, Seo-gu, Busan, 602739, KOREA; Dai-Soon Kwak, PhD, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA; Dae-Kyoon Park, MD, PhD, Department. of Anatomy, College of Medicine Soonchunhyang University, 366-1 Ssangyong-dong, Cheonan-si, Seoul, 330946 KOREA; and U-Young Lee, MD, and Seung-Ho Han, MD, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA Sam D. Stout, PhD*, and Deborrah C. Pinto, MA*; Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, 124 West 17th Avenue, 244 Lord Hall, Columbus, OH 432101364; Lara E. McCormick, MA*, The Ohio State University, 2894 Neil Avenue, #513A, Columbus, OH 43202; and Meghan-Tomasita C. Cosgriff-Hernandez, MA, and Annamaria C. Crescimanno, MA, Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, 124 West 17th Avenue, 244 Lord Hall, Columbus, OH 43210-1364 Maria Allaire, MA*, LSU FACES Laboratory, Louisiana State University, 227 Howe-Russell Bldg, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and Mary H. Manhein, MA, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Christina A. Malone, BHS, BA*, Michigan State University, Forensic Anthropology Laboratory, A-439 E. Fee Hall, East Lansing, MI 48823 Helen Cho, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, Davidson College, Box 6934, Davidson, NC 28035-6934; and HeeKyung Park, DDS, PhD, Seoul National University, 275-1 Yeongeon-dong, Jongno-Gu, Seoul National University, School of Dentistry, Seoul, 0 110-768, KOREA Kyra Elizabeth Stull, BA*, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Kate E. Kolpan, BA*, Eric J. Bartelink, PhD, and Georgia L. Fox, PhD, Department of Anthropology, California State University, Chico, 400 West First Street, Chico, CA 959290400 David Raymond, MS*, Greg Crawford, MS, Chris Van Ee, PhD; and Cynthia Bir, PhD, Wayne State University, 818 West Hancock, Detroit, MI 48201 Index 51 272 273 273 273 274 274 275 275 276 Detection of Gunshot Residue (GSR) on Bone: Potential for Bullet Direction and Range Estimation Determination of Low Velocity Bullet Trajectory in Long Bones: An Experimental Investigation Fragmentation Patterns of Victims From a Fatal Aviation Accident Effect of Loading Environment on the Healing of Long Bone Fractures Cranial Bone Trauma: Misleading Injuries Recognizing Patterned Fire and Heat Damage to Bone Missing in Amazonian Jungle: A Case Study of Suspected Dismemberment An Epidemiological Study of Trauma in U.S. Casualties of the Korean War The Utility of the Identification Unit Concept in the Medical Examiner Setting Evidentiary Standards for Forensic Anthropology An Electronic Data Management Tool for the Search for Missing Persons and Forensic Human Identification: The ICRC AM/PM DB Alicja K. Kutyla, BS*, Middle Tennessee State University, Department of Biology, Box 60, Murfreesboro, TN 37132; and Hugh E. Berryman, PhD, Middle Tennesee State University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Box 10, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 Regina L. McGowan, BA*, 3841 Branson Road, Victoria, BC V9C 4A7, CANADA 277 Giovanna M. Vidoli, MSc*, 56 Mitchell Avenue, Binghamton, NY 13903 Tracey Tichnell, BS*, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 João Pinheiro*, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal, Instit Nacional Medicina Legal, Delegação do Centro, Largo da Sé Nova, Coimbra, 0 3000, PORTUGAL; Andersen Lyrio da Silva, and Eugenia Cunha, PhD, Departamento De Antropologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-056, PORTUGAL; and Steven A. Symes, PhD, Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th, Erie, PA 16546-0001 Steven A. Symes, PhD*, Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th, Erie, PA 16546-0001; Christopher W. Rainwater, MS, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016; Erin N. Chapman, BA, 216 Maiden Lane, Erie, PA 16504; Desina R. Gipson, BA, 549 East Grandview Boulevard, Erie, PA 16504; and Kyra E. Stull, BA, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Tania Delabarde, PhD*, Institut Francais d’Etudes Andines, Whymper 442 y Coruna, Quito, ECUADOR; and Freddy G.H. Almagro, MD, Departmento Medico Legal de la Policia, Judicial de Pichincha Av., Mariana de Jesus s/n y Av., Occidental, ECUADOR Joan E. Baker, PhD*, and Alexander F. Christensen, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Lab, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam Air Force Base, HI 96853 Sharon M. Derrick, PhD*, Jason M. Wiersema, PhD, Ruth Mathis, Jennifer C. Love, PhD, and Luis A. Sanchez, MD, Harris County Medical Examiner’s Office, Anthropology Division, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054 Angi M. Christensen, PhD, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; Christian M. Crowder, PhD*, New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016; and Tracy Rogers, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, CANADA Ute Hofmeister, MA*, Morris Tidball-Binz, MD, and Shuala M. Drawdy, MA, International Committee of the Red Cross, 19 Avenue de la Paix, Geneva, 1202, SWITZERLAND 278 Index 52 277 279 279 280 280 281 281 282 283 Elliptic Fourier Analysis of Vertebral Outlines for Victim Identification Left Hanging in Mandeville: Multiple Approaches in Search of a Positive Identification The eBay® Mummy: A Case of a Scottish Mummy From Maryland for Sale in Michigan Uncovering the Truth Behind the Killings: Predicting Patterns of Perimortem Trauma Using Skeletons Exhumed From ExMilitary Bases in Guatemala Unearthing Peru’s Buried Secrets: La Cantuta Revisited How Easily Can We Derive Cause and Manner of Death on the Basis of Dry Bones? Lessons Derived From Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collections Renewed Search, Recovery, and Identification Efforts Related to the September 11, 2001 Attacks of the World Trade Center The Use of Material Culture to Establish the Ethnic Identity of Victims in Genocide Investigations: A Validation Study From the American Southwest A Population Approach to the Problem of the Missing and Unidentified With Emphasis on the Status of Migrant and Undocumented Workers Establishing a Central Database for the Missing and Unidentified of Louisiana Resolution of Cold Identity Cases: Resources, Methodology, and a Review of Some Success Stories Identity Crisis: The Number and Quality of Unidentified Decedent Data and a New Solution Josephine M. Paolello, MS*, and Luis L. Cabo-Pérez, MS, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 John W. Verano, PhD*, Brian Pierson, BA, and Anne Titelbaum, MA, Doris Z. Stone Laboratory of Biological and Forensic Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, 1326 Audubon Street, New Orleans, LA 70118 Kristin E. Horner, MA*, Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 Shirley C. Chacon, BA*, and Gillian M. Fowler, MA, Fundacion de Antropologia Forense de Guatemala, Avenida Simeon Cañas, 10-64, Zona 2, Guatemala City, 01002, GUATEMALA Jose P. Baraybar, MSc*, Equipo Peruano de Antropología Forense, Toribio Pacheco 216, Lima, Lima 18, PERU; and Bertrand Ludes MD, PhD, Institut de Medicine Légale de Strasbourg, 11, Rue Humann - 67085 Strasbourg, France Eugenia Cunha, PhD*, Joan V. Badal, and Andersen Líryo, Department of Anthropology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-056, PORTUGAL; João Pinheiro, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal, Delegação de Coimbra, Largo da Sé Nova, Coimbra, 3000, PORTUGAL; and Steven A. Symes, PhD, Mercyhurst Archaeological Inst, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th, Erie, PA 16546-0001 Bradley J. Adams, PhD*, Christian Crowder, PhD, and; Frank DePaolo, MPAS, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016 283 Debra Komar, PhD*, and Sarah Lathrop, PhD, University of New Mexico, Office of the Medical Investigator, MSC 11 6030, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131; and Christopher R. Grivas, MS, University of New Mexico, Department of Anthropology, MSC01-1040, Albuquerque, NM 87131 Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD*, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820; Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD, C.A. Pound Human Id Laboratory, C/O Cancer/ Genetics Research, PO Box 103615, Gainesville, FL 32610; and Ann H. Ross, PhD, North Carolina State University, Sociology and Anthropology, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695-8107 Mary H. Manhein, MA*, and Helen B. Mathews, MA, Louisiana State University, Department of Geography and Anthropology, 227 Howe- Russell Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Dana Austin, PhD*, and Paul E. Coffman, Tarrant County Medical Examiner District, 200 Feliks Gwozdz Place, Fort Worth, TX 76104-4919 Melissa A. Torpey, MS*, and Philip N. Williams, BS, Federal Bureau of Investigation Counterterrorism and, Forensic Science Research Unit, FBI Academy, Building 12, Quantico, VA 22135 288 Index 53 284 285 285 286 286 287 288 289 290 290 Comparison of Two Methods of Age Determination Using Histomorphology: Periosteal vs. Endosteal Surface Equations Osteon Area Measurements - A Validation Study Osteon Area and Circularity: A Method for the Assessment for Human and NonHuman Fragmentary Remains Andrea Clowes, BA*, Michigan State University, 16789 Chandler Road, #1422A, East Lansing, MI 48823 290 MariaTeresa Tersigni, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati, Braunstein 481 PO 210380, Cincinnati, OH 45221; Amy Michael, BA*, 416 West Genesee, Apartment 1, Lansing, MI 48933; Amber Heard, BA, 16789 Chandler Road, #1632, East Lansing, MI 48823; Christina Malone, BHS, BA, 180 Arbor Glen Drive, Apartment 203, East Lansing, MI 48823; and John E. Byrd, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Lab, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam Air Force Base, HI 96853-5530 MariaTeresa A. Tersigni, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati, Braunstein 481, PO 210380, Cincinnati, OH 45221; Amy Michael, BA, 416 West Genesee, Apartment 1, Lansing, MI 48933; and John E. Byrd, PhD, JPAC/CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam Air Force Base, HI 96853-5530 291 Index 54 292 A Histological Examination of Odocoileus virginianus for Forensic Application Identification of the Rib Number by Metric Study in Korean Pedagogy of Practicing Forensic Anthropologists: A Collection of Our History Forensic Anthropology in the Courtroom: Trends in Testimony Houston Mass Murder Victims: 33 Years Later The Bone Histology of Bear Paws and Human Hands Exhumation of an Historical Gravesite at Taos Cemetery The Relationship Between Bone Weight and Age at Death 2007 Lindsay H. Trammell, MA*, University of TennesseeKnoxville, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720 Deog-Im Kim*, Seung-Ho Han, PhD, Dai-Soon Kwak, PhD, and Je- Hoon Lee, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpodong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137701, South Korea; Yi-Suk Kim, MD, Department of Anatomy, Gahon University of Medicine and Science, 1198 Guwol-dong, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 405760, South Korea; Dae-Kyoon Park, PhD, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 366-1, Ssangyongdong, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Seoul, 330946, South Korea; U-Young Lee, MD, Division of Forensic Medicine, National Institute of Scientific Investigation, Sinwol 7dong, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 158707, South Korea; and In-Hyuk Chung, PhD, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 134, Sinchon-dong, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 120752, South Korea Joseph T. Hefner, MA*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Natalie M. Uhl, BS, University of Indianapolis, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46227; Stanley Rhine, PhD, University of New Mexico, Department of Anthropology, MSC01-1040 Anthropology, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001; and William M. Bass, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Elizabeth A. Murray, PhD*, College of Mount St. Joseph, 5701 Delhi Road, Cincinnati, OH 45233-1670; and Bruce E. Anderson, PhD*, Forensic Science Center, 2825 East District Street, Tucson, AZ 85714 Sharon M. Derrick, PhD*, Michele Hunt, BS, and Luis A. Sanchez, MD, Harris County Medical Examiner’s Office, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054 Brannon I. Jones, MA*, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Department of Anthropology, Knoxville, TN 37996 Mary H. Dudley, MD*, Sedgwick County Regional Forensic Science Center, 1109 North Minneapolis, Wichita, KS 67214; Joy Vetters, BS, Wichita State University Department of Anthropology, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, KS 67260; and Angela E. Benefiel, BA, Sedgwick County Regional Forensic Science Center, 1109 North Minneapolis, Wichita, KS 67214 Emily J. Loucks, BA*, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Department of Anthropology, Knoxville, TN 37996; and Brannon I. Jones, MA, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Department of Anthropology, Knoxville, TN 37996 Index 55 293 293 294 294 295 295 296 296 Paleopathological Diagnosis of Leprosy in Skeletons From a French Medieval Leper Bone Fragmentation Created by a Mechanical Wood Chipper Microscopic Characteristics of Hacking Trauma on Bone: The Potential for Interpretation and Identification Inter-Tidal Decomposition Patterns in Croatia: An Experiment using Sus scrofa Pedal Elements The Difference Between an Individual’s Self-Reported, Perceived, and Actual Height and Its Forensic Significance Sex and Stature Estimation Based on the Calcaneus, Talus, and Metatarsal Length Sex Determination of Koreans Through Cervical Vertebrae Stages of Epiphyseal Union in the Cervical Vertebrae of Young Adult Skeletons Pauline Saint-Martin, MD*, Service de Médecine Légale, Hôpital Trousseau, CHRU Tours, Tours, 37044, France; Norbert Telmon, MD, PhD, and Henri Dabernat, MD, PhD, Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie, UMR 8555, CNRS, 39 allees Jules Guesde, Toulouse, 31400, France; Christian Theureau, Laboratoire d’Archéologie Urbaine, Chateau de Tours, 25 quai d’Orleans, Tours, 37000, France; Patrick O’Byrne, MD, Service de Médecine Légale, Hôpital Trousseau, CHRU Tours, Tours, 37044, France; and Eric Crubezy, PhD, Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie, UMR 8555, CNRS, 39 allees Jules Guesde, Toulouse, 31400, France John A. Williams, PhD*, Western Carolina University, Department of Anthropology and Sociology, Cullowhee, NC 28723 Ariana P. Ridgely, BA*, Department of Anthropology, New York University, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003 297 Branka Franicevic, MSc*, University of Bradford, Department of Archaeological Sciences, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom; and Robert F. Pastor, PhD, University of Bradford, Biological Anthropology Research Centre, Department of Archaeological Sciences, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom Valerie B. Russell, BA*, 8 Thomas Court, Valley Cottage, NY 10989 299 Dawn M. Strohmeyer, MS*, 12 Bridge Street, Hitchin, Hertfordshire SG5 2DE, United Kingdom; and Tal L. Simmons, PhD, Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, United Kingdom Dae-Kyoon Park, MD, PhD*, Soonchunhyang University, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, 366-1, Ssangyong-dong, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Choenan-si, Seoul 330946 Korea, Republic of Korea; UYoung Lee, MD, National Institute of Scientific Investigation, Division of Forensic Medicine, 331-1 Sinwol 7-dong, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, Seoul 158707 Korea, Republic of Korea; Yi-Suk Kim, MD, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Department of Anatomy, 1198 Guwol-dong, Namdong-gu, Incheon-si, Seoul 405760 Korea, Republic of Korea; Deog-Im Kim, BA, and SeungHo Han, MD, PhD, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, 505, Banpodong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Seoul 137701 Korea, Republic of Korea; and In-Hyuk Chung, MD, PhD, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, 134, Sinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Seoul 120749 Korea, Republic of Korea Melissa A. Torpey, MS*, Michigan State University, 7 Gardenwood Drive, Asheville, NC 28803 300 Index 56 298 298 300 301 301 New Method of Skeletal Age Estimation Based on Progressive Morphological Changes in Vertebral Column Progression of Intra-Epiphyseal Union and its Predictive Capability in Fragmented Remains Age Determination From the Medial and Lateral Clavicle: A Re-Evaluation of Present Scoring Systems Forensic Age-at-Death Estimation From the European American Male Sacrum: A New Component System Accuracy of Age Estimates Using the Pubic Symphysis A Reevaluation and Revision of the Suchey-Brooks and Loth and Iscan Aging Methods Age Estimation From the Posterior and Middle Part of the Ilium Bones in Aid of Forensic Pathology: Trauma Isn’t Only Skin Deep Propeller Impacts: Injury Mechanics and Bone Trauma Standardizing Saw and Knife Mark Analysis on Bone Ballistics-Induced Depressed Skull Fractures Eva-Elvira Klonowski, PhD*, Nermin Sarajlic, PhD, MD, and Senem Skulj, BSc, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45A, Sarajevo, 71 000, Bosnia and Herzegovina Maureen Schaefer, MA*, University of Dundee, Anatomy and Forensic Anthropology, Faculty of Life Sciences, MSI/WTB Complex, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom Natalie L. Shirley, MA*, and Richard L. Jantz, PhD, The University of Tennessee Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Nicholas V. Passalacqua, BA*, Mercyhurst College, Department Applied Forensic Sciences, Zurn 119A, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Michael Finnegan, PhD*, Kansas State University, 204 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-4000 Kristen M. Hartnett, MA*, Forensic Science Center, 701 West Jefferson, Phoenix, AZ 85007 302 Clotilde Rougé-Maillart, MD*, and Nathalie Jousset, MD, Service de Médecine Légale, CHU - 4 rue Larrey, Angers, 49933, France; Bruno Vielle, MD, Departement de Statistique, CHU - 4 rue Larrey, Angers, 49933, France; Eugénia Cunha, MD, PhD, Departamento de Antropologia - Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-056, Portugal; and Norbert Telmon, MD, PhD, Service de Médecine Légale, hôpital de Rangeuil - 1 Avenue Jean Poulhès, Toulouse, 31403, France Laurent Martrille, MD*, Service de Médecine Légale, CHU Lapeyronie, 191 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier cedex 5, 34295, France; Cristina Cattaneo, MD, PhD, Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università Degli Studi, Via Mangiagali 37, Milano, 30133, Italy; Steven A. Symes, PhD, Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, 119 Zurn Hall, Erie, PA 16546; and Eric Baccino, MD, Service Médecine Légale, CHU Lapeyronie, Montpellier, 34295, France Anne M. Kroman, MA*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Tyler A. Kress, PhD, BEST Engineering, 2312 Craig Cove Road, Knoxville, TN 37919; and David J. Porta, PhD, Bellarmine University, Department of Biology, 2001 Newburg Road, Louisville, KY 40205 Steven A. Symes, PhD*, and Christopher W. Rainwater, BA, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; and Susan M. Thurston Myster, PhD, Hamline University, PO Box 196, St. Paul, MN 55104 Kathryn Haden-Pinneri, MD*, Office of the Medical Examiner of Harris County, Joseph A. Jachimiczyk Forensic Center, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054; and Gregory Berg, MS, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530 306 Index 57 302 303 304 305 305 307 307 308 309 When the Bullet Hits the Bone: Patterns of Gunshot Trauma to the Infracranium Controlled Fracture of Bones Before and After Degradation Under Different Environmental Conditions Sources of Error in Genetic and Osteological Sex Determination: Lessons from Physical Anthropology Skeletal Markers of Parturition II: Reanalysis of a Modern American Sample Geometric Morphometrics of the Scapula: An Assessment of Ancestry Refining the Isotopic Fingerprint in Modern Mexican Populations: Using Strontium, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen to Determine Region of Origin for Deceased Undocumented Border Crossers Assessment of Determination of Handedness Using Standard Osteological Measurements of the Shoulder Girdle and Arm Long Bones from Individuals of Known Handedness Bilateral Asymmetry and Handedness: Are they Really Related? Katharine A. Chapman, BA*, Texas State University, Department of Anthropology, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666 Lori E. Baker, PhD, Baylor University, Department of Anthropology, Forensic Science, and Archaeology, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798; Carolyn P. Skurla, PhD*, Baylor University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, One Bear Place #97356, Waco, TX 76798; Zachary Kelm, BS, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905; Casey Anderson, Baylor University, Department of Anthropology, Forensic Science, and Archaeology, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798; David R. Webster, BS, Baylor University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, One Bear Place #97356, Waco, TX 76798; Kieran P. McNulty, PhD, Baylor University, Department of Anthropology, Forensic Science, and Archaeology, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798; Kristy Bernard, BS, University of New Haven, Department of Forensic Science, 300 Boston Post Road, West Haven, CT 06516; and Eric A. Schaefer, and Daniel C. Bland, Baylor University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, One Bear Place #97356, Waco, TX 76798 Krista E. Latham, MS*, Temple University, Department of Anthropology, 1115 West Berks Street, Gladfelter Hall, 2nd Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19122; and Luis M. Cabo-Perez, MS, Jeremy J. Beach, MS, and Dennis C Dirkmaat, PhD, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Elizabeth A. DiGangi, MA*, Pellissippi State Technical Community College, Department of Natural and Behavioral Sciences, 10915 Hardin Valley Road, Knoxville, TN 37993; and Jonathan D. Bethard, MA*, The University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Natalie M. Uhl, BS, University of Indianapolis, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46227; Joseph T. Hefner, MA, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; and John J. Schultz, PhD, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32816 Chelsey A. Juarez, MA*, 240 River Street, #1, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 309 Marie Elaine Danforth, PhD*, and Andrew R. Thompson, BA, University of Southern Mississippi, Department of Anthropology and Sociology, 118 College Drive, #5074, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 312 Kathryn R.D. Driscoll, MA*, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 313 Index 58 310 310 311 311 312 Correlation of Forensic Anthropologic Findings With DNA Profiles Obtained From Cold Cases Ossification of Laryngeal Structures: As Indicators of Age Age Related Changes of the Distal Humerus The Determination of Age Using the Acetabulum of the Os Coxa Matjes River Rockshelter: A Case of Commingled Remains Differential Wound Healing Patterns in Bone: A Case Study Involving Multiple Antemortem Injuries Hyoid Fusion and the Relationship With Fracture: Forensic Anthropological Implications The Potential Diagnostic Value of Scanning Electron Microscopy in the Differential Diagnosis of Bone Lesions: A Pilot Study Evaluation of the Mandibular Angle as an Indicator of Sex Test of a Method Regarding Sex Indication of the Human Hyoid Body Efficient Processing of Human Remains Using Dermestid Beetles Bodies and Body Parts: When and How to Record Them During the Excavation of Mass Graves Putting It All Together: Recovery, Assembly, and Analysis of Multiple Body Parts Heather Walsh-Haney, MA*, and Sulekha R. Coticone, PhD*, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Boulevard, Ft. Myers, FL 33965 Heather M. Garvin, BA, BS*, 1422 Pearce Park, Apartment # 6, Erie, PA 16502 Emily Jeavons, BS*, Bournemouth University, School of Conservation Science, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, United Kingdom Kyra E. Stull, BA*, 108 Firethorne Drive, Greer, SC 29650; Dustin M. James, BA, 7735 Village Drive, Knoxville, TN 37919; and Joseph T. Hefner, MA, 241 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Ericka N L’Abbe, PhD*, Marius Loots, BSc, and Natalie Keough, BSc, University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy, PO Box 2034, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa Allison Bouwman, BA*, Jessica Dimka, BS, Jennifer Halpain, BS, Turhon A. Murad, PhD, and Eric J. Bartelink, PhD, California State University, Chico, 400 West First Street, Department of Anthropology, Butte #311, Chico, CA 95929-0400 Jonathan D. Bethard, MA*, and Christine M. Pink, MA, The University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37916 Wendy E. Potter, BA, MS*, Department of Anthropology, MSC01-1040, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 Carlos J. Zambrano, MS, Nicolette M. Parr, MS*, Laurel Freas, MA, Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD, and Michael W. Warren, PhD, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, PO Box 103615, 1376 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32610 Michelle L. Osborn, BA*, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Howe-Russel Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; Mary H. Manhein, MA, Department of Geography and Anthropology, FACES Lab, Louisiana State University, E105 Howe- Russell Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and Michael Leitner, PhD, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Loiusiana State University, E111 Howe-Russell Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Karen R. Cebra, MS, MSFS*, California State University at Chico, Anthropology Department, 400 West 1st Street, Chico, CA 95929 Hugh H. Tuller, MA*, and Joan Baker, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, Hawaii 96853 Emily A. Craig, PhD*, and Cristin Rolf, MD, Kentucky Medical Examiner’s Office, 100 Sower Boulevard, Suite 202, Frankfort, KY 40601 Index 59 314 314 315 315 316 316 317 317 318 319 319 320 320 Percentage of Body Recovered and its Effect on Identification Rates and Cause/Manner of Death Determination The Fourth Era of Forensic Anthropology: Examining the Future of the Discipline A New Method for Evaluating Orbit Shape Debra Komar, PhD, Office of the Medical Investigator, MSC11-6030, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001; and Wendy E. Potter, MS*, Department of Anthropology, MSC01-1040, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 Paul S. Sledzik, MS*, National Transportation Safety Board, Office of Transportation Disaster Assistance, 490 L’Enfant Plaza East, SW, Washington, DC 20594-2000; Todd W. Fenton, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; Michael W. Warren, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, PO Box 117305, Gainesville, FL 32611; John E. Byrd, PhD*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530; Christian Crowder, PhD*, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016; Shuala M. Drawdy, MA*, International Committee of the Red Cross, 19 Avenue de la Paix, Geneva, 1202, Switzerland; Dennis C. Dirkmaat, PhD*, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; Alison Galloway, PhD*, Chancellor’s Office, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064; Michael Finnegan, PhD*, Osteology Laboratory, Kansas State University, 204 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506; Laura C. Fulginiti, PhD*, and Kristen Hartnett, MA*, Maricopa County Forensic Science Center, 701 West Jefferson, Phoenix, AZ 85007; Thomas D. Holland, PhD*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530; Murray K. Marks, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 225 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Stephen D. Ousley, PhD*, Repatriation Office, Department of Anthropology, NMNHMRC 138, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 200137012; Tracy Rogers, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada; Norman J. Sauer, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; Tal L. Simmons, PhD*, Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom; Steven A. Symes, PhD*, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546-0001; Morris Tidball-Binz, MD*, International Committee of the Red Cross, 19 Avenue de la Paix, Geneva, 1202, SWITZERLAND; and Douglas Ubelaker, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, NMNHMRC 112, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 Shanna E. Williams, MA*, University of Florida, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, 1376 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32610 Index 60 321 322 325 Morphological Characteristics of Ancestry in the Fetal/Newborn Human Skeleton The Curse of the Curvaceous Femur, the Litigious Line, and the Intrepid Investigator Isotopic Determination of Region of Origin in Modern Peoples: Applications for Identification of U.S. War-Dead From the Vietnam Conflict II Richard Jantz: A Man of Impressive Numbers Estimating Geographic Ancestry of Hispanic Crania Using Geometric Morphometrics Morphological Variation in the Cranial Base: Implications for Sex and Ancestry Estimation Craniometrics as Jantz Taught Us: Multiple Lines of Evidence to Deduce the Affiliation of Painted “Aztec” Skulls Repeatability and Error of Cranial Landmark Coordinates Morphological Variation of the Human Knee: Implications for Sex and Ancestral Designations Sex Determination in the Human Sacrum: Wing Index and Sacral Curvature Lawrence Frelich, DDS, PhD, Department of Peridontics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, 666 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201; and David R. Hunt, PhD*, Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013-7012 Gregory E. Berg, MA*, Sabrina C. Ta’ala, MA, Elias J. Kontanis, PhD, and Sardiaa Plaud, BS, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530 Laura A. Regan, PhD*, Armed Forced Medical Examiner System, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 102, Rockville, MD 20850; Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD, C.A. Pound Human Identification Lab, University of Florida, PO Box 103615, 1376 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32601; and Andrew Tyrrell, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting CommandCentral Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Lee Meadows Jantz, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Katherine M. Spradley, PhD*, and Bridget F.B. AlgeeHewitt, MA, The University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Ashley H. McKeown, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812; and Daniel J. Wescott, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 Susan M.T. Myster, PhD*, Hamline University, MB 196, 1536 Hewitt Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55104; Erin Kimmerle, PhD, University of South Florida, Soc 110, 4202 East Fowler, Tampa, FL 33620; and Ann H. Ross, PhD, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695-8107 Ann H. Ross, PhD*, North Carolina State University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, CB 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695-8107; and Shanna Williams, MA, University of Florida, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, Gainesville, FL 32611 Erin B. Waxenbaum, MA*, C.A. Pound Human Identification Lab, University of Florida, PO Box 103615, 1376 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32610; Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD, C.A. Pound Human Identification Lab, University of Florida, PO Box 103615, 1376 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32601; and David R. Hunt, PhD, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology, Washington, DC 20560 Michaela M. Huffman, BS*, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Anthropology, MRC112, 10th & Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20560-0112; and David R. Hunt, PhD, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Anthropology/MRC112, 10th & Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20560-0112 Index 61 326 326 327 327 328 328 329 330 330 331 New Statistical Approaches to Sex Estimation: Multi-Stage Discriminant Function Analysis The Value of Experience, Education, and Methods in Ancestry Prediction Using Growth Data to Understand Secular Trends in Femur Diaphyseal Size and Shape among American Adults SIRLI (Sistema de Identificación de Restos y Localización de Individuos): A Review of the First Year of Mexico’s Database for Missing Persons An Argument for the Increased Involvement of Forensic Anthropologists in Mass Fatality Incidents in the United States, United Kingdom and Europe Introducing Forensic Anthropology to Albania Using the Problem-Based Learning Model The Importance of Archaeological Site Formation Processes and Flexible Excavation Strategies to the Development of Successful Medicolegal Approaches to Mass Graves Excavation: Al Hatra, Iraq Creating a Standardized Approach to Capacity Building Programs in Forensic Anthropology: Human Rights Investigations in Colombia The Current and Potential Role of Forensic Anthropology in Cambodia Grave Problems in Iraq Stephen D. Ousley, PhD*, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, NMNH MRC 138, Washington, DC 20013-7012; and John E. Byrd, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Joseph T. Hefner, MA*, Forensic Anthropology Center, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; Paul D. Emanovsky, MS, and John Byrd, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; and Stephen D. Ousley, PhD, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012 MRC 138, Washington, DC 20013 Daniel J Wescott, PhD*, University of Missouri-Columbia, Department of Anthropology, 107 Swallow Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 Lori E. Baker, PhD*, Baylor University, Department of Anthropology, Forensic Science and Archaeology, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798 331 Frank A. Ciaccio, MPA*, Kenyon International Emergency Services, Inc., 15180 Grand Point Drive, Houston, TX 77090; and Nick Haig, BA, Msc*, Kenyon International Emergency Services, Inc., 1, The Western Centre, Western Road, Bracknell, RG12 1RW, England, United Kingdom Thomas A. Crist, PhD*, and John H. Johnsen, PhD, Utica College, 1600 Burrstone Road, Utica, NY 13304 334 Joan E. Baker, PhD*, and Eric B Emery, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 335 Jennifer L. Beatty, JD*, Department of Justice, Criminal Division, International Criminal Investigative Training Assistance Program, 1331 F Street NW Suite 500, Washington, DC 20530; Andrew Tyrrell, PhD, Eric Emery, PhD, William R. Belcher, PhD, and Derek C. Benedix, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, Building 45, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-3350; and Liliana del Amparo Segura Leal, and Manuel A. Torres Rojas, Prosecutor General’s Office, Technical Investigation Corps (CTI), Diagonal 22B No. 52-01, Bogota, DC, Colombia Sabrina C. Ta’ala, MA*, and Gregory E. Berg, MA, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530 Derek R. Congram, BA Honours, MSc, MA*, 393 Pinehurst Drive, RR4 Belle River, Ontario N0R 2A0, Canada; and Ambika Flavel, BA, MSc Forensic Archaeology, Regime Crimes Liaison Office, RCLO/Mass Graves, APO, AE 09342 336 Index 62 332 333 334 335 337 337 Differential Diagnosis of Torture in Skeletal Remains Blasting Injuries in Human Rights Cases and Armed Conflicts Decomposition in a Mass Grave and the Implications for Post Mortem Interval Estimates The Decomposition of Human Remains Recovered From the River Clyde, Scotland: A Comparative Study of UK Fluvial Systems The Boy in the Chimney: A Case Study in Human Decomposition Patella Sex Determination by 3D Statistical Shape Models and Nonlinear Classifiers The Problem-Based Learning Approach to Forensic Anthropology at Butrint National Park, Albania: The International Student Perspective Long Bone Ratios for the Bosnian Male Population The Mastoid Sinuses and Their Potential in Comparative Radiology for Forensic Anthropology The Petrous Portion of the Human Temporal Bone Revisited: A Bayesian Analysis of its Potential Value in the Identification of Human Skeletal Remains Mandibular Morphology as an Indicator of Human Subadult Age: Interlandmark and Geometric Morphometric Approaches Jose P. Baraybar, BA, MS*, and Carmen R. Cardoza, BA, Equipo Peruano de Antropologia Forense (EPAF), Arnaldo Marquez 2144-D, Lima, Lima 11, Peru Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD*, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, SOC 107, Tampa, FL 33620- 8100; and Jose Pablo Baraybar, MSc, Peruvian Forensic Anthropology Team (EPAF), Toribio Pacheco 216 Lima 18 Peru, Lima, 18, Peru Rebecca E. White*, 1 Harlestone Court, Harlestone Road, Dallington, Northampton, Northamptonshire, NN5 7AP, United Kingdom Vivienne G. Heaton, MS*, and Tal Simmons, PhD, Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, United Kingdom Elizabeth A. Miller, PhD*, Cal State Los Angeles and Los Angeles County Coroner, Department of Anthropology, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032 Mohamed Mahfouz, PhD, Ahmed M. Badawi, PhD, Brandon C. Merkl, MS, Emam ElHak Ali Abd ElFatah, MS, Emily Pritchard, BS, and Katherine R. Kesler, BS, Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, 301 Perkins Hall, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; and Megan K. Moore, MS*, Richard L. Jantz, PhD, and Lee Meadows Jantz, PhD, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 Alyson E. Jaagumagi*, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada; Bo Yeon Kim*, Bryn Mawr College, 101 North Merion Avenue, Bryn Mawr, PA 19010-2899; Danielle Stollak, Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA 190411392; and Meisha Bray*, Grand Valley State University, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI 49401-9401 Alexandra M. Klonowski, MS*, and Tal Simmons, PhD, University of Central Lancashire, Maudland Building, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, United Kingdom Pamela M Steger, BA, MS*, Travis County Medical Examiners Office, 934 Sycamore Street, San Marcos, TX 78666; and Daniel Jackson, BA, MA, Travis County Medical Examiners Office, 104 B Ladybird Lane, San Marcos, TX 78666 Jason M. Wiersema, PhD*, Harris County Medical Examiner, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 338 Daniel Franklin, PhD*, Centre for Forensic Science, School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, MBDP 420, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; and Andrea Cardini, PhD, Functional Morphology and Evolution Research Unit, The Hull York Medical School, Heslington, York Y010 5DD, United Kingdom 344 Index 63 338 339 339 340 341 341 342 343 343 Assessment of Histomorphological Features of the Fourth Rib for Age Estimation in Koreans Age-Related Histomorphometric Changes in Fetal and Infant Long Bones Utilization of the Iscan Method on Multislice Computed Tomography Reconstructions for Assessment of Aging: A Preliminary Study Estimating Time Since Death From Human Skeletal Remains by Radioisotope and Trace Element Analysis Even in Alaska! Missing Person or Cremains and How to Tell the Difference Forensic Anthropology Investigation of Human Rights Violations in the Ixil and Ixcan areas of Guatemala Most Common Variation and Dental Anomalies in Skeletons Analyzed in the Laboratory of the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation Diverse Stature Estimation Formulae Applied to a Bosnian Population A Simple Technique for Imaging the Human Skeleton: An Application Using the Auricular Surface for Aging Yi-Suk Kim, MD*, Department of Anatomy, Gahon University of Medicine and Science, 1198, Kuwol-dong, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 405760, South Korea; Dae-Kyoon Park, PhD, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 366-1, Ssangyong-dong, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 330946, South Korea; and Deog-Im Kim, Je-Hoon Lee, and Seung-Ho Han, PhD, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137701, South Korea Courtney D. Eleazer, BS*, and Murray K. Marks, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Fabrice Dedouit, MD*, Stéphanie Bindel, David Gainza, MD, and Anthony Blanc, MD, Service de Médecine Légale, Hôpital de Rangueil, 1 Avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès, TSA 50032, Toulouse Cedex 9, 31059, France; Francis Joffre, PhD, Service de Radiologie Générale, Hôpital de Rangueil, 1 Avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès, TSA 50032, Toulouse Cedex 9, 31059, France; and Daniel Rouge, PhD, and Norbert Telmon, PhD, Service de Médecine Légale, Hôpital de Rangueil, 1 Avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès, TSA 50032, Toulouse Cedex 9, 31059, France Sheridan J. Howard, BHS*, Centre for Forensic Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; and Jan Meyer, PhD, School of Anatomy & Human Biology, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia Kathleen Day, MS*, State of Alaska Medical Examiner’s Office, 4500 South Boniface Parkway, Anchorage, AK 99507; and David McMahan, MA, Alalska Department of Natural Resources, Office of History & Archaelogy, 3601 C Street, Suite 1278, Anchorage, AK 99503 Lourdes A. Penados, MS*, CAFCA, 2a. calle 6-77 zona 1, Guatemala, 01001, Guatemala; and Tal L. Simmons, PhD, University of Central Lancashire, Department of Forensic and Investigative Sciences, Maudland Building 114, Preston, Lancashire PR12HE, United Kingdom Shirley C. Chacón, BA*, and Leonel E. Paiz, BA, Fundación de Antropología Forense de Guatemala (FAFG), Avenida Simeón Cañas 10- 64 Zona 2, Guatemala City, 01002, Guatemala Nermin Sarajlic, MD, PhD*, Eva-Elvira Klonowski, PhD, and Senem Skulj, BSc, ICMP, Alipasina 45A, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina Sherry C. Fox, PhD*, Wiener Laboratory, American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 54 Souidias Street, Athens, Attica GR106-76, Greece; and Sotiris K. Manolis, PhD, and Constantinos Eliopoulos, PhD, Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Division of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Attica GR106-76, Greece Index 64 345 345 346 347 347 347 348 348 349 Analysis of Commingled Remains Using Archaeology, Anthropology, and DNA: A Case Study from North Korea Investigating the Spanish Civil War: Forensic Anthropological Investigations in Santaella Sifting Through the “Ashes”: Age and Sex Estimation Based on Cremains Weight Burned Human Remains: Myths in Forensic Science Establishing the Perimortem Interval: Correlation Between Bone Moisture Content and Blunt Force Trauma Characters Bone-Breaking Rules: A Report of Six Fracture Mechanism-of-Injury Axioms Developed From Experimental Impact Testing Trace Element Analysis of Human Bone Using Portable XRF Physical Matches of Bone, Tooth, and Shell Fragments: A Validation Study Three-Dimensional Variation in Face Shape in a Large Study Sample Facial Soft Tissue Depths in Craniofacial Identification: Properties Gleaned From a Comparative Bottom-Up Approach Alexander F. Christensen, PhD*, and William R. Belcher, PhD*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; and Sarah Bettinger, MSFS, Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 101, Rockville, MD 20850 Dawnie W. Steadman, PhD*, Binghamton University, Department of Anthropology, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000; Elena Sintes Olives, MA, and Camila Oliart Caravatti, MA, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Department of Prehistory, Edifici B, Barcelona, 08193, Spain; and Jennifer M. Bauder, MA, Binghamton University, Department of Anthropology, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000 Traci L Van Deest, BA*, California State University, Chico, Department of Anthropology, 311 Butte Hall, Chico, CA 95929 Elayne J. Pope, MA*, University of Arkansas, 330 Old Main, Anthropology Department, Fayetteville, AR 72701 Danielle A. Miller Wieberg, MA*, 4107 Meredith Road, Knoxville, TN 37921 349 Tyler A. Kress, PhD*, BEST Engineering, 2312 Craig Cove Road, Knoxville, TN 37919; David J. Porta, PhD, Bellarmine University, Department of Biology, 2001 Newburg Road, Louisville, KY 40205; Anne M. Kroman, MA, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, Knoxville, TN 37996; and Bryce O. Anderson, PhD, BEST Engineering, 2312 Craig Cove, Knoxville, TN 37919 Jennifer J. Prutsman-Pfeiffer, MA*, University of Rochester Medical Center, Autopsy and Neuropathology, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 626, Rochester, NY 14642; and Peter J. Bush, BS, South Campus Instrument Center, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214 Angi M. Christensen, PhD*, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; and Adam D. Sylvester, PhD, The University of Tennessee, Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, 301 Perkins Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Martin P. Evison, PhD*, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Forensic Science Program, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; and Richard W. Vorder Bruegge, PhD, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Forensic Audio, Video and Image Analysis Unit, Engineering Research Facility, Building 27958A, Quantico, VA 22135 Carl N. Stephan, PhD*, The University of Queensland, Anatomy and Developmental Biology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; and Ellie K. Simpson, PhD, Forensic Science South Australia, 21 Divett Place, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia 353 Index 65 350 350 351 352 353 354 355 355 Examination of Identification Methods Used by Medical Examiners: A Facility Study The Technique of Sampling Skeletal Remains for Mitochondrial DNA Testing DNA Preservation of Skeletal Elements From the World Trade Center Disaster: Some Recommendations for Mass Disaster Management Considerations in Differentiating Negligence From Deliberate Misconduct — Lessons Learned From Tri-State Crematorium The Donation Dilemma: Academic Ethics and Public Participation at the Anthropological Research Facility Daubert and Kumho: Implications for Anthropologists in the Courtroom Bones of Contention - The Investigation of a Cadaver Dog Handler Angela Soler, BS*, and Todd W. Fenton, PhD, Michigan State University, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824; and Joyce L. deJong, DO, Sparrow Hospital, 1215 East Michigan Avenue, Lansing, MI 48909 Audrey L. Meehan, BGS*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command/ Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Amy Z Mundorff, MA*, Simon Fraser University, Department of Archaeology, 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; and Eric J Bartelink, PhD, California State University, Chico, Department of Anthropology, Butte Hall 311, Chico, CA 95929 Hugh E. Berryman, PhD*, Sociology and Anthropology, PO Box 10, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132; and Carrie Anne Berryman, MA, Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Box 356050, Station B, Nashville, TN 37235 Bridget Algee-Hewitt, MA*, Rebecca J Wilson, MA, and Lee Meadows Jantz, PhD, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Christopher R. Grivas, MS*, and Debra Komar, PhD, University of New Mexico, Department of Anthropology, MSC01 1040, Office of the Medical Investigator, MSC11 6131, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 Amy L. Michaud, BS*, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, National Laboratory Center, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD 20705; Douglas H. Ubelaker, PhD, Department of Anthropology, NMNHMRC112, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, 20560; and Norman J. Sauer, PhD, Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 Index 66 356 356 357 357 358 359 359 Estimating Time Since Injury From Healing Stages Observed in Radiographs The Human Petrous Temporal Bone: Potential for Forensic Individuation Results of Forensic Anthropological Examination in Daegu Subway Disaster (2003, Korea) Population Variation in the Sacrum Skull and Photo Superimposition Technique Used to Aid in the Identification Process Selection of Variables for Discriminant Analysis of Human Crania for Determining Ancestry Age of Closure of the Spheno-Occipital Synchondrosis in the Arabian Gulf Region Sexual Dimorphism in the Subadult Mandible: Quantification Using Geometric Morphometrics Forensic GPR: Using Ground-Penetrating Radar to Search for Buried Bodies A Case of Historical Homicide in Northern Nevada 2006 Kevin B. Hufnagl, MA*, 601 Lindsay Place, Apartment B14, Knoxville, TN 37919 Jason M. Wiersema, MA*, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4352 Dae-Kyoon Park, MD, PhD*, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 366-1, Ssangyong-dong, Chungcheongnam-do, Cheonan-si, 330946, Korea; Yi-Suk Kim, MD, and Nak-Eun Chung, MD, PhD, Division of Forensic Medicine National Institute of Scientific Investigation, 331-1 Sinwol 7 -dong, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 158707 Korea; and Seung-Ho Han, MD, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Socho-gu, Seoul 137701 Korea Jaime L. Loichinger, BA*, and Cynthia A. Wilczak, PhD, University of Maryland, College Park-Dept. of Anthropology, 1111 Woods Hall, College Park, MD 20742 Audrey L. Meehan, BGS*, and Robert W. Mann, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command/Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Adam Kolatorowicz, MS*, 4510 Marcy Lane, # 41, Indianapolis, IN 46205 361 M. Essam E. El-Sheikh, MD, PhD*, and Salwa Ramadan, MD, PO Box 1747, Farwaina 1747, Kuwait Daniel Franklin, PhD, and Charles E. Oxnard, MBChB, PhD, Centre for Forensic Science, School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Paul O’Higgins, MBChB, PhD, Functional Morphology and Evolution Research Group, The University of York, Heslington, York Y010 5DD, United Kingdom; and Ian Dadour, PhD*, and Robin Napper, BA, Centre for Forensic Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia Johh J. Schultz, PhD*, University of Central Florida, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Orlando, FL 32816-1360 Ryan W. Schmidt, BS*, 1424 Santa Anita Drive, Apartment B, Las Vegas, NV 89119; and Jennifer L. Thompson, PhD, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154 364 Index 67 361 362 362 363 363 364 365 365 What Matters - Size or Shape? ThreeDimensional Analysis of Craniofacial Sexual Variation Among American Populations Estimation of Living Stature From Selected Anthropometric (Soft Tissue) Measurements: How do These Compare With Osteometric (Skeletal) Measurements? Morphological, Metric, and Morphometric Variation in the Midface An Assessment of Non-Metric Traits of the Mandible Used in the Determination of Ancestry Discriminant Function Analysis as Applied to Mandibular Morphology to Assess Population Affinity Morphoscopic Traits and the Statistical Determination of Ancestry II Ontogeny of Femur Subtrochanteric Shape: Implications for Determining Ancestry Using the Platymeric Index A New Method for Estimating Age-atDeath From the First Rib Stature Estimation Based on Dimensions of the Bony Pelvis and Proximal Femur Evaluation of Three Methods of Age Estimation From Human Skeletal Remains (Suchey-Brooks, Lamendin, and Two-Step Strategy) Ann H. Ross, PhD*, North Carolina State University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695- 8107; Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, SOC 107, Tampa, FL 336208100; Dennis E. Slice, PhD, Institute for Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD, University of Florida, CA Pound Human ID Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Gainesville, FL 32611 Bradley J. Adams, PhD*, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, City of New York, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016; and Nicholas P. Herrmann, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Stephen D. Ousley, PhD*, Smithsonian Institution, NMNH MRC 138, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012; and Lisa M. Martinez, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138 Nicolette M. Parr, MS*, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 366 Gregory E. Berg, MA*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530 Joseph T. Hefner, BA, MA*, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; and Stephen D. Ousley, PhD, Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 Daniel J. Wescott, PhD*, University of Missouri-Columbia, Department of Anthropology, 107 Swallow Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 Elizabeth A. DiGangi, MA*, and Jonathan D. Bethard, MA, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37916; Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, SOC 107, Tampa, FL 33620-8100; and Lyle W. Konigsberg, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Carolyn L. Giroux, BA*, 6200 East Richland Road, Columbia, MO 65201; and Daniel J. Wescott, PhD, University of Missouri-Columbia, Department of Anthropology, 107 Swallow Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 Rika Prodhan, BS*, 547 Cedar Branch Road, League City, TX 77573; Douglas H. Ubelaker, PhD, Department of Anthropology, MRC 112, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560; and Debra A. Prince, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 369 Index 68 366 367 368 369 370 370 371 371 Evaluation of Purkait’s Triangle Method for Determining Sexual Dimorphism Sex Determination From the Hyoid Body Forensic Application of Epiphyseal Sequencing Research Trends During the History of the Physical Anthropology Section at the AAFS Annual Meetings Estimating the Postmortem Interval in Freshwater Environments Missing, Present, and Left Behind Gooney Birds and Rocky Clouds: Perimortem Trauma in World War II C-47 Crashes From Papua New Guinea Of Butterflies and Spirals: Interpretation of Fractures in Motor Vehicle vs. Pedestrian Accidents Orthopedic Devices and the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection: Implications for Forensic Anthropological Identification The Effects of Household Corrosive Substances on Human Bone and Teeth Artists Contribution to Facial Reconstruction Superficial Ancestral Characteristics of the Nose Robert P. Brown, MFS*, 22nd Military Police Battalion (CID), USACIDC, PO Box 331009, Mailstop #84, Fort Lewis, WA 98433; Douglas H. Ubelaker, PhD, Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History, Department of Anthropology, 10th and Constitution Avenue NW, MRC 112, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013; and Moses S. Schanfield, PhD, The George Washington University, Department of Forensic Sciences, 2036 H Street NW, 102 Samson Hall, Washington, DC 20052 Jered B. Cornelison, MS*, Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology, 204 Olds Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824; Wendy L. Lackey- Cornelison, MA, Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology, 426 East Fee Hall, East Lansing, MI 28824; and Brian C. Hunter, PhD, 1215 East Michigan Avenue, Lansing, MI 48912 Maureen C. Schaefer, MA*, University of Dundee, Anatomy and Forensic Anthropology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland Derek C. Benedix, PhD*, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530; and William R. Belcher, PhD, JPACCIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530 Billie L. Seet, MA*, 16 Arcola Street #2, Jamaica Plain, MA, 02130 Julie M. Saul, BA*, and Frank P. Saul, PhD, Lucas County (Toledo) Coroners Office and Wayne County (Detroit) Medical Examiners Office, 3518 East Lincolnshire Blvd, Toledo, OH 4360 Alexander F. Christensen, PhD*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Ave., Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Laura C. Fulginiti, PhD*, Kristen M. Hartnett, MA, Kevin D. Horn, MD, and Ruth E. Kohlmeier, MD, Forensic Science Center, 701 West Jefferson, Phoenix, AZ 85007 Rebecca J. Wilson, MA*, Jonathan D. Bethard, MA, and Elizabeth A. DiGangi, MA, The University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Darcy J. Cope*, and Tosha L. Dupras, PhD, University of Central Florida, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Orlando, FL 32816 Gloria L. Nusse, BFA*, Clay and Bones, 129 Stanford Avenue, Mill Valley, CA 94941; and Alison Galloway, PhD*, University of California, Santa Cruz, Anthropolgy Department, Social Science One FS, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Stephanie M. Crider, BA*, 4525 North Leata Lane, La Canada, CA 91011 Index 69 372 373 373 374 374 374 375 376 376 377 377 378 Morphometrics Using Radiographic Study of Thyroid Cartilage for Age-Estimation in Korean Males Isotopic Determination of Region of Origin in Modern Peoples: Applications for Identification of U.S. War-Dead From the Vietnam Conflict Non-Destructive Microscopic Differentiation of Human From NonHuman Fragmentary Burned Bone The Detection of Microscopic Markers of Haemorrhaging and Wound Age on Dry Bone: Beating the Barriers Between Forensic Anthropology and Forensic Pathology Differential Diagnosis of Gout in Skeletal Remains Bevel, Bevel in my Bone, Be it Bullet or Be it Stone? Misidentification of Blunt Force Trauma as Ballistic Entrance Wounds in Burned Cranial Bone The Difference Between “Pala” and “Palo” is the Instrument of Death Scanning Electron Microscopy of Saw Marks in Bone: Assessment of WearRelated Features of the Kerf Wall Seasonal Variation of Scavenging and Associated Faunal Activity on Pig Carcasses in South Western Australia A Preliminary Investigation of Decomposition in Cold Climate Dae-Kyoon Park, MD, PhD*, and Jeong-Sik Ko, PhD, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 366-1, Ssangyong-dong, Chungcheongnam-do, Cheonan-si, 330946, Korea; and Deog-Im Kim, MA, U-Young Lee, MD, and Seung-Ho Han, MD, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Sochogu, Seoul, 137701, Korea Laura A. Regan, MS*, and Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD, C.A. Pound Human Identification Lab, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, PO Box 112545, Building 114, Gainesville, FL 32611; and Andrew Tyrrell, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam Air Force Base, HI 96853 Elayne J. Pope, MA, Trey Batey, MA*, and Jerome C. Rose, PhD, University of Arkansas, 330 Old Main, Fayetteville, AR 72701 Cristina Cattaneo, PhD, MD*, and Eloisa Marinelli, MD, Istituto di Medicina Legale, via Mangiagalli 37, Milano, 20133, Italy; Salvatore Andreola, MD, Istituto Nazionale per la Cura Dei Tumori, via venezian 1, Milano, 20133, Italy; and Pasquale Poppa, BSc, and Marco Grandi, MD, Istituto di Medicina Legale, via Mangiagalli 37, Milano, 20133, Italy Christopher R. Grivas, MS*, University of New Mexico, Department of Anthropology, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 Elayne J. Pope, MA*, University of Arkansas, 330 Old Main, Fayetteville, AR 72701; O’Brian C. Smith, MD, 381 Cherry Hollow, Cordova, TN 38018; and Kate M. Spradley, MA, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996 Turhon A. Murad, PhD*, Anthropology Department, California State University, Chico, CA 95929-0400 Laurel Freas, MA*, Department of Anthropology, CA Pound Human ID Laboratory, University of Florida, PO Box 112545, Gainesville, FL 32611 R. Christopher O’Brien, BA, MFS*, University of Western Australia, Centre for Forensic Science, 35 Stirling Highway, Mail Bag M420, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Shari L. Forbes, PhD, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science, 2000 Simcoe Street, North, Oshawa, ON L1H 7K4, Canada; Jan Meyer, PhD, University of Western Australia, School of Anatomy and Human Biology, 35 Stirling Highway, Mail Bag M360, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; and Ian Dadour, University of Western Australia, Centre for Forensic Science, 35 Stirling Highway, Mail Bag M420, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia Ann W. Bunch, PhD*, State University of New York at Oswego, 310 Mahar Hall, Department of Anthropology, Oswego, NY 13126 Index 70 378 379 380 380 381 382 382 383 384 384 Assessing the Effect of Repeated Physical Disturbance Associated With Data Collection in Experimental Decomposition Studies Beetle Poop: Interpret With Caution in Southeast Texas Temperature Variability in the Burial Environment The Shallow Grave as an Option for Disposing of the Recently Deceased: Goals and Consequences How to Look a Gift Corpse in the Mouth: Season at Death Determined by Cementum Increment Analysis Anthropological Saw Mark Analysis on Bone: What is the Potential of Dismemberment Interpretation? Working With Family Members of Decedents: A Discussion of Techniques for Forensic Scientists Anthropologist Directed Triage Teams From Three Distinct Mass Fatality Events Involving Human Fragmentation Rachel E. Adlam, MSc*, and Tal L. Simmons, PhD, University of Central Lancashire, Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, Maudland Building, Preston, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom Dwayne A. Wolf, MD, PhD*, Harris County Medical Examiner Office, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054; Harrell Gill-King, PhD, University of North Texas, PO Box 305220, Denton, TX 76203; Lee M. Goff, PhD, Chaminade University of Honolulu, 3140 Waialae Avenue, Honolulu, HI 96816 Misty A. Weitzel, PhD*, Oregon State University, Waldo 212, Corvallis, OR 97333 Dennis C. Dirkmaat, PhD*, and Luis L. Cabo, MS, Mercyhurst College, Department Applied Forensic Sciences, Zurn 119A, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Vicki L. Wedel, MA*, Department of Anthropology, University of California, 1156 High Street, SS1 Faculty Services, Santa Cruz, CA 95064-1077; Shannon Bowman, BA, Texas A&M University, Department of Anthropology, College Station, TX 77483 Steven A. Symes, PhD*, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; Anne M. Kroman, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Susan M.T. Myster, PhD, Hamline University, Department of Anthropology, St. Paul, MN 55104; and Christopher W. Rainwater, BA, and John J. Matia, MS, Mercyhurst College, Department of Forensic/Biological Anthropology, Erie, PA 16546 Paul S. Sledzik, MS*, National Transportation Safety Board, Office of Transportation Disaster Assistance, 490 L’Enfant Plaza East, SW, Washington, DC 20594; Lee Meadows Jantz, PhD*, Forensic Anthropology Center, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720; Amy Z. Mundorff, MA*, Simon Fraser University, 611-1485 West 6th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V6H 4G1, Canada; Giovanna M. Vidoli, MSc*, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016; Thomas D. Holland, PhD*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; Darinka X. Mileusnic- Polchan, MD, PhD*, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Department of Pathology/Knox County Office of the Medical Examiner, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, TN 37920; and Mercedes Doretti*, and Luis Fondebrider*, Equipo Argentino de Antropologia Forense, Av. Rivadavia 2443, Piso 2 Dep. 4, Buenos Aires, 1034, Argentina Amy Z. Mundorff, MA*, Simon Fraser University, 611-1485 West 6th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V6H4G1, Canada Index 71 385 385 386 386 387 388 388 389 The Accuracy of Ante-Mortem Data and Presumptive Identification: Appropriate Procedures, Applications and Ethics Anthropological Aspect of Mass Disasters Traumatic Modifications of Human Remains of Victims of Mass Disasters and Long-Term Abuse Anthropology Responds to Hurricane Katrina To Measure or Not to Measure: An Analysis of Maximum Length of the Tibia Extensive Rat Modification of a Human Skeleton From Central Indiana Mass Disasters and Non-Human Remains Tal Simmons, PhD*, Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom; and Mark Skinner, PhD, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipašina 45a, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina Laurent Martrille, MD*, Service de Medecine Legale, Chu Lapeyronie, 191 Avenue du doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier, 34295, France; Cristina Cattaneo, MD, PhD, Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagali 37, Milano, 20133, Italy; Yves Schuliar, MD, IRCGN, 1 Boulevard Théophile Sueur, Rosny Sous Bois, 93111, France; and Eric Baccino, MD, Service de Medecine Legale, Chu Lapeyronie, 191 Avenue du doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier, 34295, France Kenneth A.R. Kennedy, PhD*, Cornell University, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 231 Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 Laura C. Fulginiti, PhD*, 15015 South 14th Place, Phoenix, AZ 85048; Michael W. Warren, PhD, and Joseph T. Hefner, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, PO Box 117305, Gainesville, FL 32611; Larry R. Bedore, MS, District 8 Office of the Medical Examiner, Gainesville, FL 32601; Jason H. Byrd, PhD, Department of Criminology, Law & Society, University of Florida, PO Box 115950, Gainesville, FL 32611; Vincent Stefan, PhD, Department of Anthropology, Lehman College, CUNY, Bronx, NY 10468; and Dennis C. Dirkmaat, PhD, Mercyhurst College, Department Applied Forensic Sciences, Zurn 119A, 501 E 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Erin B. Waxenbaum, MA*, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, PO Box 112545, Building 114, Gainesville, FL 32611; David R. Hunt, PhD, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560; and Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD, C.A. Pound Human Identification Lab, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, PO Box 112545, Building 114, Gainesville, FL 32611 Sarah A. Kiley, BA*, University of Indianapolis, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46227; Nicolette M. Parr, MS, University of Florida, PO Box 117305, Gainesville, FL 32611; and Stephen P. Nawrocki, PhD, University of Indianapolis, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46227 Deborah W. Gray, MA*, Riverside County Sheriff-Coroner, 800 South Redlands Avenue, Perris, CA 92571; and Judy M. Suchey, PhD, Department of Coroner, Los Angeles County, 1104 North Mission Road, Los Angeles, CA 90033 Index 72 390 391 391 392 392 393 393 Antemortem vs. Perimortem Infant Rib Fracture: The Histological Evidence Evaluation of the Relationship Between Fifth Metatarsal Length and Foot Length/ Shoe Size: A Possible Aid in Human Identification Nail or Bullet? A Comparison of Typical Cranial Gunshot Wounds to a Defect Resulting From a Nail Gun Observations of Decomposition in Southern Coastal North Carolina The Differential Diagnosis of Skullbase Osteomyelitis Secondary to Necrotizing Otitis Externa Sexual Dimorphism in the Vertebral Column Heat Intensity Versus Exposure Duration Part I: Macroscopic Influence on Burned Bone Odd Man Out: Separation and Identification of Terrorist Remains in Suicidal Bombings Evidence vs. Identification: The Role of Humanitarian Organizations in the Balkans 1992-2002 Children’s Traumas Caused During the Civil War in Guatemala Murray K. Marks, PhD*, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Mariateresa A. Tersigni, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; and Darinka Mileusnic, MD, PhD, Knox County Medical Examiner’s Office, 1924 Alcoa Highway, U-71, Knoxville, TN 37920 Robert F. Pastor, PhD*, University of Bradford, Biological Anthropology Research Centre, Department of Archaeological Sciences, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, United Kingdom; and Angela J. Reynard, MSc*, Bureau of Forensic Science, Ltd, Temple Chambers, 3-7 Temple Avenue, London, EC4Y OHP, United Kingdom Wendy E. Potter, BA, MS*, Department of Anthropology, MSC01-1040, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001; and Russell T. Alexander, MD, Office of the Medical Investigator, MSC11-6030, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 Midori Albert, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403- 5907; Jeffery K. Tomberlin, PhD, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 1229 North U.S. Highway 281, Stephenville, TX 76401; and Christina Johnson, BA, Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403-5978 Stephanie L. Child, MA*, The University of MissouriColumbia, 701 Swallow Hall, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Dana E. Austin, PhD, Tarrant County Medical Examiner’s Office, 200 Felix Gwozdz Place, Forth Worth, Texas 76104 Amanda S. Allbright, BA*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Joanne B. Delvin, PhD*, and Anne Kroman, MA*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 252 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Steve Symes, PhD, Mercyhurst College, Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences , Erie, PA 16546; and Nicholas P. Herrmann, PhD, University of Tennessee, 252 South Stadium Hall, Department of Anthropology, Knoxville, TN 37996 William C. Rodriguez III, PhD*, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner, 16465 Old Frederick Road, Building 102, Rockville, MD 20850 Abbie K. Cuff, MSc*, and Tal Simmons, PhD, University of Central Lancashire, Department of Forensic & Investigative Science, Preston, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom Shirley C. Chacon, BA*, Avenida Simeon Canas 10-64 zona 2, 2 Avenida 8-28 zona 18 Residenciales Atlantida, Guatemala, 01002, Guatemala; and Leonel E. Paiz, BA, Avenida Simeon Canas 10-64 zona 2, Guatemala, 01002, Guatemala Index 73 394 394 395 396 396 397 397 398 398 399 Burial Patterns of Korean War Casualties as an Indicator of the Social Relationships Between the Dead and the Living Characterizing Primary and Secondary Mass Graves and Their Impact on Identification Methodology: The Experience in Bosnia and Herzegovina Forensic Anthropology and the Current Politics of the US- Mexico Border Identification of the Living From Video Tape and Photographs: The Dynamic Orientation Technique Trace Element Analysis of Medical School Cadaver Cremains Bone Fracture Mechanics: In Vitro Strain Gauge Analysis of the Ribs and Mandible During Failure Evaluation of Date of Death Through Analysis of Artificial Radiocarbon in Distinct Human Skeletal and Dental Tissues The Impact of High Speed-High Resolution Three Dimensional CT Scans on Forensic Anthropology Identification of the Living on Video Surveillance Systems: A Novel Approach Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebrae, Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis: Prevalence in a Modern Forensic Skeletal Population “The (Almost) Exhumation of Billy the Kid: Why We Aren’t Digging Him up (and Why You Shouldn’t Either)” William R. Belcher, PhD*, and Derek C. Benedix, PhD, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530 Ana Boza Arlotti, PhD*, International Commission for Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina 400 Chelsey A. Juarez, MA*, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Todd W. Fenton, PhD*, and Norman J. Sauer, PhD, Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 Tom E. Bodkin, MA*, Hamilton County Medical Examiner Office, 3202 Amnicola Highway, Chattanooga, TN 37406; Timothy Brooks, and Gretchen E. Potts, PhD, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Department of Chemistry, 615 McCallie Avenue, Grote Hall, 4th Floor, Chattanooga, TN 37403; and Stephanie Smullen, PhD, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Department of Computing Sciences, 615 McCallie Avenue, Department 2302, Chattanooga, TN 37403 David J. Daegling, PhD*, Jennifer Hotzman, MA, Casey J. Self, MA, and Michael W. Warren, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, PO Box 117305, 1112 Turlington Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611 Douglas H. Ubelaker, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, MRC 112, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560; Bruce A. Buchholz, PhD, Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Mail Stop L-397, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551; and John Stewart, PhD, Federal Bureau of Investigation, DNA Analysis Unit II, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135 William C. Rodriguez III, PhD*, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 102, Rockville, MD 20850 Danilo De Angelis, DDS*, and Pasquale Poppa, BSc, Istituto di Medicina Legale, via Mangiagalli 37, Milano, 20133, Italy; Remo Sala, PhDc, Politecnico di Milano Facolta di Ingegneria Industriale Dipartimento di Meccanica Sezione di Misure e Tecniche Sperimentali, via Magiagalli 37, Milano, 20133, Italy; and Cristina Cattaneo, PhD, MD, Istituto di Medicina Legale, via Mangiagalli 37, Milano, 20133, Italy Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD*, and Laurel E. Freas, MA, University of Florida, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, PO Box 112545, Southwest Radio Road, Gainesville, FL 32611 Debra A. Komar, PhD*, Office of the Medical Investigator, MSC11 6030, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 401 Index 74 400 401 402 402 403 403 404 405 405 Reducing Observer Error Through Choice of Histological Evaluation Technique Resolving Extremely Commingled Skeletal Remains From the Korean War Through Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Testing Reducing Problems With Osteological and Dental Samples Submitted to Missing Person DNA Databases Is This Bone Human or What? In Pursuit of Human vs. Non Human Determinations in Small Osseous Fragments Applications of DNA Identification to Human Rights: Additional Informative Sites in the mtDNA Genome MtDNA From Degraded Human Skeletal Remains: Is Quality Affected by Storage Conditions? Christian M. Crowder, PhD*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Central ID Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530 Jennifer O’Callaghan, MFS*, and Jacqueline RaskinBurns, MS, Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 101, Rockville, MD 20850; Alexander F. Christensen, PhD, Central Identification Laboratory, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; Audrey Meehan, BGS, and Mark Leney, PhD, Central Identification Laboratory, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam Air Force Base, HI 96853; and Suzanne M. Barritt, MS, and Brion C. Smith, DDS, Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 101, Rockville, MD 20850 John E.B. Stewart, PhD*, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, DNA Analysis Unit I, Quantico, VA 22135; Patricia J. Aagaard, BS, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, DNA Analysis Unit II, Quantico, VA 22135; Deborah Polanskey, BS, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, DNA Analysis Unit II, Quantico, VA 22135; Eric G. Pokorak, BA, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, DNA Analysis Unit I, Quantico, VA 22135; and Mark R. Ingraham, MS, and H. Gill-King, PhD, Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology and Human Identification, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203 Mark D. Leney, PhD*, Central Identification Laboratory, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Karen P. Mooder, PhD*, and Mary-Claire King, PhD, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Box 357720, Seattle, WA 98195-7720 Suni M. Edson, MS*, and Suzanne M. Barritt, MS, Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 101, Rockville, MD 20850; Mark D. Leney, PhD, Central Identification Lab, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam Air Force Base, HI 96853; and Brion C. Smith, DDS, Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 101, Rockville, MD 20850 Index 75 406 407 407 408 408 409 Rodent Modification of Human Skeletal Remains: Brown Rat (Rattus norvegicus) vs. Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) Postmortem Interval Field Research at Three High Elevation Biogeoclimatic Zones in Southwest Colorado Decomposition in the Santa Monica Mountains: A Seasonal Taphonomic Analysis of Buried and Exposed Remains Escaping Tennessee: Regions for Taphonomy Research Beyond Eastern Tennessee Insect Colonization of Child-Sized Remains: Behavioral Analysis of Pig Carcasses via 24 Hour, High Resolution Video Surveillance Human Decomposition in the Detroit River Observed Taphonomic Changes and Drift Trajectory of Bodies Recovered From the Tidal Thames, London England: A 15Year Retrospective Study Analysis of Season at Death Using Cementum Increment Analysis The Meeting of Old and New: Luminol Application to a Suspected Ritualistic Heathen Stone From Viking Times Lifestyles of the Unidentified: Challenges in Positive Identification Internal Cranial Fractures Perimortem Bone Fracture Distinguished From Postmortem Fire Trauma: A Case Study With Mixed Signals Mandible and Cranial Base Fractures in Adults: Experimental Testing 2005 Walter E. Klippel, PhD*, and Jennifer A. Synstelien, MA, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Maria T. Allaire, MA*, 16 Pinedale Lane, Durango, CO 81303 410 Diana A. Dupuis, BA*, 2610 110th Avenue, NE, Bellevue, WA 98004 411 Tracey A. Tichnell, BS*, Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology, East Lansing, MI 48824 412 Abigail Gremillian, BA*, 17862 East General Forrest, Baton Rouge, LA 70817; and Robert J. Morton, MS, and Wayne D. Lord, PhD, FBI NCAVC, FBI Academy, Quantico, VA 22135 Paula A. Perry, BA*, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BF, United Kingdom Victoria L. Brewer, BSc*, Bournemouth University, School of Conservational Sciences, Talbot Campus, Poole, Doreset BH12 5BB, United Kingdom 413 Vicki L. Wedel, MA*, and Joshua B. Peabody, MA*, University of California, Santa Cruz, Department of Anthropology, 1156 High Street, Social Sciences 1 Faculty Services, Room 361, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Thora S. Steffensen, MD*, University Hospital of Iceland, Department of Pathology, Rannsoknastofa H.I. vid Baronsstig, Reykjavik, IS 108, Iceland; and Omar Palmason, Reykjavik Police Department, Hverfisgata 115, Reykjavik, IS 108, Iceland Heather C. Backo, MA*, and John Verano, PhD, Tulane University Anthropology Department, 1021 Audubon Street, New Orleans, LA 70118 Alison Galloway, PhD, Department of Anthropology, Social Science One FS, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064; and Lauren Zephro, MA, Monterey County Sheriff’s Office, 1414 Natividad Road, Salinas, CA 95006 Steven A. Symes, PhD*, Mercyhurst College, Department of Forensic/Biological Anthropology, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; James J. Woytash, DDS, MD, Erie County Medical Examiner’s Office, 462 Grider Street, Buffalo, NY 14214; Anne M. Kroman, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; and Andrew C. Wilson, BS, Department of Forensic/Biological Anthropology, Mercyhurst College, Erie, PA 16509 Anne M. Kroman, MA*, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Tyler Kress, PhD, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Steven A. Symes, PhD, Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 414 Index 76 410 413 414 415 415 416 416 417 Unusual Cranial Base Trauma in Victims of the Khmer Rouge Microscopic and Cross Section Analysis of Occult Intraosseous Fracture (Bone Bruise) of the Skull Disappearance, Torture, and Murder of Nine Individuals in a Community of Guatemala Morphoscopic Traits and the Statistical Determination of Ancestry Forensic Identifications and the Complexity of Determining Biological Affinities of “Hispanic” Crania Biological Variation Among Hispanic (Spanish-Speaking) Peoples of the Americas Classification and Evaluation of Unusual Individuals Using FORDISC Ur-FORDISC, or Early Statistical Methods in Forensic Anthropology The Next FORDISC: FORDISC 3 Anatomy of a Cauldron: Sociocultural Contributions to Understanding a Forensic Case Not for the Passive: The Active Application of Electronic Resistivity in the Excavation of a Mass Grave 16546 Sabrina C. Ta’ala, MA*, and Gregory E. Berg, MA, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Central ID Lab (JPAC/CIL), 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530 Emily A. Craig, PhD*, and Cristin Rolf, MD, State Medical Examiner’s Office, 100 Sower Boulevard, Suite 202, Frankfort, KY 40601; and Warren Mitchell, Kentucky State Police Laboratory, 100 Sower Boulevard, Suite 202, Frankfort, KY 40601 Shirley C. Chacon, BA*, Leonel E. Paiz, BA, and Renaldo Acevedo, BA, Fundacion de Anthropology Forense de Guatemala, Avenida Simeon Cañas 10-64 Zona 2, Guatemala, 01002, Guatemala Stephen D. Ousley, MA, PhD*, Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology, PO Box 7012, NMNH MRC 138, Washington, DC 20013- 7012; and Joseph T. Hefner, MA, Department of Anthropology, CA Pound Human Identification Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32605 Ann H. Ross, PhD*, North Carolina State University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695- 8107; Dennis E. Slice, PhD, Wake Forest University, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Radiologic Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157; and José V. Pachar, MD, Morgue Judicial, Instituto de Medicina Legal, PanamaAncon, Panama Martha K. Spradley, MA*, and Richard L. Jantz, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; David M. Glassmann, PhD, University of Southern Indiana, School of Liberal Arts, 8600 University Boulevard, Evansville, IN 47712-3596; and Alan G. Robinson, MSc, Fundacion de Antropologia Forense de Guatemala, Avenida Simon Canas 10-64 Zona 2, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala City, 01002, Guatemala Donna Freid, MA*, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Richard L. Jantz, PhD, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 3799 Eugene Giles, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, 607 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 Stephen D. Ousley, PhD*, Smithsonian Institution, NMNH, MRC 138, Washington, DC 20013; and Richard L. Jantz, MA, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 252 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720 Kerriann Marden, MA, ABD*, and John W. Verano, PhD, Tulane University, Department of Anthropology, 1021 Audubon Street, New Orleans, LA 70118 Hugh Tuller, MA*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530; and Jon Sterenberg, MS, Index 77 418 418 419 419 420 421 421 422 422 423 424 When Experts Disagree: There May be a Rodent Involved – Part I: The Request for a New Trial An Assessment of Tissue Depth Measurement Tables Used for Facial Reconstruction/Reproduction Blasting Caps: An Alternate Source of High Velocity Trauma in Human Skeletal Remains Modern Day Cranial Trepanation: The Ventriculosotomy SEM Analysis of Mummified Skin: A Preliminary Study of Obsidian and Chert Induced Trauma Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, Pharmacological Treatments, and the Potential for Individuation in Forensic Anthropology The Lady in the Box Forensic Anthropologist and Forensic Pathologist: Why Work Together? Some Illustrative Cases of Homicide Reducing Intra- and Inter-Observer Error Through Histomorphometric Variable Selection Dental Enamel Thickness as a Method of Subadult Sex Determination International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina Julie M. Saul, BA*, and Frank P. Saul, PhD, Lucas County Coroner’s Office, 2595 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614-2674; Steven A. Symes, PhD, Departments of Anthropology and Applied Forensic Science, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546-0001; and Carl J. Schmidt, MD, Wayne County Medical Examiner’s Office, 1300 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48207 Keri Reeves, MS*, and Jill Haslasm, MS, University of New Haven, 300 Orange Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516; Shannon Butler-Williams, BS, University of California, Davis, Department of Anthropology, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616; and Brandi J. Schmitt, BS, MS*, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Anatomical Services Division, Davis, CA 95616 Maria T. Allaire, MA*, 16 Pinedale Lane, Durango, CO 81303; and Mary H. Manhein, MA, and Ginesse A. Listi, MA, Louisiana State University, Department of Geography and Anthropology, 227 Howe- Russell Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Bruce E. Anderson, PhD*, University of Arizona, Department of Anthropology, Tucson, AZ 85721; and Thomas P. Gilson, MD, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Alaina K. Goff, BA*, and Debra Komar, PhD, Department of Anthropology, MSC01-1040, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 Meghan M. Cotter, MSc*, Burial Sites Preservation Program, Wisconsin Historical Society, 816 State Street, Madison, WI 53706 Frank P. Saul, PhD*, and Julie M. Saul, BA, Lucas County Coroner’s Office, 2595 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614-2674; and Steven A. Symes, PhD, Departments of Anthropology and Applied Forensic Science, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546-0001 Joao Pinheiro, MD, MS*, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal, Largo da Sé Nova, Coimbra, 3000-213, Portugal; Eugénia Cunha, PhD, Departamento De Antropologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-056, Portugal; Cristina Cattaneo, PhD, Università degli Studi di Milano, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 3330, Italy; and Francisco Corte Real, PhD, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal, Largo da Sé Nova, Coimbra, 3000-213, Portugal Christian M. Crowder, MA, and Zoe H. Morris, BSc*, University of Toronto, Department of Anthropology, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S3G3, Canada Leilani E. Beltran, MFS, Forensic Sciences Program, National University, 11355 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and A. Midori Albert, PhD*, Anthropology Program, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403 Index 78 424 425 426 426 427 427 428 429 429 430 Sexual Dimorphism in Vertebral Dimensions at the T12/L1 Junction Race as a Variable in Dental Health of Korean War Military Personnel Stable Strontium and Geolocation: The Pathway to Identification of Unidentified Mexican Aliens Stature Estimation of Hispanics: The Most Appropriate Stature Regression Equations Anatomical Stature Estimation: Why Not Fully Accurate? The Effects of Skeletal Preparation Techniques on DNA From Human and Nonhuman Bone An Assessment of DNA Degeneration Due to Air-Drying Preservation for the Remains of the World Trade Center Elemental Analysis of Human Cremains Using Inductively-Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) to Distinguish Between Legitimate and Contaminated Cremains Elemental Characterization of Skeletal Remains Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) An Experimental Test of the Accuracy of Human Forensic Identification Techniques for Analysis of Burn- Damaged Bone and Tissue Robert F. Pastor, PhD*, University of Bradford, Department of Archaeological Sciences, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, United Kingdom Joan E. Baker, PhD*, and Helen D. Wols, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Central Identification Laboratory (JPAC CIL), 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530 Chelsey A. Juarez, BA*, UC Santa Cruz, Department of Anthropology, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 430 Vincent H. Stefan, PhD*, Lehman College - CUNY, Department of Anthropology, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard, West, Bronx, NY 10468 Donna M. McCarthy, MA*, and Richard L. Jantz, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720 Stephanie L. Rennick, BS*, Michigan State University, Forensic Science Program, School of Criminal Justice, 560 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824; Todd W. Fenton, PhD, Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology and Forensic Science Program, Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824; David R. Foran, PhD, Michigan State University, Forensic Science Program, School of Criminal Justice and Department of Zoology, 560 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 Benjamin J. Figura, MA*, PO Box 538, Empire, MI 49630 432 Thomas E. Bodkin, MA*, Hamilton County Medical Examiner Office, 3202 Amnicola Highway, Chattanooga, TN 37406; and Gretchen E. Potts, PhD, Kira Shurtz, and Timothy Brooks, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Department of Chemistry, 404 Grote Hall, Chattanooga, TN 37403 Arpad A. Vass, PhD*, and Madhavi Martin, PhD, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, 1505, MS 6038, Oak Ridge, TN 37831- 6038; Jennifer Synstelien, MA, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720; and Kimberly Collins, BS, Maryville College, College Avenue, Maryville, TN 37804 Michelle Kaye, MA*, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Department of Anthropology, 310 Eielson Building, PO Box 757720, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7720; Elayne J. Pope, MA, University of Arkansas, Department of Anthropology, 330 Old Main, Fayetteville, AR 72701; Frank Cipriano, PhD, San Francisco State University, Conservation Genetics Laboratory, Hensill Hall 745, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132; and O’Brian C. Smith, MD, UT Medical Group, Inc, Regional Forensic Center, 1060 Madison, Memphis, TN 38104 435 Index 79 431 432 433 434 434 435 436 Semi-Automated Ultrasound Facial Soft Tissue Depth Registration: Method and Preliminary Results Quantification of Commingled Human Skeletal Remains: Determining the Most Likely Number of Individuals (MLNI) Osteometric Sorting of Commingled Human Remains Resolving Commingling Issues In Mass Fatality Incident Investigations Methods and Techniques for Sorting Commingled Remains: Anthropological and Physical Attributes The Importance of Using Traditional Anthropological Methods in a DNA-Led Identification System The Importance of Body Deposition Recording in Event Reconstruction and the Re-Association and Identification of Commingled Remains Commingled Skeletonized Remains in Forensic Cases: Considerations for Methodological Treatment Exhumation and Identification of a Particular Individual in a Mass Grave Sven De Greef, DDS*, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Faculty of Medicine, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Forensic Odontology, Kapucijnenvoer 7, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium; Peter Claes, MEng, Wouter Mollemans, MEng, Dirk Vandermeulen, PhD, and Paul Suetens, PhD, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, ESAT, Medical Image Computing, Herestraat 49, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium; and Guy Willems, DDS, PhD, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Faculty of Medicine, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Forensic Odontology, Kapucijnenvorer 7, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium Bradley J. Adams, PhD*, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016; and Lyle W. Konigsberg, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 252 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 John E. Byrd, PhD*, JPAC Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; and Bradley J. Adams, PhD, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Paul S. Sledzik, MS*, National Transportation Safety Board, 490 L’Enfant Plaza, SW, Washington, DC 20594; and Elias J. Kontanis, BS, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Joint POW MIA Accounting CommandCentral Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 William C. Rodriguez III, PhD*, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 102, Rockville, MD 21771 Laura N. Yazedjian, MSc*, Rifat Kesetovic, MD, Ana BozaArlotti, PhD, and Zeljko Karan, MD, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia-Herzegovina Hugh H. Tuller, MA*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530; Ute Hofmeister, MA, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina; and Sharna Daley, MSc, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina Sofia Egaña*, Silvana Turner, Patricia Bernardi, Mercedes Doretti, and Miguel Nieva, Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team (EAAF), Avenue Rivadavia 2443, 2nd Floor, Office 3-4, Buenos Aires, C1034ACD, Argentina Eugénia Cunha, PhD*, Maria Cristina Mendonça, PhD, and Duarte Nuno Vieira, PhD, Universidade de Coimbra, Departamento Antropologia, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal, Largo da Sé-Nova, Coimbra, 3000-056, Portugal Index 80 437 437 438 439 440 440 441 441 442 Separating Commingled Remains Using Ancient DNA Analysis Marrying of Anthropology and DNA: Essential for Solving Complex Commingling Problems in Cases of Extreme Fragment Mass Graves, Human Rights and Commingled Remains: Considering the Benefits of Forensic Archaeology Advances in the Assessment of Commingling Within Samples of Human Remains Closed Case Files: Sequelae of a Case of Complex Postmortem Mutilation A Tale of Two Bodies: Separating Commingled Skeletal Remains With Similar Biological Profiles Performance of FORDISC 2.0 Using Inaccurate Measurements Testing Determination of Adult Age at Death Using Four Criteria of the Acetabulum A Potential New Morphological Indicator of Biological Affinity in Human Skeletal Remains An Evaluation of Racial Differences in the Human Mandible Using Discriminant Function Analysis Evaluation of Regression Equations to Estimate Age at Death Using Cranial Suture Closure Test of an Alternative Method for Determining Sex in the Hip: Applications for Modern Americans Sexing the Zygomatic Bone Franklin E. Damann, MA*, and Mark D. Leney, PhD, JPAC Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530; and Suni M. Edson, MS, Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 101, Rockville, MD 20850 Amy Z. Mundorff, MA*, Robert Shaler, PhD, Erik T. Bieschke, MS, and Elaine Mar, MS, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016 442 Dennis C. Dirkmaat, PhD*, Luis M. Cabo, MS, and James M. Adovasio, PhD, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; Vicente C. Rozas, PhD, Centro de Investigaciones Forestales y Ambientales de Lourizán, Departamento de Ecología, Aptdo. 127, Pontevedra, Galicia 36080, Spain Douglas H. Ubelaker, PhD*, Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology, NMNH, MRC 112, Washington, DC 20560 Kerriann Marden, MA*, and John W. Verano, PhD, Tulane University, Department of Anthropology, 1021 Audubon Street, New Orleans, LA 70118 Laura C. Fulginiti, PhD*, Forensic Science Center, 701 West Jefferson, Phoenix, AZ 85007; Kristen M. Hartnett, MA, Arizona State University, Department of Anthropology, PO Box 872402, Tempe, AZ 85287; and Philip E. Keen, MD, Maricopa County Office of the Medical Examiner, 701 West Jefferson Street, Phoenix, AZ 85007 Adam Kolatorowicz, BS*, Carlos J. Zambrano, BA, and Stephen P. Nawrocki, PhD, Archeology and Forensics Laboratory, University of Indianapolis, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46227 Angela Hampton, BS*, University of New Mexico, Department of Anthropology, MSC01-1040, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 Debra A. Komar, PhD*, Office of the Medical Investigator, MSC11 6030, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 Marie Danforth, PhD*, University of Southern Mississippi, Department of Anthropology and Sociology, 118 College Drive, #5074, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 Carlos J. Zambrano, BA*, Archaeology and Forensics Laboratory, University of Indianapolis, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46227 Ginesse A. Listi, MA*, Louisiana State University, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; H. Beth Bassett, MA, Louisiana State University, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Rebecca J. Wilson, BS*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 444 Index 81 443 445 445 446 446 447 447 448 448 449 450 The Morphometric Study of the Hyoid Bone for Sex Determination of Koreans Evaluation of the Sternal Rib End Age Estimation Technique Using a Modern Medical Examiner Sample A Test of Four Macroscopic Methods for Age Estimation of Human Skeletal Remains (Lamendin, Lovejoy Auricular Surface, Iscan, Suchey-Brooks) The Application of the Lamendin and Prince Dental Aging Methods to a Bosnian Population: Formulas for Each Tooth Group Challenging One Formula for All Teeth Age Determination From Adult Human Teeth: Interest of Gustafson’s Criteria Serial Bone Histology: Interand Intra-Bone Age Estimation Measure Twice, Cut Once? Measurement Error Levels in Histomorphometry The Effects of Cerebral Palsy on Age Indicators in the Human Skeleton The Impact of Age Related Changes in Vertebral Column on Age Determination for Identification Purposes Deog-Im Kim*, U-Young Lee, MD, and Je-Hun Lee, Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, 505, Banpo-dong, Socho-gu, Seoul, 137701, South Korea; Dae-Kyoon Park, MD, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 646 Eupnae-ri, Shinchang-myun, Cheonan, 330090, South Korea; and Seung-Ho Han, MD, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpodong, Socho-gu, Seoul, 137701, South Korea Jennifer C. Love, PhD*, Regional Forensic Center, 1060 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104; Gina Hart, MA, Regional Medical Examiner’s Office, 325 Norfolk Street, Newark, NJ 07103; and Brian Spatola, MA, 125 5th Street, NE, Washington, DC 20002 Laurent Martille, MD*, Service de Medecine Legale Chu de Montpellier, CHU Lapeyronie, 191 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier, 34295, France; Douglas H. Ubelaker, PhD, Department of Anthropology, NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560-0112; and Fabienne Seguret, MD, and Eric Baccino, MD, Service de Médecine Légale, CHU Lapeyronie, 191 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier, 34295, France Nermin Sarajlic, MD*, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Zdenko Cihlarz, PhD, Departmen of Forensic Medicine, UKC, Tuzla, 75000, Bosnia and Herzegovina; and Eva E. Klonowski, PhD, and Piotr Drukier, MS, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina Clotilde G. Rougé-Maillart, MD*, Nathalie C. Jousset, MD, Arnaud P. Gaudin, MD, and Michel P. Penneau, MD, PhD, Service de Médecine Légale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire - 4 rue Larrey, Angers, 49100 Cedex 01, France Mariateresa A. Tersigni, MA*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Christian M. Crowder, MA*, University of Toronto, Department of Anthropology, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada Mary S. Megyesi, MS*, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; and Norman Sauer, PhD, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48895 Eva E. Klonowski, PhD*, Nermin Sarajlic, MD, Piotr Drukier, MS, and Alexandra M. Klonowski, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina Index 82 450 451 451 452 452 453 453 454 454 Finding Clues on the Bony Surface: The Use of Markers of Occupational Stresses as Aids to Identification and Age Determination in Skeletonized Remains Cross-Sectional Diaphyseal Geometry, Degenerative Joint Disease, and Joint Surface Area in Human Limb Bones: A Comparison of American Whites & Blacks Skeletal Markers of Obesity in the Lower Leg Serial Murder With Dismemberment of Victims in an Attempt to Hinder Identification: A Case Resolved Through Multidisciplinary Collaboration Fifty Years of Questions: The ReEvaluation of a Korean War Soldier Buried in the United States Diagnosis of Anencephaly, a Common Lethal Neural Tube Defect, From Taphonomically Altered Fetal or Neonatal Skeletal Remains Utilizing Taphonomy and Context to Distinguish Perimortem from Postmortem Trauma in Fire Deaths Burned Beyond Recognition: Attempts to Destroy Evidence of Death Dismembered Bodies - Who, How, and When Differential Human Decomposition in the Early Stages: An Experimental Study Comparing Sun and Shade Raccoon (Protocyon lotor) Foraging as a Taphonomic Agent of Soft Tissue Modification and Scene Alteration J. Marla Toyne, MA*, John W. Verano, PhD, and Laurel S. Hamilton, MA, Tulane University, 1021 Audubon Street, Department of Anthropology, New Orleans, LA 70118 455 Heather A. Walsh-Haney, MA*, CA Pound Human Identification Laboratory, University of Florida, PO Box 112545, Gainesville, FL 32611 456 Megan K. Moore, MS*, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720 John W. Verano, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, 1021 Audubon Street, New Orleans, LA 70118 456 Mary H. Manhein, MA*, and Ginesse A. Listi, MA, Louisiana State University, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 J. Christopher Dudar, PhD*, and Steve D. Ousley, PhD, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC 138, Washington, DC 20013-7012 Elayne J. Pope, MA*, University of Arkansas, 330 Old Main, Fayetteville, AR 72701 457 Elayne J. Pope, MA*, University of Arkansas, 330 Old Main, Fayetteville, AR 72701; Alan G. Robinson, MSc, Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, Guatemala City, Guatemala City, 01002, Central America; Kate Spradley, MA, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; and O’Brian C. Smith, MD, Regional Forensic Center, 1060 Madison, Memphis, TN 38104 Tzipi Kahana, PhD*, Israel National Police, 67 Ben Zvi Street, PO Box 8495, Tel Aviv, 61085, Israel; Inmaculada Aleman, PhD, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, 18012, Spain; Miguel C. Botella, MD, PhD, Deptartment of Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, 18012, Spain; and Jehuda Hiss, MD, National Centre of Forensic Medicine, 67 Ben Zvi, PO Box 8495, Tel Aviv, 61085, Israel Carrie F. Srnka, MA*, 6352 Iradell Road, Trumansburg, NY 14886 459 Jennifer A. Synstelien, MA*, and Walter E. Klippel, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; and Michelle D. Hamilton, PhD, Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, Tribal Historic Preservation Office, PO Box 455, Cherokee, NC 28719 461 Index 83 457 458 459 460 461 Interdisciplinary Forensic Science Workshops: A Venue for Data Collection Society of Forensic Anthropologists (SOFA): An Introduction The Forensic Anthropology Society of Europe: An Introduction The Louisiana Identification Data Analysis Project (IDA): A Comprehensive Analysis of Missing and Unidentified Cases FAD - A Database Application for Forensic Anthropology in Human Rights New Tools for the Processing of Human Remains From Mass Graves: Spatial Analysis and Skeletal Inventory Computer Programs Developed for an InterDisciplinary Approach to the Reassociation of Commingled, Disarticulated and Incomplete Human Remains Jeffery K. Tomberlin, PhD*, Texas A&M University, 1229 North U.S. Highway 281, Stephenville, TX 76401; A. Midori Albert, PhD*, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403; Jason H. Byrd, PhD, Office of the Medical Examiner, 1360 Indian Lake Road, Daytona Beach, FL 32164;and David W. Hall, PhD, David Hall Consultant, Inc., 3666 Northwest 13th Place, Gainesville, FL 32605 Craig H. Lahren, MA*, North Dakota Department of Health, Office of the Medical Examiner, PO Box 937, Bismarck, ND 58502; and Thomas E. Bodkin, MA, Hamilton County Medical Examiner’s Office, 3202 Amnicola Highway, Chattanooga, TN 37406 Eric Baccino, MD*, Service de Medicine Legale, Hopital Lapeyronie Chu de Montpellier, Montpellier, 34295 Cedex 5, France; Christina Cattaneo, Instituto di Medicine Legale, Via Mangiagalli, Milano, 20133, Itlay; Yves Schuliar, MD, Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale, 1 Boulevard Theophile Sueur, Roisny-Sous-Bois, 93110, France; Eugenia Cunha, PhD, Departamento da Anthropologia, Universitate de Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-056, Portugal; Randolph Penning, Institut Fur Rechtsmedizin, Frauenlobstrasse 8a, Munchen, 80337, Germany; and Jose Luis Prieto, Instituto de Medicina Forense, Severo Ochoa s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain H. Beth Bassett, MA*, and Mary H. Manhein, MA, Forensic Anthropology and Computer Enhancement Services Laboratory, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Ute Hofmeister, MA*, Porzellangasse 48/12a, Alipasina 45a, Vienna, 1090, Austria; Anahi Ginarte, Lic., EAAF, Rivadavia 2443, dpto 3 y 4, Buenos Aires, C1034ACD, Argentina Hugh H. Tuller, MA*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530; Cecily Cropper, BSc*, Ute Hofmeister, MA*, Laura Yazedjian, MSc, Jon Sterenberg, MSc, and Jon M. Davoren, MA*, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina Index 84 462 462 463 463 464 464 Skeletons in the Medical Examiner’s Closet: Realities and Merits of Investigating Human Skeletal Remains Undergoing Long Term Curation in the Medical Examiner’s Office Nonmetric Characteristics of the Skull for Determining Race in Blacks and Whites 3-Dimensional Morphometric Analysis of the Zygomatic as Used in Ancestral Identification Sex Determination of Infants and Juveniles From the Clavicle Sexual Dimorphism in the Distal Humerus Sex vs. Gender: Does it Really Matter? Age at Death Determination Using the Skeletal Histomorphometry of the Third Metacarpal and Third Metatarsal From Autopsy and Cadaver Samples The Effects of Size in Craniometric Discriminant Functions A Tale of Two Museums: Available Fetal Collections at the National Museum of Natural History and the Albert SzentGyorgi Medical University, Hungary Skeletal Markers of Parturition: Analysis of a Modern American Sample Variation in Cremains Weight: Tennessee vs. Florida When DNA is Not Available Can We Still Identify People? Recommendations for Best Practice Variation in Size and Dimorphism in Eastern European Femora Local Standards vs. Informative Priors in Applied Forensic Anthropology 2004 Donna C. Boyd, PhD*, Radford University, Box 6948, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Radford, VA 24142; William Massello III, MD, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 6600 Northside High School Road, Roanoke, VA 24019 Nicole D. Truesdell, BA*, 1933 South Brightside View Drive, Apartment E, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 Summer J. Decker, BA*, Jennifer L. Thompson, PhD, and Bernardo T. Arriaza, PhD, Department of Anthropology & Ethnic Studies, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Box 455003, Las Vegas, NV 891545003 Natalie R. Langley, MA* and Richard Jantz, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Suzanne S. Ii, BA*, 4198 East Manning Avenue, Fowler, CA 93625- 9631; David R. Hunt, PhD, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Anthropology, Washington, DC 21201 Frank P. Saul, PhD* and Julie M. Saul, BA, Consultants, Lucas County Coroner’s Office and Wayne County Medical Examiner’s Office, 3518 East Lincolnshire Boulevard, Toledo, OH 43-1203 Adrienne L. Foose, BA*, Robert R. Paine, PhD, and Richard A. Nisbett, PhD, Texas Tech University, Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work, PO Box 1012, Lubbock, TX 79409- 1012; Sridhar Natarajan, MD, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Pathology, Division of Forensic Pathology, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430 Franklin Damann, MA* and John E. Byrd, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Angie K. Huxley, MA, PhD*, PO Box 493812, Redding, CA 96049-3812 466 Jonathan D. Bethard, BA*, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37916 William M. Bass, PhD*, and Richard L. Jantz, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720 Jose P. Baraybar, BA, MSc*, Office on Missing Persons and Forensics (OMPF), United Nations Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), AUCON/KFOR, Kosovo A1503, Austria Richard L. Jantz, PhD* and Erin H. Kimmerle, MA, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720 Lyle W. Konigsberg, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Drive, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720 471 Index 85 466 467 468 468 469 470 470 471 472 472 473 474 A Bayesian Approach to Calculating Age Using Pubic Symphyseal Data Aging the Elderly: A New Look at an Old Method Model of Age Estimation Based on Dental Factors of Unknown Cadavers Among Iranians New Formulae for Estimating Age in the Balkans Utilizing Lamendin’s Dental Technique Sternal Rib Standards for Age Estimation in Balkan Populations: An Evaluation of U.S. Standards Using Alternative Statistical Methods Geometric Morphometric Techniques for Ancestry Assessment in Sub-Adults Population Affinities of “Hispanic” Crania: Implications for Forensic Identification International Research in Forensic Anthropology Preservation in Paradise I: El Marañon Cemetery, Isla de Coiba, Republic of Panama High Velocity Fluvial Transport: A Case Study From Tennessee Erin H. Kimmerle, MA*, Lyle Konigsberg, PhD, and Richard Jantz, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720; Jose Pablo Baraybar, MSc, Office of Missing Persons and Forensics, Department of Justice, United Nations Mission in Kosovo, Pristina Gregory E. Berg, MA*and Erin Kimmerle, MA, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Way, Knoxville, TN 37996 Babak Faghih Monzavi, DDS*, No 93351 Sanie Zadeh Lane-Chahar Bagh Bala Avenue, Esfahan 81638-93351, Iran; Arash Ghodoosi, MD, Fayz Square- Forensic Medicine Center of Esfahan Province, Esfahan, Iran; Omid Savabi, DDS, MS, Azadi Square- Hezar Jerib Avenue, Esfahan University of Medical Science, School of Dentistry, Esfahan, Iran; Asghar Karimi, DDS, Fayz Square Forensic Medicine Center of Esfahan Province, Esfahan, Iran; Akbar Hasanzadeh, MS, Azadi Square- Hezar Jerib Avenue, Esfahan University of Medical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Esfahan, Iran Debra A. Prince, BS, MA* and Lyle W. Konigsberg, PhD, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 250 South Stadium Hall, Department of Anthropology, Knoxville, TN 379960760 Jaime Stuart, MA* and Lyle Konigsberg, PhD, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 474 Una Strand Vidarsdottir, BSc, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of Durham, 43 Old Elvet, Durham, County Durham DH1 3HN, United Kingdom Dennis E. Slice, PhD*, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1022; Ann H. Ross, PhD, North Carolina State University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695-8107 Douglas H. Ubelaker, PhD*, Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology, NMNH, MRC 112, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 Ann H. Ross, PhD*, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695- 8107; Loreto S. Silva, Director of Anthropology, Comision de la Verdad de Panama, Balboa, Republic of Panama; Kathryn M. Jemmott, MA, C.A. Pound Human ID Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; Lazaro M. Cotes, Comision de la Verdad de Panama, Balboa, Republic of Panama Nicholas P. Herrmann, PhD*, Beth Bassett, MA, and Lee M. Jantz, PhD, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Department of Anthropology, Knoxville, TN 37996 478 Index 86 475 476 477 477 478 479 479 480 Investigation of Nocturnal Oviposition by Forensic Flies in Central Texas The Ability to Amplify Skeletal DNA After Heat Exposure Due to Maceration Home is Where the Bones Are: Rat Nesting Behavior as a Tool in Forensic Investigations Anthropological Tissue Depth Measurement Standards: A Comparison For Accurate Facial Reproduction Silent Slaughter in Guatemala: The Importance of Sex, Age, and Pathological Identification in a Case of Large Scale, Deliberate Starvation of Children Using Real-Time PCR Quantification of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA to Develop Degradation Profiles for Various Tissues Preservation in Paradise II: A PreColumbian Burial in a Contemporary Cemetery The Archaeology of Tyranny An Historical Perspective on Nonmetric Skeletal Variation: Hooton and the Harvard List Robert S. Baldridge, PhD, Baylor University, PO Box 97388, Waco, TX 76798; Susan G. Wallace, PhD*, Baylor University, PO Box 97370, Waco, TX 76798; Ryan Kirkpatrick, BS, Texas A&M University, Department of Entomology, College Station, TX 77843 Krista E. Latham, MS*, Temple University, Department of Anthropology, 1115 West Berks Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122; Jennifer L. Harms, BS, Carlos J. Zambrano, BA, Mary K. Ritke, PhD, and Stephen P. Nawrocki, PhD, University of Indianapolis, Department of Biology, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46227 Tamara L. Leher, BA* and Turhon A. Murad, PhD, California State University, Chico, Department of Anthropology, Chico, CA 95929-400 Stacie Terstegge, MS*, University of New Haven, Public Safety and Professional Studies, California Campus, 6060 Sunrise Vista Boulevard, Citrus Heights, CA 95610; Brandi Schmitt, MS, University of California, Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616 Jason M. Wiersema, MA*, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840; Mario Vasquez, MA, Oficina de Derechos Humanos del Arzobizpado de Guatemala, 115 5th Avenue, Guatemala City, 33154, Guatemala; Luis Rios, MA, Department of Anthropology, Universidad Autonima de Madrid, Madrid, 15404, Spain Elias J. Kontanis, BS, BA*, Cornell University, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 480 Kathryn M. Jemmott, MA*, CA Pound Human ID Laboratory, University of Florida, Building 114 SW Radio Road, Gainesville, FL 32611; Ann H. Ross, PhD, North Carolina State University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Raleigh, NC 27612; Loreto S. Silva, Comision de la Verdad, Balboa, Panama City, Panama; Lazaro M. Cotes, Comision de la Verdad, Balboa, Panama City, Panama; Carlos Fitzgerald, PhD, Patrimonio Historico, Panama, Panama City, Panama Lazaro M. Cotes, Comision de la Verdad, Balboa, Panama City, Panama; Kathryn M. Jemmott, MA, CA Pound Human ID Laboratory, University of Florida, Building 114 SW Radio Road, Gainesville, FL 32611; Loreto S. Silva, Comision de la Verdad, Balboa, Panama City, Panama; Ann H. Ross, PhD, North Carolina State University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Raleigh, NC 27612 Joseph T. Hefner, BS*, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, 5007 NW 29th Street, Gainesville, FL 32607; Stephen D. Ousley, PhD, Smithsonian, NMNH MRCI 138, Washington, DC 20560; Michael W. Warren, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32605 484 Index 87 481 481 482 482 483 484 485 Nonmetric Trait Frequencies and the Attribution of Ancestry Non-Metric Indicators of Ancestry: Making Non-Metric Traits More User Friendly in Racial Assessments Playing the “Race” Card Without a Complete Deck: The Addition of Missing Asian Data to Aid Racial Determinations in Forensic Casework The Zygomaticomaxillary Suture: A Study of Variability Within Homo sapiens Racial Variation in Palate Form and the Shape of the Transverse Palatine Suture Femoral Variation Between Whites and American Indians Population Variability in the Proximal Articulation Surfaces of the Human Femur and Humerus Racial Assessment Using the Platymeric Index Race — A New Synthesis for a New Century Forensic Anthropology and the Belief in Human Races The Deconstruction of Race: Its Origins and Existence Race vs. Ancestry: A Necessary Distinction Race as a Viable Concept Deaths of Undocumented Immigrants in Southern Arizona Metric Description of Hispanic Skeletons: A Preliminary Analysis Ours or Theirs? Skull-Photo Superimposition and Border Deaths: Identification Through Exclusion and the Failure to Exclude Steven N. Byers, PhD*, University of New Mexico at Valencia, 280 La Entrada Road, Los Lunas, NM 87031 Michael Finnegan, PhD*, Kansas State University, Osteology Laboratory, 204 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 David R. Rankin, MA*, and C.E. Moore, PhD, U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory, Hawaii, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530 485 Amy A. Holborow, BS, MA*, Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, PO Box 3431, Laramie, WY 82071 Kristen J. Rawlings, MA*, University of Wyoming, Department of Criminal Justice, A&S 223, PO Box 3197, Laramie, WY 82071 H. Anne Halvorsen, MA* and Rick L. Weathermon, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82072 George W. Gill, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 487 Daniel J. Wescott, PhD*, University of Missouri at Columbia, Department of Anthropology, 107 Swallow Hall, Columbia, MO 65211; Deepa Srikanta, BA, University of Missouri at Columbia, Department of Biology, Columbia, MO 65211 John M. McCullough, PhD*, University of Utah, 270 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0060 Norman J. Sauer, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 Emilie L. Smith, BA*, 1910 Runaway Bay Lane, Apartment P, Indianapolis, IN 46224 Vicki L. Wedel, MS, MA*, University of California, Santa Cruz, Department of Anthropology, Social Sciences 1 Faculty Services, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 Thomas A. Furgeson, BA, BS*, University of Wyoming, 2109-C East Hancock Street, Laramie, WY 82072 Bruce O. Parks, MD*, Eric Peters, MD, Cynthia Porterfield, DO, David Winston, MD, and Diane Karluk, MD, Pima County Forensic Science Center, 2825 East District Street, Tucson, AZ 85714; Sam Keim, MD, University of Arizona Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ; Michael Kent, MD, Emergency Department, Northwest Hospital, Tucson, AZ Richard L. Jantz, PhD*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720 Walter H. Birkby, PhD*, Forensic Science Center, Office of the Medical Examiner, Pima County, 2825 East District Street, Tucson, AZ 85714 Todd W. Fenton, PhD*, and Norman J. Sauer, PhD, Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 489 Index 88 486 486 488 488 489 490 490 491 492 492 493 493 494 494 Reuniting Families: Using Phenotypic and Genotypic Forensic Evidence to Identify Unknown Immigrant Remains Migrant Deaths Along the CaliforniaMexico Border: An Anthropological Perspective Issues Concerning the Skeletal Identification of Deceased Illegal Aliens Recovered on the Texas Border Identifying the Dead: Methods Utilized for Undocumented Immigrants, 2001-2003 Personal Identification and Death Investigation of Documented and Undocumented Migrant Workers in Florida: Demographic, Biographic, and Pathologic Factors Fatal Footsteps: The Murder of Undocumented Border Crossers in Maricopa County, Arizona Osseous Traumata Caused by a Fall From a Height: A Case Study Multidisciplinary Efforts in the Identification of Three Unidentified Females in the State of New Jersey Bullet Wipe on Bone: Production and Detection Skeletal Evidence of Homicidal Compression Determining Medicolegal Significance: Human vs. Selkie Assessment of Saw-Blade Wear Patterns and Wear-Related Features of the Kerf Wall Hereditary Multiple Exostoses: An Identifying Pathology Lori E. Baker, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, PO Box 97370, Waco, TX 76798; Erich J. Baker, PhD, Department of Computer Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798 Madeleine J. Hinkes, PhD*, San Diego Mesa College, 7250 Mesa College Drive, San Diego, CA 92111 495 David M. Glassman, PhD*, Texas State University-San Marcos, Department of Anthropology, San Marcos, Texas 78666 Bruce E. Anderson, PhD*, Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner, Forensic Science Center, 2825 East District Street, Tucson, AZ 85714 Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD* and Heather Walsh-Haney, MA, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601; Martha J. Burt, MD, Medical Examiner Department, Miami-Dade County, Number One on Bob Hope Road, Miami, FL 33136 Laura C. Fulginiti, PhD*, A.L. Mosley, MD, V. Shvarts, MD, J. Hu, MD, K.D. Horn, MD, P.E. Keen, MD, and R.M. Hsu, MD, Forensic Science Center, 701 West Jefferson, Phoenix, AZ 85007 Kristen M. Hartnett, MA*, Arizona State University, Department of Anthropology, PO Box 872402, Tempe, AZ 85287-2402; Laura C. Fulginiti, PhD, 701 West Jefferson, Phoenix, AZ 85007 Donna A. Fontana, MS*, New Jersey State Police, River Road, PO Box 7068, West Trenton, NJ 08628; Raafat Ahmad, MD, Mercer County Medical Examiner Office, Mercer County Airport, Building #31, West Trenton, NJ 08628; Jay Peacock, MD, Monmouth County Medical Examiner Office, Centra State Medical Center, Route 537, Freehold, NJ 07728; Ronald Suarez, MD, Morris County Medical Examiner Office, PO Box 900, Morristown, NJ 07963-0900 David Z.C. Hines, BA*, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, PO Box 112545, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 Alison Galloway, PhD*, University of California, Social Science One FS, Santa Cruz, CA 95064; Lauren Zephro, MA, Monterey County Sheriff’s Office, 1414 Natividad Road, Salinas, CA 93906-3102 Vincent H. Stefan, PhD*, Lehman College, CUNY, Department of Anthropology, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY 10468 Laurel Freas, BA*, Department of Anthropology, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, University of Florida, PO Box 112545, Gainesville, FL 32611 Melissa L. Gold, BS*, Department of Anthropology, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, University of Florida, PO Box 112545, Gainesville, FL 32611 496 Index 89 495 497 497 498 498 499 500 500 501 501 502 Empirical Validation and Application of the Quality-Control Polymerase Chain Reaction (qcPCR) Inhibitor Detection System Defining Perimortem: Blunt Force Trauma Footnotes: Diabetic Osteopathy Used in Human Identification Diagnosing Degenerative Pathologies in an Unidentified Skeleton Symmetrical Fracturing of the Skull From Self-Inflicted Gunshot Wounds: Reconstructing Individual Death Histories From Skeletonized Human Remains In the Name of the Dead: The Panamanian Truth Commission’s Search for the “Disappeared” Truth, Justice, and Forensic Anthropology in Latin America Perspectives and Recommendations From the Field: Forensic Anthropology and Human Rights in Argentina The Development of Forensic Anthropology in Chile Forensic Anthropology in Guatemala The Peruvian Forensic Anthropology Team (EPAF) and the Memory of the Missing Forensic Anthropology in Colombia Postmortem and Perimortem Fracture Patterns in the Long Bones of Deer Elias J. Kontanis, BS, BA*, Cornell University, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853; Krista E. Latham, MS, Temple University, Department of Anthropology, 1115 West Berks Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122; Mary K. Ritke, PhD, University of Indianapolis, Department of Biology, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46227 Derinna V. Kopp, MA*, Jacquel Arismendi, MA, and Shannon A. Novak, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, 270 South 1400 East, Room 102, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 Heather A. Walsh-Haney, MA*, John J. Schultz, PhD, and Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD, University of Florida, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, PO Box 112545, Gainesville, FL 32611 Sarah A. Kiley, BA*, University of Indianapolis, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46227; Amy Z. Mundorff, MA and Thomas Gibson, MD, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Todd W. Fenton, PhD*, Jered B. Cornelison, MS, and Leslie A. Wood, BS, Michigan State University, Department of Forensic Science, 560 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 Loreto Suarez Silva, Director of Anthropology, Comision de la Verdad de Panama, Balboa, 27695-8107, Republic of Panama; Kathrynn M. Jemmott, MA, University of Florida, C.A. Pound Human ID Laboratory, Gainesville, FL 32611; Ann H. Ross, PhD*, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695-8107 Clyde Snow, PhD*, c/o ALAF and EAAF, 10 Jay Street #502, Brooklyn, NY 11201 Mercedes C. Doretti*, Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team (EAAF), 10 Jay Street #502, Brooklyn, NY 11201; Luis Fondebrider, c/o ALAF and EAAF, 10 Jay Street #502, Brooklyn, NY 11201 Isabel Reveco*, Association for Latin American Forensic Anthropology, c/o EAAF, 10 Jay Street #502, Brooklyn, NY 11201 Fredy Peccerelli *, c/o ALAF and EAAF, 10 Jay Street, #502, Brooklyn, NY 11201; José Samuel Suasnavar Bolaños, Lourdes Penados, and Mario Vasquez, c/o ALAF and EAAF, 10 Jay St #502, Brooklyn, NY 11201 Jose Pablo Baraybar, MSc*, Aldo Bolanos, Carmen Rosa Cardoza, Mellisa Lund, Giovani Macciotta, and Juan Carlos Tello, Peruvian Forensic Anthropology Team (EPAF), c/o ALAF and EAAF, 10 Jay Street #502, Brooklyn, NY 11201 Andres Patiño* and Edixon Quinones Reyes, c/o ALAF and EAAF, 10 Jay Street #502, Brooklyn, NY 11201 Bruce P. Wheatley, PhD*, Department of Anthropology and Social Work, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294-3350 Index 90 502 503 504 504 505 506 506 507 507 508 508 509 509 Healing Following Cranial Trauma Burning Observations of Decomposed Human Remains: Obscuring the Postmortem Interval Experimental Study of Fracture Propagation in the Human Skull: A ReTesting of Popular Theories The Use of Non-Unique Dental Characters and Non-Unique DNA Types to Estimate Probability of Identity Reassociating Commingled Remains Separated by Distance and Time: The Tale of Simon And Steven Temporomandibular Joint Morphology and the Assessment of Potential Commingling Using GIS Technology to Locate Clandestine Human Remains Anthropological Review of Remains From Srebrenica as Part of the Identification Process Exhumation... and What After? ICMP Model in Bosnia and Herzegovina Air-Drying as a Means of Preservation for the Unidentified and Unclaimed Remains From the World Trade Center Preliminary Results on the Use of Cadaver Dogs to Locate Vietnam War-Era Human Remains Genes, Nerves, and Bones: Neural Networks, Genetic Algorithms, and Forensic Anthropology U.S. Army Identification Laboratories for WWII and Korea and the History of Forensic Anthropology The ASCLD-LAB Accreditation of the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory Outside Traditional Skeletal Casework: A Forensic Anthropologist in a Medical Examiner’s Office Forensics and Television: A Learning Experience or Beguiling Obsession? Lenore Barbian, PhD*, and Paul S. Sledzik, MS, National Museum of Health and Medicine, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 6825 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 203066000 Elayne J. Pope, MA*, University of Arkansas, 330 Old Main, Fayetteville, AR 72701; O’Brian C. Smith, MD, Regional Forensic Center, University of Tennessee, 1060 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104 Anne M. Kroman, MA*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Mark D. Leney, PhD* and Bradley J. Adams, PhD, U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory, HI, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Debra A. Komar, PhD*, Office of the Medical Investigator, University of New Mexico, MSC11 6030, Albuquerque, NM 510 Vincent H. Stefan, PhD*, Lehman College, CUNY, Department of Anthropology, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY 10468 Ann Marie W. Mires, PhD*, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 720 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118; Alberto Giordano, PhD, Department of Geography, University of Texas, Austin, TX 77005 Piotr Drukier, MSc*, Eva Klonowski, PhD, Laura Yazedjian, Rifat Kesetovic, and Edwin F. Huffine, MS, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipashina 45a, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Eva Klonowski, PhD*, Piotr Drukier, MSc, and Nermin Sarajlic, MD, MSc, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipashina 45a, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Benjamin J. Figura, BA*, PO Box 4423, Chico, CA 959274423 513 Paul D. Emanovsky, MS*, U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Suzanne Bell, PhD*, West Virginia University, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 6045, Morgantown, WV 26506; Richard L. Jantz, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720 Christopher M. McDermott, MA*, U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Vincent J. Sava, BS, MA*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Tom E. Bodkin, MA*, Hamilton County Medical Examiner Office, 3202 Amnicola Highway, Chattanooga, TN 37409 517 Ellen R. Salter-Pedersen, BA, BSc*, Department of Geography and Anthropology, 227 Howe-Russell, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 520 Index 91 511 512 512 513 515 515 516 516 517 518 518 519 Estimation of Living Body Weight Using Measurements of Anterior Iliac Spine Breadth and Stature Preliminary Observations of Vertebral Centra Retraction and Its Relationship to Age Epiphyseal Closure Rates in the Srebrenica Youth An Evaluation of the Greulich and Pyle Skeletal Aging Standards for the Hand and Wrist in a Contemporary Multiethnic Population A Quantitative Study of Morphological Variation in the OS Coxa for the Purpose of Estimating Sex of Human Skeletal Remains A Review of Age Estimation Using Rib Histology: Its Impact on Evidentiary Examination Distinguishing Between Human and NonHuman Secondary Osteons in Ribs Species Identification of Small Skeletal Fragments Using Protein Radioimmunoassay (pRIA) Developing the “Isotope Fingerprint” in Human Skeletal Remains Skeletal Manifestations of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma: A Differential Diagnosis Computer Assisted Facial Reconstruction Technique Testing the Reliability of Frontal Sinuses in Positive Identification Using Elliptic Fourier Analysis Markers of Mechanical Loading in the Postcranial Skeleton: Their Relevance to Personal Identification of Human Remains Jaime A. Suskewicz, BA*, Louisiana State University, 2000 Brightside Drive, #722, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 520 A. Midori Albert, BS, MA, PhD*, Anthropology Program, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403-5907 Maureen C. Schaefer, BS, MA*, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipashina 45a, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Susan M.T. Myster, PhD, Hamline University, MB 196, 1536 Hewitt Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55104; Sarah E. Nathan, BA*, Department of Forensic Sciences, Nebraska Wesleyan University, Lincoln, NE 68503 Peer H. Moore-Jansen, PhD* and Amber Harrison, BA*, Department of Anthropology, Wichita State University, 114 Neff Hall, Wichita, KS 67260-0052 521 Christian M. Crowder, MA*, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada 524 Elizabeth J. Whitman, MA*, 1044 Eugenia Drive, Mason, MI 48854 Douglas H. Ubelaker, PhD*, Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology, NMNH, MRC 112, Washington, DC 20560; Jerold M. Lowenstein, MD, California Pacific Medical Center, 2333 Buchanan Street, San Francisco, CA 94115; Darden G. Hood, BS, MicroAnalytica, LLC, 4989 SW 74 Court, Miami, FL 33155 Benjamin Swift, MB, ChB*, and Guy N. Rutty, MD, Division of Forensic Pathology, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, United Kingdom; Richard Harrington, PhD, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Alaina K. Goff, BA* and Wendy Potter, MS, University of New Mexico, Department of Anthropology, Albuquerque, NM 87131; Debra Komar, PhD, Office of the Medical Investigator, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 Yves Schuliar, MD* and Pascal Chaudeyrac, MS, Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale, 1 Boulevard Theophile Sueur, Rosny-sous-Bois 93110, France; Richard Aziza, MD, 13 Avenue Eylau, Paris 75116, France; Jean-Noel Vignal, PhD, Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale, 1 Boulevard Theophile Sueur, Rosny-sous-Bois 93110, France Angi M. Christensen, PhD*, 301 Taliwa Drive, Knoxville, TN 37920 525 Kenneth A.R. Kennedy, PhD*, Cornell University, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 528 Index 92 522 523 524 525 526 526 527 527 Rapid Responses to International Incidents: To Go or Not to Go (or When to Go and How to Go)? Tal Simmons, PhD*, School of Conservation Sciences, Talbot Campus, Bournemouth University, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, United Kingdom Panelists: Alison Galloway, PhD*, University of California, Social Science One FS, Santa Cruz, CA 95064; Jose Pablo Baraybar, BA, MSc*, Office on Missing Persons and Forensics (OMPF), United Nations Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), AUCON/KFOR, Kosovo A1503, Austria; Laura Bowman, BA*, 3856 Porter Street NW, E-371, Washington, DC 20016; Melissa Connor, MA, RPA*, 11101 South 98th Street, Lincoln, NE 68526; Margaret Cox, PhD*; William D. Haglund, PhD*, 20410 25th Avenue, NW, Shoreline, WA 98177; Sara Kahn, MSW, MPH*, 108 West 76th Street, #2A, New York, NY 10023; Mary Ellen Keough, MPH*, Meyers Primary Care Institute, 630 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605 Index 93 529 Expressions of Handedness in the Vertebral Column Skull vs. Postcranial Elements in Sex Determination Race and Ethnicity in Subadult Crania: When Does Differentiation Occur? An Examination of the Petrographic Technique in the Analysis of Cementum Increments for the Determination of Age and Seasonality in Human Teeth A Test of the Auricular Surface Ageing Method Using a Modern Sample: The Effect of Observer Experience Sex, Size, and Genetic Mistakes: Identifying Disorders of Sexual Differentiation in Human Skeletal Remains The Foot as a Forensic Tool Back to the Basics: Anatomical Siding of Fragmentary Skeletal Elements From Victims of the World Trade Center Disaster The William M. Bass Donated Collection at the University of Tennessee - Knoxville The Hyoid Bone as a Sex Discriminator The Estimation of Sex From the Proximal Ulna The Utility of Nonmetric Cranial Traits in Ancestry Determination - Part II Forensic Anthropology, Repatriation, and the “Mongoloid” Problem 2003 Jennifer A. Synstelien, MA*, and Michelle D. Hamilton, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN M. Katherine Spradley, MA*, and Richard L. Jantz, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 252 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN Elizabeth A. Murray, PhD*, Hamilton County Coroner’s Office, College of Mount St. Joseph, 5701 Delhi Road, Cincinnati, OH Tamara L. Leher, BA*, Department of Anthropology, California State University-Chico, P.O. Box 4036, Chico, CA 531 Debra A. Komar, PhD*, Office of the Medical Investigator, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; Tim Petersen, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; Suzzette Sturtevant, BSc, and Britny Moore, BSc, Office of the Medical Investigator, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM Linda O’Connell, BM, MSc*, Joy Steven, MSc*, and Margaret Cox, PhD*, School of Conservation Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole, Dorset, United Kingdom John A. DiMaggio, RPh, DPM*, Forensic Podiatry Consulting Services, 2600 East Southern Avenue, Suite I-3, Tempe, AZ Eric J. Bartelink, MA*, Jason M. Wiersema, MA, and Maria Parks, MA, Department of Anthropology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX; Gaille MacKinnon, BA, MSc, Department of Conservation Sciences, University of Bournemouth, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; and Amy Zelson Mundorff, MA, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, New York City, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY Helen E. Bassett, MA*, M. Katherine Spradley, MA, and Lee Meadows Jantz, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN Michael Finnegan, PhD*, Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Social Work, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS William E. Grant, MA*, Holland Community Hospital, 602 Michigan Avenue, Holland, MI; and Richard L. Jantz, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN Joseph T. Hefner, BS*, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, 1898 Seton Court, Clearwater, FL Stephen D. Ousley, PhD*, Smithsonian Institution, Repatriation Office, Department of Anthropology, Washington, DC; Jessica L. Seebauer, BS, Department of Biology, State University of New York-Geneseo, Geneseo, NY; and Erica B. Jones, MA, Smithsonian Institution, Repatriation Office, Department of Anthropology, 533 Index 94 531 532 533 534 534 535 535 536 536 537 537 A Strategy for Age Determination Combining a Dental Method (Lamendin) and an Anthropological Method (Iscan) Introducing Daubert to the Balkans Dirty Secrets: Identification of Older Crime Scenes in the Former Yugoslavia Through Blood Protein and Volatile Fatty Acid Soil Analysis Exhumations in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Unique Challenges in the Recovery From Cavern Sites Resolution of Large-Scale Commingling Issues: Lessons From CILHI and ICMP Reassociation of Skeletal Remains Recovered From Graves in Bosnia and Herzegovina The Influence of Large-Scale DNA Testing on the Traditional Anthropological Approach to Human Identification: The Experience in Bosnia and Herzegovina Age-Related Changes in the Adult Male Vertebral Column Lamendin’s and Prince’s Dental Aging Methods Applied to a Bosnian Population Impact of Heat and Chemical Maceration on DNA Recovery and Cut Mark Analysis Two Miles and Nine Years From Home: The Taphonomy of Aqueous Environments Dissolving Dentition: The Effects of Corrosive and Caustic Agents on Teeth Washington, DC Laurnet Martrille*, and Tarek Mbghirbi, Service de médecine légale, CHU Lapeyronie, 191 av, Montpellier, France; Alain Zerilli, DDS, Faculté d’odontologie, CHU Brest, cedex , France, Brest, France; F. Seguret, Département d’information médicale, CHU Montpellier, France; and Eric Baccino, MD, Service de médecine légale, CHU Lapeyronie, 191 av, Montpellier, France, Richard J. Harrington, PhD*, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo; Benjamin Swift, MBChB, Division of Forensic Pathology, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, United Kingdom; and Edwin F. Huffine, MS, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo Hugh H. Tuller, MA*, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, 71000, Sarajevo Eva E. Klonowski, PhD*, Nermin Sarajlic, PhD, and Piotr Drukier, MS, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina John E. Byrd, PhD*, and Bradley J. Adams, PhD, U.S. Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI; and Lisa M. Leppo, PhD, and Richard J. Harrington, PhD, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Eva E. Klonowski, PhD*, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, Muhamed Mujkic, MS, Federation Commission on Tracing Missing Persons, Sarajevo, and Nermin Sarajlic, PhD, and Piotr Drukier, MS, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Ana Boza Arlotti, PhD*, Edwin F. Huffine, MS, and Richard J. Harrington, PhD, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Piotr Drukier, MS*, Nermin Sarajlic, PhD, and Eva E. Klonowski, PhD, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Nermin Sarajlic, MD MSc*, Eva E. Klonowski, PhD, Piotr Drukier, MSc, and Richard J. Harrington, PhD, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Dawnie W. Steadman, PhD*, Jeremy Wilson, BS, Kevin E. Sheridan, MA, and Steven Tammariello, PhD, Department of Biology, Binghamton University, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, NY Casey Shamblin, BA*, and Mary H. Manhein, MA, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA Joy E. Lang, BSc, BA*, and Tosha L. Dupras, PhD, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL Index 95 538 538 539 540 540 541 541 541 542 542 543 543 Rituals Among the Santeria: Contextual Clues and Forensic Implications Frozen Human Bone: A Histological Investigation The Effect of Heat Associated With Maceration on DNA Preservation in Skeletal Remains Using Restriction Enzymes to Reduce the Inhibitory Properties of Bacterial DNA on PCR Amplification of Human DNA Sequences Fire Scene Management Strategies for the Recovery of Human Remains From Severe Vehicle Fires Peculiar Marine Taphonomy Findings: Preservation of Human Remains as a Result of Submersion in Sequestered Environments The Landscape’s Role in Dumped and Scattered Remains The Role of Textiles in Determination of Postmortem Interval It Came Out of the Sky: Cremains as an Aerial Hazard The Effect of Human Body Mass on the Rate of Decomposition Understanding Rib Fracture Patterns Features of Preexisting Trauma and Burned Cranial Bone Burning Extremities: Patterns of Arms, Legs, and Preexisting Trauma Heather A. Walsh-Haney, MA*, John J. Schultz, MS, and Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory/Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 112545, Gainesville, FL; and Reinhard W. Motte, MD, Miami-Dade County, District 11 Office of the Medical Examiner, Number One on Bob Hope Road, Miami, FL Mariateresa A. Tersigni, MA*, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN Krista E. Latham, BS*, Carlos J. Zambrano, BA, and Mary Ritke, PhD, Department of Biology, University of Indianapolis, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN Janene Curtis, BS*, Archeology and Forensics Laboratory, and Christine M. Turk, BS, and Mary K. Ritke, PhD, Biology Department, University of Indianapolis, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN Alan Price, MA*, Associate Director, Southern Institute of Forensic Science, Regional Service Office, 7224 West Canberra Street Drive, Greeley, CO; and Michael Britt, BS, Supervisor of Investigations, District 20, Medical Examiner’s Office, 3838 Domestic Avenue, Naples, FL Giancarlo Di Vella, MD*, Carlo Pietro Campobasso, MD, PhD, and Francesco Introna, MD, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Bari, Policlinico, piazza G. Cesare, Bari, Italy Mary H. Manhein, MA*, Ginesse Listi, MA, and Michael Leitner, PhD, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, 227 Howe-Russell, Baton Rouge, LA Kellie M. Gordon, BA*, and Mary H. Manhein, MA, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, 227 Howe Russell Geoscience Complex, Baton Rouge, LA John A. Williams, PhD*, University of North Dakota, Box 8374, Grand Forks, ND Jaime Stuart, MA*, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN Jennifer C. Love, PhD*, and Steven A. Symes, PhD, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Regional Forensic Center, Memphis, Memphis, TN; and Chantal Ferraro, PhD, Long Island University, Long Island University, Brookville, NY Elayne J. Pope, MA*, University of Arkansas, 330 Old Main, Fayetteville, AR; and O’ Brian C. Smith, MD, Regional Forensic Center of the University of Tennessee, 1060 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN O’ Brian C. Smith, MD, Regional Forensic Center of the University of Tennessee, 1060 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN; and Elayne J. Pope, MA*, University of Arkansas, 330 Old Main, Fayetteville, AR Index 96 544 545 545 546 546 547 548 548 549 549 549 550 551 The Influence of Behavior on Free Fall Injury Patterns: Possible Implications for Forensic Anthropological Investigations Numerical Simulation of Fracture Propagation in a Test of Cantilevered Tubular Bone An Evaluation of the Relationship Between Human Pelvic Size and Shape and the Distribution, Type, and Severity of Vertebral Degenerative Disease in Archaeological Material Assessment of Muscular-Skeletal Robusticity in Personal Identification of Human Remains Body Weight Estimation in Forensic Anthropology Radiographic Human Identification Using Bones of the Hand: A Validation Study Using Amplification of Bacteriophage Lambda DNA to Detect PCR Inhibitors in Skeletal DNA Nuclear DNA Preservation in Soft and Osseous Tissues The University of Tennessee/ FBI Human Remains Recovery School Presenting Forensic Anthropology Training Seminars and Workshops to Forensic Science, Medico-Legal, and Law Enforcement Professionals: Consequences for Death Investigations Involving Decomposed, Skeletal, and Burned Human Remains Fifteen Years of Forensic Anthropology Short Courses at the National Museum of Health and Medicine/AFIP Forensic Anthropology for Sale: A Perspective From Law Enforcement Supply and Demand: Trends and Training in Forensic Anthropology Teaching Forensic Archaeology to the Masses: The Death Scene Course at Mercyhurst College After a Decade The National Forensic Academy Angi M. Christensen, MA*, Department of Anthropology, The University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN John F. Berryman*, University of Tennessee, Lebanon, TN; Hugh E. Berryman, PhD, Metropolitan and Davidson County Medical Examiner’s Office, Lebanon, TN; Robert A. LeMaster, PhD, PE, Department of Engineering, College of Engineering and Natural Science, Martin, TN; and Carrie Anne Berryman, MA, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN Linda O’Connell, BM, MSc*, School of Conservation Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole, Dorset, United Kingdom 552 Kenneth A.R. Kennedy, PhD*, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Corson Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Phoebe R. Stubblefield, MA*, CA Pound Human Identification Laboratory, P.O. Box 112545, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL Michael G. Koot, BA*, Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI Krista E. Latham, BS*, Department of Biology, University of Indianapolis, 1400 East Hanna Ave, Indianapolis, IN 553 Elias J. Kontanis, BS, BA*, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY Murray K. Marks, PhD*, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN Susan M.T. Myster, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, Hamline University, St. Paul, MN 556 Lenore T. Barbian, PhD*, and Paul S. Sledzik, MS, National Museum of Health and Medicine, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC Lauren Rockhold Zephro, MA*, Monterey County Sheriff’s Department, 1414 Natividad Road, Salinas, CA Joanne L. Devlin, PhD*, and Michelle D. Hamilton, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN Dennis C. Dirkmaat, PhD*, Departments of Anthropology and Applied Forensic Science, Mercyhurst College, Erie, PA; and Michael Hochrein, BS, Federal Bureau of Investigation, St. Louis, MO Arpad A. Vass, PhD*, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 558 Index 97 552 553 554 555 556 557 557 559 559 560 561 Advances in Surveying and Presenting Evidence From Mass Graves, Clandestine Graves, and Surface Scatters Cervical Smears as an Alternate Source of DNA in the Identification of Human Skeletal Remains Unusual Sharp Force/Penetrating Trauma Pattern on a Cranium; Cooperative Examination and Evaluation by the Forensic Pathologist and Forensic Anthropologist Gunshot Wounds and Other Perimortem Trauma to the Sub-Adult Skeleton The “Next Utility” in Field Recovery of Scattered Human Remains Age Progression: How Accurate Is It? Three-Dimensional Digital Data Acquisition: A Test of Measurement Error In Search of Floyd Britton: Investigations of Human Rights Issues on the Island of Coiba, Republic of Panama Reconstructing Facial Freeform Images Using FREEFORM Software Operacion Eagle: Clandestine Graves and a Taphonomy of Tyrants — Part 1: The Truth Commission of Panama, Witness Testimony, and Searches in Western Panama Operacion Eagle: Clandestine Graves and a Taphonomy of Tyrants — Part 2: Searches on Coiba Island, Panama City, and Vicinity Utilizing Ground Penetrating Radar and Three-Dimensional Imagery to Enhance Search Strategies of Buried Human Remains Location, Identification, and Repatriation of Remains of Victims of Conflict: Implications for Forensic Anthropology Ian Hanson, MSc*, School of Conservation Sciences, Bournemouth University, United Kingdom 561 Carla R. Torwalt, BSc*, Thambirajah Balachandra, MBBS, and Janice Epp, RN, HBScN, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 210-1 Wesley Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Vincent H. Stefan, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, Lehman College - CUNY, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard, West, Bronx, NY; and Patricia J. McFeeley, MD, Office of the Medical Investigator, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM Ambika Flavel, MSc*, 52 Ninth Avenue, Maylands, WA 562 Ginesse A. Listi, MA*, Mary H. Manhein, MA, and Michael Leitner, PhD, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, 227 Howe-Russell, Baton Rouge, LA Joanne L. Devlin, PhD, and Murray K. Marks, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN Denise To, MA*, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Box 87-2402, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ Ann H. Ross, PhD*, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, P.O. Box 112545, Gainesville, FL; and Bruce Broce, MA*, Comision de la Verdad de Panama, Edificio No. 37, Panama Ann Marie W. Mires, PhD*, Chief Medical Examiner, 720 Albany Street, Boston, MA; Mary H. Manhein, MA, Louisiana State University, FACES Laboratory, Baton Rouge, LA; Greg Mahoney, Boston Crime Laboratory, 720 Albany Street, Boston, MA; and Eileen Barrows, Louisiana State University, Faces Laboratory, Baton Rouge, LA Frank P. Saul, PhD*, Lucas County Coroner’s Office, 2595 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH; Sandra Anderson, Canine Investigation Consultant, 913 East Price Road, Midland, MI; and Julie M. Saul, BA, Lucas County Coroner’s Office, 2595 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH Julie M. Saul, BA*, Lucas County Coroner’s Office, 2595 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH; Sandra Anderson, Canine Investigation Consultant, 913 East Price Road, Midland, MI; and Frank P. Saul, PhD, Lucas County Coroner’s Office, 2595 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH Michelle L. Miller, BS, MA*, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 563 Shuala M. Drawdy, MA*, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 568 Index 98 562 563 564 564 565 565 566 567 568 This Grave Speaks: Forensic Anthropology in Guatemala The Role of Anthropology During the Identification of Victims From the World Trade Center Disaster Anthropology at Fresh Kills: Recovery and Identification of the World Trade Center Victims Scene Recovery Efforts in Shanksville, Pennsylvania: The Role of the Coroner’s Office in the Processing of the Crash Site of United Airlines Flight 93 Roles of the Biological Anthropologist in the Response to the Crash of United Airlines Flight 93 Attack on the Pentagon: The Role of Forensic Anthropology in the Examination and Identification of Victims and Remains of the ‘9/11’ Terrorist Attack Adriana Gabriela Santos Bremme, BS*, Fundación de Antropología Forense de Guatemala-Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Apartado Postal 01901 1830 correo central Guatemala C.A. Amy Zelson Mundorff, MA*, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, New York City, New York, NY 569 Michael W. Warren, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Leslie E. Eisenberg, PhD, Wisconsin Historical Society, 816 State Street, Madison, WI; Heather Walsh-Haney, MA, University of Florida, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; and, Julie Mather Saul, BA, Lucas County Medical Coroner’s Office, 2595 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH Dennis C. Dirkmaat, PhD*, Departments of Anthropology and Applied Forensic Science, Mercyhurst College, Erie, PA; and Wallace Miller, BS, Somerset County Coroner, Somerset, PA Marilyn R. London, MA, and Dawn M. Mulhern, PhD, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC; Lenore T. Barbian, PhD, and Paul S. Sledzik, MS, National Museum of Health and Medicine, Armed Forced Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC; Dennis C. Dirkmaat, PhD, Mercyhurst College, Erie, PA; Laura Fulginiti, PhD, Medical Examiner’s Office, Phoenix, AZ; Joseph T. Hefner, BS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; and Norman J. Sauer, PhD, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI William C. Rodriguez III, PhD*, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 570 Index 99 569 571 571 572 Falls From Cliffs: Reconstructing Individual Death Histories From a Perimortem Fracture Pattern A Semi-Circular Argument: Patterned Injuries Explained by an Unusually Large Murder Weapon and Its Method of Use Hyperextension Trauma of Upper Cervical Vertebrae Can Sharp Force Trauma to Bone Be Recognized After Fire Modification? An Experiment Using Odocoileus virginianus (White-Tailed Deer) Ribs A Comparison of the Cranial Wounding Effects of .22 and .38 Caliber Bullets Forensic Anthropology and Fire Investigation: Learning About Burning Using Non-Human Models The Effects of Temperature on the Decomposition Rate of Human Remains Forensic Applications of Ground Penetrating Radar in Florida Predicting Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Recovery by Skeletal Preservation Masking Identity: The Effects of Corrosive Household Agents on Soft Tissue, Bone, and Dentition Excavation and Analysis of Four Homicide Victims From Shallow Graves in Bartholomew County, IN 2002 Todd W. Fenton, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; Walter H. Birkby, PhD, and Bruce E. Anderson, PhD, Forensic Science Center, Pima County, Tucson, AZ; and David R. Rankin, MA, U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory, Hickam Air Force Base, Honolulu, HI Christopher M. Casserino, MA*, University of Oregon Deptartment of Anthropology, 1650 Arthur Street, Eugene, OR Amy Zelson Mundorff, MA*, and Corinne Ambrosi, MD, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY; and Jason Wiersema, MA, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, 1602 Rock Cliff Road, Austin, TX Paul D. Emanovsky, BS*, University of Indianapolis Archeology and Forensics Laboratory, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN; Joseph T. Hefner, BS, and Dennis C. Dirkmaat, PhD, Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 58th Street, Erie, PA Maureen Schaefer, MA*, 8549 Wuest Road, Cincinnati, OH 574 Eric J. Bartelink, MA*, 611 Domink, College Station, TX; Turhon A. Murad, PhD, Department of Anthropology, California State University, Chico, CA; and Sarah Collins, MSc, 401 San Diego Avenue, Daly City, CA Mary S. Megyesi, BA*, University of Indianapolis, East Lansing, MI John J. Schultz, MS*, C.A. Pound Human ID Laboratory, University of Florida, PO Box 112545, Gainesville, FL Franklin E. Damann, MA*, Mark Leney, PhD, and Ann W. Bunch, PhD, U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory, Hawaii, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam Air Force Base, Honolulu, HI Tosha L. Dupras, PhD*, Joy E. Lang, and Heather L. Reay, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL; John J. Schultz, MS, and Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; and Noel A. Palma, BS, MD, Medical Examiner’s Office, Pinellas-Pasco County, West Palm Beach, FL Stephen P. Nawrocki, PhD*, Matthew A. Williamson, PhD, Christopher W. Schmidt, PhD, Heather A. Thew, MS, and Gregory A. Reinhardt, PhD, University of Indianapolis Archeology and Forensics Laboratory, 1400 East, Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 577 Index 100 574 575 575 576 577 578 579 579 580 Homicide for the Holidays: Linkage Through Multidisciplinary Teamwork The Impact of Daubert on Testimony and Research in Forensic Anthropology Challenges of the Haitian Courtroom The Effective Forensic Investigation of Human Rights Violations: A Model for Training Confronting the Past in Guatemala: A Challenge for Forensic Science Human Remains Sold to the Highest Bidder! A Snapshot of the Buying and Selling of Human Skeletal Remains on eBay®, an Internet Auction Site Forensic Application for Evaluating Cranial Trauma Cases From the Iron-Age Site of Alfedena, Italy One Unlucky Punch: The Etiology of a Fatal Depressed Skull Fracture Fracture Pattern Interpretation in the Skull: Differentiating Blunt Force From Ballistics Trauma Determining Direction of Fire: An Anthropological Analysis of Gunshot Wounds to the Chest Burning Observations of the Head: An Experimental Model Frank P. Saul, PhD*, Regional Commander, USPHS DMORT 5, and Julie Mather Saul, BA, Lucas County Coroner’s Office, 2595 Arlington Avenue Toledo, OH; Sandra Anderson, Canine Solutions International, PO Box 50, Sanford, MI; Steven A. Symes, PhD, Forensic Anthropologist, Regional Forensic Center, 1060 Madison Avenue Memphis, TN; Cheryl L. Loewe, MD, Wayne County Medical Examiner’s Office, 1300 Warren, Detroit, MI; James R. Patrick, MD, Lucas County Coroner’s Office, 2595 Arlington Avenue Toledo, OH; and Steven K. Lorch, PhD, Michigan State Police Laboratory, 42145 West Seven Mile Road, Northville, MI Angi M. Christensen, MA*, and Murray K. Marks, PhD, University of Tennessee Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN Karen Ramey Burns, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, 105 Tamarack Drive, Athens, GA Jose Pablo Baraybar, MSc*, Carlos Bacigalupo, BA, Aldo F. Bolanos, Carmen C. Cardoza, BA, and Juan C. Tello, BA, Equipo Peruano de Antropologia Forense (EPAF), Calle 2, #369, Monterrico Norte, Lima, Peru, South America Adriana Gabriela Santos Bremme, BS*, Apartado postal 01901-1830 Correo Central, Guatemala, Central America Angie Kay Huxley, PhD*, Pima Community College West Campus, Division of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, PO Box 1136, Pomona, CA 581 Robert R. Paine, PhD*, Physical Anthropology Department of Sociology, MS1012, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX; Alfredo Coppa, PhD, Universita La Sapienza di Roma, Roma, and Mancinelli Domenico, PhD, Universita de L’Aquila, Italy, Roma Todd W. Fenton, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, Joyce L. de Jong, DO, Sparrow Health System, Department of Pathology, and Roger Haut, PhD, Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratories, 354 Baker Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI Gina O. Hart, BA*, 933 Anchor Lake Road, Carriere, MS 584 Natalie R. Langley, MA*, 357 South Curson Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 586 Elayne J. Pope, MA*, University of Tennessee, 252 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN; Steven A. Symes, PhD, and O’Brian C. Smith, MD, Regional Forensic Center, 1060 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 586 Index 101 581 582 582 583 583 584 585 Age Estimation of the Immature Individuals Starting From the Ratio Epiphysis Width/Diaphysis Width of the Bones of the Hand and the Wrist Contribution of Numeric Measurements to Fetal Sex Determination Modern Oral Piercings: The Application of Their Dental Wear Patterns for Forensic Anthropology Robber’s Personal Identification by Morphometric Analysis of Recorded Images Comparison of CT and MR Imaging Techniques to Traditional Radiographs in Human Identification A Comparison of Facial Approximation Techniques, Part 2 A Comparative Study of Mammalian Cortical Bone Ankylosing Spondylitis in Three Forensic Cases Forensic Anthropology in Portugal: The State of Knowledge Thousands Dead: The Use of Stature in Individual Identification Norbert Telmon, MD*, Service de Medecine Legale, CHU Toulouse, 1 av J. Poulhes, Toulouse Cedex, France; Loic Lalys, Pascal Adalian,and Marie D. Piercecchi, Universite de la Mediterranee, Faculte de Medecine, Unite d’ Anthropologie, UMR 6578, 27 Bd J. Moulin, Marseille Cedex 05, France; Olivier Dutour, Universite de la Mediterranee, Faculte de Medecine, Unite d’ Anthropologie, CHU Toulouse, 1 av J. Poulhes, Marseille Cedex 05, France; Daniel Rouge, MD, Service de Medecine Legale, CHU Toulouse, 1 av J. Poulhes, Toulouse Cedex, France; and Georges Leonetti, MD, PhD, Universite de la Mediterranee, Faculte de Medecine, Unite d’ Anthropologie, UMR 6578, 27 Bd J. Moulin, Marseille Cedex 05, France Pascal Adalian*, and Marie D. Piercecchi, Universite de la Mediterranee, Faculte de Medecine, Service de Medecine Legale, 27 Bd J. Moulin, Marseille Cedex 05, France; Norbert Telmon, MD, Service de Medecine Legale, CHU Toulouse, 1 av J. Poulhes, Toulouse Cedex, France; and Loic Lalys, Yann Ardagna, Michael Signoli, Olivier Dutour, and Georges Leonetti, MD, PhD, Universite de la Mediterranee, Faculte de Medecine, Unite d’ Anthropologie, 27 Bd J. Moulin, Marseille Cedex 05, France Kristen M. Hartnett, BA*, and Denise To, MA, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, PO Box 872402, Tempe, AZ Francesco Introna, MD, University of Bari, Italy, Istituto di Medicina legale, Policlinico., Bari, Italy 587 S. Taylor Slemmer, MA*, and Murray K. Marks, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN Norman J. Sauer, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI Harald Horni, BA*, and Robert R. Paine, PhD, 112436, Texas Tech University Department of Sociology, and Social Work, Box 41012, Lubbock, TX John J. Schultz, MS, Heather Walsh-Haney, MA*, Suzanne Coyle, MA, and Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD, C.A. Pound Human ID Laboratory, University of Florida, PO Box 112545, Gainesville, FL Eugénia Cunha, PhD*,Universidade de Coimbra, Departmento de Anthopologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal and Maria Cristina de Mendonça, PhD, Departmento de Anthropologia, Universidade de Coimbra/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal, Coimbra, Portugal Jose Pablo Baraybar*, MSc, ICTY, Churchillplein 1, Den Haag Netherlands, and Erin H. Kimmerle, MA, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 589 Index 102 587 588 589 590 590 590 591 591 The Analysis of Ancestry From Skeletal Remains and the Treatment of the Race Concept by British Forensic Scientists Differences in the Os Coxa Between Blacks and Whites An Assessment of Craniofacial Nonmetric Traits Currently Used in the Forensic Determination of Ancestry Population-Specific Identification Criteria for Cuban Americans in South Florida Age Estimation by the Examination of the Endocranial Sutures Closure: A NorthAfrican Adult Population Study Accuracy of Age at Death Estimates Derived From Human Cementum Increments Age Estimation From Long Bone Lengths in Forensic Data Bank Subadults: Evidence of Growth Retardation and Implications of Under Aging Quantitative Analyses of Human Pubic Symphyseal Morphology Using ThreeDimensional Data: The Potential Utility for Aging Adult Human Skeletons A Refinement of the Todd Method on a Sample of Modern Humans Age Estimation From Pubic Symphysis Aquatic Decomposition Rates in South Central Louisiana The Role of Clothing in Estimating Time Since Death The Effects of Lime on the Decomposition Rate of Buried Remains Evaluation of Odor as a Time-Since-Death Indicator Robert F. Pastor, PhD*, The Calvin Wells Laboratory, and Jacinta N. Daines, BSc, Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, Bradford, United Kingdom Jennifer A. Synstelien, MA*, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN Joseph T. Hefner, BS*, Mercyhurst College, Forensic Anthropology Laboratory, 202 Parade Street, Erie, PA 592 Ann H. Ross, PhD*, and Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Dennis E. Slice, PhD, Department of Ecology & Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY; and Douglas H. Ubelaker, PhD, Department of Anthropology, NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC Ali Chadly, MD*, Professor in Legal Medicine, Head of Department of Legal Medicine, Tarak Mghirbi, Resident, S. Krimi, Resident, and M. Ben Aycha, Médical Student, Département de Médicine Légale, Hôpital Universitaire “ F. Bourguiba”, Monastir, Tunisia Carrie Anne Berryman, MA*, Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; and Jerome C. Rose, PhD, University of Arkansas, Department of Anthropology, Fayetteville, AR Martha Katherine Spradley, MA*, Knoxville, TN 594 Matthew W. Tocheri, BA*, and Anshuman Razdan, PhD, PRISM, Arizona State University, Box 87-5106, Tempe, AZ 596 Steven N. Byers, PhD*, and Jennifer L. Brady, BA, University of New Mexico, Department of Anthropology, Albuquerque, NM Alpana Sinha, MBBS, MD*, Assistant Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India Sherice L. Hurst, MA*, and Mary H. Manhein, MA, Louisiana State University, Department of Geography & Anthropology, 227 Howe- Russell Geoscience Complex, Baton Rouge, LA Robyn A. Miller, BA*, University of Tennessee Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN Heather A. Thew, MS*, and Stephen P. Nawrocki, PhD, University of Indianapolis, 1400 East Hanna Avenue Indianapolis, IN Jennifer C. Love, PhD*, Regional Forensic Center, 1060 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 596 Index 103 592 593 594 595 595 597 597 598 598 599 Determining Postmortem Interval: A Preliminary Examination of Postmortem Thorium, Actinium, and Radium Isotopes in Bone Differentiation of Bone and Tooth From Other Materials Using SEM/EDS Analysis Factors That Affect mtDNA Recoverability From Osseous Remains How Not to Stage a Burial: Lessons From North Korea The Pits: Recovery and Examination of Skeletonized Remains From a Concrete Filled-Fire Pit Of Posteriors, Typicality, and Individuality in Forensic Anthropology The Validity of Using Unique Biological Features as a Method of Identifying Victims of War Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia Testing the Average Methodological Approach to Facial Approximation Human Skeleton Found in a Chimney: A Misidentification Corrected and an Opportunity to Reevaluate Methods of Superimposition Comparative Radiography of the Lateral Hyoid: A New Method for Human Identification Musculoskeletal Stress Markers: An Exploration of Forensic Applicability Be Tenacious in Your Searches for Clandestine Burials: A Lesson From the Field Christine N. Rea, MA*, Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, 228 Lowry Hall, Kent, OH; and H.O. Back, Department of Physics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Robeson Hall, Blacksburg, VA Douglas H. Ubelaker, PhD*, Department, Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC; Dennis C. Ward, BS, FBI Laboratory, Washington, DC; Valeria S. Braz, MSc, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and John Stewart, PhD, FBI, Washington, DC Mark Leney, PhD*, U.S. Army CILHI, 310 Worchester Avenue Hickam Air Force Base, Honolulu, HI James T. Pokines, PhD*, Greg E. Berg, MA, Bradley J. Adams, MA, Ann W. Bunch, PhD, John E. Byrd, PhD, and Thomas D. Holland, PhD, U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam Air Force Base, Honolulu, HI William C. Rodriguez III, PhD*, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1413 Research Boulevard. Building 102, Rockville, MD Lyle W. Konigsberg, PhD*, and Richard L. Jantz, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Drive, Knoxville, TN Debra Komar, PhD*, Director, Laboratory of Human Osteology, Maxwell Museum, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 599 Carl N. Stephan, BHSc, Department of Anatomical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Australia; Ian S. Penton-Voak, PhD, Department of Psychology, The University of Stirling, Scotland; David Perrett, PhD, and Bernard Tiddeman, PhD, School of Psychology, The University of St. Andrews, Scotland; John G. Clement, PhD*, School of Dental Science, The University of Melbourne, Australia; and Maciej Henneberg, DSc, Department of Anatomical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Australia Edward B. Waldrip, PhD*, Southern Institute of Forensic Science, PO Box 15764, Hattiesburg, MS; Ted A. Rathbun, PhD, University of South Carolina, Department of Anthropology, Columbia, SC; Steven A. Symes, PhD, Regional Forensic Center, 1060 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN; and James E. Lee, Adams County, 112 South Wall Street, Natchez, MS Jered B. Cornelison, MS*, Todd W. Fenton, PhD, and Norman J. Sauer, PhD, Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, 446 East Fee Hall, East Lansing, MI; Joyce L. de Jong, DO; and Brian C. Hunter, MD, Sparrow Hospital, Forensic Pathology Services, 1215 East Michigan Avenue, Lansing, MI Brian F. Spatola, MA*, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA Ann W. Bunch, PhD*, and Calvin Y. Shiroma, DMD, U.S. CILHI, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam Air Force Base, Honolulu, HI 603 Index 104 600 600 600 601 602 602 603 604 604 605 The Importance of Recovered Life-Support Equipment In the Resolution of MIA Cases Recovery and Identification Challenges in a Case of Suicidal Self-Cremation Accident, Suicide, or Homicide: A Case Study Involving the Investigation of Skeletonized and Bear-Scavenged Remains From Caffey (1946) to Kempe (1962): Historical Perspectives of the Recognition of Child Abuse Fracture Patterns in Abused Children: A Study of Skeletal Trauma Among Battered Children in a Clinical Cohort From the Leeds (UK) Metropolitan Area Diagnostic Imaging of Child Abuse: A Comparison of Radiographic Views to Detect Rib Fracture Recognizing Child Abuse in the Thoracic Region Through a Multidisciplinary Approach A Multidisciplinary Approach to Evaluate Chronic Malnutrition During Childhood in a Case of Suspected Fatal Child Abuse Chester E. Moore, II, PhD*, U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam Air Force Base, Honolulu, HI Emily A. Craig, PhD*, Medical Examiner's Office, 100 Sower Boulevard, Suite 202, Frankfort, KY; and Corky Deaton, DMD, Consulting Forensic Odontologist, 359-C South Fourth Street, Danville, KY William C. Rodriguez III, PhD*, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1413 Research Boulevard. Building 102, Rockville, MD Steven A. Symes, PhD*, Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, 1060 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN; C. Ferraro, PhD, Long Island University, Long Island University, Brookville, NY, Susan B. Patton, MNSc, and O’Brian C. Smith, MD, Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, 1060 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN; and A.M. Kroman, BA, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 252 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN Saskia M. de Jager Burford, BA, MSc*, Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom; Robert F. Pastor, PhD, The Calvin Wells Laboratory, Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom; and Christopher J. Hobbs, BSc, MB, BS, MRCP, Department of Community Pediatrics, Saint James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom Susan B. Patton, MNSc*, Steven A. Symes, PhD, O’Brian C. Smith, MD, T.A. Campbell, MD, and Cynthia D. Gardner, MD, Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, 1060 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN Dennis C. Dirkmaat, PhD*, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA; Steven A. Symes, PhD, University of Tennessee Regional Forensic Center, 1060 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN; Erik Vey, MD, Erie County Coroner’s Office, Erie County Courthouse, Erie, PA; and O’Brian C. Smith, MD, University of Tennessee Regional Forensic Center, 1060 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN Susan M.T. Myster, PhD*, Hamline University, Department of Anthropology, Saint Paul, MN; Susan J. Roe, MD, Ramsey County Medical Examiner’s Office, 300 East University Avenue, Saint Paul, MN; Barbara H. O’Connell, PhD, Department of Anthropology, Hamline University, Saint Paul, MN; Janice J. Ophoven, MD, The Children’s Hospital, 345 North Smith Avenue, Saint Paul, MN; and Ann L. Norrlander, DDS, 1553 Medical Arts Building, 825 Nicollet Mall, Minneapolis, MN Index 105 605 606 606 607 608 608 609 610 The Hidden Truth: Mandibular Condyle Fractures in Child Abuse Child Abuse Case: Multiple Forensic Issues Child Abuse: It’s All in the Recognition A.M. Kroman, BA*, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 252 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN; Steven A. Symes, PhD, O’Brian C. Smith, MD, and Jennifer C. Love, PhD, Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, 1060 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN; Harry H. Mincer, DDS, PhD, Division of Oral Pathology, Dunn Dental Building, Memphis, TN; and J.W. Lemmon, BS, Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, 1060 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN Murray K. Marks, PhD*, and Kathryn H. Haden, MD, Department of Pathology, The University of Tennessee Medical Center, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN Steven A. Symes, PhD*, Susan B. Patton, MNSc*, T.D. Campbell, MD, Cynthia D. Gardner, MD, O’Brian C. Smith, MD, T. Paulette Sutton, MS, MT, and Craig T. Mallak, JD, MD, Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, 1060 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN; and A.M. Kroman, BA, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 252 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN Index 106 611 611 612 Index by Presenting Author Author by Last Name Adalian*, Pascal and Marie D. Piercecchi, Universite de la Mediterranee, Faculte de Medecine, Service de Medecine Legale, 27 Bd J. Moulin, Marseille Cedex 05, France; Norbert Telmon, MD, Service de Medecine Legale, CHU Toulouse, 1 av J. Poulhes, Toulouse Cedex, France; and Loic Lalys, Yann Ardagna, Michael Signoli, Olivier Dutour, and Georges Leonetti, MD, PhD, Universite de la Mediterranee, Faculte de Medecine, Unite d’ Anthropologie, 27 Bd J. Moulin, Marseille Cedex 05, France Adams, Bradley J. PhD*, Christian Crowder, PhD, and; Frank DePaolo, MPAS, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Adams, Bradley J. PhD*, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016; and Lyle W. Konigsberg, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 252 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Adams, Bradley J. PhD*, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, City of New York, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016; and Nicholas P. Herrmann, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Adlam, Rachel E. MSc*, and Tal L. Simmons, PhD, University of Central Lancashire, Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, Maudland Building, Preston, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom Agostini, Gina M. BS*, and Emily J. Gomez, BA, 4500 Manor Village, Apartment 316, Raleigh, NC 27612 Agostini, Gina M. MA*, 205 Middle Street, Hadley, MA 01035 Agostini, Gina M. MA*, 83 Newton Street, Greenfield, MA 01301 Al Na’imi, Khudooma S. BSc*, University of Central Lancashire, United Kingdom, Um Ghafa, Abu Dhabi, Al Ain, Box 16584, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Alamo, Ana Del BA*, 4521 Northeast 22 Road, Fort Lauderdale, FL Albert, A. Midori BS, MA, PhD*, Anthropology Program, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403-5907 Albert, A. Midori PhD*, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Anthropology, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403-5907 Albert, A. Midori PhD*, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Anthropology, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403-5907 Index 107 Title Contribution of Numeric Measurements to Fetal Sex Determination Page 587 Renewed Search, Recovery, and Identification Efforts Related to the September 11, 2001 Attacks of the World Trade Center Quantification of Commingled Human Skeletal Remains: Determining the Most Likely Number of Individuals (MLNI) 287 Estimation of Living Stature From Selected Anthropometric (Soft Tissue) Measurements: How do These Compare With Osteometric (Skeletal) Measurements? 366 Assessing the Effect of Repeated Physical Disturbance Associated With Data Collection in Experimental Decomposition Studies 385 Forensic Anthropology Academic and Employment Trends The Impact of Obesity on Morphology of the Femur Can Femoral Shape be Used to Estimate Weight? Evaluation of Enamel Short Chemical History as a Forensic Tool: A Comparative Study of Six Countries An Assessment of a Simple Model and Method for Osteometric Sorting Preliminary Observations of Vertebral Centra Retraction and Its Relationship to Age 193 Cervical Vertebral Centra Epiphyseal Union as an Age Estimation Method in Teenage and Young Adult Skeletons The Role of Adult Age-Related Craniofacial Changes and the MORPH Database in Computer Automated Face Recognition Research and Development 24 437 128 46 156 95 521 181 Albert, Midori PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403- 5907; Jeffery K. Tomberlin, PhD, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 1229 North U.S. Highway 281, Stephenville, TX 76401; and Christina Johnson, BA, Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403-5978 Algee-Hewitt, Bridget MA*, Rebecca J Wilson, MA, and Lee Meadows Jantz, PhD, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Algee-Hewitt, Bridget MA*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Rebecca J. Wilson, MA*, 3108 Rennoc Road, Knoxville, TN 37918; and Megan Katrina Moore, PhD, University of Tennessee, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, Knoxville, TN 37996 Allaire, Maria MA*, LSU FACES Laboratory, Louisiana State University, 227 Howe-Russell Bldg, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and Mary H. Manhein, MA, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Allaire, Maria T. MA*, 16 Pinedale Lane, Durango, CO 81303 Allaire, Maria T. MA*, 16 Pinedale Lane, Durango, CO 81303; and Mary H. Manhein, MA, and Ginesse A. Listi, MA, Louisiana State University, Department of Geography and Anthropology, 227 Howe- Russell Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Allaire, Maria T. MA*, Louisiana State University FACES Laboratory, Louisiana State University, 227 Howe-Russell Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and Mary H. Manhein, MA, Department of Geography & Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Allbright, Amanda S. BA*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Alsup, Kathleen MA*, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 307996 Anderson, Bruce E. PhD*, and Walter H. Birkby, PhD, Forensic Science Center, 2825 East District Street, Tucson, AZ 85714 Anderson, Bruce E. PhD*, Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner, Forensic Science Center, 2825 East District Street, Tucson, AZ 85714 Anderson, Bruce E. PhD*, University of Arizona, Department of Anthropology, Tucson, AZ 85721; and Thomas P. Gilson, MD, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Index 108 Observations of Decomposition in Southern Coastal North Carolina 396 The Donation Dilemma: Academic Ethics and Public Participation at the Anthropological Research Facility The Effects of Ethanol Abuse on Bone Mineral Density in the Proximal Femur 358 Accuracy of Regression Formulae for Racing and Sexing the Cranial Base in a Forensic Collection 273 Postmortem Interval Field Research at Three High Elevation Biogeoclimatic Zones in Southwest Colorado Blasting Caps: An Alternate Source of High Velocity Trauma in Human Skeletal Remains 410 Shark-Inflicted Trauma on Human Skeletal Remains 164 Sexual Dimorphism in the Vertebral Column 397 Investigation of Second, Fourth, and Eighth Sternal Rib End Variation Related to Age Estimation Forensic Anthropology at the Pima County (Arizona) Office of the Medical Examiner: The Identification of Foreign Nationals Identifying the Dead: Methods Utilized for Undocumented Immigrants, 2001-2003 260 Modern Day Cranial Trepanation: The Ventriculosotomy 426 195 426 179 497 Anderson, Bruce E. PhD, Forensic Science Center, 2825 East District Street, Tucson, AZ 85714; Tamela R. Smith, BA*, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281; Walter H. Birkby, PhD, Forensic Science Center, 2825 East District Street, Tucson, AZ 85714; Todd W. Fenton, PhD, Michigan State University, 354 Baker Hall, Department of Anthropology, East Lansing, MI 48824; Carolyn V. Hurst, BA, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823; and Claire C. Gordon, PhD, U.S. Army Natick RD&E Center, Kansas Street, Natick, MA 01760-5020 Anderson, Bruce E. PhD, Forensic Science Center, Office of the Medical Examiner, 2825 East District Street, Tucson, AZ 85714; Elizabeth A. Murray, PhD*, College of Mount Saint Joseph, Department of Biology, 5701 Delhi Road, Cincinnati, OH 45233-1670; Susan M.T. Myster, PhD, Hamline University, MB 196, 1536 Hewitt Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55104; and Jennifer C. Love, PhD, Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054 Anderson, Gail S. PhD*, and Lynne S. Bell, PhD, Simon Fraser University, School of Criminology, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, CANADA Andronowski, Janna M. BA*, University of Toronto, 19 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S2, CANADA; and Christian Crowder, PhD, New York Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Angelis, Danilo De DDS*, and Pasquale Poppa, BSc, Istituto di Medicina Legale, via Mangiagalli 37, Milano, 20133, Italy; Remo Sala, PhDc, Politecnico di Milano Facolta di Ingegneria Industriale Dipartimento di Meccanica Sezione di Misure e Tecniche Sperimentali, via Magiagalli 37, Milano, 20133, Italy; and Cristina Cattaneo, PhD, MD, Istituto di Medicina Legale, via Mangiagalli 37, Milano, 20133, Italy Arlotti, Ana Boza PhD*, Edwin F. Huffine, MS, and Richard J. Harrington, PhD, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Arlotti, Ana Boza PhD*, International Commission for Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina Austin, Dana PhD*, and Paul E. Coffman, Tarrant County Medical Examiner District, 200 Feliks Gwozdz Place, Fort Worth, TX 76104-4919 Ayers, Laura E. BA*, 206 B Redbud, New Braunfels, TX 78130 Aziz, Vanessa L. BA*, 11735 Bergamo Court, Las Vegas, NV 89183 Index 109 Differentiating Between Foreign National Hispanics and U.S. Hispanics in the Southwest: The Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Dental Health and Stature 156 Involvement of Forensic Anthropologists in the National Unidentified and Missing Persons System (NamUs) 10 Deep Coastal Marine Taphonomy: Interim Results From an Ongoing Experimental Investigation of Decomposition in the Saanich Inlet, British Columbia The Evaluation of Bone Area as a Histomorphometric Variable for Estimating Age at Death 107 Identification of the Living on Video Surveillance Systems: A Novel Approach 404 The Influence of Large-Scale DNA Testing on the Traditional Anthropological Approach to Human Identification: The Experience in Bosnia and Herzegovina Characterizing Primary and Secondary Mass Graves and Their Impact on Identification Methodology: The Experience in Bosnia and Herzegovina Resolution of Cold Identity Cases: Resources, Methodology, and a Review of Some Success Stories Differential Decomposition in Terrestrial, Saltwater, and Freshwater Environments: A Pilot Study Tarsal Measurements to Estimate Sex for Use in a Forensic Setting 541 55 400 290 110 160 Baccino, Eric MD*, Service de Medicine Legale, Hopital Lapeyronie Chu de Montpellier, Montpellier, 34295 Cedex 5, France; Christina Cattaneo, Instituto di Medicine Legale, Via Mangiagalli, Milano, 20133, Itlay; Yves Schuliar, MD, Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale, 1 Boulevard Theophile Sueur, Roisny-Sous-Bois, 93110, France; Eugenia Cunha, PhD, Departamento da Anthropologia, Universitate de Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-056, Portugal; Randolph Penning, Institut Fur Rechtsmedizin, Frauenlobstrasse 8a, Munchen, 80337, Germany; and Jose Luis Prieto, Instituto de Medicina Forense, Severo Ochoa s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain Bachmann, Jutta MSc*, Postweg 2, Fellbach, BadenWuerttemberg 70736, GERMANY Backo, Heather C. MA*, and John Verano, PhD, Tulane University Anthropology Department, 1021 Audubon Street, New Orleans, LA 70118 Backo, Heather MA*, Tulane University Deaprtment of Anthropology, 1326 Audubon Street, New Orleans, LA 70118 Baker, Joan E. PhD*, and Alexander F. Christensen, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Lab, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam Air Force Base, HI 96853 Baker, Joan E. PhD*, and Eric B Emery, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Baker, Joan E. PhD*, and Helen D. Wols, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Central Identification Laboratory (JPAC CIL), 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530 Baker, Joan E. PhD*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Central Identification, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; and Paul S. Sledzik, MS, National Transportation Safety Board, Office of Transportation Disaster Assistance, 490 L’Enfant Plaza, SW, Washington, DC 20594 Baker, Joan E. PhD*, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; and Alexander F. Christensen, PhD, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Index 110 The Forensic Anthropology Society of Europe: An Introduction 463 Assessment of Differences in Decomposition Rates of Rabbit Carcasses With and Without Insect Access Prior to Burial Lifestyles of the Unidentified: Challenges in Positive Identification 145 The Contextual Nature of “Excessive Force”: Alcohol-Induced Osteopenia, Fracture Prevalence, and Healing Rates Among InCustody and Homicide Deaths From the Harris County Medical Examiner’s Office An Epidemiological Study of Trauma in U.S. Casualties of the Korean War 83 The Importance of Archaeological Site Formation Processes and Flexible Excavation Strategies to the Development of Successful Medicolegal Approaches to Mass Graves Excavation: Al Hatra, Iraq Race as a Variable in Dental Health of Korean War Military Personnel 335 Morphological Variations of the Cervical Spine as Racial Indicators: A Validation and Observer Error Study Using the Terry Collection 207 Peri-Mortem Skeletal Trauma in U.S. Korean War Soldiers: An Epidemiological and Historical Study of Prisoner-of-War and Battlefield Casualties 85 415 281 431 Baker, Lori E. PhD*, Baylor University, Department of Anthropology and Forensic Science, Forensic Research Lab, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798-7388; Lee Meadows Jantz, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996- 0720; Yasmine M. Baktash, BA, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798; and J. Randall Pearce, DDS, 3769 West Andrew Johnson Highway, Morristown, TN 37814 Baker, Lori E. PhD*, Baylor University, Department of Anthropology, Forensic Science and Archaeology, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798 Baker, Lori E. PhD*, Baylor University, Forensic Research Lab, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 767987388; and Yasmine M. Baktash, BA, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798 Baker, Lori E. PhD*, Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, PO Box 97370, Waco, TX 76798; Erich J. Baker, PhD, Department of Computer Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798 Baker, Lori E. PhD, Baylor University, Department of Anthropology, Forensic Science, and Archaeology, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798; Carolyn P. Skurla, PhD*, Baylor University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, One Bear Place #97356, Waco, TX 76798; Zachary Kelm, BS, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905; Casey Anderson, Baylor University, Department of Anthropology, Forensic Science, and Archaeology, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798; David R. Webster, BS, Baylor University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, One Bear Place #97356, Waco, TX 76798; Kieran P. McNulty, PhD, Baylor University, Department of Anthropology, Forensic Science, and Archaeology, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798; Kristy Bernard, BS, University of New Haven, Department of Forensic Science, 300 Boston Post Road, West Haven, CT 06516; and Eric A. Schaefer, and Daniel C. Bland, Baylor University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, One Bear Place #97356, Waco, TX 76798 Baldridge, Robert S. PhD, Baylor University, PO Box 97388, Waco, TX 76798; Susan G. Wallace, PhD*, Baylor University, PO Box 97370, Waco, TX 76798; Ryan Kirkpatrick, BS, Texas A&M University, Department of Entomology, College Station, TX 77843 Baranoff, Rebekah K. BA*, 10 East 34th Street, Apartment #1, Erie, PA 16504 Baraybar*, Jose Pablo MSc, ICTY, Churchillplein 1, Den Haag Netherlands, and Erin H. Kimmerle, MA, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN Baraybar, Jose P. BA, MS*, and Carmen R. Cardoza, BA, Equipo Peruano de Antropologia Forense (EPAF), Arnaldo Marquez 2144-D, Lima, Lima 11, Peru Index 111 Preservation of Skeletal Collections: The Viability of DNA Analysis After the Application of Chemical Preservative 253 SIRLI (Sistema de Identificación de Restos y Localización de Individuos): A Review of the First Year of Mexico’s Database for Missing Persons Death on America’s Southern Border: A Summary of Five Years of Genetic Data Acquisition and Analysis of the Reuniting Families Project Reuniting Families: Using Phenotypic and Genotypic Forensic Evidence to Identify Unknown Immigrant Remains 334 Controlled Fracture of Bones Before and After Degradation Under Different Environmental Conditions 310 Investigation of Nocturnal Oviposition by Forensic Flies in Central Texas 480 Prognathism and Prosthion in the Evaluation of Ancestry Thousands Dead: The Use of Stature in Individual Identification 121 Differential Diagnosis of Torture in Skeletal Remains 338 104 495 591 Baraybar, Jose P. BA, MSc*, Office on Missing Persons and Forensics (OMPF), United Nations Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), AUCON/KFOR, Kosovo A1503, Austria Baraybar, Jose P. MSc*, EPAF, Av. Mello Franco 341, Jesus Maria, PERU; and Ellen Salter-Pedersen, MA, Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, 701 East Kirkwood, SB130, Bloomington, IN 47405 Baraybar, Jose P. MSc*, Equipo Peruano de Antropología Forense, Toribio Pacheco 216, Lima, Lima 18, PERU; and Bertrand Ludes MD, PhD, Institut de Medicine Légale de Strasbourg, 11, Rue Humann - 67085 Strasbourg, France Baraybar, Jose Pablo MSc*, Aldo Bolanos, Carmen Rosa Cardoza, Mellisa Lund, Giovani Macciotta, and Juan Carlos Tello, Peruvian Forensic Anthropology Team (EPAF), c/o ALAF and EAAF, 10 Jay Street #502, Brooklyn, NY 11201 Baraybar, Jose Pablo MSc*, Carlos Bacigalupo, BA, Aldo F. Bolanos, Carmen C. Cardoza, BA, and Juan C. Tello, BA, Equipo Peruano de Antropologia Forense (EPAF), Calle 2, #369, Monterrico Norte, Lima, Peru, South America Barbian, Lenore PhD*, and Paul S. Sledzik, MS, National Museum of Health and Medicine, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 6825 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 203066000 Barbian, Lenore PhD*, Department of History & Anthropology, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania, Edinboro, PA 16444 Barbian, Lenore T. PhD*, and Paul S. Sledzik, MS, National Museum of Health and Medicine, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC Bartelink, Eric J. MA*, 611 Domink, College Station, TX; Turhon A. Murad, PhD, Department of Anthropology, California State University, Chico, CA; and Sarah Collins, MSc, 401 San Diego Avenue, Daly City, CA Bartelink, Eric J. MA*, Jason M. Wiersema, MA, and Maria Parks, MA, Department of Anthropology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX; Gaille MacKinnon, BA, MSc, Department of Conservation Sciences, University of Bournemouth, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; and Amy Zelson Mundorff, MA, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, New York City, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY Bartelink, Eric J. PhD*, 400 West First Street, Department of Anthropology, Butte #311, CSUC, Chico, CA 959290400; Melanie Beasley, BS, 400 West First Street, Chico, CA 95929-0400; Chelsey A. Juarez, MA, Department of Anthropology, UCSC Social Science 1, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Bartelink, Eric J. PhD*, and Lisa N. Bright, BS, California State University-Chico, 400 West First Street, Department of Anthropology, Butte #311, Chico, CA 95929-0400 Index 112 When DNA is Not Available Can We Still Identify People? Recommendations for Best Practice The Need for Holistic Investigations of Human Rights Violations: An Example From Peru 472 Unearthing Peru’s Buried Secrets: La Cantuta Revisited 286 The Peruvian Forensic Anthropology Team (EPAF) and the Memory of the Missing 508 The Effective Forensic Investigation of Human Rights Violations: A Model for Training 582 Healing Following Cranial Trauma 510 Long Bone Healing Following Trauma 69 Fifteen Years of Forensic Anthropology Short Courses at the National Museum of Health and Medicine/AFIP Forensic Anthropology and Fire Investigation: Learning About Burning Using Non-Human Models 558 Back to the Basics: Anatomical Siding of Fragmentary Skeletal Elements From Victims of the World Trade Center Disaster 535 Extending the Biological Profile Using Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Analysis: Prospects and Pitfalls 248 Taphonomic Signatures of Animal Scavengers in Northern California 205 184 577 Bartelink, Eric J. PhD, 400 West First Street, Department of Anthropology, Butte #311, California State UniversityChico, Chico, CA 95929-0400; and Lisa N. Bright, BS*, 1259 Hobart, Chico, CA 95926 Bass, William M. PhD*, and Richard L. Jantz, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720 Bassett, H. Beth MA*, and Mary H. Manhein, MA, Forensic Anthropology and Computer Enhancement Services Laboratory, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Bassett, Helen E. MA*, M. Katherine Spradley, MA, and Lee Meadows Jantz, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN Beary, Mark O. MS*, University of Missouri at Columbia, 107 Swallow Hall, Columbia, MO 65211-1440; and Luis L. Cabo-Pérez, MS, Mercyhurst College, Department Applied Forensic Sciences, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Beatty, Jennifer L. JD*, Department of Justice, Criminal Division, International Criminal Investigative Training Assistance Program, 1331 F Street NW Suite 500, Washington, DC 20530; Andrew Tyrrell, PhD, Eric Emery, PhD, William R. Belcher, PhD, and Derek C. Benedix, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, Building 45, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-3350; and Liliana del Amparo Segura Leal, and Manuel A. Torres Rojas, Prosecutor General’s Office, Technical Investigation Corps (CTI), Diagonal 22B No. 52-01, Bogota, DC, Colombia Beckett, Sophie MSc*, and Keith D. Rogers, PhD, Cranfield University, Cranfield Forensic Institute, Department of Materials and Applied Science, Shrivenham, Swindon, SN6 8LA, UNITED KINGDOM Belcher, William R. PhD*, and Derek C. Benedix, PhD, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530 Bell, Suzanne PhD*, West Virginia University, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 6045, Morgantown, WV 26506; Richard L. Jantz, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720 Beltran, Leilani E. MFS, Forensic Sciences Program, National University, 11355 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and A. Midori Albert, PhD*, Anthropology Program, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403 Benedix, Derek C. PhD*, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530; and William R. Belcher, PhD, JPACCIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530 Index 113 Inter- and Intra-Element Variation in Carnivore and Rodent Scavenging Patterns in Northern California 111 Variation in Cremains Weight: Tennessee vs. Florida 472 The Louisiana Identification Data Analysis Project (IDA): A Comprehensive Analysis of Missing and Unidentified Cases 463 The William M. Bass Donated Collection at the University of Tennessee - Knoxville 535 Estimation of Bone Exposure Duration Through the Use of Spectrophotometric Analysis of Surface Bleaching and its Applications in Forensic Taphonomy Creating a Standardized Approach to Capacity Building Programs in Forensic Anthropology: Human Rights Investigations in Colombia 230 Species Identification of Fragmented Bone: Evaluation of a New Method of Pyrolysis and X-ray Diffraction Analysis 252 Burial Patterns of Korean War Casualties as an Indicator of the Social Relationships Between the Dead and the Living Genes, Nerves, and Bones: Neural Networks, Genetic Algorithms, and Forensic Anthropology 400 Dental Enamel Thickness as a Method of Subadult Sex Determination 430 Research Trends During the History of the Physical Anthropology Section at the AAFS Annual Meetings 374 336 517 Berg, Gregory E. MA*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530 Berg, Gregory E. MA*, Sabrina C. Ta’ala, MA, Elias J. Kontanis, PhD, and Sardiaa Plaud, BS, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530 Berg, Gregory E. MA*, US Army Central ID Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530 Berg, Gregory E. MA*and Erin Kimmerle, MA, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Way, Knoxville, TN 37996 Berryman*, John F. University of Tennessee, Lebanon, TN; Hugh E. Berryman, PhD, Metropolitan and Davidson County Medical Examiner’s Office, Lebanon, TN; Robert A. LeMaster, PhD, PE, Department of Engineering, College of Engineering and Natural Science, Martin, TN; and Carrie Anne Berryman, MA, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN Berryman, Carrie Anne MA*, Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; and Jerome C. Rose, PhD, University of Arkansas, Department of Anthropology, Fayetteville, AR Berryman, Hugh E. PhD*, Department Sociology & Anthropology, Middle Tennessee State University, Box 89, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 Berryman, Hugh E. PhD*, Middle Tennessee State University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Box 10, Murfreesboro, TN 37132; and Alicja K Kutyla, BS*, Middle Tennessee State University, MTSU Box 60, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 Berryman, Hugh E. PhD*, Sociology and Anthropology, PO Box 10, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132; and Carrie Anne Berryman, MA, Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Box 356050, Station B, Nashville, TN 37235 Bethard, Jonathan D. BA*, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37916 Bethard, Jonathan D. MA*, and Christine M. Pink, MA, The University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37916 Bethard, Jonathan D. MA*, Pellissippi State Community College, 10915 Hardin Valley Road, PO Box 22990, Knoxville, TN 37933 Bethard, Jonathan D. MA*, The University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996; and Murray K. Marks, PhD*, University of Tennessee, Graduate School of Medicine, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, TN 37920-6999 Index 114 Discriminant Function Analysis as Applied to Mandibular Morphology to Assess Population Affinity The Curse of the Curvaceous Femur, the Litigious Line, and the Intrepid Investigator 369 Discriminant Function Analysis as Applied to Mandibular Metrics to Assess Population Affinity Aging the Elderly: A New Look at an Old Method 264 Numerical Simulation of Fracture Propagation in a Test of Cantilevered Tubular Bone 552 Accuracy of Age at Death Estimates Derived From Human Cementum Increments 595 Full Time Employment of Forensic Anthropologists in Medical Examiner’s/Coroner’s Offices in the United States—A History Gunshot Residue (GSR) on Bone as a Potential Indicator of Gunshot Trauma in the Absence of a Bullet Wound Defect — A Noteworthy Observation 175 Considerations in Differentiating Negligence From Deliberate Misconduct — Lessons Learned From Tri-State Crematorium 357 Skeletal Markers of Parturition: Analysis of a Modern American Sample Hyoid Fusion and the Relationship With Fracture: Forensic Anthropological Implications The American Board of Forensic Anthropology: Historical Trends in Research and Training Aquatic Taphonomy in a Lacustrine Environment: A Case Study From Southeastern Tennessee 471 326 475 246 317 8 200 Bird, Cate E. BA*, Michigan State University, 2740 Senate Drive, #3E, Lansing, MI 48912; and Amy R. Michael, BA, Michigan State University, 528 West Lapeer Street, Lansing, MI 48933 Birkby, Walter H. PhD*, Forensic Science Center, Office of the Medical Examiner, Pima County, 2825 East District Street, Tucson, AZ 85714 Bodkin, Thomas E. MA*, Hamilton County Medical Examiner Office, 3202 Amnicola Highway, Chattanooga, TN 37406; and Gretchen E. Potts, PhD, Kira Shurtz, and Timothy Brooks, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Department of Chemistry, 404 Grote Hall, Chattanooga, TN 37403 Bodkin, Thomas E. MA*, Hamilton County Medical Examiner Office, 3202 Amnicola Highway, Chattanooga, TN 37406; Jonathan W. Mies, PhD, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Department of Physics, Geology, and Astronomy, Department 6556, Chattanooga, TN 37403 Bodkin, Tom E. MA*, Hamilton County Medical Examiner Office, 3202 Amnicola Highway, Chattanooga, TN 37406; Timothy Brooks, and Gretchen E. Potts, PhD, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Department of Chemistry, 615 McCallie Avenue, Grote Hall, 4th Floor, Chattanooga, TN 37403; and Stephanie Smullen, PhD, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Department of Computing Sciences, 615 McCallie Avenue, Department 2302, Chattanooga, TN 37403 Bodkin, Tom E. MA*, Hamilton County Medical Examiner Office, 3202 Amnicola Highway, Chattanooga, TN 37409 Bongiovanni, Rosanne BA*, 601 University Drive, ELA 232, San Marcos, TX 78666 Borrini, Matteo MS*, via del Mattone 17\a, La Spezia, 19131, ITALY; Maria V. Tumbarello, Via Luigi Calabresi 14, Montecatini (PT), AE 51016, ITALY Bouwman, Allison BA*, Jessica Dimka, BS, Jennifer Halpain, BS, Turhon A. Murad, PhD, and Eric J. Bartelink, PhD, California State University, Chico, 400 West First Street, Department of Anthropology, Butte #311, Chico, CA 95929-0400 Boyd, Cliff PhD, and; Donna C. Boyd, PhD*, Radford University, Department of Sociology & Anthropology, Box 6948, Russell Hall 228, Radford, VA 24142 Boyd, Donna C. PhD*, Lindsay Sliwa, BS, and Cliff Boyd, PhD*, Radford University, Anthropological Sciences Program, School of Environmental and Physical Sciences, Radford, VA 24142 Boyd, Donna C. PhD*, Radford University, Box 6948, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Radford, VA 24142; William Massello III, MD, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 6600 Northside High School Road, Roanoke, VA 24019 Index 115 A Preliminary Study of the Timing of Specific Characteristics of Copper and Iron Discoloration on Bone 64 Ours or Theirs? 494 Elemental Analysis of Human Cremains Using Inductively-Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) to Distinguish Between Legitimate and Contaminated Cremains 435 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis of Human Cremains and Concrete 249 Trace Element Analysis of Medical School Cadaver Cremains 402 Outside Traditional Skeletal Casework: A Forensic Anthropologist in a Medical Examiner’s Office Estimating Sex of the Human Skeleton Based on Metrics of the Sternum Taphonomy Reader Beta-Version: A Software to Help in Taphonomic Syndromes Diagnosis Differential Wound Healing Patterns in Bone: A Case Study Involving Multiple Antemortem Injuries 519 Towards a Comprehensive Theory in Forensic Anthropology 228 Differential Decomposition of NonTraumatized, Blunt Force, and Sharp ForceTraumatized Buried Pig Carcasses 89 Skeletons in the Medical Examiner’s Closet: Realities and Merits of Investigating Human Skeletal Remains Undergoing Long Term Curation in the Medical Examiner’s Office 466 72 50 316 Brand, Heather J. BA*, 422 Queen Anne Heights, Victoria, British Columbia V8S 4K6, CANADA Brewer, Victoria L. BSc*, Bournemouth University, School of Conservational Sciences, Talbot Campus, Poole, Doreset BH12 5BB, United Kingdom Briceno*, Claudia M. Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad, Carrera 28 # 17a-00, BOGOTA, COLOMBIA Bright, Lisa N. BS*, 1259 Hobart, Chico, CA 95926 Bright, Lisa N. BS*, California State University, Chico, 400 West First Street, Chico, CA 95928; Ashley E. Kendell, BS*, 808 West 2nd Avenue, Apartment 12, Chico, CA 95926; and Turhon A. Murad, PhD, California State University, Chico, Department of Anthropology, Chico, CA 95929-0400 Brogdon, B.G. MD*, University of South Alabama Medical Center, Department of Radiology, 2451 Fillingim Street, Mobile, AL 36617; Marcella H. Sorg, PhD*, Margaret Chase Smith Policy Center, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469; and Kerriann Marden, MA, c/o 23 Flicker Drive, Topsham, ME 04086 Brown, Carrie A. BA*, Nikki A. Willits, BA, Brenna K. Blanchard, BA, and Kristin L. Chelotti, BA, California State University, Department of Anthropology, 400 West First Street, Butte Hall 311, Chico, CA 95929 Brown, Carrie A. MA*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Brown, Carrie A. MA*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Central Identification Laboratory, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Brown, Robert P. MFS*, 22nd Military Police Battalion (CID), USACIDC, PO Box 331009, Mailstop #84, Fort Lewis, WA 98433; Douglas H. Ubelaker, PhD, Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History, Department of Anthropology, 10th and Constitution Avenue NW, MRC 112, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013; and Moses S. Schanfield, PhD, The George Washington University, Department of Forensic Sciences, 2036 H Street NW, 102 Samson Hall, Washington, DC 20052 Index 116 The Effect of Carcass Weight on the Decomposition of Pigs (Sus scrofa) Observed Taphonomic Changes and Drift Trajectory of Bodies Recovered From the Tidal Thames, London England: A 15-Year Retrospective Study Forensic Findings on Illegal Burials in Colombia Animal Scavenging and Taphonomic Interpretation: An Evaluation of the Role of Scavenger Behavior and Environmental Context in Outdoor Forensic Scenes Ancestry Trends in Trophy Skulls in Northern California 239 Fingering a Murderer: A Successful Anthropological and Radiological Collaboration 183 Fractured Frontier: An Analysis of Fracture Patterns in a Historic Nevada Cemetery 218 Understanding Uncertainty in Age Estimation: Error Associated With the Mann et al. Maxillary Suture Method Sacral Epiphyseal Fusion at S1-S2: Classification, Comparability, and Error 125 Evaluation of Purkait’s Triangle Method for Determining Sexual Dimorphism 372 414 186 49 122 16 Bunch, Ann W. PhD*, 164 Albert Brown Building, Department of Criminal Justice, SUNY Brockport, Brockport, NY 14420; Mary I. Jumbelic, MD, Onondaga County Medical Examiners Office, 100 Elizabeth Blackwell Street, Syracuse, NY 13210; Robert D. Willis, DDS, 7282 Oswego Road, Liverpool, NY 13090; Ronald Brunelli, Onondaga County Medical Examiner’s Office, 100 Elizabeth Blackwell Street, Syracuse, NY 13210; and Jennifer J. VanWie-Dobson, BA, 403 Robinson Road, Durham, NC 27705 Bunch, Ann W. PhD*, and Calvin Y. Shiroma, DMD, U.S. CILHI, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam Air Force Base, Honolulu, HI Bunch, Ann W. PhD*, State University of New York at Oswego, 310 Mahar Hall, Department of Anthropology, Oswego, NY 13126 Burke, Kelly L. MSc*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Burke, Rachel M. MA*, 10024 Northeast 120th Sreet #D3, Kirkland, WA Burns, Karen R. PhD*, University of Utah, Department of Anthropology, 270 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0060; and Ana C. Guatame-Garcia, MSc, Calle 126A #7C-45, Bogota, COLOMBIA Burns, Karen Ramey PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, 105 Tamarack Drive, Athens, GA Burt, Nicole M. MS*, Forensic Anthropology Laboratory, Michigan State University, A-439 East Fee Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 Byers, Steven N. PhD*, and Jennifer L. Brady, BA, University of New Mexico, Department of Anthropology, Albuquerque, NM Byers, Steven N. PhD*, University of New Mexico at Valencia, 280 La Entrada Road, Los Lunas, NM 87031 Byrd, John E. PhD*, and Bradley J. Adams, PhD, U.S. Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI; and Lisa M. Leppo, PhD, and Richard J. Harrington, PhD, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Byrd, John E. PhD*, JPAC Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; and Bradley J. Adams, PhD, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Byrnes, Jennifer F. BS*, SUNY University at Buffalo, Department of Anthropology, 380 MFAC, Ellicott Complex, Buffalo, NY 14261-0026; and Peter J. Bush, BS, SUNY at Buffalo, South Campus Instrument Center, B1 Squire Hall, South Campus, Buffalo, NY 14214 Index 117 A Multidisciplinary Test of the Lamendin Age Estimation Method 174 Be Tenacious in Your Searches for Clandestine Burials: A Lesson From the Field 605 A Preliminary Investigation of Decomposition in Cold Climate 384 Schmorl’s Nodes in the Skeletal Remains of an American Military Population: Frequency, Formation, and Etiology Can We Estimate Stature From the Scapula? A Test Considering Sex and Ancestry Comparison of Fresh Tissue Autopsy and Skeletal Analysis Reports in Colombia 70 Challenges of the Haitian Courtroom 582 Testing the Demirjian Method and the International Demirjian Method on an Urban American Sample A Refinement of the Todd Method on a Sample of Modern Humans 256 Nonmetric Trait Frequencies and the Attribution of Ancestry Resolution of Large-Scale Commingling Issues: Lessons From CILHI and ICMP 485 Osteometric Sorting of Commingled Human Remains 438 Practical Considerations in Trace Element Analysis of Bone by Portable X-Ray Fluorescence 151 73 51 596 540 Byrnes, Jennifer F. MA*, SUNY at Buffalo, Department of Anthropology, 380 MFAC, Ellicott Complex, Buffalo, NY 14261-0026; Peter J. Bush, BS, SUNY at Buffalo, South Campus Instrument Center, B1 Squire Hall, South Campus, Buffalo, NY 14214; Esther J. Lee, MSc, and D. Andrew Merriwether, PhD, Binghamton University, Department of Anthropology, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000; and Joyce E. Sirianni, PhD, SUNY at Buffalo, Department of Anthropology, 380 MFAC, Ellicott Complex, Buffalo, NY 14261-0026 Bytheway, Joan A. PhD*, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Boulevard, Huntsville, TX 77340; Kathryn E. Moss, BS*, 4800 Calhoun Street, Houston, TX 77004; and Stephen M. Pustilnik, MD*, Galveston County Medical Examiner’s Office, 6607 Highway 1764, Texas City, TX 77591 Bytheway, Joan A. PhD*, Sam Houston State University, Chemistry & Forensic Science Building, 1003 Bowers Boulevard, Box 2525, Huntsville, TX 77340 Bytheway, Joan A. PhD*, Sam Houston State University, Chemistry & Forensic Science Building, 1003 Bowers Boulevard, Box 2525, Huntsville, TX 77340; and Ann H. Ross, PhD*, North Carolina State University, Sociology and Anthropology, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 276958107 C. Smith, O’ Brian MD, Regional Forensic Center of the University of Tennessee, 1060 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN; and Elayne J. Pope, MA*, University of Arkansas, 330 Old Main, Fayetteville, AR Calce, Stephanie E. BSc*, University of Toronto, Department of Anthropology, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON L5L1C6, CANADA Caldwell, Lindsey L. BA*, 2245 College Drive, Apartment 178, Baton Rouge, LA 70808; MariaTeresa A. Tersigni, PhD, Department of Anthropology, Univeristy of Cincinnati, Braunstein 481 PO 210380, Cincinnati, OH 45221; and Mary H. Manhein, MA, Department of Geography & Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Campos Varela*, Isla Y. and Maria D. Morcillo, MD, National Institute of Legal Medicine, Calle 7 A Number 1261, Piso 3, Bogota, COLOMBIA Campos Varela*, Isla Yolima Institute of Legal Medicine, Calle 7A #12- 61, Bogota, COLOMBIA; and Elizabeth A. DiGangi, PhD*, ICITAP, Calle 125 #19-89, Of. 401, Bogota, COLOMBIA Index 118 Validity of Portable X-Ray Fluorescence in Assistance With Identification of Individuals in a Burial Setting by Comparison With mtDNA 114 What Lies Beneath: Re-Examining a Cold Case Homicide From a Forensic Anthropological Perspective - A Case Report 170 Southeast Texas Applied Forensic Science Facility (STAFS) at Sam Houston State University: A New Forensic Anthropology Human Decomposition Facility Precision of Coordinate Landmark Data Acquired From the Os Coxa 112 Burning Extremities: Patterns of Arms, Legs, and Preexisting Trauma 551 Using the Acetabulum to Estimate Age: A Revised Method 127 Racial Admixture: A Test of Non-Metric Ancestry Estimation 263 Dismemberment: Cause of Death in the Colombian Armed Conflict 30 Forensic Anthropology in Colombia: Working Amidst Armed Conflict 135 65 Carter, David O. PhD*, University of Nebraska, Department of Entomology, 202 Plant Industry Building, Lincoln, NE 68583-0816; David Yellowlees, PhD, School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, AUSTRALIA; and Mark Tibbett, PhD, Centre for Land Rehabilitation, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, AUSTRALIA Carter, Melinda L. PhD*, 302 Heritage Drive, De Soto, IL 62924 Casserino, Christopher M. MA*, University of Oregon Deptartment of Anthropology, 1650 Arthur Street, Eugene, OR Cattaneo, Cristina PhD, Dominic Salsarola, BSc, Davide J. Porta, PhD, Pasquale Poppa, BSc, and Daniele Gibelli, MD*, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, V. Mangiagalli, 37, Milan, ITALY; Giovanna Sansoni, BE, Laboratorio di Optoelettronica, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia – Italy, Brescia, ITALY; and Enrico Silingardi, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, V. Mangiagalli, 37, Milan, ITALY Cattaneo, Cristina PhD, LABANOF, and Danilo De Angelis, DDS*, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, via Mangiagalli 37, Milan, 20133, ITALY; Peter Gabriel, MD, Institut für Rechtsmedizin, im Uniklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, ArnoldHeller-Str. 12, D-24105, Kiel, ITALY; Stefanie Ritz-Timme, MD, Institut für Rechtsmedizin, im Uniklinikum SchleswigHolstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 12, D-24105, Kiel, , GERMANY; Janine Tutkuviene, MD, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, , LITHUANIA; and Daniele Gibelli, MD, LABANOF, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, V. Mangiagalli, 37, Milan, ITALY Cattaneo, Cristina PhD, MD*, and Eloisa Marinelli, MD, Istituto di Medicina Legale, via Mangiagalli 37, Milano, 20133, Italy; Salvatore Andreola, MD, Istituto Nazionale per la Cura Dei Tumori, via venezian 1, Milano, 20133, Italy; and Pasquale Poppa, BSc, and Marco Grandi, MD, Istituto di Medicina Legale, via Mangiagalli 37, Milano, 20133, Italy Cebra, Karen R. MS, MSFS*, California State University at Chico, Anthropology Department, 400 West 1st Street, Chico, CA 95929 Chacon, Shirley C. BA*, and Gillian M. Fowler, MA, Fundacion de Antropologia Forense de Guatemala, Avenida Simeon Cañas, 10-64, Zona 2, Guatemala City, 01002, GUATEMALA Chacón, Shirley C. BA*, and Leonel E. Paiz, BA, Fundación de Antropología Forense de Guatemala (FAFG), Avenida Simeón Cañas 10- 64 Zona 2, Guatemala City, 01002, Guatemala Index 119 The Reliability of Cadaver Decomposition: Can Non-Enteric Microbes Rapidly Contribute to Cadaver Breakdown in Soil? 231 Forensic Bone Toxicology 253 A Semi-Circular Argument: Patterned Injuries Explained by an Unusually Large Murder Weapon and Its Method of Use Evolution of Forensic Archaeology and Anthropology in Italy: Three Criminal Cases 574 The Importance of Morphological Traits in Facial Identification 182 The Detection of Microscopic Markers of Haemorrhaging and Wound Age on Dry Bone: Beating the Barriers Between Forensic Anthropology and Forensic Pathology 380 Efficient Processing of Human Remains Using Dermestid Beetles 319 Uncovering the Truth Behind the Killings: Predicting Patterns of Perimortem Trauma Using Skeletons Exhumed From Ex-Military Bases in Guatemala Most Common Variation and Dental Anomalies in Skeletons Analyzed in the Laboratory of the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation 285 186 348 Chacon, Shirley C. BA*, Avenida Simeon Canas 10-64 zona 2, 2 Avenida 8-28 zona 18 Residenciales Atlantida, Guatemala, 01002, Guatemala; and Leonel E. Paiz, BA, Avenida Simeon Canas 10-64 zona 2, Guatemala, 01002, Guatemala Chacon, Shirley C. BA*, Leonel E. Paiz, BA, and Renaldo Acevedo, BA, Fundacion de Anthropology Forense de Guatemala, Avenida Simeon Cañas 10-64 Zona 2, Guatemala, 01002, Guatemala Chadly, Ali MD*, Professor in Legal Medicine, Head of Department of Legal Medicine, Tarak Mghirbi, Resident, S. Krimi, Resident, and M. Ben Aycha, Médical Student, Département de Médicine Légale, Hôpital Universitaire “ F. Bourguiba”, Monastir, Tunisia Chapman, Katharine A. BA*, Texas State University, Department of Anthropology, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666 Chibba, Kavita Novinchandra BSc*, 9203 Nile Street, Extension 10, Lenasia, Johannesburg, 1820, SOUTH AFRICA Child, Stephanie L. MA*, The University of MissouriColumbia, 701 Swallow Hall, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Dana E. Austin, PhD, Tarrant County Medical Examiner’s Office, 200 Felix Gwozdz Place, Forth Worth, Texas 76104 Child, Stephanie L. MA*, University of Missouri, 107 Swallow Hall, Columbia, MO 65211; and Daniel J. Wescott, PhD, Florida International University, Department Biological Sciences, 11200 Southwest 8th Street, Miami, FL 333199 Cho, Helen PhD*, Department of Anthropology, Davidson College, Box 6934, Davidson, NC 28035-6934; and HeeKyung Park, DDS, PhD, Seoul National University, 275-1 Yeongeon-dong, Jongno-Gu, Seoul National University, School of Dentistry, Seoul, 0 110-768, KOREA Christensen, Alexander F. PhD*, and William R. Belcher, PhD*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; and Sarah Bettinger, MSFS, Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 101, Rockville, MD 20850 Christensen, Alexander F. PhD*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Ave., Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Index 120 Children’s Traumas Caused During the Civil War in Guatemala 399 Disappearance, Torture, and Murder of Nine Individuals in a Community of Guatemala 419 Age Estimation by the Examination of the Endocranial Sutures Closure: A NorthAfrican Adult Population Study 594 When the Bullet Hits the Bone: Patterns of Gunshot Trauma to the Infracranium 309 The Influence of Body Fat on the Rate of Decomposition in Traumatized Pigs 237 The Differential Diagnosis of Skullbase Osteomyelitis Secondary to Necrotizing Otitis Externa 396 Detecting Individuals With Reduced Mobility Using Femoral Morphology 99 A Test of the FORDISC Sex Discriminant Function on a Korean Cranial Sample 274 Analysis of Commingled Remains Using Archaeology, Anthropology, and DNA: A Case Study from North Korea 349 Gooney Birds and Rocky Clouds: Perimortem Trauma in World War II C-47 Crashes From Papua New Guinea 375 Christensen, Alexander F. PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Lab, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; Suni M. Edson, MS*, Armed Forces DNA ID Lab, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 101, Rockville, MD 20850; Erica L. Chatfield, MFS, AFDIL, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 101, Rockville, MD 20850; Audrey L. Meehan, BGS, JPAC-CIL, 91-1074 Anaunau Street, Ewa Beach, HI 96706; and Suzanne M. Barritt, MS, AFDIL, Armed Forces DNA ID Lab, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 101, Rockville, MD 20850 Christensen, Angi M. MA*, and Murray K. Marks, PhD, University of Tennessee Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN Christensen, Angi M. MA*, Department of Anthropology, The University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN Christensen, Angi M. PhD*, 301 Taliwa Drive, Knoxville, TN 37920 Christensen, Angi M. PhD*, FBI Laboratory, Trace Evidence Unit - Anthropology, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; Kevin J. Horn, JD*, FBI Laboratory, Evidence Response Team Unit, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; and Sarah W. Myers, BA, Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322 Christensen, Angi M. PhD*, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Forensic Anthropology Program (TEU), Quantico, VA 22135; Michael A. Smith, PhD, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Chemistry Unit, Quantico, VA 22135; and Richard M. Thomas, PhD, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, Trace Evidence Unit, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135 Christensen, Angi M. PhD*, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; and Adam D. Sylvester, PhD, The University of Tennessee, Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, 301 Perkins Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Index 121 Field Contamination of Archaeological Bone Samples Submitted for Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Analysis 152 The Impact of Daubert on Testimony and Research in Forensic Anthropology 581 The Influence of Behavior on Free Fall Injury Patterns: Possible Implications for Forensic Anthropological Investigations Testing the Reliability of Frontal Sinuses in Positive Identification Using Elliptic Fourier Analysis The Effects of Varying pH on Bone in Aquatic Environments 552 Validation of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) to Determine Osseous or Dental Origin of Unknown Material 43 Physical Matches of Bone, Tooth, and Shell Fragments: A Validation Study 354 527 86 Christensen, Angi M. PhD*, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, Trace Evidence Unit Anthropology, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; Vanessa Ramos, BS, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA ; Rachealle Sanford, BA, Western Kentucky University, College Heights Boulevard, Bowling Green, KY 42101; Candie Shegogue, BS, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; Victoria A. Smith, MA*, ORAU, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, Trace Evidence Unit, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; and W. Mark Whitworth, BS, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Explosives Unit, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135 Christensen, Angi M. PhD, FBI Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; and Victoria A. Smith, MA*, ORAU, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA Christensen, Angi M. PhD, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; Christian M. Crowder, PhD*, New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016; and Tracy Rogers, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, CANADA Christensen, Angi M. PhD, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; Christian M. Crowder, PhD*, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016; Stephen D. Ousley, PhD, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic, Anthropology, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; and Max M. Houck, PhD, West Virginia University, 1600 University Avenue, 208 Oglebay Hall, Morgantown, WV 26506-6217 Ciaccio, Frank A. MPA*, Kenyon International Emergency Services, Inc., 15180 Grand Point Drive, Houston, TX 77090; and Nick Haig, BA, Msc*, Kenyon International Emergency Services, Inc., 1, The Western Centre, Western Road, Bracknell, RG12 1RW, England, United Kingdom Clowes, Andrea BA*, Michigan State University, 16789 Chandler Road, #1422A, East Lansing, MI 48823 Colleran, Peter J. BS*, and Mallory S. Littman, BA, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118; Billie L. Seet, MA, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Boston, MA 02118; Tara L. Moore, PhD, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118; Debra A. Prince, PhD, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Boston, MA 02118 Congram, Derek MSc*, 706-1850 Comox Street, Vancouver, BC V6G 1R3, CANADA Index 122 Primary and Secondary Skeletal Blast Trauma 67 Analysis of Primary Blast Rib Fractures 4 Evidentiary Standards for Forensic Anthropology 282 Errors, Error Rates, and Their Meanings in Forensic Science 36 An Argument for the Increased Involvement of Forensic Anthropologists in Mass Fatality Incidents in the United States, United Kingdom and Europe 334 Comparison of Two Methods of Age Determination Using Histomorphology: Periosteal vs. Endosteal Surface Equations Decomposition in Water: The Effects of Climate on the Rate of Decay in New England 290 Spatial Patterning of Clandestine Graves in the Investigation of Large Scale Human Rights Violations: The Example of the Spanish Civil War Rearguard Repression 114 108 Congram, Derek R. BA Honours, MSc, MA*, 393 Pinehurst Drive, RR4 Belle River, Ontario N0R 2A0, Canada; and Ambika Flavel, BA, MSc Forensic Archaeology, Regime Crimes Liaison Office, RCLO/Mass Graves, APO, AE 09342 Conlogue, Gerald J. MHS*, c/o Diagnostic Imaging Program, Quinnipiac University, 275 Mt. Carmel Avenue, Hamden, CT 06518; and Mark D. Viner, MSc, Inforce Foundation, Forensic Science Institute, Cranfield University, Royal Military College of Science, Shrivenham, Wiltshire, UNITED KINGDOM Cope*, Darcy J. and Tosha L. Dupras, PhD, University of Central Florida, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Orlando, FL 32816 Cornelison, Jered B. MS*, Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology, 204 Olds Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824; Wendy L. Lackey- Cornelison, MA, Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology, 426 East Fee Hall, East Lansing, MI 28824; and Brian C. Hunter, PhD, 1215 East Michigan Avenue, Lansing, MI 48912 Cornelison, Jered B. MS*, Todd W. Fenton, PhD, and Norman J. Sauer, PhD, Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, 446 East Fee Hall, East Lansing, MI; Joyce L. de Jong, DO; and Brian C. Hunter, MD, Sparrow Hospital, Forensic Pathology Services, 1215 East Michigan Avenue, Lansing, MI Cornell*, Cheslee and Nicole A. Wall, MFS, College of Saint Mary, Forensic Science Program 7000 Mercy Road, Omaha, NE 68106 Cosgriff-Hernandez, Meghan-Tomasita J. MS*, The Ohio State University, Department of Anthropology, 4034 Smith Laboratory, 174 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210; and Sam D. Stout, PhD, Ohio State University, Department of Anthropology, 4034 Smith Laboratory, Columbus, OH 43210-1106 Cotes, Lazaro M. Comision de la Verdad, Balboa, Panama City, Panama; Kathryn M. Jemmott, MA, CA Pound Human ID Laboratory, University of Florida, Building 114 SW Radio Road, Gainesville, FL 32611; Loreto S. Silva, Comision de la Verdad, Balboa, Panama City, Panama; Ann H. Ross, PhD, North Carolina State University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Raleigh, NC 27612 Cotter, Meghan M. MSc*, Burial Sites Preservation Program, Wisconsin Historical Society, 816 State Street, Madison, WI 53706 Cox, Margaret PhD*, Cranfield University / Inforce Foundation, Shrivenham, Swindon, UNITED KINGDOM Craig, Emily A. PhD*, and Cristin Rolf, MD, Kentucky Medical Examiner’s Office, 100 Sower Boulevard, Suite 202, Frankfort, KY 40601 Index 123 Grave Problems in Iraq 337 Forensic Field Radiography: In the Trenches With MacGyver 154 The Effects of Household Corrosive Substances on Human Bone and Teeth 377 Sex Determination From the Hyoid Body 373 Comparative Radiography of the Lateral Hyoid: A New Method for Human Identification 604 Mummification and Palynology: What We Can Learn in Regards to Time and Location of Death Histological Age Estimation: Towards Standardizing Definitions of Bone Histological Variables 243 The Archaeology of Tyranny 484 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, Pharmacological Treatments, and the Potential for Individuation in Forensic Anthropology Experiential Education: The Use of Simulation in Training in Forensic Anthropology and Archaeology Putting It All Together: Recovery, Assembly, and Analysis of Multiple Body Parts 427 96 235 320 Craig, Emily A. PhD*, and Cristin Rolf, MD, State Medical Examiner’s Office, 100 Sower Boulevard, Suite 202, Frankfort, KY 40601; and Warren Mitchell, Kentucky State Police Laboratory, 100 Sower Boulevard, Suite 202, Frankfort, KY 40601 Craig, Emily A. PhD*, Medical Examiner’s Office, 100 Sower Boulevard, Suite 202, Frankfort, KY 40601 Craig, Emily A. PhD*, Medical Examiner's Office, 100 Sower Boulevard, Suite 202, Frankfort, KY; and Corky Deaton, DMD, Consulting Forensic Odontologist, 359-C South Fourth Street, Danville, KY Crawford, Greg MS,; David Raymond, MS*, Chris Van Ee, PhD, and Cynthia Bir, PhD, Wayne State University, 818 West Hancock, Detroit, MI 48201 Crider, Stephanie M. BA*, 4525 North Leata Lane, La Canada, CA 91011 Crider, Stephanie M. BA*, Louisiana State University, Department of Geography and Anthropology, 227 HoweRussell, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and Mary H. Manhein, MA, Louisiana State University, Department of Geography & Anthropology, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Crider, Stephanie Marie MA*, Louisiana State University, Department of Geography and Anthropology, 227 HoweRussell-Kniffen Geosciences Complex, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and Mary H. Manhein, MA, Department of Geography & Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Crist, Thomas A. PhD*, and John H. Johnsen, PhD, Utica College, 1600 Burrstone Road, Utica, NY 13304 Cross, Peter A. BSc*, 11 Lower Bank Road, Fulwood, Preston, 0 PR2 8NS, UNITED KINGDOM Crowder, Christian M. MA*, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada Crowder, Christian M. MA*, University of Toronto, Department of Anthropology, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada Crowder, Christian M. MA, and Zoe H. Morris, BSc*, University of Toronto, Department of Anthropology, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S3G3, Canada Crowder, Christian M. PhD*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Central ID Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530 Crowder, Christian PhD*, Benjamin J. Figura, MA, Bradley J. Adams, PhD, and Frank DePaolo, MS, New York City, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Cuff, Abbie K. MSc*, and Tal Simmons, PhD, University of Central Lancashire, Department of Forensic & Investigative Science, Preston, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom Index 124 Microscopic and Cross Section Analysis of Occult Intraosseous Fracture (Bone Bruise) of the Skull 418 Anthropologist/Medical Examiner Collaboration at Isolated, Inaccessible, or Disrupted Crime Scenes Recovery and Identification Challenges in a Case of Suicidal Self-Cremation 177 Biomechanics of Blunt Ballistic Impacts to the Forehead and Zygoma 244 Superficial Ancestral Characteristics of the Nose Foramen Magnum Shape as a Potential Indicator of Ancestry 378 Ancestry Determination From Foramen Magnum 27 Introducing Forensic Anthropology to Albania Using the Problem-Based Learning Model The Influence of Penetrative Trauma on the Rate of Decomposition A Review of Age Estimation Using Rib Histology: Its Impact on Evidentiary Examination Measure Twice, Cut Once? Measurement Error Levels in Histomorphometry 335 Reducing Intra- and Inter-Observer Error Through Histomorphometric Variable Selection Reducing Observer Error Through Choice of Histological Evaluation Technique 429 The Role of Forensic Anthropology in Disaster Operations 177 Evidence vs. Identification: The Role of Humanitarian Organizations in the Balkans 1992-2002 398 606 120 232 524 453 406 Cunha, Eugenia PhD*, Joan V. Badal, and Andersen Líryo, Department of Anthropology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-056, PORTUGAL; João Pinheiro, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal, Delegação de Coimbra, Largo da Sé Nova, Coimbra, 3000, PORTUGAL; and Steven A. Symes, PhD, Mercyhurst Archaeological Inst, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th, Erie, PA 16546-0001 Cunha, Eugénia PhD*, Maria Cristina Mendonça, PhD, and Duarte Nuno Vieira, PhD, Universidade de Coimbra, Departamento Antropologia, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal, Largo da Sé-Nova, Coimbra, 3000-056, Portugal Cunha, Eugénia PhD*,Universidade de Coimbra, Departmento de Anthopologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal and Maria Cristina de Mendonça, PhD, Departmento de Anthropologia, Universidade de Coimbra/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal, Coimbra, Portugal Curtin, A. Joanne PhD*, University of West Florida, Department of Anthropology, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL 32514 Curtin, Briana K. BA*, 1901 Elaine Drive, St. Joseph, MO 64505 Curtis, Janene BS*, Archeology and Forensics Laboratory, and Christine M. Turk, BS, and Mary K. Ritke, PhD, Biology Department, University of Indianapolis, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN Curtis, Janene M. MS*, and Owen B. Beattie, PhD, University of Alberta, Department of Anthropology, 13-15 HM Tory Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H4, CANADA Dabbs, Gretchen R. BA, MA*, University of Arkansas, 330 Old Main, Fayetteville, AR 72701 Dabbs, Gretchen R. MA*, University of Arkansas, 330 Old Main, Fayetteville, AR 72701; and Michelle A. Granrud, 585 North Scottsdale Drive, Apartment 6, Fayetteville, AR 72701 Daegling, David J. PhD*, Jennifer Hotzman, MA, Casey J. Self, MA, and Michael W. Warren, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, PO Box 117305, 1112 Turlington Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611 Damann, Franklin E. MA*, and Mark D. Leney, PhD, JPAC Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530; and Suni M. Edson, MS, Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 101, Rockville, MD 20850 Damann, Franklin E. MA*, Mark Leney, PhD, and Ann W. Bunch, PhD, U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory, Hawaii, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam Air Force Base, Honolulu, HI Index 125 How Easily Can We Derive Cause and Manner of Death on the Basis of Dry Bones? Lessons Derived From Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collections 286 Exhumation and Identification of a Particular Individual in a Mass Grave 442 Forensic Anthropology in Portugal: The State of Knowledge 591 Teaching Forensic Field Methods to Anthropology Students: The University of West Florida Model The Effects of Fire Suppression Techniques on Burned Bone Using Restriction Enzymes to Reduce the Inhibitory Properties of Bacterial DNA on PCR Amplification of Human DNA Sequences Design Perspectives for Obtaining Facial Soft Tissue Depths From Cadavers Using a New Approach Predicting the Location of Scattered Human Remains: When Will Heads Roll and Where Will They Go? Decomposition of Sharpey’s Fibers in Estimating Postmortem Interval 77 Bone Fracture Mechanics: In Vitro Strain Gauge Analysis of the Ribs and Mandible During Failure 402 Separating Commingled Remains Using Ancient DNA Analysis 442 Predicting Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Recovery by Skeletal Preservation 579 75 546 226 240 146 Damann, Franklin E. MA*, National Museum of Health and Medicine, AFIP, PO Box 59685, Washington, DC 20012-0685; and Aphantree Tanittaisong, MS, AFIP Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory, 1413 Research Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20850 Damann, Franklin E. MA*, National Museum of Health and Medicine, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 6825 16th Street, NW, Bldg 54, Washington, DC 20306-6000; and Rebekkah Adler, BS, Derek C. Benedix, PhD, and Elias J. Kontanis, PhD Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command (JPAC), Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam Air Force Base, HI 968535530 Damann, Franklin MA* and John E. Byrd, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Danforth, Marie Elaine PhD*, and Andrew R. Thompson, BA, University of Southern Mississippi, Department of Anthropology and Sociology, 118 College Drive, #5074, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 Danforth, Marie PhD*, University of Southern Mississippi, Department of Anthropology and Sociology, 118 College Drive, #5074, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 Danner, Elizabeth M. BA*, School of Forensic and Investigative Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UNITED KINGDOM Darrah, Thomas H. MS*, University of Rochester, 227 Hutchison Hall, University of Rochester, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Rochester, NY 14627; Jennifer J. Prutsman-Pfeiffer, MA, University of Rochester Medical Center, Autopsy & Neuropathology, 601 Elmwood, Box 626, Rochester, NY 14642; and Robert J. Poreda, PhD, University of Rochester, 227 Hutchison Hall, University of Rochester, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Rochester, NY 14627 Dautartas, Angela M. BS*, and Kanya M Godde, MA*, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Dautartas, Angela M. BS*, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Dautartas, Angela M. MA, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; and Kanya Godde, PhD*, University of Tennessee, 3904 Lonas Drive, Knoxville, TN 37909 Davy-Jow, Stephanie L. PhD*, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UNITED KINGDOM; Summer J. Decker, MS, USF COM Department of Pathology, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, MDC 11, Tampa, FL 33612; and Diane L. France, PhD, Colorado State University, Human Identification Lab, Department of Anthropology, Fort Collins, CO 80523 Index 126 Human Decomposition Ecology at the University of Tennessee Anthropology Research Facility 106 Patterns of Perimortem Fracture From Military Aircraft Crashes 240 The Effects of Size in Craniometric Discriminant Functions 470 Assessment of Determination of Handedness Using Standard Osteological Measurements of the Shoulder Girdle and Arm Long Bones from Individuals of Known Handedness An Evaluation of Racial Differences in the Human Mandible Using Discriminant Function Analysis Cremated Tooth Morphology: A User’s Guide to Identification 312 Characterization of Lead, Transition Metal, and Rare Earth Element Composition of Human Bone by ICP-MS and LA-ICP-MS 250 Are Cranial Morphological Traits Population Specific? A Reevaluation of Traditional Sex Estimation Methodology The Effects of Coverings on the Rate of Human Decomposition Secular Trends in Cranial Morphological Sexing: The Mastoid Process 265 Forensic Anthropology and Virtual Human Remains: Ethics in Uncharted Territory 11 448 203 147 119 Day, Kathleen MS*, State of Alaska Medical Examiner’s Office, 4500 South Boniface Parkway, Anchorage, AK 99507; and David McMahan, MA, Alalska Department of Natural Resources, Office of History & Archaelogy, 3601 C Street, Suite 1278, Anchorage, AK 99503 de Jager Burford, Saskia M. BA, MSc*, Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom; Robert F. Pastor, PhD, The Calvin Wells Laboratory, Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom; and Christopher J. Hobbs, BSc, MB, BS, MRCP, Department of Community Pediatrics, Saint James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom Decker, Summer J. BA*, Jennifer L. Thompson, PhD, and Bernardo T. Arriaza, PhD, Department of Anthropology & Ethnic Studies, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Box 455003, Las Vegas, NV 891545003 Decker, Summer J. MA*, Jonathan M. Ford, BA*, and Don R. Hilbelink, PhD, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, MDC 11, Tampa, FL 33612; and Eric J. Hoegstrom, MSBE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Florida College of Engineering, Tampa, FL 33612 Decker, Summer J. MA*, Jonathan M. Ford, BA, BA, and Don R. Hilbelink, PhD, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, MDC11, Tampa, FL 33612; and Eric J. Hoegstrom, MSBE, Department. of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida College of Engineering, Tampa, FL 33612 Decker, Summer J. MA, MABMH*, and Don R. Hilbelink, PhD, Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, University. of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, MDC 11, Tampa, FL 33612; and Eric J. Hoegstrom, MSBE, Department. of Chemical Engineering, University of South Florida, College of Engineering, 13201 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard Tampa, FL 33612 Decker, Summer J. MA, MS*, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, MDC 11, Tampa, FL 33612; Stephanie L. Davy-Jow, PhD, School of Biological and Earth Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, 236, Byrum Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UNITED KINGDOM; and Jonathan M. Ford, MS, and Don R. Hilbelink, PhD, Deptartment of Pathology & Cell Biology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, MDC11, Tampa, FL 33612 Index 127 Even in Alaska! Missing Person or Cremains and How to Tell the Difference 347 Fracture Patterns in Abused Children: A Study of Skeletal Trauma Among Battered Children in a Clinical Cohort From the Leeds (UK) Metropolitan Area 608 3-Dimensional Morphometric Analysis of the Zygomatic as Used in Ancestral Identification 467 Three-Dimensional Computer Modeling and Anthropological Assessment of the National Library of Medicine’s Visible Human Male 162 Maintaining Custody: A Virtual Method of Creating Accurate Reproductions of Skeletal Remains for Facial Approximation 180 Virtual Skull Anatomy: Three-Dimensional Computer Modeling and Measurement of Human Cranial Anatomy 227 Virtual Sex: Phenice and Metrics of the Pelvis From 3D Computed Tomography (CT) Models 101 Decker, Summer J. MABMH*, and Don R. Hilbelink, PhD, Department. of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, MDC11, Tampa, FL 33612; Eric J. Hoegstrom, MSBE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Florida College of Engineering, Tampa, FL 33612; Carl K. Adrian, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Attn: Carl Adrian/IPGU Rm. #1170, Quantico, VA 22135; and Stephanie L. Davy-Jow, Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield, Northgate House, West Street, Sheffield, S1 4ET, UNITED KINGDOM Dedouit, Fabrice MD*, Service de Médecine Légale, Hôpital de Rangueil, 1 avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès, TSA 50032, Toulouse Cedex 9, 31059, FRANCE; Pierre Barrier, Philippe Otal, PhD, Hervé Rousseau, PhD, and Francis Joffre, PhD, Service de Radiologie Générale, Hôpital de Rangueil, 1 Avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès,TSA 50032, Toulouse Cedex 9, 31059, FRANCE; and Daniel Rouge, PhD, and Norbert Telmon, PhD, Service de Médecine Légale, Hôpital de Rangueil, 1 avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès, TSA 50032, Toulouse Cedex 9, 31059, FRANCE Dedouit, Fabrice MD*, Stéphanie Bindel, David Gainza, MD, and Anthony Blanc, MD, Service de Médecine Légale, Hôpital de Rangueil, 1 Avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès, TSA 50032, Toulouse Cedex 9, 31059, France; Francis Joffre, PhD, Service de Radiologie Générale, Hôpital de Rangueil, 1 Avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès, TSA 50032, Toulouse Cedex 9, 31059, France; and Daniel Rouge, PhD, and Norbert Telmon, PhD, Service de Médecine Légale, Hôpital de Rangueil, 1 Avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès, TSA 50032, Toulouse Cedex 9, 31059, France Index 128 Who Is This Person? A Comparison Study of Current 3-Dimensional Facial Approximation Methods 254 Analysis of the Auricular Surface on MultiSlice Computed Tomography Reconstructions for Assessment of Aging: A Preliminary Study 225 Utilization of the Iscan Method on Multi-slice Computed Tomography Reconstructions for Assessment of Aging: A Preliminary Study 346 Dedouit, Fabrice Ph D*, Service de Médecine Légale, Hôpital de Rangueil, 1 Avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès, TSA 50032, Toulouse Cedex 9, 31059, FRANCE; Marie Faruch Bifeld, MS, Service de Médecine Légale, CHU Toulouse-Rangueil, 1 Avenue Professeur Jean Poulhès, Toulouse Cedex 9, 31059, FRANCE; José Braga, PhD, Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie AMIS, FRE 2960 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 37 allées Jules Guesde, Toulouse, 31000, FRANCE; Nicolas Sans, PhD, Service de Radiologie, CHU Toulouse-Purpan, Place du Docteur Baylac, Toulouse, 31059, FRANCE; Hervé Rousseau, PhD, Service de Radiologie, CHU Toulouse-Rangueil, 1 Avenue Professeur Jean Poulhès, Toulouse, 31059, FRANCE; Eric Crubezy, PhD, Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie AMIS, FRE 2960 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 37 allées Jules Guesde, Toulouse, 31000, FRANCE; Daniel Rouge, PhD, Service de Médecine Légale, CHU Toulouse-Rangueil, 1 Avenue Professeur Jean Poulhès, Toulouse, 31059, FRANCE; and Norbert Telmov, PhD, Service MedicoJudiciaire, CHU Rangueil, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhes, Toulouse, F-31054, FRANCE Delabarde, Tania PhD*, Institut Francais d’Etudes Andines, Whymper 442 y Coruna, Quito, ECUADOR; and Freddy G.H. Almagro, MD, Departmento Medico Legal de la Policia, Judicial de Pichincha Av., Mariana de Jesus s/n y Av., Occidental, ECUADOR Delvin, Joanne B. PhD*, and Anne Kroman, MA*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 252 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Steve Symes, PhD, Mercyhurst College, Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences , Erie, PA 16546; and Nicholas P. Herrmann, PhD, University of Tennessee, 252 South Stadium Hall, Department of Anthropology, Knoxville, TN 37996 Derrick, Sharon M. PhD*, Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054; John A. Hipp, PhD, Medical Metrics, Incorporated, 2121 Sage Road, Houston, TX 77056; Jennifer C. Love, PhD, and Jason M. Wiersema, PhD, Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054; N. Shastry Akella, PhD, Medical Metrics, Incorporated, 2121 Sage Road, Houston, TX 77056; and Luis A. Sanchez, MD, Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054 Derrick, Sharon M. PhD*, Harris County Medical Examiner’s Office, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054 Derrick, Sharon M. PhD*, Jason M. Wiersema, PhD, Ruth Mathis, Jennifer C. Love, PhD, and Luis A. Sanchez, MD, Harris County Medical Examiner’s Office, Anthropology Division, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054 Index 129 Three-Dimensional Geometric Morphometric Analysis and Multislice Computed Tomography: Application for Adult Sexual Dimorphism in Human Coxal Bone 17 Missing in Amazonian Jungle: A Case Study of Suspected Dismemberment 280 Heat Intensity Versus Exposure Duration Part I: Macroscopic Influence on Burned Bone 397 New Method of Identification Based on Computer-Assisted Radiograph Comparison 54 Supra-Inion Depressions in a Pediatric Medical Examiner Sample: Support for a Synergy of Developmental and Biomechanical Etiologies The Utility of the Identification Unit Concept in the Medical Examiner Setting 212 281 Derrick, Sharon M. PhD*, Michele Hunt, BS, and Luis A. Sanchez, MD, Harris County Medical Examiner’s Office, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054 Devlin, Joanne L. PhD*, and Michelle D. Hamilton, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN Devlin, Joanne L. PhD, and Murray K. Marks, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN Dicke, Clarissa R. AD*, 1325 East Orange Street, Tempe, AZ 85281; Laura C. Fulginiti, PhD, Forensic Science Center, 701 West Jefferson, Phoenix, AZ 85007; and Mark A. Fischione, MD, Maricopa County Office of the Medical Examiner, 701 West Jefferson Street, Phoenix, AZ 85003 Dickson, Gemma C. BSc*, and Russell T.M. Poulter, PhD, University of Otago, Department of Biochemistry, PO Box 56, Dunedin, AS 9054, NEW ZEALAND; Jules A. Kieser, PhD, University of Otago, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, PO Box 647, Dunedin, AS 9054, NEW ZEALAND; Elizabeth W. Maas, PhD, National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Ltd. (NIWA), Private Bag 14901, Wellington, AS 9054, NEW ZEALAND; and P. Keith Probert, PhD, University of Otago, Department of Marine Science, PO Box 56, Dunedin, AS 9054, NEW ZEALAND Dickson, Gemma C. BSc*, and Russell T.M. Poulter, PhD, University of Otago, Department of Biochemistry, PO Box 56, Dunedin, Otago 9054, NEW ZEALAND; Jules A. Kieser, PhD, University of Otago, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, PO Box 647, Dunedin, Otago 9054, NEW ZEALAND; Elizabeth W. Maas, PhD, National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Ltd. (NIWA), Private Bag 14901, Wellington, Otago 9054, NEW ZEALAND; and P. Keith Probert, PhD, University of Otago, Department of Marine Science, PO Box 56, Dunedin, Otago 9054, NEW ZEALAND DiGangi, Elizabeth A. MA*, and Jonathan D. Bethard, MA, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37916; Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, SOC 107, Tampa, FL 33620-8100; and Lyle W. Konigsberg, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 DiGangi, Elizabeth A. MA*, Department of Natural and Behavioral Sciences, 10541 Hardin Valley Road, Knoxville, TN 37933; Jonathan D. Bethard, MA*, The University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Index 130 Houston Mass Murder Victims: 33 Years Later 295 Supply and Demand: Trends and Training in Forensic Anthropology 559 Age Progression: How Accurate Is It? 564 Biology and Culture in the Modern Era: How Cultural Evidence Can Conflict With Forensic Significance 193 Profiling of Marine Microbial Communities Associated With Decomposing Remains Can Indicate Postmortem Submersion Interval 60 Microbial Marine Decomposition: Marine Bacteria as an Indicator of Postmortem Submersion Interval 87 A New Method for Estimating Age-at-Death From the First Rib 370 A Test of an Age-at-Death Method Using the First Rib 267 DiGangi, Elizabeth A. MA*, Pellissippi State Technical Community College, Department of Natural and Behavioral Sciences, 10915 Hardin Valley Road, Knoxville, TN 37993; and Jonathan D. Bethard, MA*, The University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 DiMaggio, John A. RPh, DPM*, Forensic Podiatry Consulting Services, 2600 East Southern Avenue, Suite I-3, Tempe, AZ DiMichele, Daniel L. BS*, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, ELA 232, San Marcos, TX 78666 Dionne, Charles A. BS*, University of Central Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32816 Dionne, Charles A. MA*, and Samantha M. Seasons, BA, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33620; Leszek Chrostowski, MD, Hillsborough County Medical Examiner’s Office, 11025 North 46th Street, Tampa, FL 33617; and Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820 Dirkmaat, Dennis C. PhD*, and Luis L. Cabo, MS, Mercyhurst College, Department Applied Forensic Sciences, Zurn 119A, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Dirkmaat, Dennis C. PhD*, Applied Forensic Sciences Department, Mercyhurst College, Glenwood Hills, Erie, PA 16546; Steven A. Symes, PhD, Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th, Erie, PA 16546-0001; and Luis L. Cabo-Pérez, MS, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Dirkmaat, Dennis C. PhD*, Departments of Anthropology and Applied Forensic Science, Mercyhurst College, Erie, PA; and Michael Hochrein, BS, Federal Bureau of Investigation, St. Louis, MO Dirkmaat, Dennis C. PhD*, Departments of Anthropology and Applied Forensic Science, Mercyhurst College, Erie, PA; and Wallace Miller, BS, Somerset County Coroner, Somerset, PA Dirkmaat, Dennis C. PhD*, Luis M. Cabo, MS, and James M. Adovasio, PhD, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; Vicente C. Rozas, PhD, Centro de Investigaciones Forestales y Ambientales de Lourizán, Departamento de Ecología, Aptdo. 127, Pontevedra, Galicia 36080, Spain Dirkmaat, Dennis C. PhD*, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA; Steven A. Symes, PhD, University of Tennessee Regional Forensic Center, 1060 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN; Erik Vey, MD, Erie County Coroner’s Office, Erie County Courthouse, Erie, PA; and O’Brian C. Smith, MD, University of Tennessee Regional Forensic Center, 1060 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN Index 131 Skeletal Markers of Parturition II: Reanalysis of a Modern American Sample 311 The Foot as a Forensic Tool 534 Sex Estimation From the Calcaneus Using Discriminant Function Analysis Detecting Buried Metallic Weapons in a Controlled Setting Using a Conductivity Meter Fusion Patterns in Modern Hyoid Bones 117 The Shallow Grave as an Option for Disposing of the Recently Deceased: Goals and Consequences Forensic Archaeological Recovery of the Victims of the Continental Connection Flight 3407 Crash in Clarence Center, New York 386 Teaching Forensic Archaeology to the Masses: The Death Scene Course at Mercyhurst College After a Decade 560 Scene Recovery Efforts in Shanksville, Pennsylvania: The Role of the Coroner’s Office in the Processing of the Crash Site of United Airlines Flight 93 Mass Graves, Human Rights and Commingled Remains: Considering the Benefits of Forensic Archaeology 571 Recognizing Child Abuse in the Thoracic Region Through a Multidisciplinary Approach 609 194 33 113 444 Dirkmaat, Dennis C. PhD, Luis L. Cabo-Pérez, MS, Alexandra R. Klales, MS*, Erin Chapman, MS, and Allison M. Nesbitt, MS, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Donno, Antonio De PhD*, and Bruno Morgese, MD, Section of Legal Medicine - University of Bari, Pizza Giulio Cesare n.11, Bari, 70124, ITALY; Maurizio Scarpa, MD, Pizza G. Cesare 11 University of Bari, Bari, ITALY; and Francesco Introna, PhD, Section of Legal Medicine DiMIMP, P.zza Giulio Cesare n.11, Bari, 70124, ITALY Donno, Antonio De PhD*, and Valeria Santoro, PhD, Section of Legal Medicine - DiMIMP, P.zza Giulio Cesare n.11, Bari, 70124, ITALY; Carlo P. Campobasso, PhD, University of Molise, via De Sanctis, snc, Campobasso, 86100, ITALY; Nunzio Di Nunno, PhD, via Guido Dorso 9, Bari, 70125, ITALY; and Francesco Introna, PhD, Section of Legal Medicine - DiMIMP, P.zza Giulio Cesare n.11, Bari, 70124, ITALY Donno, Antonio De PhD*, Section of Legal Medicine DiMIMP - University of Bari, P.zza Giulio Cesare n.11, Bari, 70124, ITALY; Simona Corrado, MD, Sezione di Medicina Legale, Bari, 70100, ITALY; Valeria Santoro, PhD, Domenico Urso, MD, Piercarlo Lozito, DDS, and Francesco Introna, MD, Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Internal and Public Medicine (DiMIMP), University of Bari, P.zza Giulio Cesare n.11, Bari, 70124, ITALY; Aldo Di Fazio, MD, Section of legal medicine Matera Hospital, via Montescaglioso n.5, Matera, 75100, ITALY; and Rocco Maglietta, MD, Section of Legal Medicine - San Carlo Hospital Potenza, via P.Petroni n.6, Potenza, 85100, ITALY Doretti*, Mercedes C. Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team (EAAF), 10 Jay Street #502, Brooklyn, NY 11201; Luis Fondebrider, c/o ALAF and EAAF, 10 Jay Street #502, Brooklyn, NY 11201 Dotson, Meryle A. BA*, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33620; Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820; and Lyle W. Konigsberg, PhD, University of Illinois, Department of Anthropology, 109 Davenport Hall, 607 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 Dowdy, Liotta N.*BS, and Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue SOC 107, Tampa FL 33620; and John O. Obafunwa, MD, JD, Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Lagos, NIGERIA Drawdy, Shuala M. MA*, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL Driscoll, Kathryn R.D. MA*, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Index 132 New Forensic Archaeological Recovery Protocols for Fatal Fire Scenes 41 A New Method for Height Estimation Using Photogrammetry: Reliability and Validity 21 Forensic Age Estimation of Living Individuals: A Retrospective Case Analysis 199 Homicide by Lapidation in Neolitic Age: Results of Two Cases 219 Perspectives and Recommendations From the Field: Forensic Anthropology and Human Rights in Argentina 507 Age Estimation Utilizing Postnatal Dental Mineralization: An Exploratory Analysis of Molar Development for a Contemporary Florida Population. 20 The Use of Morbidity and Mortality Patterns in Transitional Justice Initiatives Towards Human Identification 124 Location, Identification, and Repatriation of Remains of Victims of Conflict: Implications for Forensic Anthropology Can Bilateral Joint Asymmetry Be Used as an Estimation of Handedness? 568 192 Driscoll, Kathryn R.D. MA*, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Drukier, Piotr MS*, Nermin Sarajlic, PhD, and Eva E. Klonowski, PhD, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Drukier, Piotr MSc*, Eva Klonowski, PhD, Laura Yazedjian, Rifat Kesetovic, and Edwin F. Huffine, MS, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipashina 45a, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Dudar, J. Christopher PhD*, and Steve D. Ousley, PhD, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC 138, Washington, DC 20013-7012 Dudley, Mary H. MD*, Sedgwick County Regional Forensic Science Center, 1109 North Minneapolis, Wichita, KS 67214; Joy Vetters, BS, Wichita State University - Department of Anthropology, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, KS 67260; and Angela E. Benefiel, BA, Sedgwick County Regional Forensic Science Center, 1109 North Minneapolis, Wichita, KS 67214 Dudzik, Beatrix MA*, and Hillary R. Parsons, MA, 508 Chisholm Trail, Knoxville, TN 37919-7050; and Ashley H. McKeown, PhD, University of Montana, Department of Anthropology, Missoula, MT 59812 Duhaime, Lauren J. BSc*, 1693 Virginia Drive, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 4T7, CANADA Dupras, Tosha L. PhD*, Joy E. Lang, and Heather L. Reay, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL; John J. Schultz, MS, and Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; and Noel A. Palma, BS, MD, Medical Examiner’s Office, Pinellas-Pasco County, West Palm Beach, FL Dupuis, Diana A. BA*, 2610 110th Avenue, NE, Bellevue, WA 98004 Durakovic, Nedim BSc*, Rifat Kešetović, MD, Emina Kurtalić, Amir Hasandžiković, BSc, Adnan Rizvić, BSc, and Thomas Parsons, PhD, Forensic Sciences International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA E. El-Sheikh, M. Essam MD, PhD*, and Salwa Ramadan, MD, PO Box 1747, Farwaina 1747, Kuwait Edson, Suni M. MS*, and Suzanne M. Barritt, MS, Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 101, Rockville, MD 20850; Mark D. Leney, PhD, Central Identification Lab, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam Air Force Base, HI 96853; and Brion C. Smith, DDS, Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 101, Rockville, MD 20850 Index 133 Bilateral Asymmetry and Handedness: Are they Really Related? 313 Age-Related Changes in the Adult Male Vertebral Column 541 Anthropological Review of Remains From Srebrenica as Part of the Identification Process 515 Diagnosis of Anencephaly, a Common Lethal Neural Tube Defect, From Taphonomically Altered Fetal or Neonatal Skeletal Remains 458 Exhumation of an Historical Gravesite at Taos Cemetery 296 Using the Freeze-Thaw Cycle to Determine the Postmortem Interval: An Assessment of Pig Decomposition in West Central Montana 49 Recollected Versus Actual Stature: How Does the Height Reported by Next of Kin Measure Up? Masking Identity: The Effects of Corrosive Household Agents on Soft Tissue, Bone, and Dentition 123 Decomposition in the Santa Monica Mountains: A Seasonal Taphonomic Analysis of Buried and Exposed Remains Identifying the Missing From Srebrenica: Family Contact and the Final Identification Process 411 Age of Closure of the Spheno-Occipital Synchondrosis in the Arabian Gulf Region MtDNA From Degraded Human Skeletal Remains: Is Quality Affected by Storage Conditions? 364 579 143 409 Egaña*, Sofia Silvana Turner, Patricia Bernardi, Mercedes Doretti, and Miguel Nieva, Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team (EAAF), Avenue Rivadavia 2443, 2nd Floor, Office 3-4, Buenos Aires, C1034ACD, Argentina Eleazer, Courtney D. BS*, and Murray K. Marks, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Eleazer, Courtney D. MA*, 7700 Gleason Drive, Apartment 39G, Knoxville, TN 37919 Emanovsky, Paul D. BS*, University of Indianapolis Archeology and Forensics Laboratory, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN; Joseph T. Hefner, BS, and Dennis C. Dirkmaat, PhD, Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 58th Street, Erie, PA Emanovsky, Paul D. MS*, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Emanovsky, Paul D. MS*, U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Ern, Stephania BSc, and Luca Trombino, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY; Daniele Gibelli, MD*, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Sezione di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze Biomediche, V. Mangiagalli, 37, Milan, ITALY; and Cristina Cattaneo, PhD, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Sezione di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze Biomediche, V. Mangiagalli, 37, Milan, ITALY Erno, Jeffrey D. MS*, and Peter H. Tu, PhD, GE Global Research, Imaging Technologies, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY 12309; and Terrie Simmons, MA, and Philip N. Williams, BS, FBI Laboratory, CFSRU, Building 12, Quantico, VA 22135 Espenshade, Jordan N. BS*, 1420 Centre Avenue, Apartment 103, Pittsburgh, PA 15282; and Lisa Ludvico, PhD, Duquesne University Department of Biology, 341 Fisher Hall 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 Evison, Martin P. PhD*, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Forensic Science Program, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; and Richard W. Vorder Bruegge, PhD, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Forensic Audio, Video and Image Analysis Unit, Engineering Research Facility, Building 27958A, Quantico, VA 22135 Falsetti, Anthony B. PhD* and Heather Walsh-Haney, MA, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601; Martha J. Burt, MD, Medical Examiner Department, Miami-Dade County, Number One on Bob Hope Road, Miami, FL 33136 Index 134 Commingled Skeletonized Remains in Forensic Cases: Considerations for Methodological Treatment 441 Age-Related Histomorphometric Changes in Fetal and Infant Long Bones 345 Age Related Histomorphometric Changes in Fetal Long Bones Can Sharp Force Trauma to Bone Be Recognized After Fire Modification? An Experiment Using Odocoileus virginianus (White-Tailed Deer) Ribs 261 Prediction of Shoe Size From Tarsals and Metatarsals Preliminary Results on the Use of Cadaver Dogs to Locate Vietnam War-Era Human Remains Application of Geopedology to Forensic Anthropology: Can Vivianite Be a Marker of Burial in Soil? – Three Case Reports 191 Automatic Skull Landmark Determination for Facial Reconstruction 130 A Pilot Study on Nuclear DNA Recovery From Charred White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Bone Tissue 74 Three-Dimensional Variation in Face Shape in a Large Study Sample 355 Personal Identification and Death Investigation of Documented and Undocumented Migrant Workers in Florida: Demographic, Biographic, and Pathologic Factors 497 575 517 90 Falsetti, Anthony B. PhD*, and Laurel E. Freas, MA, University of Florida, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, PO Box 112545, Southwest Radio Road, Gainesville, FL 32611 Fanton, Laurent MD*, Institut of Legal Medicine, 12 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon, 69008, FRANCE; Marie Paule Gustin-Paultre, PhD, Lyon University, Lyon 1 University, Laboratory of Biostatistics ISPB, Lyon, F-69008, FRANCE; Habdelhamid Grait, MD, Milltary Hospital, Alger, ALGERIA; Aissa Boudabba, MD, Military Hospital, Alger, ALGERIA; Claire Desbois, MD, Lyon University, Lyon 1 University, Institut of Forensic Medicine, Lyon, F69008, FRANCE; Patrice Stephane Schoendorff, MD, Institut Medico-Legal de Lyon, 12 Avenue Rockfeller, Lyon, 69007, FRANCE; Stéphane Tilhet-Coartet, MD, Institut of Legal Medicine, 12 avenue Rockefeller, Lyons, 69008, FRANCE; Daniel Malicier, MD, Institu Medico Legal, 12 Avenue Rockfeller, Lyon, 69007, FRANCE Fenton, Todd W. PhD*, and Norman J. Sauer, PhD, Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 Fenton, Todd W. PhD*, and Norman J. Sauer, PhD, Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 Fenton, Todd W. PhD*, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; Walter H. Birkby, PhD, and Bruce E. Anderson, PhD, Forensic Science Center, Pima County, Tucson, AZ; and David R. Rankin, MA, U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory, Hickam Air Force Base, Honolulu, HI Fenton, Todd W. PhD*, Department of Anthropology, Joyce L. de Jong, DO, Sparrow Health System, Department of Pathology, and Roger Haut, PhD, Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratories, 354 Baker Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI Fenton, Todd W. PhD*, Jered B. Cornelison, MS, and Leslie A. Wood, BS, Michigan State University, Department of Forensic Science, 560 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 Fenton, Todd W. PhD*, Michigan State University, 354 Baker Hall, Department of Anthropology, East Lansing, MI 48824; Nicholas V. Passalacqua, MS, 3518 Hagadorn Road, Okemos, MI 48864; and Timothy G. Baumer, BS, Brian J. Powell, BS, and Roger C. Haut, PhD, Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratories, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 Fernandes, Tricia A. BSc*, Saint Mary’s University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3C3, CANADA Figura, Benjamin J. BA*, PO Box 4423, Chico, CA 959274423 Index 135 Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebrae, Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis: Prevalence in a Modern Forensic Skeletal Population Critical Study of Observations of the Sternal Extremity of the 4th Rib 405 Identification of the Living From Video Tape and Photographs: The Dynamic Orientation Technique Skull-Photo Superimposition and Border Deaths: Identification Through Exclusion and the Failure to Exclude Falls From Cliffs: Reconstructing Individual Death Histories From a Perimortem Fracture Pattern 401 One Unlucky Punch: The Etiology of a Fatal Depressed Skull Fracture 584 Symmetrical Fracturing of the Skull From Self-Inflicted Gunshot Wounds: Reconstructing Individual Death Histories From Skeletonized Human Remains A Forensic Pathology Tool to Predict Pediatric Skull Fracture Patterns - Part 1: Investigations on Infant Cranial Bone Fracture Initiation and Interface Dependent Fracture Patterns 505 Taphonomic Patterns: Can Brush Fires Mimic the Natural Decomposition of Heavy Muscle Markers on Bone? Air-Drying as a Means of Preservation for the Unidentified and Unclaimed Remains From the World Trade Center 80 262 494 574 167 516 Figura, Benjamin J. MA*, New York City Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Figura, Benjamin J. MA*, New York City Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Figura, Benjamin J. MA*, PO Box 538, Empire, MI 49630 Finnegan, Michael PhD*, Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Social Work, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS Finnegan, Michael PhD*, Kansas State University, 204 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-4000 Finnegan, Michael PhD*, Kansas State University, Osteology Laboratory, 204 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 Flavel, Ambika MSc*, 52 Ninth Avenue, Maylands, WA Fleischman, Julie M. BA*, Laura C. Fulginiti, PhD, and Jeffrey S. Johnston, MD, Maricopa County Office of the Medical Examiner, 701 West Jefferson, Phoenix, AZ 85007 Fleischman, Julie M. BA*, Michigan State University, 560 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 Fletcher, Joanna M. BA*, 9941 Timber Oaks Court, Orlando, FL 32817; William T. Hawkins, BA, 10215 Blanchard Park Trail, Apartment 2314, Orlando, FL 32817; and John J. Schultz, PhD, University of Central Florida, Department of Anthropology, PO Box 25000, Orlando, FL 32816 Fojas, Christina L. BA*, Mercyhurst College, Department of Anthropology & Applied Forensic Sciences, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Fojas, Christina L. MS*, Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902; Christopher W. Rainwater, MS, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016; Luis L. Cabo-Pérez, MS, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; and Steven A. Symes, PhD, Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th, Erie, PA 16546-0001 Fondebrider*, Luis Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team (EAAF), Rivadavia 2443, 2do piso, dpto.3 y 4, (1034) Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA; and Soren Blau, PhD*, Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, 57-83 Kavanagh Street, Southbank, Melbourne, Victoria 3146, AUSTRALIA Index 136 World Trade Center Revisited: A Bayesian Approach to Disaster Victim Identification 40 New York City Unidentified Decedents From 1980 – 2008 98 An Assessment of DNA Degeneration Due to Air-Drying Preservation for the Remains of the World Trade Center The Hyoid Bone as a Sex Discriminator 434 Accuracy of Age Estimates Using the Pubic Symphysis Non-Metric Indicators of Ancestry: Making Non-Metric Traits More User Friendly in Racial Assessments Gunshot Wounds and Other Perimortem Trauma to the Sub-Adult Skeleton Callus Treatment: Collaboration Between Forensic Anthropology and Forensic Pathology to Improve the Recognition and Elucidation of Skeletal Fractures in Infants and Children An Evaluation of the Chen et al. Pubic Aging Method on a North American Sample Monitoring the Applicability of GroundPenetrating Radar on Detecting Shallow Graves Using Proxy Cadavers 305 A Radiographic Assessment of Age Using Distal Radius Epiphysis Presence in a Modern Subadult Sample Using Spatial Analysis to Recognize Normal and Abnormal Patterns in Burned Bodies 97 Personal Identification from Skeletal Remains in Human Rights Investigations: Challenges from the Field 137 536 486 563 168 16 1 41 Fontana, Donna A. MS*, New Jersey State Police, Office of Forensic Sciences, Forensic Anthropology Laboratory, 1200 Negron Drive, Hamilton, NJ 08691 Fontana, Donna A. MS*, New Jersey State Police, River Road, PO Box 7068, West Trenton, NJ 08628; Raafat Ahmad, MD, Mercer County Medical Examiner Office, Mercer County Airport, Building #31, West Trenton, NJ 08628; Jay Peacock, MD, Monmouth County Medical Examiner Office, Centra State Medical Center, Route 537, Freehold, NJ 07728; Ronald Suarez, MD, Morris County Medical Examiner Office, PO Box 900, Morristown, NJ 07963-0900 Foose, Adrienne L. BA*, Robert R. Paine, PhD, and Richard A. Nisbett, PhD, Texas Tech University, Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work, PO Box 1012, Lubbock, TX 79409- 1012; Sridhar Natarajan, MD, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Pathology, Division of Forensic Pathology, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430 Fox, Sherry C. PhD*, Wiener Laboratory, American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 54 Souidias Street, Athens, Attica GR106-76, Greece; and Sotiris K. Manolis, PhD, and Constantinos Eliopoulos, PhD, Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Division of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Attica GR106-76, Greece Franicevic, Branka MSc*, Department of Archaeology, Sheffield University, Sheffield, S1 4ET, UNITED KINGDOM Franicevic, Branka MSc*, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UNITED KINGDOM Franicevic, Branka MSc*, University of Bradford, Department of Archaeological Sciences, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom; and Robert F. Pastor, PhD, University of Bradford, Biological Anthropology Research Centre, Department of Archaeological Sciences, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom Franicevic, Branka MSc*, University of Central Lancashire, Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, Preston, PR1 2HE, UNITED KINGDOM Franklin, Daniel PhD*, Centre for Forensic Science, School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, MBDP 420, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; and Andrea Cardini, PhD, Functional Morphology and Evolution Research Unit, The Hull York Medical School, Heslington, York Y010 5DD, United Kingdom Index 137 The Forensic Anthropologist, the National Crime Information Center (N.C.I.C.), and National Missing and Unidentified Persons\System (NamUs) Databases Multidisciplinary Efforts in the Identification of Three Unidentified Females in the State of New Jersey 178 Age at Death Determination Using the Skeletal Histomorphometry of the Third Metacarpal and Third Metatarsal From Autopsy and Cadaver Samples 470 A Simple Technique for Imaging the Human Skeleton: An Application Using the Auricular Surface for Aging 349 Modes of Mutilation in Taphonomic Context: Can Sharp Force Trauma Decelerate the Decomposition Process? Dead on Time? The Repellent Effect of Liquid Petroleum Gas on Time Since Death Estimation Inter-Tidal Decomposition Patterns in Croatia: An Experiment using Sus scrofa Pedal Elements 148 Basement Bodies: The Effect of Light on Decomposition in Indoor Settings 234 Mandibular Morphology as an Indicator of Human Subadult Age: Interlandmark and Geometric Morphometric Approaches 344 499 109 299 Franklin, Daniel PhD, and Charles E. Oxnard, MBChB, PhD, Centre for Forensic Science, School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Paul O’Higgins, MBChB, PhD, Functional Morphology and Evolution Research Group, The University of York, Heslington, York Y010 5DD, United Kingdom; and Ian Dadour, PhD*, and Robin Napper, BA, Centre for Forensic Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia Frazee*, Kathryn Lee 1422 Pearce Park, Apartment # 2, Erie, PA 16502-2915 Freas, Laurel BA*, Department of Anthropology, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, University of Florida, PO Box 112545, Gainesville, FL 32611 Freas, Laurel MA*, Department of Anthropology, CA Pound Human ID Laboratory, University of Florida, PO Box 112545, Gainesville, FL 32611 Fredericks*, Jamie Daniel Lower Bank Road, Fulwood, Preston, Lancashire PR2 8NS, UNITED KINGDOM; and Tal Simmons, PhD, Department of Forensic and Investigative Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, UNITED KINGDOM Fredericks, Jamie D. MSc*, Cranfield University, SCR 12, DASSR, Shrivenham, Swindon, SN6 8LA, UNITED KINGDOM Freid, Donna MA*, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Richard L. Jantz, PhD, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 3799 Frelich, Lawrence DDS, PhD, Department of Peridontics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, 666 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201; and David R. Hunt, PhD*, Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013-7012 Fulginiti, Laura C. PhD*, 15015 South 14th Place, Phoenix, AZ 85048; Michael W. Warren, PhD, and Joseph T. Hefner, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, PO Box 117305, Gainesville, FL 32611; Larry R. Bedore, MS, District 8 Office of the Medical Examiner, Gainesville, FL 32601; Jason H. Byrd, PhD, Department of Criminology, Law & Society, University of Florida, PO Box 115950, Gainesville, FL 32611; Vincent Stefan, PhD, Department of Anthropology, Lehman College, CUNY, Bronx, NY 10468; and Dennis C. Dirkmaat, PhD, Mercyhurst College, Department Applied Forensic Sciences, Zurn 119A, 501 E 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Index 138 Sexual Dimorphism in the Subadult Mandible: Quantification Using Geometric Morphometrics 364 Demographic Expression of the Frontal Sinuses Assessment of Saw-Blade Wear Patterns and Wear-Related Features of the Kerf Wall 268 Scanning Electron Microscopy of Saw Marks in Bone: Assessment of Wear- Related Features of the Kerf Wall DNA Quantification of Burned Skeletal Tissue 383 XRD and FTIR: A Diagnostic Tool to Determine Whether or Not a DNA Profile Can Be Successfully Generated From Heat Treated Bone Prior to DNA Extraction Classification and Evaluation of Unusual Individuals Using FORDISC 80 Morphological Characteristics of Ancestry in the Fetal/Newborn Human Skeleton 326 Anthropology Responds to Hurricane Katrina 392 501 238 421 Fulginiti, Laura C. PhD*, A.L. Mosley, MD, V. Shvarts, MD, J. Hu, MD, K.D. Horn, MD, P.E. Keen, MD, and R.M. Hsu, MD, Forensic Science Center, 701 West Jefferson, Phoenix, AZ 85007 Fulginiti, Laura C. PhD*, Forensic Science Center, 701 West Jefferson, Phoenix, AZ 85007; Frank Di Modica, Phoenix Police Department, 620 West Washington Street, Phoenix, AZ 85003; Kristen Hartnett, PhD, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, Forensic Anthropology, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016; and Diane Karluk, MD, Maricopa County Office of the Medical Examiner, 701 West Jefferson, Phoenix, AZ 85007 Fulginiti, Laura C. PhD*, Forensic Science Center, 701 West Jefferson, Phoenix, AZ 85007; Kristen Hartnett, PhD, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, Forensic Anthropology, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016; Frank Di Modica, Phoenix Police Department, 620 West Washington Street, Phoeniz, AZ 85003; and Diane Karluk, MD, Maircopa County Office of the Medical Examiner, 701 West Jefferson, Phoenix, AZ 85007 Fulginiti, Laura C. PhD*, Forensic Science Center, 701 West Jefferson, Phoenix, AZ 85007; Kristen M. Hartnett, MA, Arizona State University, Department of Anthropology, PO Box 872402, Tempe, AZ 85287; and Philip E. Keen, MD, Maricopa County Office of the Medical Examiner, 701 West Jefferson Street, Phoenix, AZ 85007 Fulginiti, Laura C. PhD*, Kristen M. Hartnett, MA, Kevin D. Horn, MD, and Ruth E. Kohlmeier, MD, Forensic Science Center, 701 West Jefferson, Phoenix, AZ 85007 Furgeson, Thomas A. BA, BS*, University of Wyoming, 2109-C East Hancock Street, Laramie, WY 82072 Furgeson, Thomas A. MA*, University of Wyoming, 1002 South 3rd Street, Laramie, WY 82070; George W. Gill, PhD, University of Wyoming, Department of Anthropology, Laramie, WY 82071; and Rick L. Weathermon, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, 10 East University Avenue, Department 3431, Anthropology, Laramie, WY 82071 Galloway, Alison PhD*, University of California, Social Science One FS, Santa Cruz, CA 95064; Lauren Zephro, MA, Monterey County Sheriff’s Office, 1414 Natividad Road, Salinas, CA 93906-3102 Galloway, Alison PhD, Department of Anthropology, Social Science One FS, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064; and Lauren Zephro, MA, Monterey County Sheriff’s Office, 1414 Natividad Road, Salinas, CA 95006 Index 139 Fatal Footsteps: The Murder of Undocumented Border Crossers in Maricopa County, Arizona 498 Sealed For Your Protection II: The Effects of Corrosive Substances on Human Bone and Tissue 199 Sealed for Your Protection, Part I: The Effects of an Unknown Corrosive Agent on Human Bone 243 A Tale of Two Bodies: Separating Commingled Skeletal Remains With Similar Biological Profiles 446 Of Butterflies and Spirals: Interpretation of Fractures in Motor Vehicle vs. Pedestrian Accidents Race as a Viable Concept 376 Identification of Multiple Cranial Traumas in a Recently Closed Homicide Investigation 176 Skeletal Evidence of Homicidal Compression 500 Internal Cranial Fractures 416 492 Galloway, Alison PhD, University of California, Social Science One FS, Santa Cruz, CA 95064; Elayne J. Pope, PhD, University of West Florida, Anthropology Building 13, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL 32514; and Chelsey Juarez, MA*, Dept of Anthropology, UCSC Social Science 1, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Garvin, Heather M. BA, BS*, 1422 Pearce Park, Apartment # 6, Erie, PA 16502 Garvin, Heather M. MS*, Johns Hopkins University, 1830 East Monument Street, Room 302, Baltimore, MD 21205 Garvin, Heather M. MS*, Johns Hopkins University, 1830 East Monument Street, Room 302, Baltimore, MD 21205; and Nicholas V. Passalacqua, MS, 3518 Hagadorn Road, Okemos, MI 48864-4200 Garvin, Heather MS*, 7471 SE 117th Terrace, Morriston, FL 32668; Luis Lorenzo Cabo-Pérez, MS, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; Kyra Elizabeth Stull, BA, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; and Dennis C. Dirkmaat, PhD, Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, Mercyhurst College, Glenwood Hills, Erie, PA 16546 Getz, Sara M. BS*, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Gibson, Laura E. BS*, 2040 Larchmont Way, Clearwater, FL 33764; Heather A. Walsh-Haney, and Christen E. Herrick, BS, Florida Gulf Coast University, Division of Justice Studies, 10501 FGCU Boulevard South, AB3, Fort Myers, FL 33965-6565; Katy L. Shepherd, BS, Florida Gulf Coast University, Division of Justice Studies, 10501 FGCU Boulevard, South, Fort Myers, FL 33965; Gertrude M. Juste, MD, District 15 Office of the Medical Examiner, 3126 Gun Club Road, West Palm Beach, FL 33406; and Margarita Arruza, MD, Medical Examiner’s Office, 2100 Jefferson Street, Jacksonville, FL 32206 Giles, Eugene PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, 607 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 Gill, George W. PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 Giroux, Carolyn L. BA*, 6200 East Richland Road, Columbia, MO 65201; and Daniel J. Wescott, PhD, University of Missouri-Columbia, Department of Anthropology, 107 Swallow Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 Glassman, David M. PhD*, Texas State University-San Marcos, Department of Anthropology, San Marcos, Texas 78666 Godde, Kanya MA*, and Angela M. Dautartas, BS, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Index 140 The Burning Question: A Case Analysis of Peri-Mortem Trauma vs. Post Fire Damage 215 Ossification of Laryngeal Structures: As Indicators of Age Variation in Browridge and Chin Morphologies: Sexual Dimorphism and Covariation With Body Size Forensic Anthropology and Age-at-Death Estimation: Current Trends in Adult Age Estimation 314 A Practical Method for Determining Sex From Human Chest Plate Radiographs 266 An Investigation and Critique of the DiGangi et al. (2009) First Rib Aging Method 24 Necessary Breaks With Conservator Standards: Cranial Reconstruction in Forensic Cases 196 Ur-FORDISC, or Early Statistical Methods in Forensic Anthropology 422 Population Variability in the Proximal Articulation Surfaces of the Human Femur and Humerus Stature Estimation Based on Dimensions of the Bony Pelvis and Proximal Femur 489 Issues Concerning the Skeletal Identification of Deceased Illegal Aliens Recovered on the Texas Border Secular Trends in Cranial Morphological Sexing 496 48 125 371 158 Godde, Kanya PhD*, Texas State University, San Marcos, Department of Anthropology, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666 Goff, Alaina K. BA* and Wendy Potter, MS, University of New Mexico, Department of Anthropology, Albuquerque, NM 87131; Debra Komar, PhD, Office of the Medical Investigator, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 Goff, Alaina K. BA*, and Debra Komar, PhD, Department of Anthropology, MSC01-1040, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 Gold, Melissa L. BS*, Department of Anthropology, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, University of Florida, PO Box 112545, Gainesville, FL 32611 Gonzalez, Richard A. PhD*, Department of Anthropology, Saint Lawrence University, 23 Romoda Drive, Canton, NY 13617 Gonzalez, Richard A. PhD*, Saint Lawrence University, Department of Anthropology, 1 Romoda Drive, Canton, NY 13617 Gordon, Kellie M. BA*, and Mary H. Manhein, MA, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, 227 Howe Russell Geoscience Complex, Baton Rouge, LA Grant, William E. MA*, Holland Community Hospital, 602 Michigan Avenue, Holland, MI; and Richard L. Jantz, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN Gray, Deborah W. MA*, Riverside County SheriffCoroner, 800 South Redlands Avenue, Perris, CA 92571; and Judy M. Suchey, PhD, Department of Coroner, Los Angeles County, 1104 North Mission Road, Los Angeles, CA 90033 Greef, Sven De DDS*, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Faculty of Medicine, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Forensic Odontology, Kapucijnenvoer 7, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium; Peter Claes, MEng, Wouter Mollemans, MEng, Dirk Vandermeulen, PhD, and Paul Suetens, PhD, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, ESAT, Medical Image Computing, Herestraat 49, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium; and Guy Willems, DDS, PhD, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Faculty of Medicine, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Forensic Odontology, Kapucijnenvorer 7, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium Greenwald, Kristen E. MA*, 32 10th Street, Hermosa Beach, CA 90254 Gremillian, Abigail BA*, 17862 East General Forrest, Baton Rouge, LA 70817; and Robert J. Morton, MS, and Wayne D. Lord, PhD, FBI NCAVC, FBI Academy, Quantico, VA 22135 Index 141 Conditions for Breaking Down Mummified Tissue and the Subsequent Implications for Time Since Death Skeletal Manifestations of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma: A Differential Diagnosis 52 SEM Analysis of Mummified Skin: A Preliminary Study of Obsidian and Chert Induced Trauma Hereditary Multiple Exostoses: An Identifying Pathology 427 Determination of Sex From Juvenile Crania by Means of Discriminant Function Analysis: A First Study Regional Variation of the Proximal Femur in the United States: Analysis of Data From NHANES III The Role of Textiles in Determination of Postmortem Interval 262 The Estimation of Sex From the Proximal Ulna 536 Mass Disasters and Non-Human Remains 393 Semi-Automated Ultrasound Facial Soft Tissue Depth Registration: Method and Preliminary Results 437 An Experimental Study of Putrefaction and Decomposition in Aqueous Environments Insect Colonization of Child-Sized Remains: Behavioral Analysis of Pig Carcasses via 24 Hour, High Resolution Video Surveillance 108 526 502 45 548 413 Grivas, Christopher R. MS*, and Debra Komar, PhD, University of New Mexico, Department of Anthropology, MSC01 1040, Office of the Medical Investigator, MSC11 6131, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 Grivas, Christopher R. MS*, University of New Mexico, Department of Anthropology, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 Grivas, Christopher R. MS*, University of New Mexico, Department of Anthropology, MSC01-1040, Albuquerque, NM 87131; Debra Komar, PhD, Office of the Medical Investigator, 1 University of New Mexico, MSC11 6030, Albuquerque, NM 87131 Gruenthal, Ariel M. BA*, 2534 E, Eureka, CA 95501 Guatame-Garcia, Ana C. BSc*, University of Central Lancashire, Calle 9 #0-95, Bogota, COLOMBIA; Luis A. Camacho, PhD, Universidad Nacional de Colombia at Bogota, Bogota, COLOMBIA; and Tal Simmons, PhD, Department of Forensic and, Investigative Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, UNITED KINGDOM Guyomarc’h, Pierre MS*, Bruno Dutailly, MS, Christine Couture, PhD, and Helene Coqueugniot, PhD, Universite Bordeaux 1 - UMR 5199 PACEA, Universite Bordeaux 1, UMR 5199 PACEA - LAPP, Av des Facultes, Bat B8, Talence, 33405, FRANCE Guyomarc’h, Pierre MS*, Universite Bordeaux 1, UMR 5199 PACEA, UMR 5199 PACEA, Universite Bordeaux 1, Av des Facultes, Bat B8, Talence, 33405, FRANCE; Carl N. Stephan, PhD, JPAC - CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Hackman, Lucina MSc*, Dundee University, WTB/MSI Complex, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 4AH, UNITED KINGDOM Haden-Pinneri, Kathryn H. MD*, Jennifer C. Love, PhD*, Jason M. Wiersema, PhD, and Sharon M. Derrick, PhD, Harris County Medical Examiner’s Office, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054 Haden-Pinneri, Kathryn MD*, Office of the Medical Examiner of Harris County, Joseph A. Jachimiczyk Forensic Center, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054; and Gregory Berg, MS, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530 Halvorsen, H. Anne MA* and Rick L. Weathermon, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82072 Hamilton, Michelle D. PhD*, and Jerry Melbye, PhD, Texas State University-San Marcos, Department of Anthropology, 601 University Drive, ELA 273, San Marcos, TX 78666-4616 Index 142 Daubert and Kumho: Implications for Anthropologists in the Courtroom 359 Differential Diagnosis of Gout in Skeletal Remains 381 Evaluating Methods of Age Estimation of Fetal/Neonate Remains From Radiographs Using a Diverse Autopsy Sample 271 Differential Decomposition Patterns in Charred Versus Un-Charred Remains Computer Simulation for Drift Trajectories of Objects in the Magdalena River, Colombia 81 Prediction of Mouth Shape Using Geometric Morphometrics for Facial Approximation 57 A Performance Check of Ear Prediction Guidelines Used in Facial Approximation Based on CT Scans of Living People 38 Training the National Disaster Victim Identification Team 184 Forensic Pathology and Anthropology: A Collaborative Effort 179 Ballistics-Induced Depressed Skull Fractures 309 Femoral Variation Between Whites and American Indians 488 Going Green: Environmentally Sound Practices in Human Decomposition Research and Laboratory Settings 203 235 Hampton, Angela BS*, University of New Mexico, Department of Anthropology, MSC01-1040, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 Hanson, Ian MSc*, School of Conservation Sciences, Bournemouth University, United Kingdom Harrington, Richard J. PhD*, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo; Benjamin Swift, MBChB, Division of Forensic Pathology, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, United Kingdom; and Edwin F. Huffine, MS, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo Hart, Gina O. BA*, 933 Anchor Lake Road, Carriere, MS Hart, Gina O. MA*, Regional Medical Examiner’s Office, 325 Norfolk Street, Newark, NJ 07103-2701 Hartnett, Kristen M. BA*, and Denise To, MA, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, PO Box 872402, Tempe, AZ Hartnett, Kristen M. MA*, Arizona State University, Department of Anthropology, PO Box 872402, Tempe, AZ 85287-2402; Laura C. Fulginiti, PhD, 701 West Jefferson, Phoenix, AZ 85007 Hartnett, Kristen M. MA*, Forensic Science Center, 701 West Jefferson, Phoenix, AZ 85007 Haugen, Gwendolyn M. MA*, Saint Louis County Medical Examiner’s Office, 6039 Helen Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63134; Gina O. Hart, MA, 325 Norfolk Street, Newark, NJ 07103-2701; and Pamela M. Steger, MS, 934 Sycamore Street, San Marcos, TX 78666 Haugen, Gwendolyn M. MA*, St. Louis County Medical Examiner’s Office, 6039 Helen Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63134; Kathleen Diebold, MA*, St. Charles, Jefferson & Franklin, Medical Examiner’s Office, 3556 Caroline Street, Room C305, St. Louis, MO 63104; Mary E.S. Case, MD, Chief Medical Examiner of St. Louis, St. Charles, Jefferson, and Franklin Counties in Missouri, 6039 Helen Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63134; St. Louis County Medical Examiner’s Office, 6039 Helen Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63134; and Charles W. Subke, Franklin County Sheriff’s Office, #1 Bruns Drive, Union, MO 63084 Hawkins, William T. BA*, 10215 Blanchard Park Trail, Apartment 2314, Orlando, FL 32817; Joanna M. Fletcher, BA, 9941 Timber Oaks Court, Orlando, FL 32817; and John J. Schultz, PhD, University of Central Florida, Department of Anthropology, PO Box 25000, Orlando, FL 32816 Index 143 Testing Determination of Adult Age at Death Using Four Criteria of the Acetabulum 447 Advances in Surveying and Presenting Evidence From Mass Graves, Clandestine Graves, and Surface Scatters Introducing Daubert to the Balkans 561 Fracture Pattern Interpretation in the Skull: Differentiating Blunt Force From Ballistics Trauma Death Investigation for Anthropologists: Examining an Alternative Role for Forensic Anthropologists in Medical Examiner’s and Coroner’s Offices Modern Oral Piercings: The Application of Their Dental Wear Patterns for Forensic Anthropology Osseous Traumata Caused by a Fall From a Height: A Case Study 585 A Reevaluation and Revision of the SucheyBrooks and Loth and Iscan Aging Methods Diversification: Evolving Professional Roles for the Forensic Anthropologist in the Medicolegal System 305 Identification by the Numbers: A Case Study in Skeletal Trauma Examination and Surgical Implant Tracking 219 Monitoring the Long-Term Applicability of Ground-Penetrating Radar Using Proxy Cadavers 1 538 175 588 498 10 Hayashi, Atsuko BA*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 968535530 Heaton, Vivienne G. MS*, and Tal Simmons, PhD, Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, United Kingdom Hefner, Joseph T. BA, MA*, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; and Stephen D. Ousley, PhD, Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 Hefner, Joseph T. BS*, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, 1898 Seton Court, Clearwater, FL Hefner, Joseph T. BS*, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, 5007 NW 29th Street, Gainesville, FL 32607; Stephen D. Ousley, PhD, Smithsonian, NMNH MRCI 138, Washington, DC 20560; Michael W. Warren, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32605 Hefner, Joseph T. BS*, Mercyhurst College, Forensic Anthropology Laboratory, 202 Parade Street, Erie, PA Hefner, Joseph T. MA*, Forensic Anthropology Center, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; Paul D. Emanovsky, MS, and John Byrd, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; and Stephen D. Ousley, PhD, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012 MRC 138, Washington, DC 20013 Hefner, Joseph T. MA*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Natalie M. Uhl, BS, University of Indianapolis, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46227; Stanley Rhine, PhD, University of New Mexico, Department of Anthropology, MSC01-1040 Anthropology, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001; and William M. Bass, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Hefner, Joseph T. PhD*, and Natalie Uhl, MS, 1503 North Pennsylvania Street, Apartment 21, Indianapolis, IN 46202; and Nicholas V. Passalaqua, MS, Michigan State University, 203 Berkey Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824-1111 Hefner, Joseph T. PhD*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96583; Kate Spradley, PhD, Department of Anthropology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666; and Bruce E. Anderson, PhD, Forensic Science Center, Office of the Medical Examiner, 2825 East District Street, Tucson, AZ 85714 Index 144 Revising Revisions: Modification of the Measurement of the Sacral Body Height for Use in Fully’s (1956) Anatomical Method of Stature Estimation The Decomposition of Human Remains Recovered From the River Clyde, Scotland: A Comparative Study of UK Fluvial Systems 23 Morphoscopic Traits and the Statistical Determination of Ancestry II 369 The Utility of Nonmetric Cranial Traits in Ancestry Determination - Part II 537 An Historical Perspective on Nonmetric Skeletal Variation: Hooton and the Harvard List 485 An Assessment of Craniofacial Nonmetric Traits Currently Used in the Forensic Determination of Ancestry The Value of Experience, Education, and Methods in Ancestry Prediction 593 Pedagogy of Practicing Forensic Anthropologists: A Collection of Our History 294 Beyond Taphonomy: Craniometric Variation Among Anatomical Specimens 232 Ancestry Estimation Using Random Forest Modeling 26 339 332 Hefner, Joseph T. PhD*, Statistical Research, Inc., 6099 East Speedway Boulevard, Tucson, AZ 85712 Henderson, Julie A. BA*, PO Box 125, 130 4th Street, Morton, WA 98356 Herman, Rhett PhD, Radford University, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Radford University, Radford, VA 24142; Cliff Boyd, PhD, Radford University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Radford University, Radford, VA 24142; Jarrod Burks, PhD, Ohio Valley Archaeological Consultants, 4889 Sinclair Road, Suite 210, Columbus, OH 43229; Donna C. Boyd, PhD*, Department Sociology & Anthropology, Radford University, Radford, VA 24142; and Doug Drumheller, MBA, Greatest Generation MIA Recoveries, 2187 Ben Franklin Drive, Pittsburg, PA 15327 Herrick, Christen E. BS*, and Heather A. Walsh-Haney, PhD, Florida Gulf Coast University, Division of Justice Studies, 10501 FGCU Boulevard AB3, Fort Myers, FL 33965-6565; Katy L. Shepherd, BS, Florida Gulf Coast University, Division of Justice Studies, 10501 FGCU Boulevard, South, Fort Myers, FL 33965; Marta U. Coburn, MD, District 20 Medical Examiner’s Office, 3838 Domestic Avenue, Naples, FL 34104; and Margarita Arruza, MD, Medical Examiner’s Office, 2100 Jefferson Street, Jacksonville, FL 32206 Herrick, Christen E. BS*, and Heather A. Walsh-Haney, PhD, Florida Gulf Coast University, Division of Justice Studies, 10501 FGCU Boulevard AB3, Fort Myers, FL 33965-6565; Margarita Arruza, MD, Medical Examiner’s Office, 2100 Jefferson Street, Jacksonville, FL 32206; Marta U. Coburn, MD, District 20 Medical Examiner, 3838 Domestic Avenue, Naples, FL 34104; E.H. Scheuerman, MD, 1856 Colonial Drive, Green Cove Springs, FL 32043; Jennifer L. Anderson, BS, BA, 4632 Deleon Street, #129, Fort Myers, FL 33907; Jeffrey J. Brokaw, BA, 2100 Jefferson Street, Jacksonville, FL 32206; Brian Womble, BS, 3838 Domestic Avenue, Naples, FL 34104; Katy L. Shepherd, BS, Florida Gulf Coast University, Division of Justice Studies, 10501 FGCU Boulevard, South, Fort Myers, FL 33965; Laura E. Gibson, BS, 2040 Larchmont Way, Clearwater, FL 33764; and Minas Iliopoulos, BS, 10501 FGCU Boulevard, South, Division of Justice Studies, AB3, Fort Myers, FL 33965 Herrick, Christen E. BS*,and Heather A. Walsh-Haney, PhD, Florida Gulf Coast University, Division of Justice Studies, 10501 FGCU Boulevard S, AB3, Fort Myers, FL 33965-6565; and E. Hunt Scheuerman, MD, 1856 Colonial Drive, Green Cove Springs, FL 32043 Herrmann, Nicholas P. PhD*, Beth Bassett, MA, and Lee M. Jantz, PhD, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Department of Anthropology, Knoxville, TN 37996 Index 145 Morphoscopic Traits: Mixed Ancestry, Hispanics, and Biological Variation Assessing Directionality of Low Velocity Gunshot Wounds to the Vertebrae: A Preliminary Study Geophysical Remote Sensing Applied to the Forensic Search for WWII Graves in Guadalcanal 208 Molar Crenulation as an Attribute of Ancestry in Forensic Cases: Identification and Accuracy 102 Solving Medical Examiner Cold Cases: Modern Resources in the Reanalysis of Human Skeletal Remains 170 What Starts as a Homicide Ends as a Forgotten Cemetery: How Medical Examiners, Law Enforcement, and State Archaeologists Work Together to Protect Archaeological Sites High Velocity Fluvial Transport: A Case Study From Tennessee 228 211 196 480 Hines, David Z.C. BA*, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, PO Box 112545, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 Hinkes, Madeleine J. PhD*, San Diego Mesa College, 7250 Mesa College Drive, San Diego, CA 92111 Hodgins, Gregory W. PhD*, University of Arizona, Department of Physics, 1118 East Fourth Street, Tucson, AZ 85721 Hofmeister, Ute MA*, Morris Tidball-Binz, MD, and Shuala M. Drawdy, MA, International Committee of the Red Cross, 19 Avenue de la Paix, Geneva, 1202, SWITZERLAND Hofmeister, Ute MA*, Porzellangasse 48/12a, Alipasina 45a, Vienna, 1090, Austria; Anahi Ginarte, Lic., EAAF, Rivadavia 2443, dpto 3 y 4, Buenos Aires, C1034ACD, Argentina Holborow, Amy A. BS, MA*, Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, PO Box 3431, Laramie, WY 82071 Holland, Thomas D. PhD*, DoD JPAC, Central ID Lab, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Index 146 Bullet Wipe on Bone: Production and Detection 500 Migrant Deaths Along the California- Mexico Border: An Anthropological Perspective Year-of-Death Determination Based Upon the Measurement of Atomic Bomb-Derived Radiocarbon in Human Soft Tissues An Electronic Data Management Tool for the Search for Missing Persons and Forensic Human Identification: The ICRC AM/PM DB FAD - A Database Application for Forensic Anthropology in Human Rights 495 The Zygomaticomaxillary Suture: A Study of Variability Within Homo sapiens The Scientific Working Group for Forensic Anthropology: An Update 487 147 283 464 9 Holland, Thomas D. PhD*, DoD JPAC, Central ID Lab, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; Angi M. Christensen, PhD*, FBI Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; Bradley J. Adams, PhD, New York Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016; Bruce E. Anderson, PhD, Forensic Science Center, 2825 East District Street, Tucson, AZ 85714; Hugh E. Berryman, PhD, Department Sociology & Anthropology, Middle Tennessee State University, Box 89, Murfreesboro, TN 37132; John E. Byrd, PhD, JPAC/CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853- 5530; Leslie E. Eisenberg, PhD, 6228 Trail Ridge Court, Oregon, WI 53575; Todd W. Fenton, PhD, Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824; Michael Finnegan, PhD, Kansas State University, Osteology Lab, 204 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506; Diane L. France, PhD, Colorado State University, Human Identification Lab, Department of Anthropology, Fort Collins, CO 80523; Lisa M. Leppo, PhD, U.S. Army QM Center & School, Joint Mortuary Affairs Center, 1201 22nd Street, Fort Lee, VA 23801-1601; Lee Meadows Jantz, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996- 0720; Robert W. Mann, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5000; Stephen D. Ousley, PhD, Mercyhurst College, Department of Anthropology/Archaeology, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; William C. Rodriguez III, PhD, Armed Forces Medical Examiner’s Office, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 102, Rockville, MD 20850; Paul S. Sledzik, MS, NTSB, Office ofTransportation Disaster Assistance, 490 L’Enfant Plaza, Southwest Washington, DC 20594; Richard M. Thomas, PhD, FBI Laboratory, DNA Unit II, Room 3220, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; Andrew Tyrrell, PhD, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; Douglas H. Ubelaker, PhD, Department of Anthropology, NMNH - MRC 112, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560; Michael W. Warren, PhD, C.A. Pound Human ID Laboratory, 1376 Mowry Road, Room G17, PO Box 113615, Gainesville, FL 32610; and P. Willey, PhD, Chico State University, Department of Anthropology, Chico, CA 95929-0400 Hollands, Nanette BSc*, Flat 8, 5 Bryanstone Road, Winton, Bournemouth, BH3 7JE, UNITED KINGDOM; and Piotr D. Drukier, MSc*, Bournemouth University, C134 Christchurch House, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, UNITED KINGDOM Hoogewerff, Jurian A. PhD*, University of East Anglia, , Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UNITED KINGDOM Index 147 The Scientific Working Group for Forensic Anthropology 105 An Evaluation of the Skeletal Aging Method Using Adult Male Vertebrae as Developed by Drukier, et al. 258 Introduction to the Use and Limits of Elemental and Isotopic Analysis for the Forensic Provenancing of Unidentified Human Remains 247 Horner, Kristin E. MA*, Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 Horner, Kristin E. MA*, Secchia Center, 15 Michigan Street Northeast, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 Horni, Harald BA*, and Robert R. Paine, PhD, 112436, Texas Tech University Department of Sociology, and Social Work, Box 41012, Lubbock, TX Howard, Sheridan J. BHS*, Centre for Forensic Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; and Jan Meyer, PhD, School of Anatomy & Human Biology, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia Huard, Aimee E. MA*, Binghamton University, Jeremy J. Wilson, MA, and Dawnie W. Steadman, PhD, Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000 Huculak, Meaghan A. BSc*, Saint Mary’s University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3C3, CANADA Huel, Rene BA*, Ana Miloš-Bilic MSc, Sylvain Amory PhD, Stojko Vidović, Tony Donlon, BSc, Adnan Rizvić, BSc, and Thomas Parsons, PhD, Forensic Sciences International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Huffman, Michaela M. BS*, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Anthropology, MRC112, 10th & Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20560-0112; and David R. Hunt, PhD, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Anthropology/MRC112, 10th & Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20560-0112 Hufnagl, Kevin B. MA*, 601 Lindsay Place, Apartment B14, Knoxville, TN 37919 Hughes, Cris E. MA*, and Chelsey Juarez, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of California – Santa Cruz, Social Science 1, 1156 High Street Room 435, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Hughes, Cris E. MA*, and Chelsey Juarez, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of California – Santa Cruz, Social Science 1, 1156 High Street Room 435, Santa Cruz, CA 95064; and Lauren Zephro, MA, Santa Cruz Sheriff’s Office, 701 Ocean Street, Room 340, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 Hughes, Cris E. MA*, University of California at Santa Cruz, 5405 Prospect Road, #7, San Jose, CA 95129; and Crystal A. White*, University of California at Santa Cruz, Crown College, 400 McLaughlin Drive, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Hughes, Cris E. MA*, University of Californiaat Santa Cruz, 5405 Prospect Road, #7, San Jose, CA 95129 Index 148 The eBay® Mummy: A Case of a Scottish Mummy From Maryland for Sale in Michigan The Accuracy of the Lamendin Method of Dental Aging in Teeth With Fillings A Comparative Study of Mammalian Cortical Bone 285 Estimating Time Since Death From Human Skeletal Remains by Radioisotope and Trace Element Analysis 347 Diagnosing Peri-Mortem Blunt Force Trauma in Burnt Remains 166 In Vivo Facial Tissue Depth Measurements of African Nova Scotian Children for 3-D Forensic Facial Reconstruction High Throughput DNA Typing for Degraded Skeletal Remains and Victim Reference Samples in a Large Scale “DNALed” Missing Persons Identification and Re-Association Project: The ICMP Work on the Missing Recovered From Srebrenica Mass Graves Sex Determination in the Human Sacrum: Wing Index and Sacral Curvature 131 Estimating Time Since Injury From Healing Stages Observed in Radiographs Frequencies of Non-Metric Characteristics in Northern California Native Populations: Establishing a Foundation for Comparison 361 Past or Present? An Empirical Basis for Quantitatively Distinguishing Between Prehistoric and Modern Forensic Cases Using a California Native American Population 157 Taphonomy and Dentition: Understanding Postmortem Crack Propagation in Teeth 222 Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs) and Forensic Anthropologist’s New Competition: Understanding the Theories, Methods, and Techniques for Allocating Ancestry in the Field of Forensic Genetics 247 17 590 141 331 157 Hughes, Cris E. PhD*, 2306 East Delaware Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802; Chelsey A. Juarez, PhD, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Social Science 1, Department of Anthropology, Santa Cruz, California 95064; Gillian M. Fowler, MS, Lincoln University, Brayford Pool Lincoln, Lincolnshire, LN6 7TS, UNITED KINGDOM; Taylor Hughes, PhD, University of UrbanaChampaign, 2306 East Delaware Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802; and Shirley C. Chacon, BA, FAFG, Avenida Simeón Cañas 10-64 zona 2, Guatemala, 01002, GUATEMALA Hulsey, Brannon I. MA*, Walter E. Klippel, PhD, and Lee Meadows Jantz, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37966-0720 Humphries, Ashley L. BA*, North Carolina State University, Department of Sociology & Anthropology, 334 1911 Building, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695 Huntington, Sarah M. MSc*, PO Box 961, Kingston, WA 98346; and Tal Simmons, PhD, School of Forensic & Investigative Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, UNITED KINGDOM Hurst, Carolyn V. BA*, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 Hurst, Sherice L. MA*, and Mary H. Manhein, MA, Louisiana State University, Department of Geography & Anthropology, 227 Howe- Russell Geoscience Complex, Baton Rouge, LA Huxley, Angie K. MA, PhD*, PO Box 493812, Redding, CA 96049-3812 Huxley, Angie Kay PhD*, Pima Community College West Campus, Division of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, PO Box 1136, Pomona, CA Ii, Suzanne S. BA*, 4198 East Manning Avenue, Fowler, CA 93625- 9631; David R. Hunt, PhD, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Anthropology, Washington, DC 21201 Ingvoldstad, Megan MA, Ohio State University, Department of Anthropology, 244 Lord Hall, 124 West 17th Avenue Columbus, OH 43210; and Christian Crowder, PhD*, Medical Examiner’s Office, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Introna, Francesco MD*, Antonio De Donno, PhD, Domenico Urso, PhD, and Valeria Santoro, PhD, Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Internal and Public Medicine (DiMIMP) - University of Bari, P.zza Giulio Cesare n.11, Bari, 70124, ITALY Introna, Francesco MD, University of Bari, Italy, Istituto di Medicina legale, Policlinico., Bari, Italy Index 149 A Simulation for Exploring the Effects of the “Trait List” Method’s Subjectivity on Consistency and Accuracy of Ancestry Estimations 36 Metacarpal and Metatarsal Histology of Humans and Black Bears 150 Craniometric Variation in the Caribbean and Latin America as Influenced by the TransAtlantic Slave Trade Taphonomic Processes Involved With the Decomposition of Human Remains Within the Puget Sound 44 Non-Metric Trait Expressions Most Prevalent in Undocumented Border Crossers of Southwest Hispanic Descent From the Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner Aquatic Decomposition Rates in South Central Louisiana 210 A Tale of Two Museums: Available Fetal Collections at the National Museum of Natural History and the Albert Szent- Gyorgi Medical University, Hungary Human Remains Sold to the Highest Bidder! A Snapshot of the Buying and Selling of Human Skeletal Remains on eBay®, an Internet Auction Site Sexual Dimorphism in the Distal Humerus 471 Observer Error Analysis Trends in Forensic Anthropology 190 Use of Facial Indices for Comparative Metric Facial Identification After Parametrical Superimposition 246 Robber’s Personal Identification by Morphometric Analysis of Recorded Images 589 87 597 583 468 J. Chan, Wing Nam MA*, 4720 210th Street, Bayside, NY 11361; Mary H. Manhein, MA, Department of Geography & Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and Ginesse A. Listi, MA, 1723 Lombard Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70810 Jaagumagi*, Alyson E. University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada; Bo Yeon Kim*, Bryn Mawr College, 101 North Merion Avenue, Bryn Mawr, PA 19010-2899; Danielle Stollak, Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA 19041-1392; and Meisha Bray*, Grand Valley State University, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI 49401-9401 Jackson, Daniel W. MA*, and Pamela M. Steger, MS*, Travis County Medical Examiner’s Office, 1213 Sabine Street, PO Box 1748, Austin, TX 78666 Jans, Miranda M.E. PhD*, Institute for Geology and Bioarchaeology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, NETHERLANDS; Andrew J. Tyrrell, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Lab, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 54, Hickam Air Force Base, HI 96853; Odile Loreille, PhD, Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory, 1413 Research Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20850; and Henk Kars, PhD, Institute for Geology and Bioarchaeology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, NETHERLANDS Jantz, Lee Meadows PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Jantz, Richard L. PhD* and Erin H. Kimmerle, MA, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720 Jantz, Richard L. PhD*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720 Jantz, Richard PhD*, and Lee Meadows Jantz, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720 Jasaragic, Edin BA*, Zlatan Bajunovic, Adnan Rizvić, BSc, and Thomas Parsons, PhD, Forensic Sciences International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Jeavons, Emily BS*, Bournemouth University, School of Conservation Science, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, United Kingdom Jemmott, Kathryn M. MA*, CA Pound Human ID Laboratory, University of Florida, Building 114 SW Radio Road, Gainesville, FL 32611; Ann H. Ross, PhD, North Carolina State University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Raleigh, NC 27612; Loreto S. Silva, Comision de la Verdad, Balboa, Panama City, Panama; Lazaro M. Cotes, Comision de la Verdad, Balboa, Panama City, Panama; Carlos Fitzgerald, PhD, Patrimonio Historico, Panama, Panama City, Panama Index 150 In Vivo Facial Tissue Depth Study of Adult Chinese Americans in New York City 254 The Problem-Based Learning Approach to Forensic Anthropology at Butrint National Park, Albania: The International Student Perspective 341 Identifying Sharp Force Trauma on Burned Bones 241 Early Diagenesis of Bone and DNA Preservation 239 Richard Jantz: A Man of Impressive Numbers 327 Variation in Size and Dimorphism in Eastern European Femora 473 Metric Description of Hispanic Skeletons: A Preliminary Analysis 493 Twentieth Century Change in Facial Morphology and Its Relationship to Metric Sexing The ICMP Identification Coordination Center: A Sample Accessioning and Blind DNA Matching System for Missing Persons Identification on a Regional Scale Age Related Changes of the Distal Humerus 119 Preservation in Paradise II: A Pre-Columbian Burial in a Contemporary Cemetery 484 141 315 Jenny, Lindsey L. MA, Paige V. Wojcik, BS*, and Todd W. Fenton, PhD, Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 Jo, Seung Mook MD, PhD, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Department of Anatomy, 1198, Kuwol-dong, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 405760, KOREA; and Yi-Suk Kim, MD, PhD*, Ewha Womans University, Departement of Anatomy, School of Medicine, 911-1, Mok6-dong, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 158710, KOREA Johnson, Amanda MPA*, Sam Houston State University, PO Box 2296, Huntsville, TX 77340; Joan A. Bytheway, PhD*, 23936 Northcrest Trail, New Caney, TX 77357; and Stephen M. Pustilnik, MD, Galveston County Medical Examiner’s Office, 6607 Highway 1764, Texas City, TX 77591 Johnston, Cheryl A. PhD*, Western Carolina University, Department of Anthropology & Sociology, 101 McKee Building, Cullowhee, NC 28723 Johnston, Cheryl A. PhD*, Western Carolina University, Department of Anthropology & Sociology, 101 McKee Building, Cullowhee, NC 28723 Jones, Brannon I. MA*, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Department of Anthropology, Knoxville, TN 37996 Jordan, Alison E. BS*, Forensic Institute for Research and Education, PO Box 89, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132; and Hugh E. Berryman, PhD, Department Sociology & Anthropology, Middle Tennessee State University, Box 89, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 Juarez, Chelsey A. BA*, UC Santa Cruz, Department of Anthropology, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Juarez, Chelsey A. MA*, 240 River Street, #1, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 Juarez, Chelsey A. MA*, Department of Anthropology, UCSC Social Science 1, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Juarez, Chelsey A. MA*, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Juarez, Chelsey MA*, University of California - Santa Cruz, Social Science 1, Department of Anthropology, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064; and Cris E. Hughes, MA, 2306 East Delaware Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802 Kahana, Tzipi PhD*, Israel National Police, 67 Ben Zvi Street, PO Box 8495, Tel Aviv, 61085, Israel; Inmaculada Aleman, PhD, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, 18012, Spain; Miguel C. Botella, MD, PhD, Deptartment of Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, 18012, Spain; and Jehuda Hiss, MD, National Centre of Forensic Medicine, 67 Ben Zvi, PO Box 8495, Tel Aviv, 61085, Israel Index 151 Comparing Human and Porcine Infant Parietal Histomorphology to Facilitate Research on Pediatric Cranial Trauma Evaluation of Bilateral Differences in Histomorphometry From the Anterior Cortex of the Femur of Korean Adults 52 Skeletal Remains in a Fluvial Environment: Microscopic Evidence of Glycoproteinous Adhesive of Balanus Improvisus on the Occlusal Surface of Mandibular Teeth 202 Forensic Osteology Research Station (FOREST): The First Donation 205 Forensic Osteology Research Station (FOREST): A New Facility for Studies of Human Decomposition The Bone Histology of Bear Paws and Human Hands 243 Bionic Remains: Positive Identifications From Surgical Implants 134 Stable Strontium and Geolocation: The Pathway to Identification of Unidentified Mexican Aliens Refining the Isotopic Fingerprint in Modern Mexican Populations: Using Strontium, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen to Determine Region of Origin for Deceased Undocumented Border Crossers Studies in Isotopic Variability: Investigating Human Tooth Enamel 432 Forensic Anthropology and the Current Politics of the US- Mexico Border Defining Intimate Partner Violence: New Case Studies in IPV 401 Dismembered Bodies - Who, How, and When 460 93 295 312 249 6 Kanchan, Tanuj MD*, Kasturba Medical College, Department of Forensic Medicine, Light House Hill Road, Mangalore, 575 001, INDIA Katzmarzyk, Cheryl MA*, Rifat Kešetović, MD, Kerry-Ann Martin, MSc, Edin Jasaragić, René Huel, BA, Jon Sterenberg, MSc, and Adnan Rizvić, BSc, International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA; Mark Skinner, PhD; Simon Fraser University, Department of Archeology, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, CANADA; and Thomas Parsons, PhD, Forensic Sciences International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Katzmarzyk, Cheryl MA, and Kerry-Ann Martin, MSc, Forensic Sciences International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIAHERZEGOVINA; Senem Skulj, MSc*, 17 VKB 19/11, Sanski Most, 79260, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA; and Laura Yazedjian, MSc, Dragana Vučetić, MSc, Adnan Rizvić, MA, and Thomas Parsons, PhD, Forensic Sciences International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Kay, Joanna Yaffa BA*, 222 South 150th Circle, Omaha, NE 68154 Kaye, Michelle MA*, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Department of Anthropology, 310 Eielson Building, PO Box 757720, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7720; Elayne J. Pope, MA, University of Arkansas, Department of Anthropology, 330 Old Main, Fayetteville, AR 72701; Frank Cipriano, PhD, San Francisco State University, Conservation Genetics Laboratory, Hensill Hall 745, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132; and O’Brian C. Smith, MD, UT Medical Group, Inc, Regional Forensic Center, 1060 Madison, Memphis, TN 38104 Kemp, Bobbie J. MS*, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Anthropology, 3302 Wesley W. Posvar Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260; Luis Lorenzo Cabo-Pérez, MS, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; John J. Matia, BS, 901 Jancey Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15206; and Dennis C. Dirkmaat, PhD, Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, Mercyhurst College, Glenwood Hills, Erie, PA 16546 Kemp, Bobbie J. MS, Michael I. Siegel, PhD, Margaret A. Judd, PhD, and Mark P. Mooney, PhD, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Anthropology, 3302 Wesley W. Posvar Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, and Luis L. CaboPérez, MS, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Index 152 Sexual Dimorphism of Index to Ring Finger Ratio in South Indian Children 187 The Lukavac Re-Association Center: A Model for a Multidisciplinary Approach in the Examination of Commingled Remains 139 The Use of Population-Specific Standards in Anthropological Examination and Their Incorporation Into a Multidisciplinary Mortuary Database 140 Fracture Patterns in Fleshed and De-Fleshed Pig Femora Inflicted With Various Ammunition Types An Experimental Test of the Accuracy of Human Forensic Identification Techniques for Analysis of Burn- Damaged Bone and Tissue 241 The Effectiveness of Papain in the Processing of Remains 244 The Effects of Papain and EDTA on Bone in the Processing of Forensic Remains 150 436 Kendell, Ashley E. BS*, 1253 West 5th Street, Apartment 85, Chico, CA 95928; and Ashley Hutchinson, BA, James Brill, BA, Eric J. Bartelink, PhD, Turhon A. Murad, PhD, and P. Willey, PhD, California State University-Chico, 400 West First Street, Department of Anthropology, Butte #311, Chico, CA 95929-0400 Kennedy, Kenneth A.R. PhD*, Cornell University, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 231 Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 Kennedy, Kenneth A.R. PhD*, Cornell University, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 Kennedy, Kenneth A.R. PhD*, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Corson Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Kenyhercz, Michael W. BA*, 6327 Catawba Drive, Canfield, OH 44406; Michael Pietrusewsky, PhD, University of Hawaii, Department of Anthropology, 2424 Maile Way, Saunders 346, Honolulu, HI 96822; Franklin E. Damann, MA, NMHM, AFIP, PO Box 59685, Washington, DC 20012-0685; and Stephen D. Ousley, PhD, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Anthropology, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Kenyhercz, Michael W. MS*, 6327 Catawba Drive, Canfield, OH 44406 Kešetović, Rifat MD*, Laura Yazedjian, MSc, Dragana Vučetić, MSc, Emina Kurtalić, Zlatan Šabanović, Cheryl Katzmarzyk, MA, Adnan Rizvić, BSc, and Thomas Parsons, PhD, Forensic Sciences International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Kiley, Sarah A. BA*, University of Indianapolis, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46227; Amy Z. Mundorff, MA and Thomas Gibson, MD, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Kiley, Sarah A. BA*, University of Indianapolis, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46227; Nicolette M. Parr, MS, University of Florida, PO Box 117305, Gainesville, FL 32611; and Stephen P. Nawrocki, PhD, University of Indianapolis, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46227 Kiley, Sarah A. MS*, University of Indianapolis, Archeology & Forensics Laboratory, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46227 Index 153 Analysis of Thirty-Three Years of Forensic Anthropology Casework at California State University, Chico (1975-2008) 194 Traumatic Modifications of Human Remains of Victims of Mass Disasters and Long-Term Abuse Markers of Mechanical Loading in the Postcranial Skeleton: Their Relevance to Personal Identification of Human Remains Assessment of Muscular-Skeletal Robusticity in Personal Identification of Human Remains 391 Craniometric Variation Within Southeast Asia 121 Sex and Ancestry Estimation Using the Olecranon Fossa The Podrinje Identification Project: A Dedicated Mortuary Facility for the Missing From Srebrenica 28 Diagnosing Degenerative Pathologies in an Unidentified Skeleton 504 Extensive Rat Modification of a Human Skeleton From Central Indiana 393 The Taphonomic Effects of Agricultural Practices on Bone 230 528 553 139 Kim*, Deog-Im Seung-Ho Han, PhD, Dai-Soon Kwak, PhD, and Je- Hoon Lee, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137701, South Korea; YiSuk Kim, MD, Department of Anatomy, Gahon University of Medicine and Science, 1198 Guwol-dong, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 405760, South Korea; Dae-Kyoon Park, PhD, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 366-1, Ssangyongdong, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Seoul, 330946, South Korea; U-Young Lee, MD, Division of Forensic Medicine, National Institute of Scientific Investigation, Sinwol 7dong, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 158707, South Korea; and In-Hyuk Chung, PhD, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 134, Sinchon-dong, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 120752, South Korea Kim*, Deog-Im U-Young Lee, MD, and Je-Hun Lee, Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, 505, Banpo-dong, Socho-gu, Seoul, 137701, South Korea; Dae-Kyoon Park, MD, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 646 Eupnae-ri, Shinchang-myun, Cheonan, 330090, South Korea; and Seung-Ho Han, MD, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpo-dong, Socho-gu, Seoul, 137701, South Korea Kim, Deog-Im PhD*, Department of Anatomy, Kwandong University College of Medicine, 522, Naegok-dong, Gangneug, 201701, KOREA; Yi-Suk Kim, MD, PhD, Ewha Womans University, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, 911-1, Mok6-dong, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 158710, KOREA; Dae-Kyoon Park, MD, PhD, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 366-1 Sangyong-dong, Cheonan-si, Seoul 330946, KOREA; and U-Young Lee, MD, and Seung- Ho Han, MD, PhD, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpodong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA Kim, Deog-Im PhD*, Department of Anatomy, Kwandong University, College of Medicine, 522, Naegok-dong, Gangneug, 201701, KOREA; Dai-Soon Kwak, PhD, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA; and Seung-Ho Han, MD, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA Index 154 Identification of the Rib Number by Metric Study in Korean 293 The Morphometric Study of the Hyoid Bone for Sex Determination of Koreans 450 Sex Determination Using the Calcaneus in Koreans 117 Classification of Frontal Sinus Patterns in Koreans by Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Using Computed Tomography 267 Kim, Yi-Suk MD*, Department of Anatomy, Gahon University of Medicine and Science, 1198, Kuwol-dong, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 405760, South Korea; Dae-Kyoon Park, PhD, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 366-1, Ssangyong-dong, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 330946, South Korea; and Deog-Im Kim, Je-Hoon Lee, and Seung-Ho Han, PhD, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137701, South Korea Kim, Yi-Suk MD, MS*, Department of Anatomy, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Department of Anatomy, Gachon University of Medicine, 1198, Kuwoldong, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 405760, KOREA; Yong-Woo Ahn, DDS, PhD, and Gi-Yeong Huh, MD, PhD, Institute of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 1-10, Ami-dong, Seo-gu, Busan, 602739, KOREA; Dai-Soon Kwak, PhD, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA; Dae-Kyoon Park, MD, PhD, Department. of Anatomy, College of Medicine Soonchunhyang University, 366-1 Ssangyong-dong, Cheonan-si, Seoul, 330946 KOREA; and U-Young Lee, MD, and Seung-Ho Han, MD, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA Kimmerle, Erin H. MA*, Lyle Konigsberg, PhD, and Richard Jantz, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720; Jose Pablo Baraybar, MSc, Office of Missing Persons and Forensics, Department of Justice, United Nations Mission in Kosovo, Pristina Kimmerle, Erin H. PhD*, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, SOC 107, Tampa, FL 33620- 8100; and Jose Pablo Baraybar, MSc, Peruvian Forensic Anthropology Team (EPAF), Toribio Pacheco 216 Lima 18 Peru, Lima, 18, Peru Kimmerle, Erin H. PhD*, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820; and John O. Obafunwa, MD, JD, Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Lagos, NIGERIA Kimmerle, Erin H. PhD*, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820; and Lyle W. Konigsberg, PhD, University of Illinois, Department of Anthropology, 109 Davenport Hall, 607 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 Index 155 Assessment of Histomorphological Features of the Fourth Rib for Age Estimation in Koreans 345 Microscopic Age Estimation From the Anterior Cortex of the Femus in Korean Adults 273 A Bayesian Approach to Calculating Age Using Pubic Symphyseal Data 474 Blasting Injuries in Human Rights Cases and Armed Conflicts 338 Mortality Structure and Age Estimation in Nigerian Populations 129 Assumptions and Bias in Recalibrating Age Standards Across Populations 15 Kimmerle, Erin H. PhD*, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820; Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD, C.A. Pound Human Id Laboratory, C/O Cancer/ Genetics Research, PO Box 103615, Gainesville, FL 32610; and Ann H. Ross, PhD, North Carolina State University, Sociology and Anthropology, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695-8107 Kimmerle, Erin H. PhD*, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820; Matthias I. Okoye, MD, JD, The Nebraska Institute of Forensic Sciences, 5925 Adams Street, Lincoln, NE 68507; John O. Obafunwa, LLB, 5540 South 72nd Street, Lincoln, NE 68516; Thomas L. Bennett, MD, Yellowstone Pathology Institute, 2900 12th Avenue, North, Suite 260W, Billings, MT 59101; and Paul F. Mellen, MD, East Central Indiana Pathologists, PC & PA Labs, LLC2401 West University Avenue, Muncie, IN 47303 Kirkland, Scott A. MA*, North Carolina State University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695; Sarah L. Cunningham, MA, Binghamton University, Department of Anthropology, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902; Jonathan Cammack, MS, North Carolina State University, Department of Entomology, Campus Box 7626, Raleigh, NC 27695; Ann H. Ross, PhD, North Carolina State University, Department of Sociology & Anthropology, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695-8107; and D. Wes Watson, PhD, North Carolina State University, Department of Entomology, Campus Box 7626, Raleigh, NC 27612 Klales, Alexandra R. BA*, Jennifer M. Vollner, BS*, and Stephen D. Ousley, PhD, Mercyhurst College, Department of Anthropology & Applied Forensic Science Program, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Klales, Alexandra R. MS*, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; and Stephen D. Ousley, PhD, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic, Anthropology, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Kles, Maranda A. MA*, C.A. Pound Human ID Labortory, 1376 Mowry Road, Room G17, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610; Bruce A. Goldberger, PhD, Department of Pathology, University of Florida College of Medicine, 4800 Southwest 35th Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608; Michele Merves, PhD, University of Florida, Rocky Point Labs, Toxicology, 4800 Southwest 35th Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608; and Michael W. Warren, PhD, C.A. Pound Human ID Laboratory, 1376 Mowry Road, Room G17, PO Box 113615, Gainesville, FL 32610, and John Krigbaum, PhD, University of Florida, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Department of Anthropology, 1112 Turlington Hall, Gainsville, FL 32611 Klippel, Walter E. PhD*, and Jennifer A. Synstelien, MA, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Index 156 A Population Approach to the Problem of the Missing and Unidentified With Emphasis on the Status of Migrant and Undocumented Workers 288 Skeletal Fracture Patterns in Documented Cases of Torture, Assault, Abuse, and Accidents 210 No Country for Young Pigs: Identifying the Use of Captive Bolt Pistols in Non-Natural Death Occurrences 6 A New Metric Procedure for the Estimation of Sex and Ancestry From the Human Innominate 158 The Utility of Cohen’s Kappa for Testing Observer Error in Discrete Data and Alternatives 66 Preliminary Studies of the Isolation of Drugs From Bone and Bone Marrow: A Broadened Role for the Forensic Anthropologist 85 Rodent Modification of Human Skeletal Remains: Brown Rat (Rattus norvegicus) vs. Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) 410 Klonowski, Alexandra M. MS*, and Tal Simmons, PhD, University of Central Lancashire, Maudland Building, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, United Kingdom Klonowski, Eva E. PhD*, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, Muhamed Mujkic, MS, Federation Commission on Tracing Missing Persons, Sarajevo, and Nermin Sarajlic, PhD, and Piotr Drukier, MS, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Klonowski, Eva E. PhD*, Nermin Sarajlic, MD, Piotr Drukier, MS, and Alexandra M. Klonowski, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina Klonowski, Eva E. PhD*, Nermin Sarajlic, PhD, and Piotr Drukier, MS, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Klonowski, Eva PhD*, Piotr Drukier, MSc, and Nermin Sarajlic, MD, MSc, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipashina 45a, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Klonowski, Eva-Elvira PhD*, Nermin Sarajlic, PhD, MD, and Senem Skulj, BSc, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45A, Sarajevo, 71 000, Bosnia and Herzegovina Kolatorowicz, Adam BS*, Carlos J. Zambrano, BA, and Stephen P. Nawrocki, PhD, Archeology and Forensics Laboratory, University of Indianapolis, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46227 Kolatorowicz, Adam MS*, 4510 Marcy Lane, # 41, Indianapolis, IN 46205 Kolpan, Kate E. BA*, Eric J. Bartelink, PhD, and Georgia L. Fox, PhD, Department of Anthropology, California State University, Chico, 400 West First Street, Chico, CA 959290400 Komar, Debra A. PhD*, Office of the Medical Investigator, MSC11 6030, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 Komar, Debra A. PhD*, Office of the Medical Investigator, MSC11 6030, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 Komar, Debra A. PhD*, Office of the Medical Investigator, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; Tim Petersen, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; Suzzette Sturtevant, BSc, and Britny Moore, BSc, Office of the Medical Investigator, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM Komar, Debra A. PhD*, Office of the Medical Investigator, University of New Mexico, MSC11 6030, Albuquerque, NM Index 157 Long Bone Ratios for the Bosnian Male Population 342 Reassociation of Skeletal Remains Recovered From Graves in Bosnia and Herzegovina 541 The Impact of Age Related Changes in Vertebral Column on Age Determination for Identification Purposes 454 Exhumations in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Unique Challenges in the Recovery From Cavern Sites Exhumation... and What After? ICMP Model in Bosnia and Herzegovina 540 New Method of Skeletal Age Estimation Based on Progressive Morphological Changes in Vertebral Column 302 Performance of FORDISC 2.0 Using Inaccurate Measurements 446 Selection of Variables for Discriminant Analysis of Human Crania for Determining Ancestry Coming Unglued: The Use of Acrylic Resin Adhesives in Forensic Reconstruction 363 A Potential New Morphological Indicator of Biological Affinity in Human Skeletal Remains “The (Almost) Exhumation of Billy the Kid: Why We Aren’t Digging Him up (and Why You Shouldn’t Either)” A Test of the Auricular Surface Ageing Method Using a Modern Sample: The Effect of Observer Experience 447 Reassociating Commingled Remains Separated by Distance and Time: The Tale of Simon And Steven 513 516 275 405 533 Komar, Debra PhD*, and Sarah Lathrop, PhD, University of New Mexico, Office of the Medical Investigator, MSC 11 6030, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131; and Christopher R. Grivas, MS, University of New Mexico, Department of Anthropology, MSC01-1040, Albuquerque, NM 87131 Komar, Debra PhD*, Director, Laboratory of Human Osteology, Maxwell Museum, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM Komar, Debra PhD*, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Van der Heimstraat 64, The Hague, NETHERLANDS Komar, Debra PhD*, United Nations Mission in Timor Leste, UN House, Dili, EAST TIMOR Komar, Debra PhD, Office of the Medical Investigator, MSC11-6030, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001; and Wendy E. Potter, MS*, Department of Anthropology, MSC01-1040, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 Konigsberg, Lyle W. PhD*, and Richard L. Jantz, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Drive, Knoxville, TN Konigsberg, Lyle W. PhD*, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Drive, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720 Kontanis, Elias J. BS, BA*, Cornell University, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 Kontanis, Elias J. BS, BA*, Cornell University, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853; Krista E. Latham, MS, Temple University, Department of Anthropology, 1115 West Berks Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122; Mary K. Ritke, PhD, University of Indianapolis, Department of Biology, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46227 Kontanis, Elias J. BS, BA*, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY Koon, Alma BS*, 731 Pond Branch Road, Lexington, SC 29073; and Katherine E. Weisensee, PhD*, Clemson University, Department of Sociology & Anthropology, 132 Brackett Hall, Clemson, SC 29634 Koot, Michael G. BA*, Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI Kopp, Derinna V. MA*, Jacquel Arismendi, MA, and Shannon A. Novak, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, 270 South 1400 East, Room 102, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 Index 158 The Use of Material Culture to Establish the Ethnic Identity of Victims in Genocide Investigations: A Validation Study From the American Southwest 288 The Validity of Using Unique Biological Features as a Method of Identifying Victims of War Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia 602 Reconciling the Discrepancy in Victim Number Between the S-21 Prison and the Choeung Ek Killing Fields of Cambodia Ten Years On: Problems Relating to Victim Identification in Timor Leste Percentage of Body Recovered and its Effect on Identification Rates and Cause/Manner of Death Determination 185 Of Posteriors, Typicality, and Individuality in Forensic Anthropology 602 Local Standards vs. Informative Priors in Applied Forensic Anthropology 474 Using Real-Time PCR Quantification of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA to Develop Degradation Profiles for Various Tissues Empirical Validation and Application of the Quality-Control Polymerase Chain Reaction (qcPCR) Inhibitor Detection System 483 Nuclear DNA Preservation in Soft and Osseous Tissues 556 Demographic Differences of Homicide Victims Examined by Forensic Anthropologists in Comparison to National Homicide Victim Trends Radiographic Human Identification Using Bones of the Hand: A Validation Study 25 Defining Perimortem: Blunt Force Trauma 503 136 321 502 555 Kosalka, Renée C. MA*, Sharna Daley, MSc, and Jon Sterenberg, MSc, Forensic Sciences International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA; Rick Harrington, PhD, PO Box 40191, Tucson, AZ 85717; Hugh Tuller, MA, JPAC CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI; Cecily Cropper, PhD, Forensic Sciences International Commission on Mission Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA; Mark Skinner, PhD, Simon Fraser University, Department of Archeology, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, CANADA; and Thomas Parsons, PhD, Forensic Sciences International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Kosalka, Renee MA*, Cheryl Katzmarzyk, MA*, Sharna Daley, MSc, Jon Sterenberg, MSc, Rifat Kešetović, MD, Laura Yazedjian, MSc, René Huel, BSc, Edin Jasaragić, Adnan Rizić, BSc, and Thomas Parsons, PhD, Forensic Sciences International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Kranioti, Elena Fotios MD, Mused Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, Madrid, 28006, SPAIN; Anastasia Efstratios Kastanaki, MSc*, State Mental Health Hospital of Chania, Psychooncology Centre, 38, I. Skaltsouni Str., El. Giakoumaki Str., and DaraTso, Chania, Crete, 73100, GREECE; M. Yasar Iscan, PhD, Istanbul Universitesi, Adli Tip Enstitusu, Cerrahpasa Kampusu, PK.10, 34303, Istanbul, 34098, TURKEY; and Manolis N. Michalodimitrakis, MD, JD, University of Crete, Medical School, Dpt Forensic Sciences, Heraklion, Crete 71110, GREECE Kress, Tyler A. PhD*, BEST Engineering, 2312 Craig Cove Road, Knoxville, TN 37919; David J. Porta, PhD, Bellarmine University, Department of Biology, 2001 Newburg Road, Louisville, KY 40205; Anne M. Kroman, MA, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, Knoxville, TN 37996; and Bryce O. Anderson, PhD, BEST Engineering, 2312 Craig Cove, Knoxville, TN 37919 Krishan, Kewal PhD*, Panjab University, Department of Anthropology, Sectoc-14, Chandigarh, 160 014, INDIA; Tanuj Kanchan, MD, Kasturba Medical College, Department of Forensic Medicine, Light House Hill Road, Mangalore, 575 001, INDIA; and Neelam Passi, MSc, Panjab University, Department of Anthropology, Sector14, Chandigarh, HI 160 014, INDIA Index 159 The Work of the ICMP in the Detection, Excavation, Documentation, and Analysis of Clandestine Graves Relating to the 1995 Fall of Srebrenica: A Review of Activities and Challenges Encountered 138 Mapping Forensic Evidence Onto the Stor of Srebrenica: Augmenting the Historical Record Through Analysis of Archaeology, Anthropology, and DNA 142 Sexual Dimorphism of the Humerus in Contemporary Cretans 270 Bone-Breaking Rules: A Report of Six Fracture Mechanism-of-Injury Axioms Developed From Experimental Impact Testing 353 Estimation of Stature From Foot and its Segments in a Sub-Adult Population of North India 18 Kroman, A.M. BA*, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 252 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN; Steven A. Symes, PhD, O’Brian C. Smith, MD, and Jennifer C. Love, PhD, Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, 1060 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN; Harry H. Mincer, DDS, PhD, Division of Oral Pathology, Dunn Dental Building, Memphis, TN; and J.W. Lemmon, BS, Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, 1060 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN Kroman, Anne M. MA*, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Tyler Kress, PhD, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Steven A. Symes, PhD, Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Kroman, Anne M. MA*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Kroman, Anne M. MA*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Tyler A. Kress, PhD, BEST Engineering, 2312 Craig Cove Road, Knoxville, TN 37919; and David J. Porta, PhD, Bellarmine University, Department of Biology, 2001 Newburg Road, Louisville, KY 40205 Kroman, Anne M. PhD*, and Gregory A. Thomspon, DO, Lincoln Memorial University, De-Busk College of Osteopathic Medicine, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN 37752 Kroman, Anne PhD*, Lincolm Memorial UniversityDeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN Kutyla, Alicja K. BS*, Middle Tennessee State University, Department of Biology, Box 60, Murfreesboro, TN 37132; and Hugh E. Berryman, PhD, Middle Tennesee State University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Box 10, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 Kutyla, Alicja K. MS*, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720; and Hugh E. Berryman, PhD, Department Sociology & Anthropology, Middle Tennessee State University, Box 89, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 Kutyla, Alicja K. MS*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Rebecca J. Wilson, MA, 3108 Rennoc Road, Knoxville, TN 37918; and Hugh E. Berryman, PhD, Department Sociology & Anthropology, Middle Tennessee State University, Box 89, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 Index 160 The Hidden Truth: Mandibular Condyle Fractures in Child Abuse 611 Mandible and Cranial Base Fractures in Adults: Experimental Testing 417 Experimental Study of Fracture Propagation in the Human Skull: A Re-Testing of Popular Theories Propeller Impacts: Injury Mechanics and Bone Trauma 512 Cranial Suture Closure as a Reflection of Somatic Dysfunction: Lessons From Osteopathic Medicine Applied to Physical Anthropology Rethinking Bone Trauma: A New Biomechanical Continuum Based Approach 173 Detection of Gunshot Residue (GSR) on Bone: Potential for Bullet Direction and Range Estimation 277 Strontium Particles: Confirmation of Primer Derived Gunshot Residue on Bone in an Experimental Setting 32 Common Household Rope and an Outdoor Hanging: An Investigation Sparked by a Skeletal Case Exhibiting Cervical Vertebra Entrapment 71 307 81 Kutyla, Alicja K. MS*, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; and Hugh E. Berryman, PhD, Department Sociology & Anthropology, Middle Tennessee State University, Box 89, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 L’Abbe, Ericka N PhD*, Marius Loots, BSc, and Natalie Keough, BSc, University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy, PO Box 2034, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa Lagden, Abigail C. BSc*, and Tal Simmons, PhD, Department of Forensic and, Investigative Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, UNITED KINGDOM Lahren, Craig H. MA*, North Dakota Department of Health, Office of the Medical Examiner, PO Box 937, Bismarck, ND 58502; and Thomas E. Bodkin, MA, Hamilton County Medical Examiner’s Office, 3202 Amnicola Highway, Chattanooga, TN 37406 Lang, Joy E. BSc, BA*, and Tosha L. Dupras, PhD, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL Langley, Natalie R. MA* and Richard Jantz, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Langley, Natalie R. MA*, 357 South Curson Avenue, Los Angeles, CA Lanning, Bradley I. MA*, Jolen Anya Minetz, MA, and Jennie J.H. Jin, PhD, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96835 Latham, Krista E. BS*, Carlos J. Zambrano, BA, and Mary Ritke, PhD, Department of Biology, University of Indianapolis, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN Latham, Krista E. BS*, Department of Biology, University of Indianapolis, 1400 East Hanna Ave, Indianapolis, IN Latham, Krista E. MS*, Temple University, Department of Anthropology, 1115 West Berks Street, Gladfelter Hall, 2nd Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19122; and Luis M. CaboPerez, MS, Jeremy J. Beach, MS, and Dennis C Dirkmaat, PhD, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Latham, Krista E. MS*, Temple University, Department of Anthropology, 1115 West Berks Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122; Jennifer L. Harms, BS, Carlos J. Zambrano, BA, Mary K. Ritke, PhD, and Stephen P. Nawrocki, PhD, University of Indianapolis, Department of Biology, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46227 Ledford, Jennifer A. BS*, Barrett Gobelet, BS*, and Hugh E. Berryman, PhD, Department Sociology & Anthropology, Middle Tennessee State University, Box 89, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 Index 161 The Sacral Auricular Surface: A New Approach to Aging the Human Skeleton 173 Matjes River Rockshelter: A Case of Commingled Remains 316 Decomposition Scoring as a Method for Estimating the Postmortem Submersion Interval of Human Remains Recovered From United Kingdom Rivers - A Comparative Study Society of Forensic Anthropologists (SOFA): An Introduction 242 Dissolving Dentition: The Effects of Corrosive and Caustic Agents on Teeth 543 Sex Determination of Infants and Juveniles From the Clavicle 468 Determining Direction of Fire: An Anthropological Analysis of Gunshot Wounds to the Chest Evaluating the Performance of Population Estimation Methods in Commingled Skeletal Assemblages The Effect of Heat Associated With Maceration on DNA Preservation in Skeletal Remains Using Amplification of Bacteriophage Lambda DNA to Detect PCR Inhibitors in Skeletal DNA Sources of Error in Genetic and Osteological Sex Determination: Lessons from Physical Anthropology 586 The Ability to Amplify Skeletal DNA After Heat Exposure Due to Maceration 481 Cervical Vertebrae Entrapment in the Noose as Evidence of Cause of Death by Hanging in Skeletal Cases: Three Remarkable Finds 166 462 22 545 556 310 Lee, U-Young MD*, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpo-dong, Socho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA; In-Heok Chung, MD, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Sinchon-dong, Seodaemoon-gu, Seoul, 120752, KOREA; Dae-Kyoon Park, MD, PhD, Deptartment of Anatomy, Colleege of Medicine, Soonchunhyang Univ, Soonchunhyang University, 366-1 Ssangyong-dong, Cheonan-si, Seoul 330946 KOREA; YiSuk Kim, MD, MS, Department of Anatomy, Gachon University of Medicine, 1198 Kuwol-dong, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 405760, KOREA; Deog-Im Kim, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Kwandong University College of Medicine, 522, Naegok-dong, Gangneug, 201701, KOREA; Je-Hoon Lee, MSc, Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea,, 505 Banpo-dong, Socho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA; and Seung-Ho Han, MD, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpodong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA Lee, U-Young MD*, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpodong, Socho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA; Dae-Kyoon Park, MD, PhD, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, 366-1 Ssangyong-dong, Cheonan-si, Seoul 330946 KOREA; Yi-Suk Kim, MD, PhD, Ewha Womans University, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, 911-1, Mok6-dong, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 158710, KOREA; Sang-Seob Lee, DDS, National Institute of Scientific Investigation, Shinwol-7-dong, Yancheon-gu, Seoul, 158707, KOREA; Yong-Woo Ahn, DDS, PhD, Institute of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 1-10, Ami-dong, Seo-gu, Busan, 602739, KOREA; Nak-Eun Jung, PhD, National Institute of Scientific Investigation, Shinwol-7-dong, Yancheon-gu, Seoul, 158707, KOREA; and Seung-Ho Han, MD, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA Index 162 Sex Determination of Talus in Korean Using Discrimination Function Analysis 269 Forensic Anthropological Consideration of Quantification Techniques of Individuals From Excavated Human Remains in Case of Burial Place at Daehak-Ro, Korea 93 Lee, U-Young MD*, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpodong, Socho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA; In-Hyuk Chung, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Sinchon-dong, Seodaemoon-gu, Seoul, 120752, KOREA; Dae-Kyoon Park, PhD, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 366-1 Sangyong-dong, Cheonan-si, Seoul, 330946, KOREA; Yi-Suk Kim, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Gachon University of Medicine & Science, 1198 Kuwoldong, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 405760, KOREA; Sang-Seob Lee, MSD, National Institute of Scientific Investigation, Shinwol-7-dong, Yancheon-gu, Seoul, 158707, KOREA; Yong-Woo Ahn, PhD, Institute of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 1- 10, Amidong, Seo-gu, Busan, 602739, KOREA; Deog-Im Kim, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Kwandong University College of Medicine, 522, Naegok-dong, Gangneug, 201701, KOREA; and Je-Hoon Lee, MSc, and Seung-Ho Han, PhD, The Catholic University of Korea, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, 505, Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA Leher, Tamara L. BA* and Turhon A. Murad, PhD, California State University, Chico, Department of Anthropology, Chico, CA 95929-400 Leher, Tamara L. BA*, Department of Anthropology, California State University-Chico, P.O. Box 4036, Chico, CA Leigh Moreton*, Reuben Edwin Bournemouth University, 33 Corsair Drive, Dibden, Southampton, Hampshire SO45 5UF, UNITED KINGDOM; and Piotr D. Drukier, MSc*, Bournemouth University, C134 Christchurch House, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, 0 BH12 5BB, UNITED KINGDOM Leney, Mark D. PhD* and Bradley J. Adams, PhD, U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory, HI, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Leney, Mark D. PhD*, Central Identification Laboratory, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Leney, Mark PhD*, U.S. Army CILHI, 310 Worchester Avenue Hickam Air Force Base, Honolulu, HI Listi, Ginesse A. MA*, Louisiana State University, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; H. Beth Bassett, MA, Louisiana State University, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Listi, Ginesse A. MA*, Mary H. Manhein, MA, and Michael Leitner, PhD, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, 227 HoweRussell, Baton Rouge, LA Index 163 Determination of Sex Using Metric Data of Greater Sciatic Notch in Koreans 159 Home is Where the Bones Are: Rat Nesting Behavior as a Tool in Forensic Investigations 481 An Examination of the Petrographic Technique in the Analysis of Cementum Increments for the Determination of Age and Seasonality in Human Teeth A Curve Where No Hand Has Touched Vertebral Ageing Method in Females 533 The Use of Non-Unique Dental Characters and Non-Unique DNA Types to Estimate Probability of Identity Is This Bone Human or What? In Pursuit of Human vs. Non Human Determinations in Small Osseous Fragments Factors That Affect mtDNA Recoverability From Osseous Remains Test of an Alternative Method for Determining Sex in the Hip: Applications for Modern Americans 512 The “Next Utility” in Field Recovery of Scattered Human Remains 563 259 408 600 449 Listi, Ginesse A. PhD*, and Mary H. Manhein, MA, Louisiana State University, Department of Geography & Anthropology, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Listi, Ginesse A. PhD*, Louisiana State University, 1723 Lombard Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70810 Littman, Mallory S. BS*, and Peter J. Colleran, BS, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118; and Tara L. Moore, PhD, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118; and Billie L. Seet, MA, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 720 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118 Lobo, Stany W. MSc*, Department of Anatomy, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, INDIA Loichinger, Jaime L. BA*, and Cynthia A. Wilczak, PhD, University of Maryland, College Park-Dept. of Anthropology, 1111 Woods Hall, College Park, MD 20742 London, Marilyn R. MA, and Dawn M. Mulhern, PhD, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC; Lenore T. Barbian, PhD, and Paul S. Sledzik, MS, National Museum of Health and Medicine, Armed Forced Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC; Dennis C. Dirkmaat, PhD, Mercyhurst College, Erie, PA; Laura Fulginiti, PhD, Medical Examiner’s Office, Phoenix, AZ; Joseph T. Hefner, BS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; and Norman J. Sauer, PhD, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI Loucks, Emily J. BA*, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Department of Anthropology, Knoxville, TN 37996; and Brannon I. Jones, MA, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Department of Anthropology, Knoxville, TN 37996 Love, Jennifer C. PhD*, and Steven A. Symes, PhD, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Regional Forensic Center, Memphis, Memphis, TN; and Chantal Ferraro, PhD, Long Island University, Long Island University, Brookville, NY Love, Jennifer C. PhD*, Jason M. Wiersema, PhD, and Sharon M. Derrick, PhD, Harris County Medical Examiner’s Office, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054; and Heather Backo, MA, Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, 1326 Audubon Street, New Orleans, LA 70118 Love, Jennifer C. PhD*, Regional Forensic Center, 1060 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN Love, Jennifer C. PhD*, Regional Forensic Center, 1060 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104; Gina Hart, MA, Regional Medical Examiner’s Office, 325 Norfolk Street, Newark, NJ 07103; and Brian Spatola, MA, 125 5th Street, NE, Washington, DC 20002 Index 164 The Use of Vertebral Osteoarthritis and Osteophytosis in Age Estimation 13 The Impact of Racial Metric Variation in the Pelvis on the Morphological Assessment of Sex A Study of the Differences Between Fresh Water and Salt Water Decomposition: Establishing Time Since Death or Time Since Submergence 189 Cephalic Index of Gurung Community of Nepal: An Anthropometric Study 155 Population Variation in the Sacrum 362 Roles of the Biological Anthropologist in the Response to the Crash of United Airlines Flight 93 571 The Relationship Between Bone Weight and Age at Death 296 Understanding Rib Fracture Patterns 549 Objective Interpretation of the Striation Pattern Observed in Experimentally Cut Costal Cartilage 83 Evaluation of Odor as a Time-Since-Death Indicator Evaluation of the Sternal Rib End Age Estimation Technique Using a Modern Medical Examiner Sample 599 88 451 Loyd, Kathleen M. MA*, Joint POW-MIA Accounting Command Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Luney Parr, Nicolette Maria BA, MS*, 1305 NE 6th Terrace, Gainesville, FL 32601-3732; Carlos J. Zambrano, MS, 5231 NW 56th Court, Gainesville, FL 32653; and Laurel Freas, MA, 3425 SW 2nd Avenue, #246, Gainesville, FL 32607 Lynn, Kalan S. BSc*, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; and Stephen D. Ousley, PhD, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic, Anthropology, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 MacGregor, Donna M. MSc*, Queensland Police Service, Scientific Section, 200 Roma Street, Brisbane, 4001, AUSTRALIA MacGregor, Donna M. MSc*, Queensland Police Service, Scientific Section, 200 Roma Street, Brisbane, 4001, AUSTRALIA Magnanti, Brooke L. PhD, Newcastle University, Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastleupon-Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE1 4LP, UNITED KINGDOM; and Anna Williams, PhD*, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, Wiltshire SN6 8LA, UNITED KINGDOM Mahfouz, Mohamed PhD, Ahmed M. Badawi, PhD, Brandon C. Merkl, MS, Emam ElHak Ali Abd ElFatah, MS, Emily Pritchard, BS, and Katherine R. Kesler, BS, Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, 301 Perkins Hall, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; and Megan K. Moore, MS*, Richard L. Jantz, PhD, and Lee Meadows Jantz, PhD, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 Mallett, Xanth PhD*, University of Dundee, Centre for Anatomy & Human Identification, Dow Street, Dundee, UK DD1 5EH, SCOTLAND Malone, Christina A. BHS, BA*, Michigan State University, Forensic Anthropology Lab, A-439 East Fee Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 Malone, Christina A. BHS, BA*, Michigan State University, Forensic Anthropology Laboratory, A-439 E. Fee Hall, East Lansing, MI 48823 Manhein, Mary H. MA*, and Ginesse A. Listi, MA, Louisiana State University, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Manhein, Mary H. MA*, and Helen B. Mathews, MA, Louisiana State University, Department of Geography and Anthropology, 227 Howe- Russell Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Manhein, Mary H. MA*, Ginesse Listi, MA, and Michael Leitner, PhD, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, 227 HoweRussell, Baton Rouge, LA Index 165 The Central Identification Unit (CIU) During the Korean War 7 Metric Sex Determination From the Mandible 272 Stature Estimation: Are There Any Advantages to Using Principal Component Analysis? 94 Ground Penetrating Radar: A New Tool in Crime Scene Examination? 153 Unusual Skeletal Variations Observed in an Adult Aboriginal Male: Case Study from Brisbane, Australia Decomposition and Postmortem Interval: A Critical Analysis of British Medico-legal Investigation and Trends in South Yorkshire, 1995-2002 198 Patella Sex Determination by 3D Statistical Shape Models and Nonlinear Classifiers 341 Hand Comparison: The Potential for Accurate Identification/Recognition in Cases of Serious Sexual Assault A Radiographic Assessment of Pediatric Fracture Healing and Time Since Injury 133 Deconstructing or Perpetuating Race: The Status of Race in Forensic Anthropology 274 Fifty Years of Questions: The Re-Evaluation of a Korean War Soldier Buried in the United States Establishing a Central Database for the Missing and Unidentified of Louisiana 457 The Landscape’s Role in Dumped and Scattered Remains 548 233 211 289 Marden, Kerriann MA*, 3800 New Hampshire Avenue, Northwest, Apartment #509, Washington, DC 20011; and Marcella H. Sorg, PhD, University of Maine, Margaret Chase Smith Policy Center, 5784 York Complex, Building #4, Orono, ME 04469 Marden, Kerriann MA*, and John W. Verano, PhD, Tulane University, Department of Anthropology, 1021 Audubon Street, New Orleans, LA 70118 Marden, Kerriann MA*, Dept of Anthropology, Tulane University, 1326 Audubon Street, New Orleans, LA 70118 Marden, Kerriann MA, ABD*, and John W. Verano, PhD, Tulane University, Department of Anthropology, 1021 Audubon Street, New Orleans, LA 70118 Marks, Murray K. PhD*, and Kathryn H. Haden, MD, Department of Pathology, The University of Tennessee Medical Center, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN Marks, Murray K. PhD*, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN Marks, Murray K. PhD*, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Mariateresa A. Tersigni, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; and Darinka Mileusnic, MD, PhD, Knox County Medical Examiner’s Office, 1924 Alcoa Highway, U-71, Knoxville, TN 37920 Marks, Murray K. PhD*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 252 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Diana K. Moyers, MA, Visiting Scientist, CFSRU, FBI Laboratory, FBI Academy, Building 12, Quantico, VA 22135; Peter H. Tu, PhD, GE Global Research, Imaging Technologies, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY 12309; and Philip N. Williams, BS, FBI Laboratory, CFSRU, Building 12, Quantico, VA 22135 Martille, Laurent MD*, Service de Medecine Legale Chu de Montpellier, CHU Lapeyronie, 191 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier, 34295, France; Douglas H. Ubelaker, PhD, Department of Anthropology, NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560-0112; and Fabienne Seguret, MD, and Eric Baccino, MD, Service de Médecine Légale, CHU Lapeyronie, 191 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier, 34295, France Martin, Michael BS*, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Phillips Hall, Room 309, Orlando, FL 32816; and John J. Schultz, PhD, University of Central Florida, Department of Anthropology, PO Box 25000, Orlando, FL 32816 Martrille*, Laurnet and Tarek Mbghirbi, Service de médecine légale, CHU Lapeyronie, 191 av, Montpellier, France; Alain Zerilli, DDS, Faculté d’odontologie, CHU Brest, cedex , France, Brest, France; F. Seguret, Département d’information médicale, CHU Montpellier, France; and Eric Baccino, MD, Service de médecine légale, CHU Lapeyronie, 191 av, Montpellier, France, Index 166 Potential Impact of Regional Ecologies on the Estimation of Postmortem Interval: Case Comparisons From Northern New England 62 Closed Case Files: Sequelae of a Case of Complex Postmortem Mutilation 445 Beating a Dead Pig to Death: An Actualistic Test of Archaeological Assumptions Anatomy of a Cauldron: Sociocultural Contributions to Understanding a Forensic Case Child Abuse Case: Multiple Forensic Issues 245 The University of Tennessee/ FBI Human Remains Recovery School Antemortem vs. Perimortem Infant Rib Fracture: The Histological Evidence 557 Advances in Computer Graphic Facial Recognition Software: Matching Facial Approximations to Antemortem Photographs 255 A Test of Four Macroscopic Methods for Age Estimation of Human Skeletal Remains (Lamendin, Lovejoy Auricular Surface, Iscan, Suchey-Brooks) 451 Detecting Various Burial Scenarios in a Controlled Setting Using Ground- Penetrating Radar 65 A Strategy for Age Determination Combining a Dental Method (Lamendin) and an Anthropological Method (Iscan) 538 423 611 394 Martrille, Laurent MD*, Service de Médecine Légale, CHU Lapeyronie, 191 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier cedex 5, 34295, France; Cristina Cattaneo, MD, PhD, Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università Degli Studi, Via Mangiagali 37, Milano, 30133, Italy; Steven A. Symes, PhD, Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, 119 Zurn Hall, Erie, PA 16546; and Eric Baccino, MD, Service Médecine Légale, CHU Lapeyronie, Montpellier, 34295, France Martrille, Laurent MD*, Service de Medecine Legale, Chu Lapeyronie, 191 Avenue du doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier, 34295, France; Cristina Cattaneo, MD, PhD, Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagali 37, Milano, 20133, Italy; Yves Schuliar, MD, IRCGN, 1 Boulevard Théophile Sueur, Rosny Sous Bois, 93111, France; and Eric Baccino, MD, Service de Medecine Legale, Chu Lapeyronie, 191 Avenue du doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier, 34295, France Massucci, Charles J. MA*, Tampa Police Department, 411 North Franklin Avenue, Tampa, FL 33602; and Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820 May, Shannon E. BA*, and Richard Jantz, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 S Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720 May, Shannon E. MA*, 250 South Stadium Hall, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37966 May, Shannon E. MA*, 250 South Stadium Hall, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37966 McCarthy, Donna M. MA*, and Richard L. Jantz, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720 McCormick, Kyle BA*, Kate E. Kolpan, BA, Karen Smith Gardner, BA, Eric J. Bartelink, PhD, Beth Shook, PhD, and Turhon A. Murad, PhD, California State University, Department of Anthropology, 400 West First Street, Butte #311, Chico, CA 95929-0400 McCullough, John M. PhD*, University of Utah, 270 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0060 McDermott, Christopher M. MA*, U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 McDowell, Jennifer L. BSc, University of Pretoria, Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Sciences Building, PO Box 2034, Pretoria, 0001, SOUTH AFRICA; Ericka N. L’Abbe, PhD*, University of Pretoria, PO Box 5023, Pretoria, 0001, SOUTH AFRICA; and Michael W. Kenyhercz, MS, 6327 Catawba Drive, Canfield, OH 44406 Index 167 Bones in Aid of Forensic Pathology: Trauma Isn’t Only Skin Deep 307 Anthropological Aspect of Mass Disasters 391 Forensic Interviews: Corroborating Evidence and Collecting Data for Anthropological Field Work 39 The Effects of Body Mass Index on Cremation Weight 236 A SEM-EDS Trace Elemental Analysis of Sharp Force Trauma on Bone 68 Bilateral Asymmetry in Historic Versus Modern Skeletal Remains: Activity and Identification Anatomical Stature Estimation: Why Not Fully Accurate? 189 An Assessment of Biological Ancestry in an Unmarked Cemetery From Nevada: An Integrated Approach 216 Race — A New Synthesis for a New Century 490 U.S. Army Identification Laboratories for WWII and Korea and the History of Forensic Anthropology Morphometric Evaluation of Nasal Characteristics in 20th Century White and Black South Africans 518 433 46 McGowan, Regina L. BA*, 3841 Branson Road, Victoria, BC V9C 4A7, CANADA McKeown, Ashley H. PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812; and Daniel J. Wescott, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 McKeown, Ashley H. PhD*, University of Montana, Department of Anthropology, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812; Walter L. Kemp, MD, Department Of Justice, State of Montana, Forensic Science Division, 2679 Palmer, Missoula, MT 59808-6010; and Beatrix Dudzik, MA, and Hillary R. Parsons, MA, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 McKeown, Ashley H. PhD*, University of Montana, Department of Anthropology, Missoula, MT 59812; and Daniel J. Wescott, PhD, Florida International University, Department of Biological Sciences, 11200 Southwest 8th Street, Miami, FL 333199 McManus, Sarah E. BA*, 2019 Stonybrook Road, Louisville, TN 37777 McNulty, Shauna MA*, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Meehan, Audrey L. BGS*, 91-1074 Anaunau Street, Ewa Beach, HI 96706; and Robert W. Mann, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Acct Command, Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5000 Meehan, Audrey L. BGS*, and Robert W. Mann, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command/Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Meehan, Audrey L. BGS*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command/ Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Megyesi, Mary S. BA*, University of Indianapolis, East Lansing, MI Megyesi, Mary S. MS*, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; and Norman Sauer, PhD, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48895 Megyesi, Mary S. PhD*, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; Lindsey L. Jenny, MA, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823; Cate Bird, MA, 2740 Senate Drive, #3E, Lansing, MI 48912; Amy Michael, MA, 528 West Lapeer Street, Lansing, MI 48933; and Angela Soler, MA, and Jane Wankmiller, MA, Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 Index 168 Determination of Low Velocity Bullet Trajectory in Long Bones: An Experimental Investigation Morphological Variation in the Cranial Base: Implications for Sex and Ancestry Estimation 277 Scavenging and Its Relationship to Decomposition in the Northern Rockies 61 Sex and Ancestry Estimation From Landmarks of the Cranial Base 101 Ancestry Estimation Using the Femur: A Pilot Study Pattern and Distribution of Fractures in the William M. Bass and Hamann-Todd Osteological Collections Skull/ Photo Superimposition Validation Study 155 Skull and Photo Superimposition Technique Used to Aid in the Identification Process 363 The Technique of Sampling Skeletal Remains for Mitochondrial DNA Testing 356 The Effects of Temperature on the Decomposition Rate of Human Remains The Effects of Cerebral Palsy on Age Indicators in the Human Skeleton 577 Taphonomy of a Mass Grave in MidMichigan: The Case of the Missing Cattle 2 328 5 181 454 Melbye, Jerry PhD*, and Michelle D. Hamilton, PhD, Texas State University-San Marcos, Department of Anthropology, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666-4616 Michaud, Amy L. BS*, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, National Laboratory Center, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD 20705; Douglas H. Ubelaker, PhD, Department of Anthropology, NMNHMRC112, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, 20560; and Norman J. Sauer, PhD, Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 Miller Wieberg, Danielle A. MA*, 4107 Meredith Road, Knoxville, TN 37921 Miller, Elizabeth A. PhD*, Cal State Los Angeles and Los Angeles County Coroner, Department of Anthropology, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032 Miller, Elizabeth A. PhD*, California State University at Los Angeles, Department of Anthropology, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032; and Stephen D. Ousley, PhD, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic, Anthropology, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Miller, Michelle L. BS, MA*, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN Miller, Robyn A. BA*, University of Tennessee Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN Minetz, Jolen Anya MA*, and Jiro Manabe, MA, JPACCIL, 310 Worchester Avenue Building 45, Hickam AFB, Honolulu, HI 96853 Minetz, Jolen Anya MA*, JPAC/CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; Bradley I. Lanning, MA, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96835; Kylie Puzzuto, West Virginia University, PO Box 6201, Morgantown, WV 26506; and Elizabeth Okrutny, BS, Central Florida University, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32816 Monzavi, Babak Faghih DDS*, No 93351 Sanie Zadeh Lane-Chahar Bagh Bala Avenue, Esfahan 81638-93351, Iran; Arash Ghodoosi, MD, Fayz Square- Forensic Medicine Center of Esfahan Province, Esfahan, Iran; Omid Savabi, DDS, MS, Azadi Square- Hezar Jerib Avenue, Esfahan University of Medical Science, School of Dentistry, Esfahan, Iran; Asghar Karimi, DDS, Fayz Square - Forensic Medicine Center of Esfahan Province, Esfahan, Iran; Akbar Hasanzadeh, MS, Azadi SquareHezar Jerib Avenue, Esfahan University of Medical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Esfahan, Iran Index 169 Creating an Open-Air Forensic Anthropology Human Decomposition Research Facility 149 Bones of Contention - The Investigation of a Cadaver Dog Handler 359 Establishing the Perimortem Interval: Correlation Between Bone Moisture Content and Blunt Force Trauma Characters The Boy in the Chimney: A Case Study in Human Decomposition 352 The Use (and Abuse) of the Sacrum in Sex Determination 100 Utilizing Ground Penetrating Radar and Three-Dimensional Imagery to Enhance Search Strategies of Buried Human Remains The Role of Clothing in Estimating Time Since Death Group Classification Using Traditional Craniometrics, Angle Measurements, Geometric Morphometric Techniques, and the Potential Applications of These Methods to Fragmentary Crania Osteometric Analysis of the Vertebral Column 568 Model of Age Estimation Based on Dental Factors of Unknown Cadavers Among Iranians 476 340 598 27 47 Mooder, Karen P. PhD*, and Mary-Claire King, PhD, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Box 357720, Seattle, WA 98195-7720 Moore, Chester E. II, PhD*, U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam Air Force Base, Honolulu, HI Moore, Megan K. MS*, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720 Moore, Megan K. MS*, University of Tennessee, 301 Perkins Hall, Department of Mech, Aero, & Biomed Engineering, Knoxville, TN; and Dixie L. Thompson, PhD, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Department of Exercise, Sports and Leisure Studies, 340 Health, Physical Education, and Recreation Building, Knoxville, TN 37996 Moore-Jansen, Peer H. PhD* and Amber Harrison, BA*, Department of Anthropology, Wichita State University, 114 Neff Hall, Wichita, KS 67260-0052 Moore-Jansen, Peer H. PhD, Department of Anthropology, Wichita State University, 114 Neff Hall, Wichita, KS 67260-0052; Elayne J. Pope, PhD, University of West Florida, Anthropology Department, 11000 University Parkway, Building 13, Pensacola, FL 72701; and Laura B. Bennett, BS*, 1013 Wisteria Drive, Derby, KS 67037 Morcillo, Maria D. MD*, and Isla Y. Campos Varela, National Institute of Legal Medicine, Calle 7 A Number 1261, Piso 3, Bogota, COLOMBIA Morris, Zoe Hensley HBSc, MA*, University Of Western Ontario, Department Of Anthropology, Social Sciences Centre, London, Ontario N6A 5C2, CANADA; Mary H. Manhein, MA, Department Of Geography & Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and Ginesse A. Listi, MA, 1723 Lombard Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70810 Moss, Kathryn E. BS*, 4800 Calhoun Street, Houston, TX 77004; and Angela D. Rippley, BS, and Joan A. Bytheway, PhD, Sam Houston State University, Box 2296, Huntsville, TX 77341-2296 Moyers, Diana K. MA*, and Philip N. Williams, BS, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit, Building 12, Quantico, VA 22135 Mundorff, Amy Z MA*, Simon Fraser University, Department of Archaeology, 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; and Eric J Bartelink, PhD, California State University, Chico, Department of Anthropology, Butte Hall 311, Chico, CA 95929 Mundorff, Amy Z. MA*, Robert Shaler, PhD, Erik T. Bieschke, MS, and Elaine Mar, MS, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Mundorff, Amy Z. MA*, Simon Fraser University, 6111485 West 6th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V6H4G1, Canada Index 170 Applications of DNA Identification to Human Rights: Additional Informative Sites in the mtDNA Genome The Importance of Recovered Life-Support Equipment In the Resolution of MIA Cases 408 Skeletal Markers of Obesity in the Lower Leg 456 Estimating Body Mass From Bone Mineral Density of Human Skeletal Remains 252 A Quantitative Study of Morphological Variation in the OS Coxa for the Purpose of Estimating Sex of Human Skeletal Remains Human Cremains From a Controlled Car Fire 524 Identification vs. Cause of Death in Mass Graves Where Individuals are Commingled in Colombia Quantitative and Spatial Comparison of the Microscopic Bone Structures Of Deer (Odocoileus virginianus), Dog (Canis familiaris), and Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) 53 The Effects of Avian and Terrestrial Scavenger Activity on Human Remains in the Piney Woods of Southeast Texas 57 Accuracy Testing of Computerized Facial Approximations by Comparison With Antemortem Photographs 224 DNA Preservation of Skeletal Elements From the World Trade Center Disaster: Some Recommendations for Mass Disaster Management 357 Marrying of Anthropology and DNA: Essential for Solving Complex Commingling Problems in Cases of Extreme Fragment Anthropologist Directed Triage Teams From Three Distinct Mass Fatality Events Involving Human Fragmentation 443 605 214 222 389 Mundorff, Amy Zelson MA*, and Corinne Ambrosi, MD, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY; and Jason Wiersema, MA, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, 1602 Rock Cliff Road, Austin, TX Mundorff, Amy Zelson MA*, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, New York City, New York, NY Murad, Turhon A. PhD*, Anthropology Department, California State University, Chico, CA 95929-0400 Murad, Turhon A. PhD*, California State University Chico, Department of Anthropology, 400 West First Street Chico, Chico, CA 95929-0400 Murray, Elizabeth A. PhD*, College of Mount St. Joseph, 5701 Delhi Road, Cincinnati, OH 45233-1670; and Bruce E. Anderson, PhD*, Forensic Science Center, 2825 East District Street, Tucson, AZ 85714 Murray, Elizabeth A. PhD*, Hamilton County Coroner’s Office, College of Mount St. Joseph, 5701 Delhi Road, Cincinnati, OH Musse, Jamilly O. PhD*, Jeidson A.M. Marques, PhD, Faculty of Dentistry, Feira de Santana State University (UEFS), Fanco Manoel da Silva, 437, Cidade Nova, Feira de Santana - Bahia, 44053-060, BRAZIL; and Rogério N. Oliveira, PhD, University of São Paulo, Lineu Prestes, 5081, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-000, BRAZIL Myster, Susan M.T. PhD*, Department of Anthropology, Hamline University, St. Paul, MN Myster, Susan M.T. PhD*, Hamline University, Department of Anthropology, Saint Paul, MN; Susan J. Roe, MD, Ramsey County Medical Examiner’s Office, 300 East University Avenue, Saint Paul, MN; Barbara H. O’Connell, PhD, Department of Anthropology, Hamline University, Saint Paul, MN; Janice J. Ophoven, MD, The Children’s Hospital, 345 North Smith Avenue, Saint Paul, MN; and Ann L. Norrlander, DDS, 1553 Medical Arts Building, 825 Nicollet Mall, Minneapolis, MN Myster, Susan M.T. PhD*, Hamline University, MB 196, 1536 Hewitt Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55104; Erin Kimmerle, PhD, University of South Florida, Soc 110, 4202 East Fowler, Tampa, FL 33620; and Ann H. Ross, PhD, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695-8107 Myster, Susan M.T. PhD, Hamline University, MB 196, 1536 Hewitt Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55104; Sarah E. Nathan, BA*, Department of Forensic Sciences, Nebraska Wesleyan University, Lincoln, NE 68503 Index 171 Hyperextension Trauma of Upper Cervical Vertebrae 575 The Role of Anthropology During the Identification of Victims From the World Trade Center Disaster The Difference Between “Pala” and “Palo” is the Instrument of Death The Prosecution of a 28-Year-Old Case of Shaken Baby Syndrome 569 Forensic Anthropology in the Courtroom: Trends in Testimony 294 Race and Ethnicity in Subadult Crania: When Does Differentiation Occur? 532 Contribution of the Maxillary Sinus Analysis for Human Identification 21 Presenting Forensic Anthropology Training Seminars and Workshops to Forensic Science, Medico-Legal, and Law Enforcement Professionals: Consequences for Death Investigations Involving Decomposed, Skeletal, and Burned Human Remains A Multidisciplinary Approach to Evaluate Chronic Malnutrition During Childhood in a Case of Suspected Fatal Child Abuse 557 Craniometrics as Jantz Taught Us: Multiple Lines of Evidence to Deduce the Affiliation of Painted “Aztec” Skulls 329 An Evaluation of the Greulich and Pyle Skeletal Aging Standards for the Hand and Wrist in a Contemporary Multiethnic Population 523 382 34 610 Nashelsky, Marcus B. MD*, Department of Pathology 5244 RCP, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242; Todd W. Fenton, PhD, Michigan State University, 354 Baker Hall, Department of Anthropology, East Lansing, MI 48824; Nicholas V. Passalacqua, MS, 3518 Hagadorn Road, Okemos, MI 48864; Carolyn V. Hurst, BA, 3303 Wharton Street, East Lansing, MI 48823; and Timothy G. Baumer, BS, and Roger C. Haut, PhD, Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratories, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 Nawrocki, Stephen P. PhD*, and Anthony J. Koehl, BS*, University of Indianapolis, Archeology & Forensics Laboratory, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46227 Nawrocki, Stephen P. PhD*, Matthew A. Williamson, PhD, Christopher W. Schmidt, PhD, Heather A. Thew, MS, and Gregory A. Reinhardt, PhD, University of Indianapolis Archeology and Forensics Laboratory, 1400 East, Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN Nugent, Teresa G. BA*, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, ELA 232, San Marcos, TX 78666 Nusse, Gloria L. BFA*, Clay and Bones, 129 Stanford Avenue, Mill Valley, CA 94941; and Alison Galloway, PhD*, University of California, Santa Cruz, Anthropolgy Department, Social Science One FS, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 O’Brien, R. Christopher BA, MFS*, University of Western Australia, Centre for Forensic Science, 35 Stirling Highway, Mail Bag M420, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Shari L. Forbes, PhD, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science, 2000 Simcoe Street, North, Oshawa, ON L1H 7K4, Canada; Jan Meyer, PhD, University of Western Australia, School of Anatomy and Human Biology, 35 Stirling Highway, Mail Bag M360, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; and Ian Dadour, University of Western Australia, Centre for Forensic Science, 35 Stirling Highway, Mail Bag M420, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia O’Callaghan, Jennifer MFS*, and Jacqueline RaskinBurns, MS, Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 101, Rockville, MD 20850; Alexander F. Christensen, PhD, Central Identification Laboratory, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; Audrey Meehan, BGS, and Mark Leney, PhD, Central Identification Laboratory, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam Air Force Base, HI 96853; and Suzanne M. Barritt, MS, and Brion C. Smith, DDS, Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 101, Rockville, MD 20850 Index 172 Cranial Fracture Patterns in Pediatric “Crushing” Injuries and Preliminary Biomechanical Modeling Using a Simple Finite Element Model 164 Recovery of Human Remains From Vehicles Submerged in Fresh Water 200 Excavation and Analysis of Four Homicide Victims From Shallow Graves in Bartholomew County, IN 580 Burned Beyond Recognition: Can the Biological Profile Be Estimated From Unprocessed Human Cremated Remains? Artists Contribution to Facial Reconstruction 75 Seasonal Variation of Scavenging and Associated Faunal Activity on Pig Carcasses in South Western Australia 384 Resolving Extremely Commingled Skeletal Remains From the Korean War Through Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Testing 407 377 O’Connell, Linda BM, MSc*, Joy Steven, MSc*, and Margaret Cox, PhD*, School of Conservation Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole, Dorset, United Kingdom O’Connell, Linda BM, MSc*, School of Conservation Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole, Dorset, United Kingdom Olmer, Merissa BA*, Department of Anthropology, University of Maryland, 1111 Woods Hall, College Park, MD 20742; Sophia Mavroudas, BA*, Department of Anthropology, New York University, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY; Franklin E. Damann, MA, National Museum of Heath and Medicine, AFIP, PO Box 59685, Washington, DC 20012-0685; and Christian Crowder, PhD, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Olson, Gregory O. MSc*, Office of the Fire Marshal, 2284 Nursery Road, Midhurst, Ontario L0L 1X0, CANADA Osborn, Michelle L. BA*, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Howe-Russel Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; Mary H. Manhein, MA, Department of Geography and Anthropology, FACES Lab, Louisiana State University, E105 Howe- Russell Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and Michael Leitner, PhD, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Loiusiana State University, E111 Howe-Russell Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Ousley, Stephen D. MA, PhD*, Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology, PO Box 7012, NMNH MRC 138, Washington, DC 20013- 7012; and Joseph T. Hefner, MA, Department of Anthropology, CA Pound Human Identification Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32605 Ousley, Stephen D. PhD*, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Anthropology, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; and Ericka N. L’Abbe, PhD*, PO Box 5023, Pretoria, 0001, SOUTH AFRICA Ousley, Stephen D. PhD*, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Anthropology, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; Kyra E. Stull, MS*, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; and Kathryn L. Frazee, MS*, 351 West 22nd Street, Floor 2, Erie, PA 16502 Ousley, Stephen D. PhD*, Smithsonian Institution, NMNH MRC 138, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012; and Lisa M. Martinez, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138 Index 173 Sex, Size, and Genetic Mistakes: Identifying Disorders of Sexual Differentiation in Human Skeletal Remains An Evaluation of the Relationship Between Human Pelvic Size and Shape and the Distribution, Type, and Severity of Vertebral Degenerative Disease in Archaeological Material Improving Histomorphometric Age Estimation: An Application of Osteon Population Density on Kerley’s Original Sample Data 534 The Recovery of Human Remains From a Fatal Fire Setting Using Archeological Methodology Test of a Method Regarding Sex Indication of the Human Hyoid Body 212 Morphoscopic Traits and the Statistical Determination of Ancestry 419 Craniometric Variation in South African and American Blacks 103 A Radiographic Database for Forensic Anthropology 115 Morphological, Metric, and Morphometric Variation in the Midface 367 553 95 319 Ousley, Stephen D. PhD*, Smithsonian Institution, NMNH, MRC 138, Washington, DC 20013; and Richard L. Jantz, MA, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 252 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720 Ousley, Stephen D. PhD*, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, NMNH MRC 138, Washington, DC 20013-7012; and John E. Byrd, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Ousley, Stephen D. PhD*, Smithsonian Institution, Repatriation Office, Department of Anthropology, Washington, DC; Jessica L. Seebauer, BS, Department of Biology, State University of New York-Geneseo, Geneseo, NY; and Erica B. Jones, MA, Smithsonian Institution, Repatriation Office, Department of Anthropology, Washington, DC Owings, Charity G. BS*, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77845; Nicole C. Larison, BS*, Sam Houston State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Box 2116, Huntsville, TX 77341; and Joan A. Bytheway, PhD, Sam Houston State University, Box 2296, Huntsville, TX 773412296 Paine, Robert R. PhD*, Physical Anthropology Department of Sociology, MS1012, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX; Alfredo Coppa, PhD, Universita La Sapienza di Roma, Roma, and Mancinelli Domenico, PhD, Universita de L’Aquila, Italy, Roma Paolello, Josephine M. MS*, and Luis L. Cabo-Pérez, MS, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Park, Dae-Kyoon MD, PhD*, and Jeong-Sik Ko, PhD, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 366-1, Ssangyong-dong, Chungcheongnam-do, Cheonan-si, 330946, Korea; and Deog-Im Kim, MA, U-Young Lee, MD, and Seung-Ho Han, MD, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Sochogu, Seoul, 137701, Korea Park, Dae-Kyoon MD, PhD*, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine Soonchunhyang University, 366-1 Ssangyong-dong, Cheonan-si, Seoul, 330946 KOREA; Deog-Im Kim, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Kwandong University College of Medicine, 522, Naegok-dong, Gangneug, 201701, KOREA; U-Young Lee, MD, and Seung-Ho Han, MD, PhD, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpo-dong, Socho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA Index 174 The Next FORDISC: FORDISC 3 422 New Statistical Approaches to Sex Estimation: Multi-Stage Discriminant Function Analysis 331 Forensic Anthropology, Repatriation, and the “Mongoloid” Problem 537 Taphonomic Changes Observed on Skeletal Remains in Southeast Texas 48 Forensic Application for Evaluating Cranial Trauma Cases From the Iron-Age Site of Alfedena, Italy 584 Elliptic Fourier Analysis of Vertebral Outlines for Victim Identification 283 Morphometrics Using Radiographic Study of Thyroid Cartilage for Age-Estimation in Korean Males 378 Morphometrics of the Korean Thyroid Cartilage for Determination of Sex 269 Park, Dae-Kyoon MD, PhD*, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 366-1, Ssangyong-dong, Chungcheongnam-do, Cheonan-si, 330946, Korea; Yi-Suk Kim, MD, and Nak-Eun Chung, MD, PhD, Division of Forensic Medicine National Institute of Scientific Investigation, 331-1 Sinwol 7 -dong, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 158707 Korea; and Seung-Ho Han, MD, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Socho-gu, Seoul 137701 Korea Park, Dae-Kyoon MD, PhD*, Soonchunhyang University, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, 366-1, Ssangyong-dong, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Choenan-si, Seoul 330946 Korea, Republic of Korea; UYoung Lee, MD, National Institute of Scientific Investigation, Division of Forensic Medicine, 331-1 Sinwol 7-dong, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, Seoul 158707 Korea, Republic of Korea; Yi-Suk Kim, MD, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Department of Anatomy, 1198 Guwol-dong, Namdong-gu, Incheon-si, Seoul 405760 Korea, Republic of Korea; Deog-Im Kim, BA, and SeungHo Han, MD, PhD, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, 505, Banpodong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Seoul 137701 Korea, Republic of Korea; and In-Hyuk Chung, MD, PhD, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, 134, Sinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Seoul 120749 Korea, Republic of Korea Park, Dae-Kyoon PhD*, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Department of Anatomy; U-Young Lee, MD, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpo-dong, Socho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA; YiSuk Kim, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Gachon University of Medicine & Science, 1198 Kuwol-dong, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 405760, KOREA; Deog-Im Kim, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Kwandong University College of Medicine, 522, Naegok-dong, Gangneug, 201701, KOREA; Seung-Ho Han, PhD, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpodong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137701, KOREA; and In-Hyuk Chung, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Sinchon-dong, Seodaemoon-gu, Seoul, 120752, KOREA Parks, Bruce O. MD*, Eric Peters, MD, Cynthia Porterfield, DO, David Winston, MD, and Diane Karluk, MD, Pima County Forensic Science Center, 2825 East District Street, Tucson, AZ 85714; Sam Keim, MD, University of Arizona Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ; Michael Kent, MD, Emergency Department, Northwest Hospital, Tucson, AZ Index 175 Results of Forensic Anthropological Examination in Daegu Subway Disaster (2003, Korea) 362 Sex Determination of Koreans Through Cervical Vertebrae 301 Sex-Determination of Koreans Using Metric Analysis of Vertebrae 160 Deaths of Undocumented Immigrants in Southern Arizona 493 Parks, Connie L. BA*, 8802 Featherhill Road, Austin, TX 78737; Elizabeth T. Brandt, BA, 232 Evans Liberal Arts, Anthropology Department 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666; Michelle D. Hamilton, PhD, Texas State University-San Marcos, Department of Anthropology, 601 University Drive, Austin, TX 78666; Jennifer Pechal, MS, TAMU 2475, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843- 2475; and Jeffery K. Tomberlin, PhD, Department of Entomology, TAMU 2475, College Station, TX 77843-2475 Parr, Nicolette M. MS*, 1305 Northeast 6th Terrace, Gainesville, Florida ; Katherine Skorpinski, MA, 1626 Southwest 14th Street, Aartment 16, Gainesville, FL 32608; Traci L. Van Deest, MA, 121 Southeast 16th Avenue, Apartment J201, Gainesville, FL 32601; and Laurel Freas, MA, 3425 Southwest 2nd Avenue, #246, Gainesville, FL 32607 Parr, Nicolette M. MS*, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 Parr, Nicolette M. MS*, University of Florida, CA Pound Human Identification Laboratory, 1305 NE 6th Terrace, Gainesville, FL 32601; and Joseph T. Hefner, PhD, Statistical Research, Inc., 6099 East Speedway Boulevard, Tucson, AZ 85712 Parsons, Thomas PhD*, Adnan Rizvić, BSc, Andreas Kleise, LLM; Adam Boys, MA, and Asta Zinbo, MA; Forensic Sciences International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIAHERZEGOVINA; Mark Skinner, PhD, Simon Fraser University, Department of Archeology, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, CANADA; and Kathryne Bomberger, MA, Forensic Sciences International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Parsons, Thomas PhD*, Andreas Kleiser LLM, Adnan Rizvić BSc, and Kathryne Bomberger MA, Forensic Sciences International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIAHERZEGOVINA Passalacqua, Nicholas V. BA*, Mercyhurst College, Department Applied Forensic Sciences, Zurn 119A, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Passalacqua, Nicholas V. MS*, 1559 Mount Vernon, East Lansing, MI 48823; Jennifer M. Vollner, MS, 328 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824; Dominique Semeraro, MS, Office of State Medical Examiners, 48 Orms Street, Providence, RI 02904; and Christopher W. Rainwater, MS, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Index 176 A Study of the Human Decomposition Sequence in Central Texas 204 Case Studies and Patterns of Postmortem Dismemberment 68 An Assessment of Non-Metric Traits of the Mandible Used in the Determination of Ancestry A Statistical Assessment of Cranial and Mandibular Morphoscopic Traits Used in the Determination of Ancestry 368 The International Commission on Missing Persons and an Integrated, Multidisciplinary Forensic Approach to Identification of the Missing From the 1995 Srebrenica, Bosnia Mass Execution Event 137 Lessons and Challenges From Srebrenica: A Summary and Future Perspectives 144 Forensic Age-at-Death Estimation From the European American Male Sacrum: A New Component System A Pilot Study in the Forensic Potential of the Health Index 304 207 25 Passalacqua, Nicholas V. MS*, 3518 Hagadorn Road, Okemos, MI 48864-4200; Todd W. Fenton, PhD, Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824; Brian J. Powell, BS, and Timothy G. Baumer, BS, Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratories, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; William N. Newberry, MS, Exponent Failure Analysis Associates, Inc., Farmington Hills, MI 48331; and Roger C. Haut, PhD, A407 East Fee Hall, Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 Passalacqua, Nicholas Vere MS*, 3518 Hagadorn Road, Okemos, MI 48864 Pastor, Robert F. PhD*, The Calvin Wells Laboratory, and Jacinta N. Daines, BSc, Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, Bradford, United Kingdom Pastor, Robert F. PhD*, University of Bradford, Biological Anthropology Research Centre, Department of Archaeological Sciences, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, United Kingdom; and Angela J. Reynard, MSc*, Bureau of Forensic Science, Ltd, Temple Chambers, 3-7 Temple Avenue, London, EC4Y OHP, United Kingdom Pastor, Robert F. PhD*, University of Bradford, Department of Archaeological Sciences, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, United Kingdom Patiño*, Andres nd Edixon Quinones Reyes, c/o ALAF and EAAF, 10 Jay Street #502, Brooklyn, NY 11201 Patton, Susan B. MNSc*, Steven A. Symes, PhD, O’Brian C. Smith, MD, T.A. Campbell, MD, and Cynthia D. Gardner, MD, Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, 1060 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN Peccerelli, Fredy c/o ALAF and EAAF, 10 Jay Street, #502, Brooklyn, NY 11201; José Samuel Suasnavar Bolaños, Lourdes Penados, and Mario Vasquez, c/o ALAF and EAAF, 10 Jay St #502, Brooklyn, NY 11201 Penados, Lourdes A. MS*, CAFCA, 2a. calle 6-77 zona 1, Guatemala, 01001, Guatemala; and Tal L. Simmons, PhD, University of Central Lancashire, Department of Forensic and Investigative Sciences, Maudland Building 114, Preston, Lancashire PR12HE, United Kingdom Perry, Paula A. BA*, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BF, United Kingdom Pharr, Lauren R. MA*, and Mary H. Manhein, MA, Louisiana State University, Department of Geography & Anthropology, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and Wayne L. Kramer, PhD, Louisiana State University, Department of Entomology, 404 Life Science Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Index 177 A Forensic Pathology Tool to Predict Pediatric Skull Fracture Patterns – Part 2: Fracture Quantification and Further Investigations on Infant Cranial Bone Fracture Properties 82 The Utility of the Samworth and Gowland Age-at-Death “Look-Up” Tables in Forensic Anthropology The Analysis of Ancestry From Skeletal Remains and the Treatment of the Race Concept by British Forensic Scientists 271 Evaluation of the Relationship Between Fifth Metatarsal Length and Foot Length/ Shoe Size: A Possible Aid in Human Identification 394 Sexual Dimorphism in Vertebral Dimensions at the T12/L1 Junction 430 Forensic Anthropology in Colombia 509 Diagnostic Imaging of Child Abuse: A Comparison of Radiographic Views to Detect Rib Fracture 608 Forensic Anthropology in Guatemala 508 Forensic Anthropology Investigation of Human Rights Violations in the Ixil and Ixcan areas of Guatemala 347 Human Decomposition in the Detroit River 413 Anaerobic and Aerobic Decomposition in 55gallon Oil Drums: A Two-Year Study on the Deliberate Concealment of Remains 61 592 Pinheiro*, João Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal, Instit Nacional Medicina Legal, Delegação do Centro, Largo da Sé Nova, Coimbra, 0 3000, PORTUGAL; Andersen Lyrio da Silva, and Eugenia Cunha, PhD, Departamento De Antropologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-056, PORTUGAL; and Steven A. Symes, PhD, Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th, Erie, PA 16546-0001 Pinheiro, Joao MD, MS*, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal, Largo da Sé Nova, Coimbra, 3000-213, Portugal; Eugénia Cunha, PhD, Departamento De Antropologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-056, Portugal; Cristina Cattaneo, PhD, Università degli Studi di Milano, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 3330, Italy; and Francisco Corte Real, PhD, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal, Largo da Sé Nova, Coimbra, 3000-213, Portugal Pinheiro, João MD, MSc*, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal, Instit Nacional Medicina Legal, Delegação do Centro, Largo da Sé Nova, Coimbra, 3000, PORTUGAL; Eugenia Cunha, PhD, Departamento De Antropologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-056, PORTUGAL; Hugo Pissarra, DVM, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Univsersidade Técnica da Lisboa, Av. da Univsersidade Técnica da Lisboa, Lisbon, AL, PORTUGAL; and Francisco Corte Real, PhD, Insituto Nacional de Medicina Legal, Largo da Sé Nova, 3000, Coimbra, AL, PORTUGAL Pokines, James T. PhD*, Greg E. Berg, MA, Bradley J. Adams, MA, Ann W. Bunch, PhD, John E. Byrd, PhD, and Thomas D. Holland, PhD, U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam Air Force Base, Honolulu, HI Pokines, James T. PhD*, Kelly L. Burke, MSc, and Josephine M. Paolello, MS, JPAC/CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Pope, Elayne J. MA*, University of Arkansas, 330 Old Main, Anthropology Department, Fayetteville, AR 72701 Pope, Elayne J. MA*, University of Arkansas, 330 Old Main, Fayetteville, AR 72701 Pope, Elayne J. MA*, University of Arkansas, 330 Old Main, Fayetteville, AR 72701; Alan G. Robinson, MSc, Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, Guatemala City, Guatemala City, 01002, Central America; Kate Spradley, MA, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; and O’Brian C. Smith, MD, Regional Forensic Center, 1060 Madison, Memphis, TN 38104 Pope, Elayne J. MA*, University of Arkansas, 330 Old Main, Fayetteville, AR 72701; O’Brian C. Smith, MD, 381 Cherry Hollow, Cordova, TN 38018; and Kate M. Spradley, MA, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996 Index 178 Cranial Bone Trauma: Misleading Injuries 279 Forensic Anthropologist and Forensic Pathologist: Why Work Together? Some Illustrative Cases of Homicide 429 Eaten or Attacked By His Own Dogs? From the Crime Scene to a Multidisciplinary Approach 169 How Not to Stage a Burial: Lessons From North Korea 600 Patterns of Trauma on the Skeletal Remains of U.S. Soldiers in the Battle of East Chosin, North Korea Burned Human Remains: Myths in Forensic Science Utilizing Taphonomy and Context to Distinguish Perimortem from Postmortem Trauma in Fire Deaths Burned Beyond Recognition: Attempts to Destroy Evidence of Death 84 Bevel, Bevel in my Bone, Be it Bullet or Be it Stone? Misidentification of Blunt Force Trauma as Ballistic Entrance Wounds in Burned Cranial Bone 382 351 459 459 Pope, Elayne J. MA*, University of Arkansas, 330 Old Main, Fayetteville, AR 72701; O’Brian C. Smith, MD, Regional Forensic Center, University of Tennessee, 1060 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104 Pope, Elayne J. MA*, University of Arkansas, 330 Old Main, Fayetteville, AR; and O’ Brian C. Smith, MD, Regional Forensic Center of the University of Tennessee, 1060 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN Pope, Elayne J. MA*, University of Arkansas, Anthropology Department, 330 Old Main, Fayetteville, AR 72701 Pope, Elayne J. MA*, University of Tennessee, 252 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN; Steven A. Symes, PhD, and O’Brian C. Smith, MD, Regional Forensic Center, 1060 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN Pope, Elayne J. MA, Trey Batey, MA*, and Jerome C. Rose, PhD, University of Arkansas, 330 Old Main, Fayetteville, AR 72701 Pope, Elayne J. PhD*, Anthropology Department, University of West Florida, Anthropology Building 13, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL 32514 Pope, Elayne J. PhD*, University of West Florida, Anthropology Department, 11000 University Parkway, Building 13, Pensacola, FL 72701 Pope, Elayne J. PhD, Heidi S. Davis, BA, BS*, and Ashley E. Shidner, BA, University of West Florida, Anthropology Department,11000 University Parkway, Building 13, Pensacola, FL 32514 Pope, Melissa A. BA*, University of South Florida, Anthropology Department, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33613; and Liotta N. Dowdy, BA*, University of South Florida, 3115 Palmira Street, Tampa, Florida 33629 Pope, Melissa A. BA*, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33612; and Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820 Pope, Melissa A. MA*, University of South Florida, Anthropology Department, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620 Potter, Wendy E. BA, MS*, Department of Anthropology, MSC01-1040, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 Potter, Wendy E. BA, MS*, Department of Anthropology, MSC01-1040, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001; and Russell T. Alexander, MD, Office of the Medical Investigator, MSC11-6030, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 Index 179 Burning Observations of Decomposed Human Remains: Obscuring the Postmortem Interval 511 Features of Preexisting Trauma and Burned Cranial Bone 550 Beyond the Fire: Taphonomic Variables of Burned Human Remains 229 Burning Observations of the Head: An Experimental Model 586 Non-Destructive Microscopic Differentiation of Human From Non-Human Fragmentary Burned Bone Fatal Fire Modeling: Replicating Environmental and Human Factors Associated With the Recovery and Analysis of Burned Human Remains From Scene to Seen: Post-Fire Taphonomic Changes Between the In Situ Context and the Medicolegal Examination of Burned Bodies Differentiating Peri- and Postmortem Fractures in Burned Postcranial Remains 380 Radiography as a Tool for Contemporary Anthropological Research 191 Decomposition Patterns in Indoor Environments: A Comparative Analysis of Rodriguez and Bass’s Stages 88 Decomposition Patterns of Human Remains Within Enclosed Environments: A Comparative Analysis of the Midwest and Southeast The Potential Diagnostic Value of Scanning Electron Microscopy in the Differential Diagnosis of Bone Lesions: A Pilot Study Nail or Bullet? A Comparison of Typical Cranial Gunshot Wounds to a Defect Resulting From a Nail Gun 59 77 213 78 317 395 Price, Alan MA*, Associate Director, Southern Institute of Forensic Science, Regional Service Office, 7224 West Canberra Street Drive, Greeley, CO; and Michael Britt, BS, Supervisor of Investigations, District 20, Medical Examiner’s Office, 3838 Domestic Avenue, Naples, FL Prince, Debra A. BS, MA* and Lyle W. Konigsberg, PhD, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 250 South Stadium Hall, Department of Anthropology, Knoxville, TN 379960760 Prodhan, Rika BS*, 547 Cedar Branch Road, League City, TX 77573; Douglas H. Ubelaker, PhD, Department of Anthropology, MRC 112, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560; and Debra A. Prince, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Prutsman-Pfeiffer, Jennifer J. MA*, University of Rochester Medical Center, Autopsy and Neuropathology, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 626, Rochester, NY 14642; and Peter J. Bush, BS, South Campus Instrument Center, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214 Prutsman-Pfeiffer, Jennifer J. MA*, University of Rochester, University of Rochester Medical Center, Autopsy & Neuropathology, 601 Elmwood, Box 626, Rochester, NY 14642; and Thomas H. Darrah, MS, University of Rochester, 227 Hutchison Hall, University of Rochester, Department Earth & Environmental Sciences, Rochester, NY 14627 Quintyn, Conrad Bezekiah PhD*, Bloomsburg University, Department of Anthropology, 400 East 2nd Street, Bloomsburg, PA 17815 Rainwater, Christopher W. MS*, and Christian Crowder, PhD, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016; and Jeannette S. Fridie, MA, 520 First Avenue, Forensic Anthropology Unit, New York, NY 10016 Randolph-Quinney, Patrick PhD*, Centre for Anatomy & Human Identification, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UNITED KINGDOM Randolph-Quinney, Patrick PhD*, Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UNITED KINGDOM Rankin, David R. MA*, and C.E. Moore, PhD, U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory, Hawaii, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530 Rawlings, Kristen J. MA*, University of Wyoming, Department of Criminal Justice, A&S 223, PO Box 3197, Laramie, WY 82071 Index 180 Fire Scene Management Strategies for the Recovery of Human Remains From Severe Vehicle Fires 546 New Formulae for Estimating Age in the Balkans Utilizing Lamendin’s Dental Technique 477 Evaluation of Three Methods of Age Estimation From Human Skeletal Remains (Suchey-Brooks, Lamendin, and Two-Step Strategy) 371 Trace Element Analysis of Human Bone Using Portable XRF 353 Comparison of Portable X-ray Florescence and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy in the Measurement of Lead in Human Bone 251 Admixture and the Growing List of Racial Categories: Clarity or Confusion for Law Enforcement (and the Public) Microscopic Analysis of Sharp Force Trauma From Knives: A Validation Study 263 Towards a Standardization of Burnt Bone Analysis: The Use of Micro-Computed Tomography and 3-Dimensional Imaging to Assess Morphological Change Forensic Characteristics of Hand Shape: Analysis of Individuation Potential and Sexual Dimorphism Using Geometric Morphometrics Playing the “Race” Card Without a Complete Deck: The Addition of Missing Asian Data to Aid Racial Determinations in Forensic Casework Racial Variation in Palate Form and the Shape of the Transverse Palatine Suture 78 32 133 486 488 Raymond, David MS*, Greg Crawford, MS, Chris Van Ee, PhD; and Cynthia Bir, PhD, Wayne State University, 818 West Hancock, Detroit, MI 48201 Rea, Christine N. MA*, Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, 228 Lowry Hall, Kent, OH; and H.O. Back, Department of Physics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Robeson Hall, Blacksburg, VA Reeves, Keri MS*, and Jill Haslasm, MS, University of New Haven, 300 Orange Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516; Shannon Butler-Williams, BS, University of California, Davis, Department of Anthropology, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616; and Brandi J. Schmitt, BS, MS*, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Anatomical Services Division, Davis, CA 95616 Reeves, Nicole M. BA*, Texas State University-San Marcos, Anthropology Department, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666 Regan, Laura A. MS*, and Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD, C.A. Pound Human Identification Lab, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, PO Box 112545, Building 114, Gainesville, FL 32611; and Andrew Tyrrell, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam Air Force Base, HI 96853 Regan, Laura A. PhD*, Armed Forced Medical Examiner System, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 102, Rockville, MD 20850; Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD, C.A. Pound Human Identification Lab, University of Florida, PO Box 103615, 1376 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32601; and Andrew Tyrrell, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting CommandCentral Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Reineke, Robin MA*, The University of Arizona, School of Anthropology, 1009 East South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ 85721; and Bruce E. Anderson, PhD, Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner, 2825 East District Street, Tucson, AZ 85714 Renke, Sophia G.D. MA*, Faculty of Law, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H5, CANADA; Mary H. Manhein, MA, Department of Geography & Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and Sibel Bargu-Ates, PhD, Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, 1235 Energy, Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Rennick, Stephanie L. BS*, Michigan State University, Forensic Science Program, School of Criminal Justice, 560 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824; Todd W. Fenton, PhD, Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology and Forensic Science Program, Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824; David R. Foran, PhD, Michigan State University, Forensic Science Program, School of Criminal Justice and Department of Zoology, 560 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 Index 181 Biomechanics of Blunt Ballistic Impacts to the Head and Fracture Specific Injury Criteria Development Determining Postmortem Interval: A Preliminary Examination of Postmortem Thorium, Actinium, and Radium Isotopes in Bone 276 An Assessment of Tissue Depth Measurement Tables Used for Facial Reconstruction/Reproduction 425 Taphonomic Effects of Vulture Scavenging 234 Isotopic Determination of Region of Origin in Modern Peoples: Applications for Identification of U.S. War-Dead From the Vietnam Conflict 379 Isotopic Determination of Region of Origin in Modern Peoples: Applications for Identification of U.S. War-Dead From the Vietnam Conflict II 327 Sociocultural Factors in the Identification of Undocumented Migrants 99 Using Algae to Estimate Postmortem Submersion Interval in a Louisiana Bayou 59 The Effects of Skeletal Preparation Techniques on DNA From Human and Nonhuman Bone 434 599 Reveal, Malina L. MSc*, PO Box 4493, Chico, CA 95927; and Ian Hanson, MSc, Bournemouth University, Room C136, Christchurch House, Talbott Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, UNITED KINGDOM Reveco*, Isabel Association for Latin American Forensic Anthropology, c/o EAAF, 10 Jay Street #502, Brooklyn, NY 11201 Rezos, Mary M. BA*, 12644 Victoria Place Circle, Apartment 7216, Orlando, FL 32828; John J. Schultz, PhD, University of Central Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32816; and Ronald A. Murdock, MFS, and Stephen A. Smith, BS, Orange County Sheriff’s Office, 2500 W Colonial Drive, Orlando, FL 32804 Rhode, Matthew PhD*, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam, AFB, HI 96853 Rhode, Matthew PhD*, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam, AFB, HI 96853 Ridgely, Ariana P. BA*, Department of Anthropology, New York University, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003 Rizvic, Adnan MA*; Azra Aljić, MSc; Djordje Badza, BsC; Damir Bolić, BsC; Goran Jotanović, BsC; Muris Pucić, BsC; Amir Mandzuka, PhD; Zoran Cvijanović, PhD; Edin Jasaragić, BA, Zlatan Bajunović, Cheryl Katzmarzyk, MA, Kerry-Ann Martin, MSc, Sharna Daley, MSc, Reneé Kosalka, MA, René Huel, BA, Tony Donlon, BSc, and Thomas Parsons, PhD, Forensic Sciences International Commission on Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo, 71000, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Rodriguez III, William C. PhD*, Armed Forces Medical Examiner, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 102, Rockville, MD 20850 Rodriguez III, William C. PhD*, Armed Forces Medical Examiner, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 102, Rockville, MD 20850; Tasha Z. Greenburg, MD, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 7530; and David R. Fowler, MD, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 111 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201 Rodriguez III, William C. PhD*, Armed Forces Medical Examiner’s Office, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 102, Rockville, MD 20850 Rodriguez III, William C. PhD*, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 102, Rockville, MD 20850 Rodriguez III, William C. PhD*, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 102, Rockville, MD 21771 Rodriguez III, William C. PhD*, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner, 16465 Old Frederick Road, Building 102, Rockville, MD 20850 Index 182 Protocol for Objective Evidentiary Photography in Forensic Anthropology 70 The Development of Forensic Anthropology in Chile 507 Controlled Research Utilizing Geophysical Technologies in the Search for Buried Firearms and Miscellaneous Weapons 223 Skeletal Trauma Patterns in a Vietnam-Era Aircraft Loss: Part I - Lower Extremities Sex Discrimination Using Patellar Measurements: Method and Validation Study Microscopic Characteristics of Hacking Trauma on Bone: The Potential for Interpretation and Identification An Innovative Software Solution for Large Scale Forensic Identification Efforts 7 Living With Corpses: Case Report of Psychological Impairment and Neglect, Leading to the Death of Two Women Infanticide and Unclear Law: The Death of Four Infants 149 Mama Mia! Murder and Disposal of a Corpse in a Pizza Oven 79 The Impact of High Speed-High Resolution Three Dimensional CT Scans on Forensic Anthropology Methods and Techniques for Sorting Commingled Remains: Anthropological and Physical Attributes Odd Man Out: Separation and Identification of Terrorist Remains in Suicidal Bombings 403 19 298 142 34 440 398 Rodriguez III, William C. PhD*, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1413 Research Boulevard. Building 102, Rockville, MD Rodriguez III, William C. PhD*, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1413 Research Boulevard. Building 102, Rockville, MD Rodriguez III, William C. PhD*, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC Ross, Ann H. PhD*, and Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Dennis E. Slice, PhD, Department of Ecology & Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY; and Douglas H. Ubelaker, PhD, Department of Anthropology, NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC Ross, Ann H. PhD*, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, P.O. Box 112545, Gainesville, FL; and Bruce Broce, MA*, Comision de la Verdad de Panama, Edificio No. 37, Panama Ross, Ann H. PhD*, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695- 8107; Loreto S. Silva, Director of Anthropology, Comision de la Verdad de Panama, Balboa, Republic of Panama; Kathryn M. Jemmott, MA, C.A. Pound Human ID Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; Lazaro M. Cotes, Comision de la Verdad de Panama, Balboa, Republic of Panama Ross, Ann H. PhD*, North Carolina State University, Department of Sociology & Anthropology, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695-8107; and Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD*, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820 Ross, Ann H. PhD*, North Carolina State University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695- 8107; Dennis E. Slice, PhD, Wake Forest University, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Radiologic Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157; and José V. Pachar, MD, Morgue Judicial, Instituto de Medicina Legal, Panama-Ancon, Panama Index 183 The Pits: Recovery and Examination of Skeletonized Remains From a Concrete Filled-Fire Pit 601 Accident, Suicide, or Homicide: A Case Study Involving the Investigation of Skeletonized and Bear-Scavenged Remains 606 Attack on the Pentagon: The Role of Forensic Anthropology in the Examination and Identification of Victims and Remains of the ‘9/11’ Terrorist Attack Population-Specific Identification Criteria for Cuban Americans in South Florida 572 In Search of Floyd Britton: Investigations of Human Rights Issues on the Island of Coiba, Republic of Panama 565 Preservation in Paradise I: El Marañon Cemetery, Isla de Coiba, Republic of Panama 479 Introducing COFFA: An International Consortium of Forensic Anthropology Programs 8 Forensic Identifications and the Complexity of Determining Biological Affinities of “Hispanic” Crania 420 594 Ross, Ann H. PhD*, North Carolina State University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695- 8107; Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, SOC 107, Tampa, FL 336208100; Dennis E. Slice, PhD, Institute for Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD, University of Florida, CA Pound Human ID Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Gainesville, FL 32611 Ross, Ann H. PhD*, North Carolina State University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, CB 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695-8107; and Shanna Williams, MA, University of Florida, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, Gainesville, FL 32611 Ross, Ann H. PhD*, North Carolina State University, Sociology and Anthropology, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695-8107; and Shanna E. Williams, PhD, University of Florida, Department of Anatomy, PO Box 100235, Gainesville, FL 32610-0235 Ross, Ann H. PhD*, North Carolina State University, Sociology and Anthropology, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695-8107; Douglas H. Ubelaker, PhD, Department of Anthropology, NMNH - MRC 112, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560; and Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820 Rougé-Maillart, Clotilde G. MD*, Nathalie C. Jousset, MD, Arnaud P. Gaudin, MD, and Michel P. Penneau, MD, PhD, Service de Médecine Légale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire - 4 rue Larrey, Angers, 49100 Cedex 01, France Rougé-Maillart, Clotilde MD*, and Nathalie Jousset, MD, Service de Médecine Légale, CHU - 4 rue Larrey, Angers, 49933, France; Bruno Vielle, MD, Departement de Statistique, CHU - 4 rue Larrey, Angers, 49933, France; Eugénia Cunha, MD, PhD, Departamento de Antropologia - Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-056, Portugal; and Norbert Telmon, MD, PhD, Service de Médecine Légale, hôpital de Rangeuil - 1 Avenue Jean Poulhès, Toulouse, 31403, France Russell, Valerie B. BA*, 8 Thomas Court, Valley Cottage, NY 10989 Index 184 What Matters - Size or Shape? ThreeDimensional Analysis of Craniofacial Sexual Variation Among American Populations 366 Repeatability and Error of Cranial Landmark Coordinates 330 Craniofacial Growth, Maturation, and Change: Teens to Mid-Adulthood 171 A Test of Methods: Implications of Dimorphism, Population Variation, and Secular Change in Estimating Population Affinity in the Iberian Peninsula 264 Age Determination From Adult Human Teeth: Interest of Gustafson’s Criteria 452 Age Estimation From the Posterior and Middle Part of the Ilium 306 The Difference Between an Individual’s SelfReported, Perceived, and Actual Height and Its Forensic Significance 300 Saint-Martin, Pauline MD*, Service de Médecine Légale, Hôpital Trousseau, CHRU Tours, Tours, 37044, France; Norbert Telmon, MD, PhD, and Henri Dabernat, MD, PhD, Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie, UMR 8555, CNRS, 39 allees Jules Guesde, Toulouse, 31400, France; Christian Theureau, Laboratoire d’Archéologie Urbaine, Chateau de Tours, 25 quai d’Orleans, Tours, 37000, France; Patrick O’Byrne, MD, Service de Médecine Légale, Hôpital Trousseau, CHRU Tours, Tours, 37044, France; and Eric Crubezy, PhD, Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie, UMR 8555, CNRS, 39 allees Jules Guesde, Toulouse, 31400, France Salter-Pedersen, Ellen R. BA, BSc*, Department of Geography and Anthropology, 227 Howe-Russell, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Sanabria, Cesar MA*, Instituto de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses, Calle 7a #12-61, Segundo Piso, Bogota, COLOMBIA; and Elizabeth A. DiGangi, PhD*, ICITAP, Calle 125 #19-89, Office 401, Bogota, COLOMBIA Santos Bremme, Adriana Gabriela BS*, Apartado postal 01901-1830 Correo Central, Guatemala, Central America Santos Bremme, Adriana Gabriela BS*, Fundación de Antropología Forense de Guatemala-Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Apartado Postal 01901 1830 correo central Guatemala C.A. Sarajlic, Nermin MD MSc*, Eva E. Klonowski, PhD, Piotr Drukier, MSc, and Richard J. Harrington, PhD, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajlic, Nermin MD*, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Zdenko Cihlarz, PhD, Departmen of Forensic Medicine, UKC, Tuzla, 75000, Bosnia and Herzegovina; and Eva E. Klonowski, PhD, and Piotr Drukier, MS, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajlic, Nermin MD, PhD*, Eva-Elvira Klonowski, PhD, and Senem Skulj, BSc, ICMP, Alipasina 45A, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina Sauer, Norman J. PhD*, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 Sauer, Norman J. PhD*, Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI Saul, Frank P. PhD* and Julie M. Saul, BA, Consultants, Lucas County Coroner’s Office and Wayne County Medical Examiner’s Office, 3518 East Lincolnshire Boulevard, Toledo, OH 43-1203 Index 185 Paleopathological Diagnosis of Leprosy in Skeletons From a French Medieval Leper 297 Forensics and Television: A Learning Experience or Beguiling Obsession? 520 Development of the Colombian Skeletal Collection 12 Confronting the Past in Guatemala: A Challenge for Forensic Science This Grave Speaks: Forensic Anthropology in Guatemala 583 Lamendin’s and Prince’s Dental Aging Methods Applied to a Bosnian Population 542 The Application of the Lamendin and Prince Dental Aging Methods to a Bosnian Population: Formulas for Each Tooth Group Challenging One Formula for All Teeth 452 Diverse Stature Estimation Formulae Applied to a Bosnian Population 348 Forensic Anthropology and the Belief in Human Races 490 A Comparison of Facial Approximation Techniques, Part 2 590 Sex vs. Gender: Does it Really Matter? 469 569 Saul, Frank P. PhD*, and Julie M. Saul, BA, Lucas County Coroner’s Office, 2595 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614-2674; and Steven A. Symes, PhD, Departments of Anthropology and Applied Forensic Science, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546-0001 Saul, Frank P. PhD*, Lucas County Coroner’s Office, 2595 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH; Sandra Anderson, Canine Investigation Consultant, 913 East Price Road, Midland, MI; and Julie M. Saul, BA, Lucas County Coroner’s Office, 2595 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH Saul, Frank P. PhD*, Regional Commander, USPHS DMORT 5, and Julie Mather Saul, BA, Lucas County Coroner’s Office, 2595 Arlington Avenue Toledo, OH; Sandra Anderson, Canine Solutions International, PO Box 50, Sanford, MI; Steven A. Symes, PhD, Forensic Anthropologist, Regional Forensic Center, 1060 Madison Avenue Memphis, TN; Cheryl L. Loewe, MD, Wayne County Medical Examiner’s Office, 1300 Warren, Detroit, MI; James R. Patrick, MD, Lucas County Coroner’s Office, 2595 Arlington Avenue Toledo, OH; and Steven K. Lorch, PhD, Michigan State Police Laboratory, 42145 West Seven Mile Road, Northville, MI Saul, Julie M. BA*, and Frank P. Saul, PhD, Lucas County (Toledo) Coroners Office and Wayne County (Detroit) Medical Examiners Office, 3518 East Lincolnshire Blvd, Toledo, OH 4360 Saul, Julie M. BA*, and Frank P. Saul, PhD, Lucas County Coroner’s Office, 2595 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614-2674; Steven A. Symes, PhD, Departments of Anthropology and Applied Forensic Science, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546-0001; and Carl J. Schmidt, MD, Wayne County Medical Examiner’s Office, 1300 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48207 Saul, Julie M. BA*, Forensic Anthropology Lab, Lucas County Coroner’s Office, 2595 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614-2674; Frank P. Saul, PhD, U.S. HHS DMORT 5, 2595 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614- 2674; and Allan J. Warnick, DDS, Wayne & Oakland Counties Medical Examiner’s Office, 31632 Schoolcraft Road, Livonia, MI 48150 Saul, Julie M. BA*, Frank P. Saul, PhD, and James R. Patrick, MD, Lucas County Coroner’s Office, 2595 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614-2673 Index 186 The Lady in the Box 428 Operacion Eagle: Clandestine Graves and a Taphonomy of Tyrants — Part 1: The Truth Commission of Panama, Witness Testimony, and Searches in Western Panama 566 Homicide for the Holidays: Linkage Through Multidisciplinary Teamwork 581 Missing, Present, and Left Behind 374 When Experts Disagree: There May be a Rodent Involved – Part I: The Request for a New Trial 424 And a Little Child Shall Lead Them.... 168 A Small Plane Crash With (Unforeseen) Large Legal Consequences 216 Saul, Julie M. BA*, Lucas County Coroner’s Office Forensic Anthropology Lab, 2595 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614-2674; Frank P. Saul, PhD*, Lucas County Coroners Office, US HHS DMORT 5, 2595 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614-2674; G. Michael Pratt, PhD, Heidelberg University, Department of Anthropology, 310 East Market Street, Tiffin, OH 44993; Richard P. Brownley, BA, Ohio Peace Officers Training Academy, 1650 State Route 56, London, OH 43140; and Lauri M. Martin, PhD, University of Texas, Austin, Department of Anthropology, Campus Mail Code C3200 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712 Saul, Julie M. BA*, Lucas County Coroner’s Office, 2595 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH; Sandra Anderson, Canine Investigation Consultant, 913 East Price Road, Midland, MI; and Frank P. Saul, PhD, Lucas County Coroner’s Office, 2595 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH Sava, Vincent J. BS, MA*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Sava, Vincent J. MA*, JPAC, Central Identification Lab, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Sava, Vincent J. MA*, JPAC, Central Identification Lab, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; and John E. Byrd, PhD, JPAC, Central Identification Lab, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530 Schaefer, Maureen C. BS, MA*, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipashina 45a, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Schaefer, Maureen C. MA*, University of Dundee, Anatomy and Forensic Anthropology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland Schaefer, Maureen MA*, 8549 Wuest Road, Cincinnati, OH Schaefer, Maureen MA*, University of Dundee, Anatomy and Forensic Anthropology, Faculty of Life Sciences, MSI/WTB Complex, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom Schmidt, Ryan W. BS*, 1424 Santa Anita Drive, Apartment B, Las Vegas, NV 89119; and Jennifer L. Thompson, PhD, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154 Schuliar, Yves MD* and Pascal Chaudeyrac, MS, Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale, 1 Boulevard Theophile Sueur, Rosny-sous-Bois 93110, France; Richard Aziza, MD, 13 Avenue Eylau, Paris 75116, France; Jean-Noel Vignal, PhD, Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale, 1 Boulevard Theophile Sueur, Rosny-sous-Bois 93110, France Index 187 Rolling Bones: A Field “System” for the Recovery and Transportation of Fragile Skeletal Evidence 74 Operacion Eagle: Clandestine Graves and a Taphonomy of Tyrants — Part 2: Searches on Coiba Island, Panama City, and Vicinity 567 The ASCLD-LAB Accreditation of the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory Proficiency and Competency Testing — What They Are, What They Are Not 518 Accreditation of the Small Skeletal Laboratory: It is Easier Than You Think! 255 Epiphyseal Closure Rates in the Srebrenica Youth 522 Forensic Application of Epiphyseal Sequencing 373 A Comparison of the Cranial Wounding Effects of .22 and .38 Caliber Bullets Progression of Intra-Epiphyseal Union and its Predictive Capability in Fragmented Remains 576 A Case of Historical Homicide in Northern Nevada 365 Computer Assisted Facial Reconstruction Technique 527 35 302 Schultz, Johh J. PhD*, University of Central Florida, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Orlando, FL 32816-1360 Schultz, John J. MS*, C.A. Pound Human ID Laboratory, University of Florida, PO Box 112545, Gainesville, FL Schultz, John J. MS, Heather Walsh-Haney, MA*, Suzanne Coyle, MA, and Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD, C.A. Pound Human ID Laboratory, University of Florida, PO Box 112545, Gainesville, FL Scott, Audrey L. MA*, Simon Fraser University, Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, CANADA Scott, Audrey MA*, Simon Fraser University, Department of Archaeology, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, CANADA; David Sweet, DMD, PhD, Bureau of Legal Dentistry Lab, University of British Columbia, 6190 Agronomy Road, Suite 202, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, CANADA; Derek Congram, MSc, Simon Fraser University, Department of Archaeology, 8888 University Drive, Vancouver, BC V5A 1S6, CANADA; and Stephen Fonseca, Office of the Chief Coroner, Identification and Disaster Response Unit, 2035-4720 Kingsway, Burnaby, BC V5H 4N2, CANADA Seasons, Samantha M. BA*, and Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820 Seasons, Samantha M. BA*, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620; Charles A. Dionne, MA, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33620-7200; Leszek Chrostowski, MD, Hillsborough County Medical Examiner’s Office, 11025 North 46th Street, Tampa, FL 33617; and Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820 Seet, Billie L. MA*, 16 Arcola Street #2, Jamaica Plain, MA, 02130 Seet, Billie L. MA*, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 720 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118; and Jonathan D. Bethard, MA*, Pellissippi State Community College, 10915 Hardin Valley Road, PO Box 22990, Knoxville, TN 37933 Semeraro, Dominique S. MS*, Office of State Medical Examiners, 48 Orms Street, Providence, RI 02904; Nicholas V. Passalacqua, MS, Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824; Steven A. Symes, PhD, Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th, Erie, PA 16546-0001; and Thomas P. Gilson, MD, Office of State Medical Examiners, 48 Orms Street, Providence, RI 02904 Shamblin, Casey BA*, and Mary H. Manhein, MA, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA Index 188 Forensic GPR: Using Ground-Penetrating Radar to Search for Buried Bodies 365 Forensic Applications of Ground Penetrating Radar in Florida Ankylosing Spondylitis in Three Forensic Cases 578 Taphonomic Degradation to Bone Through Scavenging by Marine Mollusks of the Class Polyplacophora Separately Discovered Skeletal Remains and the Path to Reassociation: A Case Review 202 An Evaluation of Facial Features Used for Facial Recognition Applied to Cases of Missing Persons Determining the Epidemiology of Hyoid Fractures in Cases of Hanging and Strangulation 161 Estimating the Postmortem Interval in Freshwater Environments And Dens There Were Two: The Utility of the Second Cervical Vertebra as an Indicator of Sex and Age-at-Death 374 Patterns of Blunt Force Trauma Induced by Motorboat and Ferry Propellers as Illustrated by Three Known Cases From Rhode Island 165 Two Miles and Nine Years From Home: The Taphonomy of Aqueous Environments 543 590 217 33 97 Shattuck, Rebecca E. MA*, 809 Green Meadows Drive, Apartment #305, Columbia, MO 65201 Shepherd, Katy L. BS*, 10101 Villagio Palms Way, Unit 201, Estero, FL 33928; Heather A. Walsh-Haney, PhD, Florida Gulf Coast University, Division of Justice Studies, 10501 FGCU Boulevard South, AB3, Fort Myers, FL 33965-6565; and Marta U. Coburn, MD, District 20 Medical Examiner, 3838 Domestic Avenue, Naples, FL 34104 Shepherd, Katy L. BS*, and Heather A. Walsh-Haney, PhD, Florida Gulf Coast University, Division of Justice Studies, 10501 FGCU Boulevard AB3, Fort Myers, FL 33965-6565; Valerie J. Rao, MD, District 4 Medical Examiner’s Office, 2100 Jefferson Street, Jacksonville, FL 32206; Khalil S. Wardak, MD, 5301 SW 31st Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33312; Predrag Bulic, MD, District 7 Office of the Medical Examiner, 1360 Indian Lake Road, Daytona Beach, FL 32124; and Christena Roberts, MD, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of Virginia, Western District, 6600 Northside High School Road, Roanoke, VA 24019 Shepherd, Katy L. BS*, Heather A. Walsh-Haney, PhD, and Christen E. Herrick, BS, Florida Gulf Coast University, Division of Justice Studies, 10501 Florida Gulf Coast University Boulevard South, AB3, Fort Myers, FL 33965-6565; Marta U. Coburn, MD, District 20 Medical Examiner’s Office, 3838 Domestic Avenue, Naples, FL 34104; and Margarita Arruza, MD, Medical Examiner’s Office, 2100 Jefferson Street, Jacksonville, FL 32206 Shidner, Ashley E. BA*, and Heidi S. Davis, BA, BS, University of West Florida, Department of Anthropology, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL 32514 Shirley, Natalie L. MA*, and Richard L. Jantz, PhD, The University of Tennessee Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Shirley, Natalie R. MA*, and Richard Jantz, PhD, University of Tennessee Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Shirley, Natalie R. MA*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Brandon C. Merkl, MS, University of Tennessee, Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedica, 414 Dougherty Engineering Building, Knoxville, TN 37996; and Richard Jantz, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720 Shirley, Natalie R. PhD*, Alicja K. Kutyla, MS, and Richard Jantz, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Index 189 Peri-Mortem Fracture Patterns in SouthCentral Texas: A Preliminary Investigation Into the Peri-Mortem Interval Surgical Sutures as a Means of Identifying Human Remains 4 Decomposition Variables: A Comparison of Skeletal Remains Recovered After LongTerm Submersion in Florida Aquatic Environments 201 The Effect of Axial Developmental Defects on Forensic Stature Estimates 130 Hispanic: History and Use of a Generic Term 154 Age Determination From the Medial and Lateral Clavicle: A Re-Evaluation of Present Scoring Systems Spheno-Occipital Synchondrosis Fusion in the American Population 303 Sex Estimation From the Clavicle in Modern Americans: Traditional Versus Alternative Approaches 188 What’s in a Number: Statistical Paradigm Shifts in Forensic Anthropology 100 218 259 Shirley, Natalie R. PhD*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Emam E.A. Fatah, MS, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Tennessee, 307 Perkins Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Richard Jantz, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720; and Mohamed Mahfouz, PhD, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Tennessee, 307 Perkins Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Shirley, Natalie R. PhD*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Emam ElHak Abdel Fatah, BS, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Tennessee, Department Mechanical, Aerospace, & Biomedical Engineer, 307 Perkins Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; and Mohamed Mahfouz, PhD, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department Mechanical, Aerospace, & Biomedical Engineer, University of Tennessee, 307 Perkins Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Sholts, Sabrina B. PhD*, Department of Anthropology, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-3210; and Sebastian K.T.S. Wärmländer, PhD, Stockholm University, Division of Biophysics, Stockholm, 10691, SWEDEN Siegel, Nicole D. DVM*, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106-1767; and Stephen D. Ousley, PhD, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic, Anthropology, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Silva, Loreto Suarez Director of Anthropology, Comision de la Verdad de Panama, Balboa, 27695-8107, Republic of Panama; Kathrynn M. Jemmott, MA, University of Florida, C.A. Pound Human ID Laboratory, Gainesville, FL 32611; Ann H. Ross, PhD*, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695-8107 Simmons, Tal PhD*, and Rachel Adlam, MSc, University of Central Lancashire, Forensic & Investigative Science, Maudland Building, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, UNITED KINGDOM Simmons, Tal PhD*, Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom; and Mark Skinner, PhD, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipašina 45a, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina Simmons, Tal PhD*, Peter A. Cross, MSc, Rachel Adlam, MSc, and Colin Moffatt, PhD, University of Central Lancashire, School of Forensic and Investigative Sciences, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, UNITED KINGDOM Index 190 Improving Sex Estimation From the Cranium Using 3-Dimensional Modeling From CT Scans 29 Ancestry Estimation From the Tibia: Size and Shape Differences Between American Whites and Blacks 123 Investigating Between Group Differences in Zygomaxillary Suture Form Using Fourier Analysis 23 The Importance of Testing and Understanding Statistical Methods in the Age of Daubert: Can FORDISC Really Classify Individuals Correctly Only One Percent of the Time? In the Name of the Dead: The Panamanian Truth Commission’s Search for the “Disappeared” 38 Debugging Decomposition Data 232 The Accuracy of Ante-Mortem Data and Presumptive Identification: Appropriate Procedures, Applications and Ethics 390 Bugs Bunny? No Bugs Bunny 145 506 Simmons, Tal PhD*, School of Conservation Sciences, Talbot Campus, Bournemouth University, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, United Kingdom Panelists: Alison Galloway, PhD*, University of California, Social Science One FS, Santa Cruz, CA 95064; Jose Pablo Baraybar, BA, MSc*, Office on Missing Persons and Forensics (OMPF), United Nations Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), AUCON/KFOR, Kosovo A1503, Austria; Laura Bowman, BA*, 3856 Porter Street NW, E-371, Washington, DC 20016; Melissa Connor, MA, RPA*, 11101 South 98th Street, Lincoln, NE 68526; Margaret Cox, PhD*; William D. Haglund, PhD*, 20410 25th Avenue, NW, Shoreline, WA 98177; Sara Kahn, MSW, MPH*, 108 West 76th Street, #2A, New York, NY 10023; Mary Ellen Keough, MPH*, Meyers Primary Care Institute, 630 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605 Simmons, Tal PhD*, School of Forensic & Investigative Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, UNITED KINGDOM; and Elizabeth A. Walker, BSc, 3 Ruskin Road, Birtley, Co Durham, DH3 1AD, UNITED KINGDOM Simmons, Tal PhD, Peter A. Cross, MSc*, and Rachel E. Cunliffe, MSC, University of Central Lancashire, School of Forensic and Investigative Sciences, Preston, AS PR1 2HE, UNITED KINGDOM Simmons, Terrie L. MA*, Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit, FBI Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; Peter H. Tu, PhD, and Jeffrey D. Erno, MS, GE Global Research, One Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY 12309; and Philip N. Williams, BS, and Keith L. Monson, PhD, Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit, FBI Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135 Simmons, Terrie L. MA*, FBI Laboratory Division, Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; Lisa G. Bailey, BA, FBI Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, SPU/Room 1115, Quantico, VA 22135; and Melissa A. Torpey, MS, Philip N. Williams, BS, and Keith L. Monson, PhD, Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit, FBI Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135 Sinha, Alpana MBBS, MD*, Assistant Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India Skinner, Mark PhD, Simon Fraser University, Department of Archeology, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, CANADA; and Ariana Fernandez, MPhil, and Derek Congram, MSc*, 706-1850 Comox Street, Vancouver, BC V6G 1R3, CANADA Index 191 Rapid Responses to International Incidents: To Go or Not to Go (or When to Go and How to Go)? 529 An Investigation Into the Rate of Decomposition of Decapitated Heads and Heads With an Attached Body 94 Establishing a Taphonomic Research Facility in the United Kingdom 112 Biometric Assessment of the Accuracy of a Large Sample of Three-Dimensional Computerized Facial Approximations 90 Results From a Survey on Computerized Facial Approximation 91 Age Estimation From Pubic Symphysis 597 Material Culture Analysis in Forensic Cases: A Call for Formal Recognition by Forensic Anthropologists 183 Sledzik, Paul S. MS*, National Transportation Safety Board, 490 L’Enfant Plaza, SW, Washington, DC 20594; and Elias J. Kontanis, BS, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Joint POW MIA Accounting CommandCentral Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Sledzik, Paul S. MS*, National Transportation Safety Board, Office of Transportation Disaster Assistance, 490 L’Enfant Plaza East, SW, Washington, DC 20594; Lee Meadows Jantz, PhD*, Forensic Anthropology Center, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720; Amy Z. Mundorff, MA*, Simon Fraser University, 611-1485 West 6th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V6H 4G1, Canada; Giovanna M. Vidoli, MSc*, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016; Thomas D. Holland, PhD*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; Darinka X. Mileusnic- Polchan, MD, PhD*, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Department of Pathology/Knox County Office of the Medical Examiner, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, TN 37920; and Mercedes Doretti*, and Luis Fondebrider*, Equipo Argentino de Antropologia Forense, Av. Rivadavia 2443, Piso 2 Dep. 4, Buenos Aires, 1034, Argentina Index 192 Resolving Commingling Issues In Mass Fatality Incident Investigations 439 Working With Family Members of Decedents: A Discussion of Techniques for Forensic Scientists 388 Sledzik, Paul S. MS*, National Transportation Safety Board, Office of Transportation Disaster Assistance, 490 L’Enfant Plaza East, SW, Washington, DC 20594-2000; Todd W. Fenton, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; Michael W. Warren, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, PO Box 117305, Gainesville, FL 32611; John E. Byrd, PhD*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530; Christian Crowder, PhD*, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016; Shuala M. Drawdy, MA*, International Committee of the Red Cross, 19 Avenue de la Paix, Geneva, 1202, Switzerland; Dennis C. Dirkmaat, PhD*, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; Alison Galloway, PhD*, Chancellor’s Office, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064; Michael Finnegan, PhD*, Osteology Laboratory, Kansas State University, 204 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506; Laura C. Fulginiti, PhD*, and Kristen Hartnett, MA*, Maricopa County Forensic Science Center, 701 West Jefferson, Phoenix, AZ 85007; Thomas D. Holland, PhD*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530; Murray K. Marks, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 225 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Stephen D. Ousley, PhD*, Repatriation Office, Department of Anthropology, NMNHMRC 138, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 200137012; Tracy Rogers, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada; Norman J. Sauer, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; Tal L. Simmons, PhD*, Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom; Steven A. Symes, PhD*, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546-0001; Morris Tidball-Binz, MD*, International Committee of the Red Cross, 19 Avenue de la Paix, Geneva, 1202, SWITZERLAND; and Douglas Ubelaker, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, NMNH-MRC 112, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 Slemmer, S. Taylor MA*, and Murray K. Marks, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN Index 193 The Fourth Era of Forensic Anthropology: Examining the Future of the Discipline 322 Comparison of CT and MR Imaging Techniques to Traditional Radiographs in Human Identification 589 Slice, Dennis E. PhD*, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1022; Ann H. Ross, PhD, North Carolina State University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695-8107 Smith, Emilie L. BA*, 1910 Runaway Bay Lane, Apartment P, Indianapolis, IN 46224 Smith, Martin PhD, and Marie Christine Dussault, MSc*, Bournemouth University, Centre for Forensic Science, Christchurch House, Poole, BH12 5BB, UNITED KINGDOM Smith, Victoria A. MA*, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory TEU, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; Angi M. Christensen, PhD, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; and Sarah W. Myers, Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322 Snow, Clyde PhD*, c/o ALAF and EAAF, 10 Jay Street #502, Brooklyn, NY 11201 Soler, Angela BS*, and Todd W. Fenton, PhD, Michigan State University, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824; and Joyce L. deJong, DO, Sparrow Hospital, 1215 East Michigan Avenue, Lansing, MI 48909 Soler, Angela MA*, Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 Sorg, Marcella H. PhD*, Margaret Chase Smith Policy Center, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469; William D. Haglund, PhD, 20410 25th Avenue, Northwest, Shoreline, WA 98177; Edward David, MD, JD, 498 Essex Street, Bangor, ME 04401; Sarah A. Kiley, MS, 235 Forest Hill Street, Jamaica Plain, MA 02130; William Parker, BS, Margaret Chase Smith, Policy Center, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469; Harold W. Borns, PhD, Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469; John Burger, PhD, Department of Zoology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03834; John Dearborn, PhD, School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469; Ann Dieffenbacher-Krall, PhD, Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469; Deborah Palman, MS, Maine K-9 Services, PO Box 57, Aurora, ME 04408; and Touradj Solouki, PhD, Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 Sorg, Marcella H. PhD*, University of Maine, Margaret Chase Smith Policy Center, 5784 York Complex, Building #4, Orono, ME 04469 Soto, Miriam E. MA*, The University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, 1425 South Stadium Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996 Index 194 Population Affinities of “Hispanic” Crania: Implications for Forensic Identification 478 The Deconstruction of Race: Its Origins and Existence Blast Injury in Skeletal Remains: The Case of a Soldier From WWI 491 The Reliability of Visually Comparing Small Frontal Sinuses 162 Truth, Justice, and Forensic Anthropology in Latin America Examination of Identification Methods Used by Medical Examiners: A Facility Study 506 Positive Identification Through Comparative Panoramic Radiography of the Maxillary Sinuses: A Validation Study Developing a Regional Forensic Taphonomy: Environmental and Climatic Inputs 53 Scavenging Impacts on the Progression of Decomposition in Northern New England 58 Subadult Sexual Dimorphism in Long Bone Dimensions (The Luis Lopes Collection) 187 3 356 106 Soto, Miriam E. MA*, The University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Spatola, Brian F. MA*, and Franklin E. Damann, MA*, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, National Museum of Health and Medicine, 6825 16th St. NW, Building 54, Washington, DC 20306-6000 Spatola, Brian F. MA*, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA Spradley, Kate PhD*, Department of Anthropology, Texas State University - San Marcos, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666; and Bruce E. Anderson, PhD, Forensic Science Center, 2825 East District Street, Tucson, AZ 85714 Spradley, Katherine M. PhD*, and Bridget F.B. AlgeeHewitt, MA, The University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Spradley, M. Katherine MA*, and Richard L. Jantz, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 252 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN Spradley, Martha K. MA*, and Richard L. Jantz, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; David M. Glassmann, PhD, University of Southern Indiana, School of Liberal Arts, 8600 University Boulevard, Evansville, IN 47712-3596; and Alan G. Robinson, MSc, Fundacion de Antropologia Forense de Guatemala, Avenida Simon Canas 10-64 Zona 2, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala City, 01002, Guatemala Spradley, Martha Katherine MA*, Knoxville, TN Srnka, Carrie F. MA*, 6352 Iradell Road, Trumansburg, NY 14886 Stafford*, Katelyn A. Sam Houston State Univeristy, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 2117, 1003 Bowers Boulevard, Huntsville, TX 77341; Kathryn E. Moss, BS*, 4800 Calhoun Street, Houston, TX 77004; Natalie Lindgren, BS, Sam Houston State University, College of Criminal Justice, 1300 Bowers Boulevard, Huntsville, TX 77340; and Joan A. Bytheway, PhD*, Sam Houston State University, Chemistry & Forensic Science Building, 1003 Bowers Boulevard, Box 2525, Huntsville, TX 77340 Index 195 CPR Fractures in Infants: When Do They Occur? A Summary of Trauma Specimens at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, National Museum of Health and Medicine 31 Musculoskeletal Stress Markers: An Exploration of Forensic Applicability 604 Hispanic Affiliation: Definitions, Assumptions, and Biological Reality 208 Estimating Geographic Ancestry of Hispanic Crania Using Geometric Morphometrics 328 Skull vs. Postcranial Elements in Sex Determination 531 Biological Variation Among Hispanic (Spanish-Speaking) Peoples of the Americas 421 Age Estimation From Long Bone Lengths in Forensic Data Bank Subadults: Evidence of Growth Retardation and Implications of Under Aging Differential Human Decomposition in the Early Stages: An Experimental Study Comparing Sun and Shade Postmortem Interval of Surface Remains During Spring in Southeast Texas 595 221 461 71 Steadman, Dawnie W. PhD*, Binghamton University, Department of Anthropology, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000; Camila Oliart, MA, Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Prehistory, Edifici B, Barcelona, 08193, SPAIN; Elena Garcia-Guixé, MA, Museu d’Arqueologia de Catalunya, Laboratori de Paleoantropologia i Paleopatologia, Barcelona, SPAIN; María Inés Fregeiro, MA, and Elena Sintes, MA, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Department of Prehistory, Edifici B, Barcelona, 08193, SPAIN; Jennifer Bauder, MA, and Aimee E. Huard, MA, Binghamton University, Department of Anthropology, Binghamton, NY 13902; Jorge Jiménez, MA, Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Prehistory, Barcelona, 08193, SPAIN; and Carme Boix, PhD, Badley Ashton & Associates Ltd., Winceby House, Winceby, Horncastle, Lincolnshire, LN9 6PB, UNITED KINGDOM Steadman, Dawnie W. PhD*, Binghamton University, Department of Anthropology, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000; Elena Sintes Olives, MA, and Camila Oliart Caravatti, MA, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Department of Prehistory, Edifici B, Barcelona, 08193, Spain; and Jennifer M. Bauder, MA, Binghamton University, Department of Anthropology, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000 Steadman, Dawnie W. PhD*, Jeremy Wilson, BS, Kevin E. Sheridan, MA, and Steven Tammariello, PhD, Department of Biology, Binghamton University, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, NY Stefan, Vincent H. PhD*, Department of Anthropology, Lehman College - CUNY, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard, West, Bronx, NY; and Patricia J. McFeeley, MD, Office of the Medical Investigator, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM Stefan, Vincent H. PhD*, Department of Anthropology, Lehman College, CUNY, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard, West, Bronx, NY 10468 Stefan, Vincent H. PhD*, Lehman College - CUNY, Department of Anthropology, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard, West, Bronx, NY 10468 Stefan, Vincent H. PhD*, Lehman College, CUNY, Department of Anthropology, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY 10468 Stefan, Vincent H. PhD*, Lehman College, CUNY, Department of Anthropology, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY 10468 Steffensen, Thora S. MD*, University Hospital of Iceland, Department of Pathology, Rannsoknastofa H.I. vid Baronsstig, Reykjavik, IS 108, Iceland; and Omar Palmason, Reykjavik Police Department, Hverfisgata 115, Reykjavik, IS 108, Iceland Index 196 Epidemiology of Homicide in the Spanish Civil War 134 Investigating the Spanish Civil War: Forensic Anthropological Investigations in Santaella 350 Impact of Heat and Chemical Maceration on DNA Recovery and Cut Mark Analysis 542 Unusual Sharp Force/Penetrating Trauma Pattern on a Cranium; Cooperative Examination and Evaluation by the Forensic Pathologist and Forensic Anthropologist 562 Tags and Spurs: Morphological Features of Cranial Blunt Force Trauma Fractures 66 Stature Estimation of Hispanics: The Most Appropriate Stature Regression Equations 432 Determining Medicolegal Significance: Human vs. Selkie 501 Temporomandibular Joint Morphology and the Assessment of Potential Commingling 513 The Meeting of Old and New: Luminol Application to a Suspected Ritualistic Heathen Stone From Viking Times 415 Steger, Pamela M BA, MS*, Travis County Medical Examiners Office, 934 Sycamore Street, San Marcos, TX 78666; and Daniel Jackson, BA, MA, Travis County Medical Examiners Office, 104 B Ladybird Lane, San Marcos, TX 78666 Stephan, Carl N. BHSc, Department of Anatomical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Australia; Ian S. Penton-Voak, PhD, Department of Psychology, The University of Stirling, Scotland; David Perrett, PhD, and Bernard Tiddeman, PhD, School of Psychology, The University of St. Andrews, Scotland; John G. Clement, PhD*, School of Dental Science, The University of Melbourne, Australia; and Maciej Henneberg, DSc, Department of Anatomical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Australia Stephan, Carl N. PhD*, and Andrew J. Tyrrell, PhD, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Stephan, Carl N. PhD*, Anne Huang, and Paavi Davidson, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Otto Hirschfeld Building, Brisbane, 4072, AUSTRALIA Stephan, Carl N. PhD*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530; Jody Cicolini, BSc, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 AUSTRALIA Stephan, Carl N. PhD*, The University of Queensland, Anatomy and Developmental Biology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; and Ellie K. Simpson, PhD, Forensic Science South Australia, 21 Divett Place, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia Stewart, John E.B. PhD*, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, DNA Analysis Unit I, Quantico, VA 22135; Patricia J. Aagaard, BS, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, DNA Analysis Unit II, Quantico, VA 22135; Deborah Polanskey, BS, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, DNA Analysis Unit II, Quantico, VA 22135; Eric G. Pokorak, BA, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, DNA Analysis Unit I, Quantico, VA 22135; and Mark R. Ingraham, MS, and H. Gill-King, PhD, Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology and Human Identification, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203 Stolze, Dolly K. MA*, 1900 Huntington Lane, Apartment 4, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 Index 197 The Mastoid Sinuses and Their Potential in Comparative Radiology for Forensic Anthropology 343 Testing the Average Methodological Approach to Facial Approximation 603 Skeletal Identification by Radiographic Comparison: Blind Tests of a Morphoscopic Method Using Antemortem Chest Radiographs Placement of the Human Eyeball and Canthi in Craniofacial Identification 131 The Reproducibility of Results From Facial Approximation Accuracy Tests That Use Face-Arrays 163 Facial Soft Tissue Depths in Craniofacial Identification: Properties Gleaned From a Comparative Bottom-Up Approach 355 Reducing Problems With Osteological and Dental Samples Submitted to Missing Person DNA Databases 407 Sex Estimation Using the Petrous Portion of the Temporal Bone By Linear Regression Anaylsis 20 225 Stout, Sam D. PhD*, and Deborrah C. Pinto, MA*; Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, 124 West 17th Avenue, 244 Lord Hall, Columbus, OH 432101364; Lara E. McCormick, MA*, The Ohio State University, 2894 Neil Avenue, #513A, Columbus, OH 43202; and Meghan-Tomasita C. Cosgriff-Hernandez, MA, and Annamaria C. Crescimanno, MA, Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, 124 West 17th Avenue, 244 Lord Hall, Columbus, OH 43210-1364 Strohmeyer, Dawn M. MS*, 12 Bridge Street, Hitchin, Hertfordshire SG5 2DE, United Kingdom; and Tal L. Simmons, PhD, Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, United Kingdom Stuart, Jaime MA* and Lyle Konigsberg, PhD, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Stuart, Jaime MA*, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN Stubblefield, Phoebe R. MA*, CA Pound Human Identification Laboratory, P.O. Box 112545, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL Index 198 Sternal Rib Histomorphometry: A Test of the Age Estimation Method of Stout, et al. (1994) 273 Sex and Stature Estimation Based on the Calcaneus, Talus, and Metatarsal Length 300 Sternal Rib Standards for Age Estimation in Balkan Populations: An Evaluation of U.S. Standards Using Alternative Statistical Methods The Effect of Human Body Mass on the Rate of Decomposition 477 Body Weight Estimation in Forensic Anthropology 554 549 Stubblefield, Phoebe R. PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of North Dakota, 236 Centennial Drive Stop 8374, Grand Forks, ND 58202; Susan C. Anton, PhD*, New York University, Department of Anthropology, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003; James J. Snodgrass, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, 1218 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 974051218; Christian Crowder, PhD, Medical Examiner’s Office, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016; Anthony Di Fiore, PhD, Department of Anthropology, New York University, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003; Dana L. Duren, PhD, Departments of Community Health, Neuroscience, Wright State Boonshoft School of Medicine, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435; Eduardo Fernandez-Duque, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, 3260 South Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6398; William R. Leonard, PhD, Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL 602081330; Steve Leigh, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 109 Davenport Hall, 607 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801; Felicia Madimenos, MS, Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, 1218 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97405-1218; Scott McGraw, PhD, Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, 174 West 18th Avenue Columbus, OH 43210; Emily R. Middleton, MS, and Chris A. Schmitt, MS, Department of Anthropology, New York University, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003; Richard J. Sherwood, PhD, Wright State Boonshoft School of Medicine, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435; Trudy R. Turner, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, PO Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201; Claudia R. Valeggia, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, 3260 South Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6398; and Francis J. White, PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, 1218 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97405-1218 Stull, Kyra E. BA*, 108 Firethorne Drive, Greer, SC 29650; Dustin M. James, BA, 7735 Village Drive, Knoxville, TN 37919; and Joseph T. Hefner, MA, 241 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Stull, Kyra Elizabeth BA*, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Suckling, Joanna K. BS*, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666 Suskewicz, Jaime A. BA*, Louisiana State University, 2000 Brightside Drive, #722, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 Index 199 Integrative Measurement Protocol Incorporating Morphometric and Behavioral Research Tools From Forensic Anthropology, Human Biology, and Primatology 92 The Determination of Age Using the Acetabulum of the Os Coxa 315 Sexual Dimorphism in the Juvenile Skeleton 275 A Longitudinal Study on the Outdoor Human Decomposition Sequence in Central Texas Estimation of Living Body Weight Using Measurements of Anterior Iliac Spine Breadth and Stature 50 520 Swift, Benjamin MB, ChB*, and Guy N. Rutty, MD, Division of Forensic Pathology, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, United Kingdom; Richard Harrington, PhD, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Symes, Steven A. PhD*, and Christopher W. Rainwater, BA, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; and Susan M. Thurston Myster, PhD, Hamline University, PO Box 196, St. Paul, MN 55104 Symes, Steven A. PhD*, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; Anne M. Kroman, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Susan M.T. Myster, PhD, Hamline University, Department of Anthropology, St. Paul, MN 55104; and Christopher W. Rainwater, BA, and John J. Matia, MS, Mercyhurst College, Department of Forensic/Biological Anthropology, Erie, PA 16546 Symes, Steven A. PhD*, Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, 1060 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN; C. Ferraro, PhD, Long Island University, Long Island University, Brookville, NY, Susan B. Patton, MNSc, and O’Brian C. Smith, MD, Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, 1060 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN; and A.M. Kroman, BA, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 252 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN Symes, Steven A. PhD*, Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th, Erie, PA 16546-0001; Christopher W. Rainwater, MS, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016; Erin N. Chapman, BA, 216 Maiden Lane, Erie, PA 16504; Desina R. Gipson, BA, 549 East Grandview Boulevard, Erie, PA 16504; and Kyra E. Stull, BA, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 Symes, Steven A. PhD*, Mercyhurst College, Department of Forensic/Biological Anthropology, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; James J. Woytash, DDS, MD, Erie County Medical Examiner’s Office, 462 Grider Street, Buffalo, NY 14214; Anne M. Kroman, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; and Andrew C. Wilson, BS, Department of Forensic/Biological Anthropology, Mercyhurst College, Erie, PA 16509 Index 200 Developing the “Isotope Fingerprint” in Human Skeletal Remains 526 Standardizing Saw and Knife Mark Analysis on Bone 308 Anthropological Saw Mark Analysis on Bone: What is the Potential of Dismemberment Interpretation? 388 From Caffey (1946) to Kempe (1962): Historical Perspectives of the Recognition of Child Abuse 607 Recognizing Patterned Fire and Heat Damage to Bone 280 Perimortem Bone Fracture Distinguished From Postmortem Fire Trauma: A Case Study With Mixed Signals 416 Symes, Steven A. PhD*, Susan B. Patton, MNSc*, T.D. Campbell, MD, Cynthia D. Gardner, MD, O’Brian C. Smith, MD, T. Paulette Sutton, MS, MT, and Craig T. Mallak, JD, MD, Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, 1060 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN; and A.M. Kroman, BA, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 252 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN Synstelien, Jennifer A. MA*, and Michelle D. Hamilton, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN Synstelien, Jennifer A. MA*, and Walter E. Klippel, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; and Michelle D. Hamilton, PhD, Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, Tribal Historic Preservation Office, PO Box 455, Cherokee, NC 28719 Synstelien, Jennifer A. MA*, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN Synstelien, Jennifer A. MA*, The University of Tennessee, The University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720 Ta’ala, Sabrina C. MA*, and Gregory E. Berg, MA, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Central ID Lab (JPAC/CIL), 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530 Ta’ala, Sabrina C. MA*, and Gregory E. Berg, MA, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530 Taborelli, Anna MD, and Salvatore Andreola, MD, Sezione di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze Biomediche, V. Mangiagalli, 37, Milan, ITALY; Alessia Di Giancamillo, DVM, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Veterinarie p, Università degli Studi, Milan, ITALY; Guendalina Gentile, BSc, Sezione di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze Biomediche, Via Mangiagalli, 37, Milano, ITALY; Daniele Gibelli, MD*, and Marketa Pechnikova, BSc, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Sezione di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze Biomediche, Via Mangiagalli, 37, Milan, ITALY; Cinzia Domeneghini, DVM, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Veterinarie, Università degli Studi, Milan, ITALY; Marco Grandi, MD, Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni di Milano, Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze Biomediche, V. Mangiagalli, 37, Milan, ITALY; and Cristina Cattaneo, PhD, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Sezione di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze Biomediche, V. Mangiagalli, 37, Milan, ITALY Index 201 Child Abuse: It’s All in the Recognition 612 Expressions of Handedness in the Vertebral Column 531 Raccoon (Protocyon lotor) Foraging as a Taphonomic Agent of Soft Tissue Modification and Scene Alteration 461 Differences in the Os Coxa Between Blacks and Whites 592 Raccoon (Protocyon lotor) Soft Tissue Modfication of Human Remains 206 Unusual Cranial Base Trauma in Victims of the Khmer Rouge 418 The Current and Potential Role of Forensic Anthropology in Cambodia 337 Microscopic Markers of Trauma in Decomposed Bone and Skin 73 Tallman, Sean D. MA*, and Allysha P. Winburn, MA, Joint POW/MIA Acct Command, Central ID Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 968535530 Telmon, Norbert MD*, Service de Medecine Legale, CHU Toulouse, 1 av J. Poulhes, Toulouse Cedex, France; Loic Lalys, Pascal Adalian,and Marie D. Piercecchi, Universite de la Mediterranee, Faculte de Medecine, Unite d’ Anthropologie, UMR 6578, 27 Bd J. Moulin, Marseille Cedex 05, France; Olivier Dutour, Universite de la Mediterranee, Faculte de Medecine, Unite d’ Anthropologie, CHU Toulouse, 1 av J. Poulhes, Marseille Cedex 05, France; Daniel Rouge, MD, Service de Medecine Legale, CHU Toulouse, 1 av J. Poulhes, Toulouse Cedex, France; and Georges Leonetti, MD, PhD, Universite de la Mediterranee, Faculte de Medecine, Unite d’ Anthropologie, UMR 6578, 27 Bd J. Moulin, Marseille Cedex 05, France Tersigni, Mariateresa A. MA*, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN Tersigni, Mariateresa A. MA*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Tersigni, MariaTeresa A. PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati, Braunstein 481, PO 210380, Cincinnati, OH 45221; Amy Michael, BA, 416 West Genesee, Apartment 1, Lansing, MI 48933; and John E. Byrd, PhD, JPAC/CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam Air Force Base, HI 96853-5530 Tersigni, MariaTeresa PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati, Braunstein 481 PO 210380, Cincinnati, OH 45221; Amy Michael, BA*, 416 West Genesee, Apartment 1, Lansing, MI 48933; Amber Heard, BA, 16789 Chandler Road, #1632, East Lansing, MI 48823; Christina Malone, BHS, BA, 180 Arbor Glen Drive, Apartment 203, East Lansing, MI 48823; and John E. Byrd, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Lab, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam Air Force Base, HI 96853-5530 Tersigni-Tarrant, MariaTeresa A. PhD*, MCG/UGA Medical Partnership, 279 Williams Street, Athens, GA 30602; John E. Byrd, PhD, 95-033 Hokuiwa Street, #51, Mililani, HI 96853-5530; and Jiro Manabe, MA, JPACCIL, 310 Worchester Avenue Building 45, Hickam AFB, Honolulu, HI 96853 Terstegge, Stacie MS*, University of New Haven, Public Safety and Professional Studies, California Campus, 6060 Sunrise Vista Boulevard, Citrus Heights, CA 95610; Brandi Schmitt, MS, University of California, Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616 Index 202 Applicability of Femur Subtrochanteric Shape to Ancestry Assessment 29 Age Estimation of the Immature Individuals Starting From the Ratio Epiphysis Width/Diaphysis Width of the Bones of the Hand and the Wrist 587 Frozen Human Bone: A Histological Investigation 545 Serial Bone Histology: Interand Intra-Bone Age Estimation 453 Osteon Area and Circularity: A Method for the Assessment for Human and Non-Human Fragmentary Remains 292 Osteon Area Measurements - A Validation Study 291 Test of Osteon Circularity as a Method of Human/Non-Human Identification 55 Anthropological Tissue Depth Measurement Standards: A Comparison For Accurate Facial Reproduction 482 Thew, Heather A. MS*, and Stephen P. Nawrocki, PhD, University of Indianapolis, 1400 East Hanna Avenue Indianapolis, IN Thomas, Tammy S. BS*, 910 San Jacinto Street, Lockhart, TX 78644; and Tal Simmons, PhD, School of Forensic & Investigative Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UNITED KINGDOM Tichnell, Tracey A. BS*, Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology, East Lansing, MI 48824 Tichnell, Tracey BS*, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 Tise, Meredith L. BA*, Texas State University, Department of Anthropology, 601 University Drive, ELA 232, San Marcos, TX 78666; and Kate Spradley, PhD, Texas State University, Department of Anthropology, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666 To, Denise MA*, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Box 87-2402, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ To, Denise MA*, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 To, Denise PhD*, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; and Carrie A. Brown, MA, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Lab, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Tocheri, Matthew W. BA*, and Anshuman Razdan, PhD, PRISM, Arizona State University, Box 87-5106, Tempe, AZ Tomberlin, Jeffery K. PhD*, Texas A&M University, 1229 North U.S. Highway 281, Stephenville, TX 76401; A. Midori Albert, PhD*, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403; Jason H. Byrd, PhD, Office of the Medical Examiner, 1360 Indian Lake Road, Daytona Beach, FL 32164;and David W. Hall, PhD, David Hall Consultant, Inc., 3666 Northwest 13th Place, Gainesville, FL 32605 Torpey, Melissa A. MS*, and Philip N. Williams, BS, Federal Bureau of Investigation Counterterrorism and, Forensic Science Research Unit, FBI Academy, Building 12, Quantico, VA 22135 Torpey, Melissa A. MS*, Michigan State University, 7 Gardenwood Drive, Asheville, NC 28803 Torwalt, Carla R. BSc*, Thambirajah Balachandra, MBBS, and Janice Epp, RN, HBScN, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 210-1 Wesley Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Toyne, J. Marla MA*, John W. Verano, PhD, and Laurel S. Hamilton, MA, Tulane University, 1021 Audubon Street, Department of Anthropology, New Orleans, LA 70118 Index 203 The Effects of Lime on the Decomposition Rate of Buried Remains 598 The Relationship Between Directionality of Force and the Formation of Butterfly Fractures 31 Escaping Tennessee: Regions for Taphonomy Research Beyond Eastern Tennessee Effect of Loading Environment on the Healing of Long Bone Fractures Postcranial Sex Estimation of Individuals Considered Hispanic 412 Three-Dimensional Digital Data Acquisition: A Test of Measurement Error 564 Sexual Dimorphism of Joint Surface Area through 3-D Digital Data Modeling Recovery and Identification of a WWI American Doughboy in Rembercourt-surMad, France 159 Quantitative Analyses of Human Pubic Symphyseal Morphology Using ThreeDimensional Data: The Potential Utility for Aging Adult Human Skeletons Interdisciplinary Forensic Science Workshops: A Venue for Data Collection 596 Identity Crisis: The Number and Quality of Unidentified Decedent Data and a New Solution 290 Stages of Epiphyseal Union in the Cervical Vertebrae of Young Adult Skeletons Cervical Smears as an Alternate Source of DNA in the Identification of Human Skeletal Remains 301 Finding Clues on the Bony Surface: The Use of Markers of Occupational Stresses as Aids to Identification and Age Determination in Skeletonized Remains 455 279 118 42 462 562 Trammell, Lindsay H. MA*, Murray K. Marks, PhD, and Walter E. Klippel, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37966-0720; and Darinka MileusnicPolchan, MD, PhD, UTMCK, Department of Pathology, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, TN 37920 Trammell, Lindsay H. MA*, University of TennesseeKnoxville, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720 Troy, Amanda B. MSc*, 13 Castlerock, Tulla Road, Ennis, IRELAND; and Colin Moffatt, PhD, and Tal Simmons, PhD, School of Forensic & Investigative Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UNITED KINGDOM Truesdell, Nicole D. BA*, 1933 South Brightside View Drive, Apartment E, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 Tuller, Hugh H. MA*, and Joan Baker, PhD, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, Hawaii 96853 Tuller, Hugh H. MA*, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, 71000, Sarajevo Tuller, Hugh H. MA*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530; Cecily Cropper, BSc*, Ute Hofmeister, MA*, Laura Yazedjian, MSc, Jon Sterenberg, MSc, and Jon M. Davoren, MA*, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina Tuller, Hugh H. MA*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530; Ute Hofmeister, MA, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina; and Sharna Daley, MSc, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina Tuller, Hugh MA*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530; and Jon Sterenberg, MS, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina Ubelaker, Douglas H. PhD*, Department of Anthropology, MRC 112, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560; Bruce A. Buchholz, PhD, Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Mail Stop L-397, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551; and John Stewart, PhD, Federal Bureau of Investigation, DNA Analysis Unit II, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135 Index 204 Cranial Histomorphology: Species Identification and Age Estimation 265 A Histological Examination of Odocoileus virginianus for Forensic Application 293 The Relationship Between Ambient Temperature and the Temperature of Maggot Masses on Decomposing Pig and Rabbit Carcasses 63 Nonmetric Characteristics of the Skull for Determining Race in Blacks and Whites Bodies and Body Parts: When and How to Record Them During the Excavation of Mass Graves 466 Dirty Secrets: Identification of Older Crime Scenes in the Former Yugoslavia Through Blood Protein and Volatile Fatty Acid Soil Analysis New Tools for the Processing of Human Remains From Mass Graves: Spatial Analysis and Skeletal Inventory Computer Programs Developed for an Inter-Disciplinary Approach to the Re-association of Commingled, Disarticulated and Incomplete Human Remains The Importance of Body Deposition Recording in Event Reconstruction and the Re-Association and Identification of Commingled Remains 539 Not for the Passive: The Active Application of Electronic Resistivity in the Excavation of a Mass Grave 424 Evaluation of Date of Death Through Analysis of Artificial Radiocarbon in Distinct Human Skeletal and Dental Tissues 403 320 464 441 Ubelaker, Douglas H. PhD*, Department of Anthropology, NMNH - MRC 112, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560; and Roberto C. Parra, BA, Instituto de Medicina Legal del Peru, Av. Abancay 491 6to Piso, Lima, PERU Ubelaker, Douglas H. PhD*, Department, Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC; Dennis C. Ward, BS, FBI Laboratory, Washington, DC; Valeria S. Braz, MSc, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and John Stewart, PhD, FBI, Washington, DC Ubelaker, Douglas H. PhD*, Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology, NMNH, MRC 112, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 Ubelaker, Douglas H. PhD*, Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology, NMNH, MRC 112, Washington, DC 20560 Ubelaker, Douglas H. PhD*, Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology, NMNH, MRC 112, Washington, DC 20560; Jerold M. Lowenstein, MD, California Pacific Medical Center, 2333 Buchanan Street, San Francisco, CA 94115; Darden G. Hood, BS, MicroAnalytica, LLC, 4989 SW 74 Court, Miami, FL 33155 Uhl, Natalie M. BS, University of Indianapolis, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46227; Joseph T. Hefner, MA, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; and John J. Schultz, PhD, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32816 Uhl, Natalie M. MS*, 308 North Orchard Street, Apartment 7, Urbana, IL 61801; Nicholas V. Passalacqua, MS, 1559 Mount Vernon, East Lansing, MI 48823; and Lyle W. Konigsberg, PhD, University of Illinois, 109 Davenport Hall, 607 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 Uhl, Natalie MS*, 1503 North Pennsylvania Street, Apartment 21, Indianapolis, IN 46202 Uhl, Natalie MS*, 308 North Orchard Avenue, Apartment 7, Urbana, IL 68101 Uhl, Natalie MS*, 308 North Orchard Street, Apartment 7, Urbana, IL 61801 Van Deest, Traci L BA*, California State University, Chico, Department of Anthropology, 311 Butte Hall, Chico, CA 95929 Vass, Arpad A. PhD*, and Madhavi Martin, PhD, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, 1505, MS 6038, Oak Ridge, TN 37831- 6038; Jennifer Synstelien, MA, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720; and Kimberly Collins, BS, Maryville College, College Avenue, Maryville, TN 37804 Vass, Arpad A. PhD*, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN Index 205 Dental Aging Methods and Population Variation as Demonstrated in a Peruvian Sample 257 Differentiation of Bone and Tooth From Other Materials Using SEM/EDS Analysis 600 International Research in Forensic Anthropology 479 Advances in the Assessment of Commingling Within Samples of Human Remains 445 Species Identification of Small Skeletal Fragments Using Protein Radioimmunoassay (pRIA) 525 Geometric Morphometrics of the Scapula: An Assessment of Ancestry 311 A Bayesian Approach to Multifactorial Ageat-Death Estimation 13 Multifactorial Determination of Age at Death From the Human Skeleton Estimation of Age at Death From the Juvenile Scapula New Scapular Measurements for Determining Sex Sifting Through the “Ashes”: Age and Sex Estimation Based on Cremains Weight 257 Elemental Characterization of Skeletal Remains Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) 435 The National Forensic Academy 561 198 116 350 Vella, Giancarlo Di MD*, Carlo Pietro Campobasso, MD, PhD, and Francesco Introna, MD, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Bari, Policlinico, piazza G. Cesare, Bari, Italy Verano, John W. PhD*, Brian Pierson, BA, and Anne Titelbaum, MA, Doris Z. Stone Laboratory of Biological and Forensic Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, 1326 Audubon Street, New Orleans, LA 70118 Verano, John W. PhD*, Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, 1021 Audubon Street, New Orleans, LA 70118 Vidarsdottir, Una Strand BSc, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of Durham, 43 Old Elvet, Durham, County Durham DH1 3HN, United Kingdom Vidoli, Giovanna M. MSc*, 56 Mitchell Avenue, Binghamton, NY 13903 Vigil, Bianca MFS*, Ismail Sebetan, MD, PhD, and Paul Stein, PhD, Forensic Sciences Program, National University, 11255 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 Vincent, Daisy D.M. MA*, 29 rue des Poudrieres, Neuchatel, 2000, SWITZERLAND Vollner, Jennifer M. MS*, 328 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824; Nicholas V. Passalacqua, MS, 1559 Mount Vernon, East Lansing, MI 48823; and Christopher W. Rainwater, MS, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Vollner, Jennifer M. MS*, 328 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824; Nicholas V. Passalacqua, MS, 3518 Hagadorn Road, Okemos, MI 48864-4200; and Stephen D. Ousley, PhD, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Anthropology, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 W. Mires, Ann Marie PhD*, Chief Medical Examiner, 720 Albany Street, Boston, MA; Mary H. Manhein, MA, Louisiana State University, FACES Laboratory, Baton Rouge, LA; Greg Mahoney, Boston Crime Laboratory, 720 Albany Street, Boston, MA; and Eileen Barrows, Louisiana State University, Faces Laboratory, Baton Rouge, LA W. Mires, Ann Marie PhD*, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 720 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118; Alberto Giordano, PhD, Department of Geography, University of Texas, Austin, TX 77005 Wagner, Sarah PhD*, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Department of Anthropology, 437 Graham Building, Greensboro, North Carolina 27410 Waldrip, Edward B. PhD*, Southern Institute of Forensic Science, PO Box 15764, Hattiesburg, MS; Ted A. Rathbun, PhD, University of South Carolina, Department of Anthropology, Columbia, SC; Steven A. Symes, PhD, Regional Forensic Center, 1060 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN; and James E. Lee, Adams County, 112 South Wall Street, Natchez, MS Index 206 Peculiar Marine Taphonomy Findings: Preservation of Human Remains as a Result of Submersion in Sequestered Environments 547 Left Hanging in Mandeville: Multiple Approaches in Search of a Positive Identification 284 Serial Murder With Dismemberment of Victims in an Attempt to Hinder Identification: A Case Resolved Through Multidisciplinary Collaboration Geometric Morphometric Techniques for Ancestry Assessment in Sub-Adults 457 Fragmentation Patterns of Victims From a Fatal Aviation Accident Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) Scans for Skeletal Remains Identification of Anorexia Nervosa 278 Effects of Heat-Modification on Sharp Force Trauma in Charred Remains New Linear Measurements for the Estimation of Sex From the Human Sacrum 76 The Use of Geometric Morphometric Analysis for Subadult Sex Estimation Utilizing Innominates 118 Reconstructing Facial Freeform Images Using FREEFORM Software 565 Using GIS Technology to Locate Clandestine Human Remains 515 The Social Effects of Recognizing Srebrenica’s Missing 143 Human Skeleton Found in a Chimney: A Misidentification Corrected and an Opportunity to Reevaluate Methods of Superimposition 603 478 224 19 Walsh-Haney, Heather A. MA*, CA Pound Human Identification Laboratory, University of Florida, PO Box 112545, Gainesville, FL 32611 Walsh-Haney, Heather A. MA*, John J. Schultz, MS, and Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory/Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 112545, Gainesville, FL; and Reinhard W. Motte, MD, Miami-Dade County, District 11 Office of the Medical Examiner, Number One on Bob Hope Road, Miami, FL Walsh-Haney, Heather A. MA*, John J. Schultz, PhD, and Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD, University of Florida, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, PO Box 112545, Gainesville, FL 32611 Walsh-Haney, Heather MA*, and Sulekha R. Coticone, PhD*, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Boulevard, Ft. Myers, FL 33965 Wankmiller, Jane C. MA*, Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 Warnasch, Scott C. MA*, New York City Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016; Christian Crowder, PhD, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016; and Kristen Hartnett, PhD, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Forensic Anthropology, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Warren, Michael W. PhD*, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Leslie E. Eisenberg, PhD, Wisconsin Historical Society, 816 State Street, Madison, WI; Heather Walsh-Haney, MA, University of Florida, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; and, Julie Mather Saul, BA, Lucas County Medical Coroner’s Office, 2595 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH Watamaniuk, Lelia BSc*, University of Toronto, Department of Anthropology, 3359 Mississauga Road, North, NB 226, Mississauga, ON M4V 1R6, CANADA Waters, Kevin A. BS*, Laura Gibson, BS, and Heather A. Walsh- Haney, PhD, Florida Gulf Coast University, Division of Justice Studies, 10501 FGCU Boulevard South, AB3, Fort Myers, FL 33965-6565 Waxenbaum, Erin B. MA*, C.A. Pound Human Identification Lab, University of Florida, PO Box 103615, 1376 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32610; Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD, C.A. Pound Human Identification Lab, University of Florida, PO Box 103615, 1376 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32601; and David R. Hunt, PhD, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology, Washington, DC 20560 Index 207 Cross-Sectional Diaphyseal Geometry, Degenerative Joint Disease, and Joint Surface Area in Human Limb Bones: A Comparison of American Whites & Blacks Rituals Among the Santeria: Contextual Clues and Forensic Implications 456 Footnotes: Diabetic Osteopathy Used in Human Identification 504 Correlation of Forensic Anthropologic Findings With DNA Profiles Obtained From Cold Cases Positive Identification Using Radiographs of the Lumbar Spine: A Validation Study 314 Archaeological Methodology Used at the World Trade Center Site During the 2006/2007 Recovery Excavation 39 Anthropology at Fresh Kills: Recovery and Identification of the World Trade Center Victims 570 The Assessment and Determination of Forensic Significance in Forensic Anthropology Archival Matters: The William R. Maples Collection at Florida Gulf Coast University 115 Morphological Variation of the Human Knee: Implications for Sex and Ancestral Designations 330 544 132 221 Waxenbaum, Erin B. MA*, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, PO Box 112545, Building 114, Gainesville, FL 32611; David R. Hunt, PhD, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560; and Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD, C.A. Pound Human Identification Lab, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, PO Box 112545, Building 114, Gainesville, FL 32611 Waxenbaum, Erin B. PhD*, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60208; and Kelsea Linney, BA*, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60208 Webb, Nicole M. BS*, 19760 Osprey Cove Boulevard, Apartment 136, Fort Myers, FL 33967; Heather A. WalshHaney, PhD, Katy L. Shepherd, BS, and Christen E. Herrick, BS, Florida Gulf Coast University, Division of Justice Studies, 10501 Florida Gulf Coast University Boulevard South, AB3, Fort Myers, FL 33965-6565; Alyssa L. Butler, BA, 9795 Glen Heron Drive, Bonita Springs, FL 34135; Marta U. Coburn, MD, District 20 Medical Examiner’s Office, 3838 Domestic Avenue, Naples, FL 34104; and Margarita Arruza, MD, Medical Examiner’s Office, 2100 Jefferson Street, Jacksonville, FL 32206 Wedel, Vicki L. MA*, and Joshua B. Peabody, MA*, University of California, Santa Cruz, Department of Anthropology, 1156 High Street, Social Sciences 1 Faculty Services, Room 361, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Wedel, Vicki L. MA*, Department of Anthropology, University of California, 1156 High Street, SS1 Faculty Services, Santa Cruz, CA 95064-1077; Shannon Bowman, BA, Texas A&M University, Department of Anthropology, College Station, TX 77483 Wedel, Vicki L. MS, MA*, University of California, Santa Cruz, Department of Anthropology, Social Sciences 1 Faculty Services, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 Weitzel, Misty A. PhD*, Oregon State University, Waldo 212, Corvallis, OR 97333 Wescott, Daniel J PhD*, University of Missouri-Columbia, Department of Anthropology, 107 Swallow Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 Wescott, Daniel J. PhD*, University of Missouri at Columbia, Department of Anthropology, 107 Swallow Hall, Columbia, MO 65211; Deepa Srikanta, BA, University of Missouri at Columbia, Department of Biology, Columbia, MO 65211 Wescott, Daniel J. PhD*, University of MissouriColumbia, Department of Anthropology, 107 Swallow Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 Wessling, Roland BSc*, and Ambika Flavel, MSc, Inforce Foundation, Cranfield University, Cranfield Forensic Institute, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UNITED KINGDOM Index 208 To Measure or Not to Measure: An Analysis of Maximum Length of the Tibia 392 The Condyle Connection: Forensic Implications for the Association Between the Condyles of the Femur and Tibia 44 Dead Man’s Curve: How Scoliosis Affects Rib Aging 129 Analysis of Season at Death Using Cementum Increment Analysis 414 How to Look a Gift Corpse in the Mouth: Season at Death Determined by Cementum Increment Analysis 387 Race vs. Ancestry: A Necessary Distinction 492 Temperature Variability in the Burial Environment Using Growth Data to Understand Secular Trends in Femur Diaphyseal Size and Shape among American Adults Racial Assessment Using the Platymeric Index 386 Ontogeny of Femur Subtrochanteric Shape: Implications for Determining Ancestry Using the Platymeric Index Training in Forensic Archaeology and Anthropology on a Shoestring: Is It Possible? Is It Sensible? 370 333 489 152 Wessling, Roland MSc*, Inforce Foundation, Cranfield University, Cranfield Forensic Institutde, Shrivenham, 0 SN6 8LA, UNITED KINGDOM Wessling, Roland MSc*, Inforce Foundation, Cranfield University, Cranfield Forensic Institute, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UNITED KINGDOM; and Louise Loe, PhD, Oxford Archaeology, Janus House, Osney Mead, Oxford, OX2 0ES, UNITED KINGDOM Wessling, Roland MSc*, Inforce Foundation, Cranfield University, Cranfield Forensic Institute, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UNITED KINGDOM; and Louise Loe, PhD, Oxford Archaeology, Janus House, Osney Mead, Oxford, OX2 0ES, UNITED KINGDOM Wheat, Amber D. BS*, 232 Evan Liberal Arts, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666 Wheatley, Bruce P. PhD*, Department of Anthropology and Social Work, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294-3350 White*, Rebecca E. 1 Harlestone Court, Harlestone Road, Dallington, Northampton, Northamptonshire, NN5 7AP, United Kingdom Whitman, Elizabeth J. MA*, 1044 Eugenia Drive, Mason, MI 48854 Widya, Marcella M.C. BSc*, 14 Stanleyfield Road, Preston, Lancashire PR1 1QL, UNITED KINGDOM Wieberg, Danielle A.M. MA*, Knoxville Police Department, 800 Howard Baker, Jr. Avenue, PO Box 3610, Knoxville, TN 37927; and Daniel J. Wescott, PhD, Florida International University, Department of Biological Sciences, 11200 Southwest 8th Street, Miami, FL 333199 Wiersema, Jason M. MA*, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840; Mario Vasquez, MA, Oficina de Derechos Humanos del Arzobizpado de Guatemala, 115 5th Avenue, Guatemala City, 33154, Guatemala; Luis Rios, MA, Department of Anthropology, Universidad Autonima de Madrid, Madrid, 15404, Spain Wiersema, Jason M. MA*, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4352 Wiersema, Jason M. PhD*, Harris County Medical Examiner, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX Wiersema, Jason M. PhD*, Harris County Medical Examiner, Anthropology Division, Houston, TX 77054; and Jennifer C. Love, PhD, Sharon M. Derrick, PhD, and Luis A. Sanchez, MD, Harris County, Medical Examiner’s Office, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054 Index 209 Realism in Simulation Training: Examples of Mass Grave Excavation and Mass Fatality Incident Mortuary Simulation Exercises The Fromelles Project: Organizational and Operational Structures of a Large Scale Mass Grave Excavation and On-Site Anthropological Analysis 236 The Fromelles Project – The Recovery and Identification of British and Australian WWI Soldiers From Mass Graves in Northern France 43 Estimating Ancestry Through Nonmetric Traits of the Skull: A Test of Education and Experience Postmortem and Perimortem Fracture Patterns in the Long Bones of Deer 206 Decomposition in a Mass Grave and the Implications for Post Mortem Interval Estimates Distinguishing Between Human and NonHuman Secondary Osteons in Ribs Predicting the Postmortem Submersion Interval From the Adipocere Formation on Rabbits Interpretation and Confirmation of Patterned Clothing Stains Observed on Both Tibiae 339 Silent Slaughter in Guatemala: The Importance of Sex, Age, and Pathological Identification in a Case of Large Scale, Deliberate Starvation of Children 482 The Human Petrous Temporal Bone: Potential for Forensic Individuation The Petrous Portion of the Human Temporal Bone Revisited: A Bayesian Analysis of its Potential Value in the Identification of Human Skeletal Remains The Role of the Harris County Medical Examiner’s Office Forensic Anthropology Division in Scientific Identification 361 3 509 525 110 64 343 178 Wiersema, Jason M. PhD*, Harris County Medical Examiner, Anthropology Division, Houston, TX 77054; Jennifer C. Love, PhD, and Luis A. Sanchez, MD, Harris County, Medical Examiner’s Office, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054 Williams, Anna PhD*, Cranfield University, Defense Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UNITED KINGDOM Williams, John A. PhD*, Anthropology & Sociology, Western Carolina University, 101 McKee Hall, Cullowhee, NC 28723 Williams, John A. PhD*, Anthropology & Sociology, Western Carolina University, 101 McKee Hall, Cullowhee, NC 28723 Williams, John A. PhD*, University of North Dakota, Box 8374, Grand Forks, ND Williams, John A. PhD*, Western Carolina University, Department of Anthropology and Sociology, Cullowhee, NC 28723 Williams, Philip N BS*, and Melissa A Torpey, MS, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit, Building 12, Quantico, VA 22135; and Lisa Bailey, BA, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, SPU/Room 1115, Quantico, VA 22135 Williams, Shanna E. MA*, University of Florida, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, 1376 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32610 Williams, Shanna E. PhD*, University of Florida, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, PO Box 100235, Gainesville, FL 32610- 0235; and Ann H. Ross, PhD, North Carolina State University, Sociology and Anthropology, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695-8107 Williams, Shanna E. PhD*, University of Florida, Department of Anatomy, PO Box 100235, Gainesville, FL 32610-0235 Williams, Shanna E. PhD*, University of Florida, Department of Anatomy, PO Box 100235, Gainesville, FL 32610-0235; and Ann H. Ross, PhD, North Carolina State University, Sociology and Anthropology, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695-8107 Williams, Shanna E. PhD*, University of Florida, Department of Anatomy, PO Box 100235, Gainesville, FL 32610-0235; Dennis E. Slice, PhD, Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306; and Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD, CA Pound Human Id Lab, C/O Cancer/Genetics Research, PO Box 103615, Gainesville, FL 32610 Wilson, Rebecca J. BS*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Index 210 Practical Consideration of the Daubert Guidelines on Methods of Identification in the Medical Examiner Setting 220 Femmes Fatales: Why Do Women Dominate the Discipline of Forensic Anthropology? 11 Anthropology for Breakfast: A SemiCautionary Tale 197 Saw Cut Marks in Bone Created by Atypical Saws 237 It Came Out of the Sky: Cremains as an Aerial Hazard Bone Fragmentation Created by a Mechanical Wood Chipper 549 VICTIMS Identification Project: The Nation’s Unidentified...Who Are They? And What Can We Do? 226 A New Method for Evaluating Orbit Shape 325 Shifting Morphological Structure: Comparing Craniometric Morphology in Founding and Descendant Populations 209 The More the Better?: Evaluating the Impact of Fixed Semi-Landmark Number in Cranial Shape Variation Analyses Subadult Ancestry Determinations Using Geometric Morphometrics 37 Age-Related Change in Adult Orbital Shape 171 Sexing the Zygomatic Bone 450 298 103 Wilson, Rebecca J. MA*, Jonathan D. Bethard, MA, and Elizabeth A. DiGangi, MA, The University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Wilson, Teresa V. MA*, and Mary H. Manhein, MA, Louisiana State University, Department of Geography and Anthropology, 227 Howe- Russell Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and Ray E. Ferrell, Jr., PhD, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, E235 Howe Russell Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Winburn, Allysha P. MA*, and Carrie A. Brown, MA, Joint POW/MIA Acct Command, Central Identification Lab, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Winburn, Allysha P. MA*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam Airforce Base, HI 96853; and Carme Rissech, PhD, Universitat de Barcelona, Avd. Diagonal, 645; 08028, Barcelona, SPAIN Winburn, Allysha P. MA, BA*, and Carrie A. Brown, MA, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 Wolf, Dwayne A. MD, PhD*, Harris County Medical Examiner Office, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054; Harrell Gill-King, PhD, University of North Texas, PO Box 305220, Denton, TX 76203; Lee M. Goff, PhD, Chaminade University of Honolulu, 3140 Waialae Avenue, Honolulu, HI 96816 Wood, Brian MS*, University of Tennessee, 315 Pasqua Engineering Building, Knoxville, TN 37996; Richard Jantz, PhD, Lee Meadows Jantz, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720; and Mohamed Mahfouz, PhD, University of Tennessee, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, 307 Perkins Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 Yazedjian, Laura N. MSc*, Rifat Kesetovic, MD, Ana BozaArlotti, PhD, and Zeljko Karan, MD, International Commission on Missing Persons, Alipasina 45a, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia-Herzegovina Zambrano, Carlos J. BA*, Archaeology and Forensics Laboratory, University of Indianapolis, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46227 Zambrano, Carlos J. MS, Nicolette M. Parr, MS*, Laurel Freas, MA, Anthony B. Falsetti, PhD, and Michael W. Warren, PhD, C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, PO Box 103615, 1376 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32610 Zephro, Lauren Rockhold MA*, Monterey County Sheriff’s Department, 1414 Natividad Road, Salinas, CA Index 211 Orthopedic Devices and the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection: Implications for Forensic Anthropological Identification 376 X-Ray Diffraction as a Tool for the Analysis of Age-Related Changes in Teeth 126 Error and Uncertainty in Pelvic Age Estimation Part II: Younger vs. Older Adult Females Estimating Advanced Adult Age-at-Death in the Pelvis: A Comparison of Techniques on Known-Age Samples From Iberia 14 Error and Uncertainty in Pelvic Age Estimation Part I: Younger vs. Older Adult Males 127 Beetle Poop: Interpret With Caution in Southeast Texas 385 Improving Forensic Facial Reproductions Using Empirical Modeling 56 The Importance of Using Traditional Anthropological Methods in a DNA-Led Identification System 440 Evaluation of Regression Equations to Estimate Age at Death Using Cranial Suture Closure Evaluation of the Mandibular Angle as an Indicator of Sex 448 Forensic Anthropology for Sale: A Perspective From Law Enforcement 559 172 318 CHICAGO 2011 CHICAGO 2011 PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY H1 Monitoring the Long-Term Applicability of Ground-Penetrating Radar Using Proxy Cadavers William T. Hawkins, BA*, 10215 Blanchard Park Trail, Apartment 2314, Orlando, FL 32817; Joanna M. Fletcher, BA, 9941 Timber Oaks Court, Orlando, FL 32817; and John J. Schultz, PhD, University of Central Florida, Department of Anthropology, PO Box 25000, Orlando, FL 32816 After attending this presentation, attendees will have a better understanding of the potential benefits of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and its possible limitations in the search for clandestine graves. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing guidelines concerning investigations utilizing GPR in searches for clandestine bodies interred over a year. The goal of this presentation is to demonstrate the applicability of GPR in grave detection of cadavers that have been buried for a significant period of time (up to 24 months). By using GPR to monitor controlled graves with multiple burial scenarios, questions can be answered concerning the usefulness of this tool in the search for cadavers that have been interred underground longer than a year. Initial guidelines are offered for the forensic community concerning investigation utilizing GPR for clandestine body searches. Controlled research using pig carcasses as human proxies has demonstrated that GPR is the best geophysical tool to employ when searching for clandestine bodies. Ground-penetrating radar provides the best resolution for subsurface imaging of all geophysical tools used on land. Additionally, the results are displayed in real-time, and information about depth and size of target can be inferred. This presentation continues the second phase of a larger research project involving the monitoring of controlled graves for a two year period and will focus on year two of data collection using a 250-MHz antenna. The GPR unit used was a MALA RAMAC X3 M with a 250-MHz antenna. The data was processed using REFLEXW and GPR-SLICE computer programs. REFLEXW was used to display the transect data as reflection profiles, while GPR-SLICE was used to display the grid data as horizontal slices (plan view). These data were collected from a permanent grid measuring 11 m by 22 m containing eight graves total, buried in a spodic (Spodosol) soil. A total of eight graves were created: six represented different burial scenarios and containing a single pig carcass (Sus scrofa) each; the last two represented empty control graves. The eight graves were arranged in two rows with four graves in each row. Burial scenarios included a shallow empty control hole (dug at 0.5 m), a deep empty control (dug at 1.0 m), a shallow pig grave (0.5 m depth), a deep pig grave (1.0 m), a pig carcass buried underneath a layer of lime, a pig carcasses buried underneath a layer of gravel, a pig carcasses wrapped in a blanket, and a pig carcasses wrapped in a tarpaulin. The final four scenarios were buried at a depth of 1.0 m. Data were collected following both a west-to-east transect direction and a north-to-south transect direction with a transect interval of 0.25 m. Over the first year of grave monitoring, salient grave reflections were observed for all of the scenarios containing a pig carcass. Conversely, the second year of grave monitoring showed decreased responses from the decomposing carcasses. By month 15, a number of burial scenarios had become difficult to detect; the shallow and deep carcasses, buried without additional grave items, exhibited the poorest resolutions. The graves with the best resolution were those with the carcasses either wrapped or covered. The scenario of the carcass covered with gravel exhibited the best resolution of all the scenarios. Of the 1 wrapped carcasses, the tarpaulin exhibited greater resolution than the carcass wrapped in the blanket. The two empty control graves were important for the research by showing the difference between an anomaly produced by disturbed soil and an anomaly produced by an actual carcass. While the deep control grave exhibited a consistent response, it was at a lower level of the grave shaft, compared to the carcass anomalies, and was consistent with the location of the grave floor. Though the horizontal slices provided a grid view of the burials, less graves were detected compared to the resolution exhibited by the reflection profiles. It is therefore recommended that when performing clandestine body searches with GPR both imagery options should be utilized and the data should be processed in the lab before making any definitive conclusions concerning the location of potential targets. This project was supported by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice. Ground-Penetrating Radar, Controlled Graves, Geophysical Search Methods H2 Monitoring the Applicability of GroundPenetrating Radar on Detecting Shallow Graves Using Proxy Cadavers Joanna M. Fletcher, BA*, 9941 Timber Oaks Court, Orlando, FL 32817; William T. Hawkins, BA, 10215 Blanchard Park Trail, Apartment 2314, Orlando, FL 32817; and John J. Schultz, PhD, University of Central Florida, Department of Anthropology, PO Box 25000, Orlando, FL 32816 After attending this presentation, attendees will have a better understanding of the benefits and limitations associated with the use of ground penetrating radar (GPR) in the search for clandestine graves, specifically in cases involving small bodies and shallow graves. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by illustrating the ability of GPR, using a 250-MHz and 500-MHz antenna, to locate bodies in shallow graves in various burial scenarios. The goal of this presentation is to demonstrate the ability of GPR to detect small cadavers buried in shallow graves over a period of six months. By using GPR to monitor controlled graves with multiple burial scenarios, questions can be answered concerning its applicability in the search for small cadavers in shallow graves. Burial scenarios also help distinguish which component or components of the grave, the disturbed soil, the body, or the additional material added to the grave, is producing the geophysical response once the GPR detects the grave. The use of remote sensing geophysical techniques in the search and detection of clandestine graves in a forensic context has many advantages, particularly as it is non-invasive and can highlight smaller areas for more detailed searching. Controlled research has demonstrated that GPR is the most accurate geophysical tool in forensic investigations. Ground-penetrating radar is time efficient, results are displayed in realtime in the field, it provides the best subsurface-imaging resolution, and can be used in different scenarios, such as over the concrete of a house foundation or on a forested landscape. This presentation will focus on the first six months of data collection for a project evaluating the ability of GPR, using a 250-MHz and 500-MHz antenna, to locate shallow graves containing small pig cadavers in various burial scenarios. The ground-penetrating radar unit used for this research was a MALA RAMAC X3 M with a 250-MHz and 500-MHz antenna. The * Presenting Author GPR data was processed using the REFLEXW computer program to display the data in a reflection profile, showing one transect at a time. These grid data were collected from a permanent grid, measuring 9 m by 15 m, containing six graves total, five with a single pig (Sus scrofa) carcass, and one control grave. Multiple-burial scenarios were incorporated into the project: a pig carcass buried under a layer of lime; a pig carcass buried under a layer of rocks; a pig carcass wrapped in a fleece blanket, a pig carcass wrapped in a tarpaulin; and a pig carcass without additional material. The final grave was an empty control grave to measure the response of soil disturbance only versus graves containing bodies. Each grave was 0.5 m deep, and the pig cadavers weighed an average of 25.8 kg. The soil at the research site is classified as Spodosol. However, due to the shallow depths of the graves, they were only buried in sandy horizons. The six graves were arranged in two rows with three graves in each row. Data was collected following both a north-to-south transect direction and an east-to-west transect direction with a transect spacing of 0.25 m. Over the first six months of monitoring, all graves were detected in reflection profiles, although some had better resolution than others. While all of the graves containing a pig carcass produced prominent reflections for this monitoring period, the graves containing items (rocks and lime) placed over the pig carcass resulted in slightly better resolution. Conversely, the grave containing only the pig carcass produced the lowest resolution, but was easily detected. Throughout the first few months of data collection, a minimal response was exhibited by the empty control grave; however, after several months of soil compaction within the grave shaft, there was no longer a response from this grave. These results for the control hole were important in demonstrating that the reflections produced within the graves containing the pig carcasses were the result of the bodies and items added to the graves and not the disturbed soil. In terms of antenna performance, the 250-MHz data initially provided a better resolution within the first few months. However, over time the higher detail provided by the 500-MHz data consistently resulted in easily discernable reflections. While either antenna would be a good option when searching for shallow clandestine graves, the 500-MHz may be a better option depending on soil conditions. Ground-Penetrating Radar, Controlled Graves, Geophysical Shallow Burial Searches H3 Taphonomy of a Mass Grave in MidMichigan: The Case of the Missing Cattle Mary S. Megyesi, PhD*, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; Lindsey L. Jenny, MA, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823; Cate Bird, MA, 2740 Senate Drive, #3E, Lansing, MI 48912; Amy Michael, MA, 528 West Lapeer Street, Lansing, MI 48933; and Angela Soler, MA, and Jane Wankmiller, MA, Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 of beef cattle. The plaintiff in this case claimed the defendant had sold the cattle for profit, while the defendant claimed that these animals had died approximately two years prior and were buried on his farm. In order to settle this dispute, the defendant was required to provide evidence of the buried animals. The excavation was monitored determine how many animals were present, estimate the time since death, and to interpret the stratigraphy of the burial pits. This case was atypical in a number of ways: the individuals were cows and steers; they were buried in a mass grave; due to the legal issues surrounding this case, the defendant was responsible for exhuming the animals; and there was little scientific control over the operation of the backhoe during the excavation. Regardless, this unique situation provided important information about the decomposition and taphonomy of a mass grave excavated with a backhoe that could aid future researchers. The mechanical action of the backhoe dispersed and broke up the cattle remains during the excavation. Some skeletal elements survived this process better than others. During the excavation, skeletal elements were organized by element in order to determine a minimum number of individuals (MNI). This process revealed that skulls and innominates were recovered less often than long bones such as femora, tibia, or humeri. This may be due to the fact that, quite often, skulls were crushed while long bones were more durable. In addition, the animals recovered were young, growing, feeder cattle, and many innominates were still separated into their smaller elements which may have made them more difficult to recover. The MNI was eventually determined by the recovery of 23 left tibias. The cattle were buried in a large pit where some animals were very close to the surface and others were buried quite deep – up to 3 to 4.5 meters. Time since death estimates were based on the degree of decomposition, taking into account the burial depth where the animals were recovered. Cattle recovered near the ground surface were skeletonized, mainly dry, and had some mummified skin and tendons. Deeply-buried animal bones were wet with black decomposing sludge and had adhering skin, fur, cartilage, and tendons. This would be an expected pattern of differential decomposition due to different burial depths. Age-at-death estimates concluded the animals had most likely died between 2 to 7 years based on these observations. One of the important questions regarding this case when it went to trial was whether there were any additional animals in the pit when the defendant had finished digging. Decomposition staining of the pit walls was noticeably black, where it made a strong contrast with the surrounding lightly-colored soil. It served as a good indicator of where additional animals were located as the defendant excavated the burial pit. At the conclusion of the excavations, no additional animals were in the pit due to the lack of decomposition staining. This atypical case is one example of how knowledge of skeletal anatomy and field recovery techniques can assist with a variety of investigations. This mass cattle grave excavated with a backhoe presented special challenges to the interpretation of time since death and MNI. Taphonomy, Decomposition, Recovery Forensic anthropology skills can be applied to a variety of medicolegal situations. The goal of this presentation is to discuss a unique instance of a mass grave site in Mid-Michigan in order to provide future investigators with information about the decomposition, taphonomy, and recovery of deeply buried remains. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing an example of how forensic anthropology expertise, including knowledge of decomposition, skeletal anatomy, and recovery techniques, can aid law enforcement in what may not be a “typical” human remains case. In August of 2009, the Michigan State University Forensic Anthropology Laboratory (MSU FAL) was called to assist the Livingston County Sheriff’s Department with an ongoing legal dispute between two parties over the disappearance of approximately 160 head * Presenting Author 2 H4 The Fromelles Project: Organizational and Operational Structures of a Large Scale Mass Grave Excavation and On-Site Anthropological Analysis Roland Wessling, MSc*, Inforce Foundation, Cranfield University, Cranfield Forensic Institute, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UNITED KINGDOM; and Louise Loe, PhD, Oxford Archaeology, Janus House, Osney Mead, Oxford, OX2 0ES, UNITED KINGDOM After attending this presentation, attendees will have an increased understanding of the organizational and operational aspects of a project that includes the recovery, processing, anthropologically analyses, and documentation of 250 sets of human remains and over 6,000 artifacts in a task-specific, on-site laboratory with high security demands in a fixed timeframe. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by demonstrating how organizational and operational planning can lead to maximizing quality and efficiency, and ensure delivery of results within given time and budget constraints. Between July 19 and 20, 1916, British and Australian forces fought a hopeless battle against German forces while trying to draw attention away from the Somme. The outcome of this battle was the catastrophic loss of over 7,000 soldiers in less than 48 hours. The Australians reported 5,533 killed, wounded, and missing and the British 1,547. In February 2009, Oxford Archaeology (OA) was awarded the contract to carry out the recovery of eight mass graves near the village of Fromelles in Northern France. Within less than two months, the project planning was finalized and a team of OA staff and external consultants assembled, including forensic archaeologists and anthropologists, osteoarchaeologists, finds experts, crime scene investigators, anatomical pathology technologists, radiographers, IT experts, and many more. The process was divided into excavation, x-ray, processing, drying, skeletal and artifact analysis, storage, and DNA. Each section had one or two section heads. These section heads and project managers, assisted by specialist, arrived early onsite to ensure that the entire operation was setup according to their needs. The laboratory and excavation site were secured through fencing, CCTV, and 24-hour guards. Tool-storage, office, and facilities for the excavation team were kept within an inner cordon that could only be entered when team members changed into work clothing and put on full personal protective equipment, including paper suits, hair nets, face masks, and surgical gloves. The laboratory, store rooms, changing rooms, and office space were set up in April 2009 using connectable office containers. This layout guaranteed a secure and efficient workflow as well the dignified and respectful treatment of the human remains. The anthropological analysis began in late May and had to be completed by the end of November. Final analysis of artifacts and finalizing of reports went on throughout the winter and the first soldiers were reburied in January. Sets of remains and associated artifacts were transferred from the excavation to the anthropological laboratory using a documented handover procedure witnessed by a crime scene investigator to order to guarantee the continuity and integrity of all evidence. The mortuary manager took charge of the remains and constantly monitored progress throughout the different mortuary stages. Remains and artifacts were first x-rayed using a direct-digital x-ray unit, operated by an experienced radiographer, who also holds a degree in forensic anthropology. All images were stored digitally and moved onto the secure database to give access to the anthropologists. Remains and artifacts were then separated for processing. Human remains were carefully cleaned to prepare them for anthropological analysis. To ensure the highest quality processing, only staff with experience in osteoarchaeology or anthropology were employed at this stage. After processing and drying, the remains were handed over to one 3 of the anthropologists. All anthropologists had their own workstation, consisting of a fixed table, a digital SLR camera permanently fixed to the ceiling above the table, a PC workstation connected both to the camera and the database server and all necessary measurement equipment and reference material. All laboratory space was adequately air-conditioned to guarantee optimum conditions for both remains and artifacts. All rooms and equipment was completely cleaned daily using hospital mortuary protocols. It was the efficient and effective work flow and data movement that ensured high quality results within a limited timeframe. Forensic Anthropology, Forensic Archaeology, DNA Sampling H5 Blast Injury in Skeletal Remains: The Case of a Soldier From WWI Martin Smith, PhD, and Marie Christine Dussault, MSc*, Bournemouth University, Centre for Forensic Science, Christchurch House, Poole, BH12 5BB, UNITED KINGDOM After attending this presentation, attendees can expect to gain an understanding of the utility of unusual occupation pathologies as an individuating characteristic in historical missing person’s cases. Attendee will also learn about the patterns of blast trauma injury that can be identified in cases of suspected blast injury, as well as, be able to discuss the potential of the combination of blast trauma analysis and forensic anthropological techniques for historical cases such as the one presented. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by demonstrating the need and potential for the application of blast trauma identification and analysis in forensic anthropology. This presentation demonstrates that forensic anthropologists should be familiar with this type of trauma as it can be identified in a variety of contexts in which the forensic anthropologist may be called to contribute. The lack of knowledge in the field is stressed to outline the importance of undertaking research on this type of trauma due to its relevance in many forensic and anthropological situations. Recent years have seen increasing attention given to the analysis of many types of skeletal trauma; however, injuries to the skeleton caused by explosions remain poorly understood. The results of a project with dual objectives aimed at both identification of a specific individual killed during the Great War (1914-1918) and understanding the cause of their death are presented. Assisting in the identification of remains excavated in 2008 from Plugstreet, Belgium, the remains were located buried in situ in proximity of the location of the German front lines during the Great War at St. Yvon, north of the Ultimo crater. The remains were fully clothed and found buried under soil in a trench. The remains were accompanied by artifacts such as personal effects, munitions, medical supplies, and a souvenir Pickelhaube. These artifacts clearly indicated that this was not a proper burial and the individual was killed at that location. Anthropological analyses were performed to determine the age, sex, stature, and pathology of the remains. A number of individuating characteristics were identified regarding age and physical type as well as occupationally-related pathological changes. The biological profile indicated that the individual was a male with a stature ranging between 5’ 7” and 5’ 10”, aged between 30 and 40, which narrowed down the potential casualties due to the older age of the individual, a characteristic which was at odds with the typical enrollment age of soldiers of the time. The skeletal remains also indicated a bone robusticity that suggesting that the individual participated in a physically-demanding occupation during his life. This observation was further supported by the extensive occupationally-related pathologies observed on the vertebrae, illustrated by arthritic changes and prominent Schmorl’s Nodes, and arthritic joints of the legs. These pathologies are unusual for an individual of this age * Presenting Author and can provide interesting information to add to the identification. Collectively these observations permitted the exclusion of all possible identities with the exception for a small number of individuals. The anthropological analysis was combined with a stable isotope analysis and a subsequent DNA match to identify Private Alan James Mather, a grazier or rancher from Inverell in New South Wales, missing-in-action from Messines, Belgium since June 1917. Of further interest was a range of evidence for severe skeletal trauma consistent with the individual being hit by a mortar. Laid out anatomically, distinct injuries were located on the upper left side of the body and torso. Path of injury could be accurately located and followed through the absent humerus and sternum, and the extensively fragmented ribs. Elements in close association to these, such as the manubrium and right arm bones, were completely intact, indicating a very specific path of injury, ending in the torso. Fragments of mortar shell were found embedded in the left temporal bone and left scapula. A large fragment, with an intact driving band (typical of German rifled mortars), was found in the associated grave fill, along the left side of the skeleton, which had been included in a bag of skeletal elements from the upper arm. Subsequently examined historical and archaeological information supports the evidence examined and contributes to the positive identification. Historical records confirm that on June 8, 1917, Private Mather’s 33 Battalion was hit by mortar fire. This exemplifies the application of blast trauma analysis by a forensic anthropologist to a historical case. This case illustrates the potential for additional work in this area to further expand understanding of this class of skeletal injury which remains equally relevant in modern contexts. Forensic Anthropology, Blast Trauma, Occupational Markers H6 Peri-Mortem Fracture Patterns in SouthCentral Texas: A Preliminary Investigation Into the Peri-Mortem Interval Rebecca E. Shattuck, MA*, 809 Green Meadows Drive, Apartment #305, Columbia, MO 65201 After attending this presentation, attendees will have an understanding of peri- and postmortem decompositional changes in bone, and how these alterations are associated with changes in blunt force trauma fracture patterns. Additionally, attendees will learn which features proved most diagnostic in placing these fractures in an appropriate sequence during the peri-mortem interval. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing tools to estimate the postmortem interval from long bone fractures, which will help to bring blunt force trauma analysis in line with the Daubert (2003) criteria for expert witnesses. There have been several studies investigating long bone fracture characteristics during the peri-morteminterval (PMI), but none have been undertaken in the unique climate of southwest Texas. Additionally, the definition of the term “peri-mortem” as it applies to human remains is not unanimously agreed upon. Estimates vary regarding how long the peri-mortem interval lasts. Janjua and Roberts’ (2008) research in Ontario indicates that it takes bone approximately 200 days to reach a stage of “advanced decomposition,” which they measured based primarily on weathering and color change. Conversely, Bell et al. (1996) claim that buried bones may remain in the ground for five years or more before they begin showing any sort of postmortem change. Issues arise because bone decomposition is a continuous process; however, anthropologists typically rely on non-quantifiable indicators to establish largely arbitrary divisions separating these three timeframes. To improve understanding of peri-mortem bone changes, 50 pig femora were allowed to weather at the Texas State University Forensic Anthropology Research Facility at Freeman Ranch, in San Marcos, TX for up to 18 weeks (PMI=126 days). A portion of the sample was * Presenting Author fractured at regular 2-week intervals by the mechanical application of a known dynamic force, and the resulting fracture outlines, angles, and edges, were methodically examined and documented. Also examined were the number and size of fragments produced. A jagged fracture surface proved to be the feature most strongly indicative of postmortem drying in the short term, appearing approximately a month after death and appearing at consistently high rates in all subsequent tests. A significant change in the frequency of curvilinear versus transverse fracture outlines separates the first two months of the experiment from the following period. Fracture angle proved to have poor predictive powers, as obtuse and acute-angled fractures, indicative of fresh bone, occurred through the final test at PMI=126 days, though right-angled fractures did begin to appear at PMI=28 days. There are essentially two “peaks of activity” when it comes to timing peri-mortem fractures in south-central Texas. The first peak occurs around 28 days, and is characterized by the first appearance of a jagged fracture surface, the first appearance of longitudinal cracking, and the beginning of a transition from curvilinear to intermediate fracture outlines. The second peak occurs around 70 days, and is distinguished by the absence of any smooth fracture surface after that point. Statistical tests indicated that different features may be diagnostic over a short period (e.g., 2-week intervals) than those over a longer period (e.g., 8week intervals). No one feature proved to have extraordinarily high diagnostic value, but fracture characteristics analyzed in conjunction with one another have the potential to time the occurrence of a fracture with some accuracy. The results of this experiment highlight the need to develop a shared knowledge base regarding the interpretation of blunt force trauma, backed by statistically supportable research. This replicable experimental design and method of quantitative analysis will help to bring blunt force trauma interpretation in line with the Daubert (1993) ruling, as well as aid in standardizing trauma analysis criteria. Peri-Mortem Interval, Blunt Force Trauma, Forensic Taphonomy H7 Analysis of Primary Blast Rib Fractures Angi M. Christensen, PhD, FBI Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; and Victoria A. Smith, MA*, ORAU, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA After attending this presentation, attendees will understand the results of an analysis of rib fractures associated with primary blast trauma. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and affects of blast trauma, specifically those involving the ribs, resulting in more accurate interpretations of skeletal trauma. Worldwide, the prevalence of terrorist attacks employing the use of explosive devices has served to shift counterterrorism focus from widescale weapons of mass destruction to conventional explosive attacks. In 2008, bombings alone accounted for more than one-third of all terrorist attacks, with explosives, vehicle bombs, and improvised-explosive devices resulting in the majority of injuries. Forensic anthropologists have become increasingly involved in the identification of blast victims as well as the interpretation of skeletal trauma caused by exploding ordinance. Understanding rib fracture patterns associated with such explosive events would provide significant medical and forensic lead information. This study investigates the rib fractures associated with primary blast trauma (i.e., resulting from the blast wave). Rib fractures are associated with the majority of traumatic thoracic events and can be important indicators of soft tissue and organ injury. Despite this, rib fractures have historically received little attention in medical and anthropological literature. The relatively small amount of rib fracture research could be due to the habit of viewing ribs as 4 individual bones rather than a protective system for the thoracic cavity, the cumbersome nature of processing the torso, and the medical practice of often overlooking rib injuries due to the potential for more severe injury to the vital thoracic organs. The majority of literature on the broader topic of blast trauma is in medical journals and focus on treatment of injuries rather than conducting controlled, empirical studies. Some researchers have examined the mechanisms of rib fracture in order to understand their structural failure during different traumatic thoracic events, but have not specifically considered blast forces. A bone’s reaction to stress is affected by factors such as force and the mechanical properties of the bone. The morphology of ribs, specifically their cross-sectional shape and degree of curvature along their length, sets them apart from other human bones and suggests that they should be expected to respond uniquely to applied forces. A recent study by Christensen et al.1 examined primary and secondary skeletal blast trauma and reported the presence of numerous butterfly fractures in ribs that were most likely caused by ventrally applied blast force. Building on these findings, the present study involves further analysis of the previous observations, as well as additional simulated (and more controlled) primary blast event forces. Results indicate that in response to blast and blast-type forces, ribs tend to fracture in the head, neck, and shaft in a manner consistent with compression, shearing and bending forces. Butterfly fractures, which are the result of bending, tensile and compression forces, were frequently observed. This is unsurprising considering that these forces are typically associated with blast events. Rib fracture patterns differed from those normally associated with other types of trauma events such as blunt force (including deceleration), projectile, and sharp force. These results contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the effect of blast forces on ribs and the interpretation of rib fractures in forensic contexts and may allow forensic anthropologists to differentiate between blast trauma and trauma resulting from some other cause. Practitioners should bear in mind; however, that blast traumas involve a number of complicated variables. If blast injury is suspected, consideration should be given to bone type, injury location, and all available contextual and investigative information including the amount of explosives utilized, the placement of the explosives in relation to the victim and the presence of potential projectiles. Reference: 1. Christensen AM, Ramos V, Shegogue CW, Smith VA, Whitworth WM. Primary and Secondary Skeletal Blast Trauma. Proceedings of the 62nd American Academy of Forensic Sciences 62nd Annual Scientific Meeting 2010 February 22-27; Seattle, WA. Forensic Anthropology, Blast Trauma, Rib Fractures H8 Pattern and Distribution of Fractures in the William M. Bass and Hamann-Todd Osteological Collections Shauna McNulty, MA*, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 It is possible that modern activities can predispose certain populations to different risks, and therefore different injury patterns. Few studies take into account the effects of ancestry, age, and sex on frequency and location of these fractures. The goal of this study is to determine whether aspects of modern life predispose individuals to different patterns of trauma than earlier populations, as well as whether differences exist across demographic parameters. Lifestyle choices, as well as biological and environmental factors, can predispose different individuals to fracture. Habitual daily activities combined with poor health characterize the risk factors for many populations experiencing high fracture rates. These can include a sedentary lifestyle, tobacco smoking, alcoholism, and poor diet. An individual’s age, deteriorating senses, osteoporosis, hormonal changes, poor health, and/or inactivity all contribute to biological predispositions to fracture. In addition, several non-biological factors can increase an individual’s rate of fracture, including geographic location, climate, technology, occupation, and participation in sporting activities. Modern ways of life have introduced longer lives that are on average less laborious than earlier time periods, as well as city crowding, violent crime, automobiles accidents, and accidents attributable to urban architecture. All of these factors interplay to form an individual’s unique susceptibility to fracture. The present investigation was conducted using the Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection and the William M. Bass Donated Collection. The analysis of both collections was conducted macroscopically without the aid of radiographs. Only complete, adult specimens were used to allow for greater statistical power. Each element of the skeleton, except for hands and feet, was visually inspected for the presence or absence of fractures. Demographic information was recorded for each individual and includes cause of death, age, sex, and ancestry. Statistical analyses were performed using two statistical analysis software programs. The frequency data generated by the two collections in this study were analyzed using cross-tabulations with Chi-square tests, to determine if any differences occurred between the earlier and later populations, as well as between age, sex, and ancestry groups. Among the significant (i.e., Chi-squared test significant) cranial bones we see several patterns emerge, the first being that white males tend to have more fractures than expected. In contrast, white females tended to have fewer fractures than expected in both collections. In the post-crania, there appears to be higher fracture counts than expected only for the Bass collection. There seems to be a predisposition toward more post-cranial fractures in the more modern sample. The highest fracture counts were attributed to the ribs and nasals with some individuals experiencing more than one fracture. This has been found in other studies, since these areas are often susceptible to not only violence, but traumatic injuries from falls and accidents. Overall, the results indicate that differences exist across the demographic categories. The variation inherent in the sample may be attributed to the fact that the Hamann-Todd collection was created from a more socio-economically disadvantaged population, as compared to the Bass-donated collection. Overall, there is significant variation found between the demographic groups included in this study, which helps garner a further understanding of modern injury patterns. Fractures, Age Differences / Sex Differences, Patterns of Injury After attending this presentation, attendees will understand whether aspects of modern life predispose individuals to different patterns of trauma than earlier, historical populations. The specific patterns and susceptibilities to injury may be unique to individual populations and provide a reference in order to gauge quality of life and health status for the populations under study. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing information that can be used to determine lifestyle factors that predisposed modern, as well as earlier historical populations, to injury. This may allow for predictions to be made as to what types of injuries will be represented in modern medical institutions, based on the lifestyle of the populations feeding into those systems. 5 * Presenting Author H9 No Country for Young Pigs: Identifying the Use of Captive Bolt Pistols in Non-Natural Death Occurrences Scott A. Kirkland, MA*, North Carolina State University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695; Sarah L. Cunningham, MA, Binghamton University, Department of Anthropology, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902; Jonathan Cammack, MS, North Carolina State University, Department of Entomology, Campus Box 7626, Raleigh, NC 27695; Ann H. Ross, PhD, North Carolina State University, Department of Sociology & Anthropology, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695-8107; and D. Wes Watson, PhD, North Carolina State University, Department of Entomology, Campus Box 7626, Raleigh, NC 27612 After attending this presentation, attendees will understand the similarities and differences in trauma to the skull resulting from gunshot wounds and wounds inflicted by a tool used in the slaughtering of livestock, the captive bolt pistol (CBP). This presentation will impact the forensic science community by presenting the criteria for differentiating defects produced by handguns and the captive bolt pistol. Case studies from Germany, Italy, and Serbia have shown that different varieties of the CBP have been used in suicides and homicides. While gunshot wounds (GSW) are much more common forensically in the United States, the wide availability of captive bolt pistols, found in commercial livestock slaughterhouses and many family farms, means these tools could be used as a weapon in a homicide. In this study, skeletal evidence of gunshot wounds in the skulls of humans was compared to captive bolt pistol wounds in the skulls of domestic pigs (Sus scrofa) (n=6). A seventh pig (n=1) was observed for a month separately from the first group in an effort to determine if the wound sizes changes over time in an uncontrolled environment, exposed to the elements. The captive bolt pistol (CBP) produces a characteristic round, sharp-edged entrance wound with internal beveling that resembles a GSW entrance defect. The CBP entrance wounds were measured in an effort to identify the caliber of the weapon used (Ross 1996). While they were classified within the range of a large-caliber weapon, the CBP mean value of the minimum diameter (13.05 mm) was found to be greater than the large caliber GSW mean (11.004 mm). The values obtained when plugging into the Ross (1996) equation was 9.51, classifying it as large caliber. The individual measurements of the CBP entrance sites are all larger in diameter than the mean diameters for the selected small and large caliber weapons (.22, .25, .32, .38) found in Ross (1996). The size of the CBP bolt used (11.9 mm), is slightly larger than bullets from common-caliber handguns: 9 mm, .357 Magnum (9.07 mm), .38 Special & ACP (9.65 mm), .40 S&W (10.2 mm), .44 Magnum (10.9 mm), and .45 ACP & GAP (11.5 mm). While a large caliber value may indicate a captive bolt pistol, other characteristics that aid in differentiating the CBP wound from a gunshot wound include: (1) the absence of radiating fractures from the area of trauma impact; and, (2) the lack of an exit wound, as the CBP bolt does not travel through and exit the skull. Interestingly, previous research discovered that the wound size was equal to or slightly less than the diameter of the bolt (Simic et al. 2002). However, in this study, it was found that the wound defect sizes of bolted pigs were observed to be slightly larger than the 11.9 mm diameter of the bolt itself (mean diameter=13.05 mm). At this point, the resulting difference in size is still unaccounted for as the observed taphonomic processes do not appear to be actively modifying the cranial defects. More research will need to be conducted before a cause can be more conclusively determined. Captive Bolt Pistol, Gunshot Wounds, Pigs * Presenting Author H10 Defining Intimate Partner Violence: New Case Studies in IPV Chelsey Juarez, MA*, University of California - Santa Cruz, Social Science 1, Department of Anthropology, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064; and Cris E. Hughes, MA, 2306 East Delaware Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802 After attending this presentation, attendees will be familiar with the most common trends of fracture associated with intimate partner violence (IPV), in particular the hierarchy of facial fractures and their types that are indicative of IPV. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by presenting the most current data on patterns of skeletal injury common in cases of IPV and by illustrating the range, and characteristics of these injuries in three cases studies. Women are approximately 4 to 5 times more likely to be victims of intimate partner homicide (IPH) than their male counterparts (Campbell, et al. 2007).1 The major risk factor for IPH, regardless of whether the male or female partner is killed, is the presence of prior domestic violence. When analyzing human remains for evidence of chronic physical abuse, forensic anthropologists rely on a temporal range of trauma and the presence of specific types of skeletal injuries (Cook, et al. 1997; Galloway 1999; Marks et al. 2009).2,3,4 Likewise, in the majority of cases, physical IPV occurs over a long period of time resulting in a documentable history of soft tissue and/or skeletal injuries (Campbell and Glass 2009).5 Identification of IPV from skeletal trauma is critical, because knowing such information increases accurate reporting of IPVrelated deaths, helps to mitigate abuse of future partners and children, and may assist in the identification of perpetrators. As first-incident IPV female homicides increase, it is critical that forensic anthropologists become aware of the patterns of injury, populations at risk, limitations of assessment, and their role in the identification of IPV during analysis of skeletal trauma. The following fracture guidelines may identify IPV (Juarez and Hughes, in press; Arosarena et al. 2009):6,7 1) Most victims are female. 2) Most victims are involved in ongoing abuse, which may present as antemortem trauma to the skeleton. 3) IPV correlates statistically with peri-orbital fractures and intracranial injury. 4) Fracturing to the nasal bones is not unique to IPV and has been correlated with motor vehicle accidents, falls, and assaults by unknown or unidentified assailants. 5) Fracturing to the mandible and zygomatic complex is not unique to IPV and has been correlated with assaults by unknown or unidentified assailants. Three known victims of IPH are examined for evidence of identifiable trauma associated with IPV. In two cases, clear evidence of antemortem trauma, both post-cranial and cranial exist, and in both instances this trauma is consistent with past and recent IPV. However, in the third case IPV-related trauma was only present perimortem. At the time of case analysis, the forensic anthropologists were not aware of the skeletal traumatic patterns often associated with IPV and, therefore, no suggestion for such a case was made. References: 1. Campbell, J., Glass, N., Sharps, Phyllis W., Laughon,K., Bloom,T. (2007). Intimate Partner Homicide Review and Implications of Research and Policy. Journal of Trauma and Abuse, 8(3): 246-269. 2. Crandall, M. L., Nathens, A. B., & Rivara, F. P. (2004). Injury patterns among female trauma patients: Recognizing intentional injury. Journal of Trauma Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 57, 42-45. 3. Galloway A. (1999). The circumstances of blunt forces trauma. In Broken Bones: Anthropological Analysis of Blunt Force 6 Trauma edited by A. Galloway. Springfield: Charles C Thomas. 224-254. 4. Marks, M., Marden, K., Mileusnie-Polchan, D. (2009). Forensic Osteology of Child Abuse. In Hard Evidence: Case Studies in Forensic Anthropology 2nd edition. eddited by D. Wolfe Steadman. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 205-220. 5. Campbell, J., Glass, N. (2000). Safety Planning Danger and Lethality Assessment In Intimate Partner Violence: A Health Based Perspective (Eds) Mitchell, C., Anglin, D. Oxford University Press. New York 319-335. 6. Juarez, C. and Hughes, C. (In press). Investigating patterns of Injury: Identifying Intimate Partner Violence. In Broken Bones: Anthropological Analysis of Blunt Force Trauma 2nd edition. Edited by A. Galloway and VL Wedel. C.C. Thomas, Springfield IL. 7. Arosarena O, Fritsch TA, Hsueh Y, Aynehchi B, Huag R. (2009). Maxillofacial injuries and Violence Against Women. Arch Facial Plastic Surgery. 11(1):48-52. Domestic Violence, Facial Fracture, Intimate Partner Violence H11 Skeletal Trauma Patterns in a Vietnam-Era Aircraft Loss: Part I - Lower Extremities Matthew Rhode, PhD*, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam, AFB, HI 96853 After attending this presentation, attendees will gain a broader understanding of the types of skeletal trauma exhibited in the lower extremities of multiple passengers of the same Vietnam era aircraft loss. In addition, based on consistencies in the patterns of fractures observed, a model is posited that delimits the types of lower extremity trauma expected in this type of aircraft loss. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by serving as a baseline from which future investigators can compare and contrast skeletal trauma seen in casework. Specifically, knowledge of expected trauma patterns for certain aircraft mishaps and military loss incidents will enhance the interpretation of skeletal trauma throughout the field. One feature that is often lacking from scientific literature reviewing trauma caused in aircraft losses, falls from heights, and automobile accidents, is specific detail regarding the types of fractures sustained. This lack of detail limits the interpretation and analysis forensic scientists can perform on such remains. The paucity of information on skeletal trauma may be related to an autopsy-based, or soft-tissue, perspective as well as a lack of sufficient case material covering more than a few individuals. This project seeks to fill this information gap by presenting a unique opportunity to describe the skeletal trauma exhibited across multiple individuals involved in the same aircraft loss incident. Specifically, this project, involves the analysis of lower extremity trauma (femur, tibia, and fibula) in a series of skeletal remains recovered from the 1965 loss of a C-123 cargo plane with 84 passengers on board. However, due to an incomplete recovery, nine years later in 1974, there are only approximately 30 individuals represented in the sample. Review of the remains reveals a combination of peri-mortem fracturing and postmortem damage but an estimated 80% or more of the observed fractures are peri-mortemin origin. The nine-year lapse between the loss and recovery did result in some taphonomic damage; however, this did not significantly impede the observation of fracture surfaces and trauma patterns. For each element in the lower extremity, summary and descriptive statistics describing fracture types and orientations are presented for the proximal, middle, and distal thirds. When possible, specific information is given on fracture types in the femoral head and neck, knee, and ankle. There is a consistency in fracture patterns across the sample, indicating a similar array of forces during the crash. Viewed as a group 7 assemblage, all individuals on the aircraft experienced dynamic, sudden deceleration, blunt force trauma during the crash resulting in nearly every bone in the lower extremity exhibiting one, if not multiple, fractures. Accepting some variability, a majority of the observed fractures are oblique in orientation, suggesting a predominance of bending (tension and compression) forces acting on the lower extremities. Drawing this information together, a model describing the types of fractures is posited for this type of aircraft and loss incident. This model is presented to the greater scientific community as tool for comparison to other cases. A basic comparison of trauma patterns in other aircraft losses does indicate similarities, while differences are noted in cases with published data on falls from heights. Trauma, Skeletal, Lower Extremity H12 The Central Identification Unit (CIU) During the Korean War Kathleen M. Loyd, MA*, Joint POW-MIA Accounting Command Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 The goal of this presentation is to provide historical insight into the operations of the United States Army Central Identification Unit (CIU) during the return of United States (U.S.) deceased from the Korean War, spanning from 1951 until 1956. Brief descriptions of forensic anthropologists working at the CIU, Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), and insight into the analysis of unknown Korean War deceased will be examined through historical documents, anecdotes, and period photographs. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by contributing to the historical understanding of the CIU during the return of deceased U.S. Korean War servicemen. Attendees will understand the purpose of the CIU, process of analysis and identification, and the historical legacy of the identifications made by the CIU. In addition, a brief synopsis will demonstrate how historical documents about the CIU have been used to develop name associations for Korean War cases previously categorized as unknowns by investigators at the CIU. On January 2, 1951, the United States Army (USA) opened a forensic identification laboratory at Camp Kokura, Japan to analyze, identify, and return deceased U.S. Korean War servicemen to their families. The CIU employed a staff of mortuary technicians, forensic specialists, and forensic anthropologists to analyze and identify the remains of thousands of U.S. servicemen who lost their lives during the Korean War. Utilizing developments in forensic anthropology refined by forensic anthropologists working on the identification of war deceased from World War II, a small handful of anthropologists at the CIU handled caseloads of over 100 remains per day. In light of such demands, stringent SOPs were followed in order to ensure the integrity of identifications. Official SOPs and CIU documents detail the procedures for receiving, storing, analyzing, preserving, and identifying remains. These documents will be captured through summary and copied examples to demonstrate how remains were recovered, analyzed, identified, and returned by the CIU. Candid anecdotes from Dr. Kazuro Hanihara’s book, “Bones Reveal the Identities of Human Bodies: Scientific Procedures for Identification” provide insight into the working conditions at the CIU and challenges faced by anthropologists working on war deceased. United States Army Signal Corps silent film recordings of the CIU offer visual reference to the procedures of analyzing remains recovered from the conflict. Though there is no commentary, the film captures how the SOP was employed by staff at the CIU, and shows the laboratory as used by the forensic anthropologists and technicians. Unknown Korean War deceased presented unique challenges to investigators at the CIU. Various investigative methods of anthropologic * Presenting Author analysis and historical research were utilized to examine unknown remains. When an investigation was unable to result in identification, these remains were classified as Unknown “X” cases, and were eventually buried in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Punchbowl) in Honolulu, Hawaii. The Joint POW-MIA Accounting Command Central Identification Laboratory (JPAC CIL) has continued to research the unknown cases in an attempt to associate the unknowns with unaccounted-for servicemen. A brief summary of the JPAC research process through a case study will demonstrate the critical importance of historical documents from CIU. Korean War, Forensic Anthropology, History H13 Introducing COFFA: An International Consortium of Forensic Anthropology Programs Ann H. Ross, PhD*, North Carolina State University, Department of Sociology & Anthropology, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695-8107; and Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD*, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820 After attending this presentation, attendees will understand the challenges faced by young researchers and practitioners in academia. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by introducing a consortium with a mission to provide support for faculty in forensic anthropology in the realms of promotion and tenure and curriculum development. Additionally, membership information in the consortium will be presented. In 2010, the International Consortium of Forensic Anthropology Programs (COFFA) was founded as a consortium to provide support for faculty and departments who teach forensic anthropology (http://www.coffa.usf.edu). The mission is to support the development and success of fundamental education and training for students, faculty, and practitioners of forensic anthropology. In the past decade, many new educational programs have started at universities where there was not a tradition of teaching or practicing forensic anthropology. In part, this is the result of the high demand by students due to the so-called “CSI effect.” For a fresh forensic anthropology PhD, it can be challenging to navigate through the standard roles of university responsibilities, when time is divided among teaching, administration, research, and consulting practice. Even more taxing, can be negotiating the unique roles and challenges forensic anthropologists face trying to incorporate case work into an academic model (i.e., the unique relationship between casework as research and teaching opportunities for students). A recent 2009 survey presented by the physical anthropology section of the AAFS showed that there were 32 academic programs suited for forensic anthropology training at the time the survey was conducted (http://aafs.org/sites/default/files/pdf/PAEmploymentTrends.pdf). The criteria for making it on the list included an AAFS member on faculty that could mentor students, a graduate level forensic anthropology course, and a graduate program in anthropology. However, the number of resources and professional networking outlets are lacking for forensic anthropologists. Therefore, similar in model to the Consortium for Practicing and Applied Anthropology Programs, COFFA started with eleven initial members including: Hamline University, Department of Anthropology; LSU, Department of Geography and Anthropology; NCSU, Department of Sociology and Anthropology; Mercyhurst College, Department of Anthropology; MSU, Department of Anthropology; Texas State University – San Marcos, Department of Anthropology; University of Coimbra, Research Centre for Anthropology and Health; UGA, Department of Anthropology; UCF, Department of Anthropology; UF, Department of Anthropology; USF, Department of Anthropology. * Presenting Author Most higher learning institutions have specific guidelines for attaining promotion and tenure, which are evaluated according to the realms of teaching, research, and service/engagement. Most institutions incorporate Boyer’s (1996, p. 32) “Scholarship of Engagement,” which stressed the importance of faculty and universities applying their expertise to “our most pressing social, civic and ethical problems.” Although engagement is an evaluation criterion and is outlined in most university guidelines, most traditional academic departments still do not count the applied or engaged scholarship, which defines forensic anthropology during the tenure and promotion process. COFFA was established to provide faculty support in: (1) tenure and promotion recommendations for programming in forensic anthropology; (2) best practices and lessons learned in teaching forensic anthropology; and, (3) guidelines for training practicing forensic anthropologists. Over the next year, COFFA will develop a set of recommendations on: (a) how to develop meaningful ways of defining, documenting, evaluating, and promoting diverse forms of scholarship in forensic anthropology; and, (b) how to raise awareness and recognition for practical applied work in forensic anthropology among department chairs, deans, and members of tenure and promotion committees (e.g., scholarship of engagement). Additionally, COFFA members plan to develop documents that provide models and suggestions for undergraduate and graduate level curriculum development in forensic anthropology. These documents will provide COFFA members opportunities to share resources and to learn from each others’ experiences in developing guidelines for the design and administration of degree-granting graduate training programs for practicing forensic anthropologists. Forensic Anthropology, Education, Promotion and Tenure H14 The American Board of Forensic Anthropology: Historical Trends in Research and Training Jonathan D. Bethard, MA*, Pellissippi State Community College, 10915 Hardin Valley Road, PO Box 22990, Knoxville, TN 37933 After attending this presentation, attendees will learn about historical trends in research and training of Diplomates certified by the American Board of Forensic Anthropology (ABFA). This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing an historical overview of the ABFA and its Diplomates. Moreover, this presentation adds to the growing body of literature describing the development of forensic anthropology in the United States. While forensic anthropology continues to advance both theoretically and methodologically during the twenty-first century, numerous workers have contributed to the discipline by tracing the historical developments in the field.1-8 These careful analyses have demonstrated that the craft of forensic anthropology has grown from the peripheral application of physical anthropology in medico-legal contexts to a legitimate, full-time discipline and profession. While numerous scholars indicate that 1972 marked a turning point for the discipline, with the founding of the Physical Anthropology Section of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS), 1977 was also a watershed year, as the American Board of Forensic Anthropology, Inc. (ABFA) was founded.1-8 The ABFA was originally established by seasoned practitioners interested in creating a board certification process for forensic anthropologists. Since its inception in 1977, 85 individuals have been certified as Diplomates, with 63 active individuals as of 2010. The first two cohorts of Diplomates were automatically granted Diplomate status; however, since 1979 individuals wishing board certification have had to pass a rigorous written examination and laboratory practicum. 8 This project traces the academic histories of all 85 Diplomates and examines trends in research and training. Dissertation titles were used to decipher broad research patterns and academic institutions were tracked for the purpose of indicating trends in training. In addition, the number of years between graduation and board certification was calculated and each Diplomate’s major professor was noted. All but one of the 85 Diplomates received the PhD degree. Dan Morse (now deceased) graduated from Western Reserve Medical School in 1932 and was certified as a Diplomate 45 years later. Of the remaining Diplomates, dissertation research topics are diverse and variable. Broadly, topical research interests can be classified into six categories: (1) skeletal biological studies and bioarchaeology; (2) forensic anthropology; (3) zooarchaeology; (4) paleoanthropology; (5) primatology or paleoprimatology; and (6) human biology, human variation, or dermatoglyphics. Of these, 56.4% fall into the skeletal biology or bioarchaeology category with 18.8% of dissertations related to forensic anthropology. These data indicate that board-certified forensic anthropologists have far-reaching interests that are not solely devoted to the profession, as over 80% wrote dissertations outside of the forensic purview. Regarding institutional training, a total of 36 institutions were attended for the terminal degree. These schools are geographically diverse, are found all over the United States, and include both public and private institutions. Eight Diplomates received their degrees from institutions outside the US (Canada, United Kingdom, and South Africa). The number of Diplomates trained at one institution varies with The University of Tennessee granting the most number of degrees (n=17). The mean year difference between completing requirements for the terminal degree and board-certification is 9.4 years and ranges from 2 to 45 years. This project has demonstrated that board-certified forensic anthropologists are a broadly trained group of professionals and that the ABFA represents a diverse group of practitioners with far-reaching anthropological interests and expertise. Additionally, this historical analysis has demonstrated that several pioneering individuals have had far-reaching influence on the field of forensic anthropology and the development of successful training programs. References: 1. Buikstra JE, King JL, Nystrom KC. Forensic anthropology and bioarchaeology in the American Anthropologist: rare but exquisite gems. American Anthropologist. 2003 Mar;105(1): 38-52. 2. Galloway A, Simmons TL. Education in forensic anthropology: Appraisal and outlook. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 1997 Sep;42(5):796-801. 3. Reichs KJ. Forensic Anthropology in the 1990s. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 1992 Jun;13(2):146-53. 4. Reichs KJ. A professional profile of diplomates of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology - 1984 - 1992. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 1995 Mar;40(2):176-82. 5. Ubelaker DH. Skeletons testify: Anthropology in forensic science. AAPA luncheon address: April 12, 1996. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, Yearbook Series Vol 39; 1996;229-44. 6. Ubelaker DH. Contributions of Ellis R. Kerley to forensic anthropology. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2001 Jul;46(4): 773-6. 7. Willey P. William R. Maples and the development of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 1999 Jul;44(4):687-8. 8. Marks MK. William M. Bass and the Development of Forensic Anthropology in Tennessee. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 1995 Sept;40(5):741-750. Forensic Anthropology, American Board of Forensic Anthropology, History 9 H15 The Scientific Working Group for Forensic Anthropology: An Update Thomas D. Holland, PhD*, DoD JPAC, Central ID Lab, 310 Worchester Avenue, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 After attending this presentation, attendees will be familiar with the recent activities of the Scientific Working Group for Forensic Anthropology (SWGANTH). This presentation will impact the forensic science community by raising awareness of the SWGANTH’s work to establish, identify, and publish “Best Practices” within the forensic anthropology discipline. In late 2007, the U.S. Department of Defense Central Identification Laboratory (DOD CIL) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) cosponsored the creation of the Scientific Working Group for Forensic Anthropology, or SWGANTH. The group’s by-laws were adopted at its first formal meeting on January 8, 2008. The 20-member Executive Board, comprised of professionals from the forensic anthropological community, represent a broad cross-section of expertise and jurisdictional involvement. To this end, the permanent members of the Executive Board were specifically selected to represent large, medium, and small graduate-level academic programs, large and small medical examiner offices, the museum and cultural resource communities, as well as federal, state, and local government agencies. As with other “Scientific Working Groups,” the SWGANTH does not function as a regulatory body and lacks any sort of direct coercive authority. Rather, the purpose of the SWGANTH is to identify and recommend current “best practice” within the forensic anthropology discipline, to chart a path into the future, and to bring about voluntary compliance through education and peer involvement. This is being accomplished primarily through the work of approximately 20 sub-committees, each chaired by two or more members of the Executive Board, but populated by forensic anthropologists from around the United States and world. Ultimately, the success of the SWGANTH will be directly proportional to the interest and involvement of the larger forensic anthropology community. The SWGANTH benefits from having co-sponsors in that it is relatively well funded. The group’s Executive Board meets twice annually, in the National Capitol Region in the spring and in Hawaii in the winter. At the June 2010 meeting, hosted by the National transportation Safety Board. the SWGANTH Executive Board reviewed and evaluated the work of the sub-committees, ultimately approving ten “Best Practice” guidelines for promulgation. These were then posted on the SWGANTH website for public dissemination. At the most recent meeting, January 2011, the Board voted on eight additional subcommittee recommendations, bringing the total number of approved “Best Practice” guidelines to 18. These are: 1. Code of Ethics and Conduct 2. [Individual] Qualifications 3. [Forensic Anthropology] Laboratory Management and Quality Assurance 4. Determination of Medicolegal Significance 5. Sex Assessment 6. Pathological Conditions and Anomalies 7. Facial Approximation 8. Age Estimation 9. Skeletal Sampling and Preparation 10. Personal Identification 11. Resolving Commingled Remains 12. Stature Estimation 13. Trauma Analysis 14. Statistical Methods 15. Ancestry Estimation 16. Taphonomy 17. Documentation and Reporting 18. Detection and Recovery of Remains * Presenting Author The SWGANTH Executive Board also created three new subcommittees that have been charged with identifying some of the basic elements common to a well-rounded forensic anthropology educational program, isolating “gaps” in the underlying practice of our discipline, and creating a “self assessment” that will aid forensic anthropologists in evaluating their performance relative to the larger community. As with previous guidelines, drafts of these documents will be posted for public comment for at least 45 days prior to a final evaluation and decision by the SWGANTH Executive Board. No specific timetable was established for these sub-committees to issue their recommendations. Best Practices, SWGANTH, Guidelines H16 Involvement of Forensic Anthropologists in the National Unidentified and Missing Persons System (NamUs) remains by coroners and medical examiners are empowered to actively participate in the identification process of the individuals in their charge. To this end, it is essential that forensic professionals become familiar with the NamUs system, use it in their casework, encourage the use of the NamUs system by their colleagues, and that those involved in forensic anthropology education begin to introduce this tool to their students. This presentation will provide an overview of the NamUs system, with special emphasis on its application to the identification of unknown skeletal remains. Case data entry will be demonstrated, means of obtaining free DNA analyses will be outlined, and ways that forensic anthropologists can become more involved with NamUs will be discussed. NamUs, Unidentified Persons, Forensic Anthropology H17 Diversification: Evolving Professional Roles for the Forensic Anthropologist in the Medicolegal System Bruce E. Anderson, PhD, Forensic Science Center, Office of the Medical Examiner, 2825 East District Street, Tucson, AZ 85714; Elizabeth A. Murray, PhD*, College of Mount Saint Joseph, Department of Biology, 5701 Delhi Road, Cincinnati, OH 45233-1670; Susan M.T. Myster, PhD, Hamline University, MB 196, 1536 Hewitt Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55104; and Jennifer C. Love, PhD, Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054 Gwendolyn M. Haugen, MA*, Saint Louis County Medical Examiner’s Office, 6039 Helen Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63134; Gina O. Hart, MA, 325 Norfolk Street, Newark, NJ 07103-2701; and Pamela M. Steger, MS, 934 Sycamore Street, San Marcos, TX 78666 After attending this presentation, attendees will better understand the ways in which forensic anthropologists can engage with NamUs, and learn more about the current scope of the unidentified persons problem in the United States, particularly as it relates to the field of forensic anthropology. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by communicating to forensic anthropology professionals the ways in which they can become involved with NamUs, reporting on unidentified skeletal remains of forensic interest in various regions of the country that have not been entered into NamUs; and demonstrating basic NamUs case entry for unidentified persons. Throughout the past decade, forensic professionals have increasingly become aware of the need to create a system that retains and integrates records of unidentified persons and missing persons throughout the United States. Out of these and other realizations, and under the auspices of the Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, evolved the “President’s DNA Initiative” in 2003, and the “Identifying the Missing Summit” in 2005. Later, in 2007, the initial phases of what was to become the National Missing and Unidentified Persons System (NamUs) developed. The scope of the missing and unidentified problem is enormous and has been referred to “the nation’s silent mass disaster.” Based on records collected in 2004 by the Office of Justice Programs, it was estimated that as many as 40,000 unidentified dead may exist in the United States today. Some of these unidentified persons currently exist only as records; other unidentified decedents lie buried in public cemeteries throughout the United States without benefit of tissue sampling for DNA analysis. Additional sets of unidentified skeletal remains sit in boxes on shelves in police property rooms, county morgues, museums, and anthropology departments. Many of these skeletons, though forensically significant, have dates of discovery that preceded modern anthropological identification methods, and certainly predated the use of DNA technology. The advent of the NamUs system, and the resources and technology it provides, allows the medicolegal system a new and dynamic way to pursue identification of unknown persons. The responsibility of forensic anthropologists, in collaboration with the coroners and/or medical examiners with whom they consult, is to ensure that skeletal remains within the regions in which they practice are afforded this new technology, including the fully-funded DNA analyses associated with this national identification effort. Those who have been entrusted with After attending this presentation, attendees understand the different professional roles forensic anthropologists fill in a medical examiner/coroner office. In light of the current economic climate, the trend to diversify professional duties is expected to rise. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by highlighting the additional professional roles forensic anthropologists currently serve in the medicolegal system. This trend presents unique opportunities for cross-training in other forensic specialty areas thereby increasing overall marketability for the forensic anthropologist. The role of a Forensic Anthropologist (FA) in the Medical Examiner/Coroner (ME/C) Office is an important one, but for many offices, the work load of such a position is not enough to justify a fulltime FA staff member. In the past, a FA was used as an external consultant providing services on an “as needed” basis to the ME/C. This proved to be problematic in some cases due to chain of custody-related issues and the long amount of time required for analysis and report completion if the consultant was not local. Over the last 15 years, this mode of operation has evolved with many larger offices bringing a FA on staff to provide case analysis as needed, while also filling an additional role(s) in the office. This arrangement has proven advantageous for the ME/C in that they have a specialist on their staff that is available at any time for FA consults – to include trauma consults with the pathologist during the autopsy examination. In addition, the FA is also trained in office policy/procedures (especially those related to the handling of evidence). The broad educational background of a FA lends itself to other roles in the office to include, but not limited to, medicolegal death investigator, DNA coordinator, identification coordinator, mass disaster planning management, director of photography, trace/evidence/latent print examiner, autopsy technician and forensic database administrator. In this way the FA also builds important working relationships with the entire ME/C staff, police and crime scene personnel, and other investigative agencies. These relationships also lead to greater education and understanding of forensic anthropology for outside agencies. As part of the ME/C staff, the FA is immediately available to assist with the case from the point of the scene investigation/recovery. In the majority of cases, this involvement directly leads to the greatest recovery of skeletal and trace evidence from the scene which is typically correlated with successful case resolution. This presentation will discuss the current, diversified roles filled by FAs in the medicolegal system and the advantages this provides for * Presenting Author 10 professional enrichment, new training opportunities, certification options and diverse employment opportunities. Stresses associated with the overall unpredictability of the operational movement at an ME/C Office and the demanding workload requirements diversification of duties presents will also be explored. The roles and responsibilities of several FAs currently serving in ME/C offices will be presented and discussed. In addition, the roles of several FAs currently employed in professional forensic positions outside of the ME/C system will also be presented to illustrate the range of opportunities available to the FA. Diversification of professional duties is a trend that is on the rise, in part, due to the current economic climate. This trend should not be looked on as a negative in that professional focus is being split, but as a positive opportunity to learn and apply additional forensic skills. As will be shown, this trend presents the FA with unique opportunities to diversify their forensic proficiency into other areas and increase overall marketability. Forensic Anthropology, Medicolegal System, Professional Roles H18 Forensic Anthropology and Virtual Human Remains: Ethics in Uncharted Territory Stephanie L. Davy-Jow, PhD*, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UNITED KINGDOM; Summer J. Decker, MS, USF COM Department of Pathology, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, MDC 11, Tampa, FL 33612; and Diane L. France, PhD, Colorado State University, Human Identification Lab, Department of Anthropology, Fort Collins, CO 80523 After attending this presentation, attendees will have an understanding of some of the ethical considerations that forensic anthropology as a discipline may be facing as it begins to increase the use of virtual human remains and imaging technologies. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by opening a dialogue in the anthropological community regarding the use of virtual human remains so as to establish ethical guidelines for the future. The use of virtual human remains in forensic anthropology has been steadily increasing as the technology to capture and view them becomes more affordable and accessible. Within the next decade, it is anticipated that medical imaging tools such as multislice computed tomography (MSCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners and software, along with other data capture capabilities such as laser scanning will become a routine component of the anthropologist’s toolkit in much the same way as radiographs and photographs. Recent work (Decker et al, in press; Decker et al, 2008)1,2 and others (Thali et al, 2003)3 demonstrate the potential for virtual remains for the non-invasive examination of remains, as well as the ability to use imaging as a permanent record of an individual. It is now possible to scan an entire human body, whether living or dead, and create a 3D virtual model of it in minutes. This digital human can be explored in a multitude of unprecedented and heretofore unimagined ways, both for crime-solving and research purposes. It has not yet been decided whether these new types of medical images will be considered a simple increase in sophistication from existing tools, or if the differences are so marked that they will be subject to a new set of rules that has yet to be defined. The discipline must consider the potential contentiousness surrounding the retention and future use of virtual skeletal remains. The big question that has yet to be asked – or answered – is “Are virtual remains governed by same ethics as actual remains?” There are three main areas in which these issues likely will be encountered: forensic cases (involving identified and unidentified individuals), use in education, and use in research. There is potential for a vast amount of knowledge to emerge from such specimens, but issues must be considered that may arise surrounding cultural and religious values of 11 the deceased and the survivors – this is a daunting task in uncharted territory. Recent reports and investigations by the National Academy of Sciences and the United States Congress have made this an even more pressing issue that must be addressed as the discipline pushes towards standardization of the forensic sciences. As a field, there must be transparency in our practices and consider the values and viewpoints of the public as part of the discipline’s responsibility. In the modern climate, public dissemination is necessary. It may be assumed that the treatment of virtual human remains will be similar to other types of digital evidence in a forensic case. However, real human remains are often handled differently than other types of evidence. Also, due to the nature of the work, human remains handled by a forensic anthropologist are not always part of an investigation so the circumstances of such remains are different. In this presentation, these issues are discussed as well as the different issues surrounding the use of remains in teaching and research. This presentation will examine current attitudes toward the treatment and use of virtual human remains and explore the pathways that the profession can take to ensure that ethical practices continue to evolve along with laboratory practices. References: 1. Decker SJ, Davy-Jow SL, Ford JM, Hilbelink DR (In Press) Virtual Sex Determination: Metric and non-metric traits of the adult pelvis from 3D computed tomography (CT) models. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2. Decker SJ, Hilbelink DR, Hoegstrom E, Ford J (2008) Virtual Skull Anatomy: 3 Dimensional Computer Modeling and Measurement of Human Cranial Anatomy. Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences 2008, Washington DC. 3. Thali, MJ, Yen K, Schweitzer W, Vock P, Boesch C, Ozdoba C, Schroth G, Ith M, Sonnenschein M, Doernhoefer T, Scheurer E, Plattner T, Dirnhofer R (2003). Virtopsy, a new imaging horizon in forensic pathology: virtual autopsy by postmortem multislice computed tomography (MSCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)—a feasibility study. Journal of Forensic Sciences 48: 386–403. Virtual Anthropology, Medical Imaging, Ethics H19 Femmes Fatales: Why Do Women Dominate the Discipline of Forensic Anthropology? Anna Williams, PhD*, Cranfield University, Defense Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UNITED KINGDOM After attending this presentation, attendees will be able to recognize the global phenomenon showing more women than men are actively engaged in forensic anthropology education and professional practice in the United Kingdom, United States, and Europe; and understand the reasons for this sweeping trend. It is especially obvious that more women than men are applying for and attending higher education courses in the United Kingdom and United States. It is anticipated that the attendees will have observed this trend in their own university courses, whether as tutors or students, and will have their own views on the phenomenon and explanations for it. This presentation will explore the different reasons for the trend, perhaps controversially. Attendees will gain insight into the determining factors that make more women choose to study forensic anthropology, remain in the discipline, and prosper with successful careers, as well as, discover if there are disincentives for men. It is hoped that this presentation will raise questions that will stimulate debate and make the attendees think about the nature of forensic anthropology education and practice. * Presenting Author This presentation will impact the forensic science community by discussing the reasons why more women enter university programs and become professional forensic anthropologists than men. It is undeniable that, both in the United Kingdom and abroad, undergraduate, and postgraduate programs are inundated with female applicants, and female students in courses outnumber male students in the order of at least 2:1, up to record numbers of even 25:1. This has tremendous implications for the future of forensic anthropology as a discipline, and for universities attempting to attract male, as well as, female students. Female-rich cohorts may positively or negatively influence selection criteria, numbers enrolled on part-time courses, completion rates, and the quality of learning. The high numbers of female professional forensic anthropologists may have positive or negative implications for career progression, deployment opportunities, membership of professional organizations, and acceptance by male-dominated institutions such as police and law enforcement agencies. Although the phenomenon has undoubtedly been noticed in the classrooms and laboratories of the United Kingdom and the United States, a systematic analysis of the reasons behind it has not been carried out to date, and it is vital in order to understand and prepare for the future of modern forensic anthropology. This research aims to discover the cause of the undeniable, worldwide phenomenon that women dominate the global discipline of forensic anthropology today. There are more women than men training to be forensic anthropologists; in academic roles teaching forensic anthropology; and in professional forensic anthropology practice, in the United Kingdom, United States, and abroad, which begs the question “why”? This study is focused on establishing the various motivations for both men and women contemplating degrees and careers in forensic anthropology, and discusses their implications for the discipline. Research questionnaires were circulated among male and female student and professional forensic anthropologists in the United Kingdom, United States, and Europe, in order to collate educational backgrounds and attitudes towards the subject and careers in the discipline. Admission and attendance statistics from United Kingdom, United States, and European universities and professional organizations were also gathered to amass data to chart the progression of the trend, the steady influx of women, and the decline of male students in undergraduate and postgraduate forensic anthropology courses since they began. Preliminary data has shown a steadily increasing majority of female applicants since the subject was offered as a university degree in the United Kingdom in 2002. Data from professional organizations in the United Kingdom and abroad was interrogated to determine whether applications from women outnumber those from men, and whether continued attendance and contribution has shown a gender bias over the last ten to fifteen years. In the handful of professional organizations for Biological and Forensic Anthropologists in the United Kingdom, for example, women outnumber men as many as 3:1. The questionnaires pinpoint the factors that influence and encourage women to pursue a career in forensic anthropology, and to stay in it even if their life circumstances change. Preliminary results have offered some conflicting evidence, some of which suggests a career in forensic anthropology is flexible enough to accommodate raising a family, and some of which implies it may preclude it. It considers the attractions of the discipline to women, and whether these are different to those for men. The presentation explores this undeniable and extensive phenomenon, and investigates how long it has been occurring. It also discusses the motivation and impetus behind it. It will investigate the extent of the trend, and whether it exists only in forensic archaeology and anthropology, or whether it is true for forensic science as a whole, or indeed all the sciences in general. Preliminary questionnaire responses raise some important questions: is the popularity of television crime shows to blame/credit? What is it about forensic anthropology that appeals to women? Is forensic anthropology perceived as glamorous? Does forensic anthropology represent a flexible career for women with families? Is it * Presenting Author a recent phenomenon that reflects changing demographic distribution in most academic subjects? Is the trend to do with changing attitudes towards science, academic careers, women, or men, or all of the above? How long will it last? Already, there is a vast pool of opinion regarding these issues, which shows that although the trend is obvious, the reasons behind it are not, and/or they may be difficult to accept. Controversially, it will discuss whether women make better forensic anthropologists, or whether they are better suited to the subject for any reason, and whether men cannot compete in the workplace. Are men being put off the subject? Is there a stigma attached to the discipline for men? Do they feel at a disadvantage for any reason? Are they feeling ‘crowded out’ or unwelcome in any way? Are men put off by the sheer numbers of women in the discipline? And of course, does the dominance of women in the discipline matter at all? The answers to these questions have considerable implications for the future of forensic anthropology in the United Kingdom and abroad, in terms of education marketing, compliance with Equal Opportunities legislation and the composition of professional organizations and the practitioner workforce. This research aims to answer these questions and more, and to determine the true nature of the apparent complete dominance of the discipline that has emerged in the last ten to fifteen years, and above all, it aims to stimulate debate amongst male and female, student and professional, forensic anthropologists, and “get to the bottom” of this important and remarkable phenomenon. Forensic Anthropology, Women, Education H20 Development of Skeletal Collection the Colombian Cesar Sanabria, MA*, Instituto de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses, Calle 7a #12-61, Segundo Piso, Bogota, COLOMBIA; and Elizabeth A. DiGangi, PhD*, ICITAP, Calle 125 #19-89, Office 401, Bogota, COLOMBIA After attending this presentation, attendees will gain knowledge of the development of the Colombian Skeletal Collection, including the administrative and technical logistics behind its assembly, the antemortem information available, and the goals of research projects. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by detailing the creation of a new modern skeletal collection in Colombia available for research with the goal of aiding in the identification process of victims of the Colombian conflict. During the past two decades Colombia has been faced with sociopolitical problems which have led to innumerous violent situations, resulting in the deaths and disappearances of thousands of individuals. Many of the recovered individuals are skeletons from clandestine graves located all over the country. Once excavated and sent to the forensic laboratories, analysis is done by forensic anthropologists, dentists, and pathologists who must determine who each individual was and whether or not they died in a violent context. As the majority of recovered individuals remain unidentified, it is necessary to develop a way to augment the ability to answer several questions, including positive identification and cause and manner of death. Due to the above, a research collection of modern skeletons is currently being organized in Colombia. The Colombian Skeletal Collection is being assembled for several reasons: (1) to develop standards and validation studies (for age-at-death, sex, stature, etc.) from the Colombian population because best practice states that standards developed from one population should only be applied to that particular population; (2) at this point, there are very few forensic anthropologyrelated population studies that have been done in Colombia, and therefore, the standards used to analyze forensic cases here are those based on American and European populations; and, (3) to allow for the generation of scientific knowledge with regards to physical/forensic anthropology for Colombia and to enable research to move forward here 12 in the areas of physical/forensic anthropology, dental anthropology, radiology, osteopathology and taphonomy, among others. In order to assemble the collection, an inter-institutional agreement was entered into between the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences and the Public Services Administrative Unit, the entity which administers the cemeteries within Bogotá. The agreement states that instead of being placed into collective ossuaries, bodies not claimed by relatives once a four-year single burial period has lapsed will be donated to the Institute of Legal Medicine for the purpose of scientific investigations. The first phase of the project has a five-year duration (2009-2013) and will be renewed in 2013 if both parties agree. The goal for Phase 1 is to assemble a collection of 600 individuals. Since 2009, 100 skeletons have been prepared for the collection (native-born Colombians, males and females aged 18-65, birth years 1940-1987, death year 2005). Skeletons are in good to excellent condition. A large amount of antemortem information is available for each individual in the collection and is being placed in a searchable database. This information includes date of birth, place of birth, sex, stature, date of death, and cause and manner of death. In the instances where the individual died while under a doctor’s care, the medical records that show the evolution of the patient’s treatment are available. Likewise, when an autopsy was performed, this report is also available with postmortem photographs of the individual’s face. Furthermore, information from each cemetery regarding where each person was buried (e.g., in a coffin in the ground or in a mausoleum); climate of the area where the cemetery is located; type of coffin or burial container; and the photograph of the individual at the time of exhumation is available as well. The collection will be available for research once 150-200 individual skeletons have been prepared, which is anticipated within a year. The requirement for researchers will be that a project proposal be presented to and approved by the Division of Scientific Investigation of the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences in Bogotá. In addition to being the first of its kind in South America, the Colombian Skeletal Collection will rival other similar modern skeletal collections in terms of available antemortem information alone. This will greatly contribute to both the utility and variety of the research questions that will be investigated. Colombia, Skeletal Collection, Modern Population H21 A Bayesian Approach to Multifactorial Age-at-Death Estimation Natalie M. Uhl, MS*, 308 North Orchard Street, Apartment 7, Urbana, IL 61801; Nicholas V. Passalacqua, MS, 1559 Mount Vernon, East Lansing, MI 48823; and Lyle W. Konigsberg, PhD, University of Illinois, 109 Davenport Hall, 607 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 The goal of this presentation is to inform attendees about a new Bayesian approach to multifactorial age-at-death estimation. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by presenting a new method for combing several indicators of skeletal ageat-death to arrive at a single age estimate. Most forensic anthropologists rely on multiple skeletal indicators of age-at-death but lack a statistically sound method for combining individual indicators. Attempts at multifactorial aging (e.g., Brooks, 1955; Lovejoy et al., 1985) have had generally disappointing results because they typically rely on either non-statistical or linear statistical methods, creating problems with validity and applicability. Recently, paleodemographers have been at the forefront of multifactorial age-at-death estimation. Boldsen and colleagues (2002) developed a computer program (ADBOU) that collects data on multiple skeletal indicators scored as discrete ordinal phases and uses Bayesian 13 inference to calculate the posterior probability density and estimate ageat-death. Unfortunately, tests of the ADBOU program found it only moderately effective (Bethard, 2005; Uhl, 2008), in part because the trait scoring departs from the methods (e.g., Suchey-Brooks) that so many osteologists are accustomed to. Without extensive practice, intra- and inter-observer error can be problematic. Further, the ADBOU program comes with a small choice of prior age-at-death distributions “hardwired” into the program. Bayesian analyses rely on these prior probabilities, together with the osteological data, to estimate ages at death for individual cases. The current research makes use of a more diverse, and possibly more appropriate, reference sample and familiar skeletal scoring techniques to estimate age-at-death from multiple indicators when combined with an appropriate prior age-at-death distribution. The present data set consists of age indicator scores for pubic symphysis (6 phases; Brooks and Suchey, 1990), auricular surface (8 phases; Lovejoy et al., 1985), and sternal rib end (8 phases; İşcan et al., 1984, 1985) for 623 individuals from four collections: the Hamann-Todd Collection, the William M. Bass Collection, the R.J. Terry Collection, and the Pretoria Bone Collection. Results: One initial issue to address is whether the original scoring follows a particular transition model. First, a Lagrange multiplier test indicated that the original six-phase pubic symphysis scoring and the eight-phase rib end scoring fit well in a cumulative log probit model. The auricular surface scoring did not fit well, so the first four phases in the Lovejoy et al. system were collapsed into a single phase. After making this collapse, the scoring did fit well in a cumulative log probit model. Following initial testing, 100 individuals were randomly sampled structured on age-at-death using a Gompertz model of mortality estimated from the ages at death for Suchey’s LA County male forensic data. This Gompertz model was also used as the informative prior in estimating ages for the 100 individuals. After forming this “hold out” sample, transition models were fit using the remaining 523 individuals, and the 95% highest posterior density region was found for each of the 240 morphological patterns (6 pubic symphyseal phases times 5 auricular surface phases times 8 rib phases) combined with the informative prior. The left and right boundaries were stored in a “lookup table” and then compared to the actual ages for the hold out sample. Ninety-five of the 100 individuals had ages that fell within the 95% highest posterior density regions, indicating proper coverage. The widths of the 95% highest posterior density regions were sometimes quite considerable, reaching a maximum of 50 years for anyone in the final phase for all three indicators. The right side for this region is entirely determined by the prior age-at-death distribution. Conclusions: All analyses were done in “R,” which is an open source package that can be downloaded for free. As such, the lookup tables, while they are easy to use can also be adjusted to meet individual researcher’s needs. For example, the density regions can be changed (to, for example 50% highest posterior density regions) and the Gompertz model parameters for the prior age-at-death distribution can also be changed. Age-at-Death Estimation, Bayesian Inference, Multifactorial Age Estimation H22 The Use of Vertebral Osteoarthritis and Osteophytosis in Age Estimation Ginesse A. Listi, PhD*, and Mary H. Manhein, MA, Louisiana State University, Department of Geography & Anthropology, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 The goal of this presentation is to assess whether or not vertebral degenerative changes can be used for estimating age. * Presenting Author This presentation will impact the forensic science community by demonstrating that a significant but weak correlation exists between age and vertebral degenerative changes. For more than 50 years, research has been conducted on various regions of the human skeleton to establish techniques for determining age at death; however, the accuracy of those age prediction techniques generally decreases as chronological age increases. While previous research on the vertebrae indicates that a correlation exists between age and osteophyte development (osteophytosis) (Snodgrass 2004, Stewart 1958),1,2 degenerative changes (osteoarthritis) in the zygapophyses have not been assessed for patterns associated with age. Additionally, many of the past studies that assessed vertebral bodies in forensic and bioarchaeological settings were conducted on skeletal collections from more than 75 years ago. The present study examined degenerative changes both in the bodies and zygapophyses in all 24 vertebrae using a modern forensic population from the Donated Collection at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Researchers independently examined and scored the superior and inferior borders of the vertebral bodies and the superior and inferior facets of each vertebra for 104 individuals aged between 30 and 90 years. Scoring techniques for osteophytosis and osteoarthritis were based on Ubelaker (1999).3 Statistical analyses were used to assess relationships between age and degenerative change for the bodies and facets, both separately and in combination, for all vertebrae collectively, as well as for subcategories of vertebral types. Separate analyses also were conducted which included only the vertebrae in regions that are most commonly flexed (for osteophytosis, these regions included C5-6, T8-9, and L4-5; for osteoarthritis, C6-7, T1-5, L2-4). Results using all 24 vertebrae indicate the following. Severity of osteophytosis is significantly correlated to age for all vertebrae collectively, as well as for each vertebral subcategory (p < .001); however, the association is not strong (R2 values range from 0.244 for cervical vertebrae to 0.393 for lumbar vertebrae). With regard to osteoarthritis, severity is significantly correlated to age for all vertebrae collectively, as well as for the cervical and lumbar subcategories (p < .01); however, once again, the association is not strong (R2 values range from 0.168 for all facets combined to 0.305 for cervical facets). Results do not improve when bodies and facets are considered together: severity is significantly but not strongly correlated with age in all categories (p < .05; R2 ranges from 0.205 for thoracic vertebrae to 0.370 for cervical vertebrae). Results of the analyses for areas of common flexion are only slightly better. Osteophytosis and osteoarthritis are significantly correlated to age for all categories of data when considered both separately and together (osteophytosis: p < .001 with R2 values ranging from 0.243 in the cervical vertebrae to 0.408 for combined subtypes; osteoarthritis: p < .01 with R2 values ranging from 0.116 in the thoracic facets to 0.244 in the lumbar facets; combined: p < .001 with R2 values ranging from 0.217 in the thoracic vertebrae to 0.319 in the lumbar vertebrae). The current study assessed the presence and strength of the relationship between age and vertebral degenerative changes with the hope of generating predictive models for estimating age in older individuals. To differentiate from previous research, data from multiple indicators were considered both individually and collectively and a contemporary population, composed of individuals whose deaths postdated 1980, was used. In general, results from this study add to, but ultimately mirror, previous research. That is, both osteophytosis and osteoarthritis are significantly but not strongly correlated with age (either singularly or in combination). Therefore, though both types of degenerative change are believed to be associated with repetitive movements and stress (and, thus, exacerbated by the aging process), the relationship is not strong enough to yield predictive power for establishing age estimates. * Presenting Author References: 1. Snodgrass JJ. Sex differences and aging of the vertebral column. J Forensic Sci 2004;49(3):458-463. 2. Stewart TD. The rate of development of vertebral osteoarthritis in American whites and its significance in skeletal age identification. Leech 1958;28(3-5):144-151. 3. Ubelaker DH. Human skeletal remains: excavation, analysis, interpretation. 3rd edition. Washington, D.C.: Taraxacum, 1999. Age Estimation, Vertebrae, Osteoarthritis H23 Error and Uncertainty in Pelvic Age Estimation Part II: Younger vs. Older Adult Females Allysha P. Winburn, MA*, and Carrie A. Brown, MA, Joint POW/MIA Acct Command, Central Identification Lab, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 After attending this presentation, attendees will understand how the error rates of three commonly used pelvic age estimation methods differ among females of different age groups, and how to quantify uncertainty in forensic anthropological analysis. Additionally, error rates will be compared for males and females. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by responding to Recommendation 3, of the National Academy of Sciences Report, “Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward,” which calls for research determining causes of bias and work toward quantification of method error in forensic investigations. This presentation is the second half of an aging study designed to test the assumption that adult skeletal age estimation methods have lower error rates when applied to younger versus older adults. It will focus on pelvic age estimation methods for adult females; the first part of the study concerning adult males was presented at the 2010 AAFS meeting. Skeletal age estimation methods are widely understood to overage the young and underage the old. This paper supports these assertions by offering quantified measurements of error for three frequently used pelvic age estimation methods, as applied to a large sample of female individuals between the ages of 18 and 101 years. The methods include the following auricular surface and pubic symphyseal techniques: Lovejoy et al. (1985); Suchey-Brooks (1990); and Osborne et al. (2004). The study sample was compiled from several sources: female individuals sampled from modern known-age Iberian skeletal collections housed at the Universidad de Valladolid and the Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona; and identified female individuals from the Forensic Data Bank (FDB) courtesy of Dr. Richard Jantz at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. The combined sample was divided into two broad age categories: “younger” individuals (≤ 39 years) and “older” individuals (≥ 40 years). Error with respect to the methods’ assigned means was analyzed in terms of bias (directionality of error: Σ[estimated age – actual age]/n) and inaccuracy (absolute mean error in years: Σ|estimated age – actual age|/n). Percent of correct age classifications (i.e., the method’s predicted age range included the individual’s actual age) was also calculated. All three methods have low mean positive biases and mean inaccuracies close to five years for the group of females < 39 years of age. Conversely, all three methods have substantial mean negative biases and mean inaccuracies greater than 17 years for females > 40 years of age. In all three methods, levels of mean bias and inaccuracy were statistically significantly different for the two age groups (p ≤ 0.001; Student’s t-test). Error rates were always greater for older than for younger individuals. 14 Use of the Suchey-Brooks method resulted in correct classification of 95% of individuals ≤ 39 years of age and 76% of individuals ≥ 40 years of age. For the Lovejoy et al. method, the percent of correctly classified individuals was 49% for individuals ≤ 39 years of age and 53% for individuals ≥ 40 years of age. The Osborne et al. phase modifications resulted in a higher amount of correct classifications than the Lovejoy et al. method for both age groups (90% and 71%, respectively). Full ranges of error (in years) for each method for individuals ≤ 39 are as follows: Suchey-Brooks (-11 to 31); Lovejoy et al. (-9 to 19); Osborne et al. (14.9 to 24.8). For individuals ≥ 40, full ranges of error (in years) are as follows: Suchey-Brooks (-43.8 to 20); Lovejoy et al. (-53 to 25); Osborne et al. (-48 to 18.9). As compared to adult males, adult females exhibit higher error rates for all three pelvic age estimation methods. In most instances, females are also more likely to be incorrectly classified than males when using these selected methods. An exception is the Lovejoy et al. method applied to individuals over the age of 40, which results in 53% correct classification of females and 30% correct classification of males. The full ranges of error for males and females are similar, though female ranges are always slightly larger. This study indicates that three widely used pelvic aging techniques estimate age in younger adult females (≤ 39) with lower error than older adult females (≥ 40), but with higher error for females than males. Auricular surface methods are problematic regardless of age group or sex. Given that error increases with age, modifications of upper phases of the Suchey-Brooks method are warranted (e.g., Berg [2008]). It is important to recognize that there will always be error associated with age estimation and other forensic anthropology methods. Therefore, the focus should now move to understanding and quantifying error so as not to overstate method performance. Adult Female Age Estimation, Pelvis, Error H24 (1) where p(i|a) is the probability that someone at exact age “a” is in stage “i,” f(a) is the probability density function for age, and f(a|i) is the probability density function that someone is exact age “a” given that they are in stage “i,” and ω is the upper limit of integration (i.e., the maximum possible age). If a researcher does not wish to include an informative prior then a uniform prior can be substituted, giving: Assumptions and Bias in Recalibrating Age Standards Across Populations Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD*, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820; and Lyle W. Konigsberg, PhD, University of Illinois, Department of Anthropology, 109 Davenport Hall, 607 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 The goals of this presentation are to explore the application of Bayesian analyses in age estimation for human identification and to demonstrate possible evidentiary biases that result from incorrect assumptions about the data. This is particularly critical for research into population variation where investigators attempt to recalibrate age parameters based on ethnic variation. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by reanalyzing published data on age estimation for dental methods. The correct application of Bayesian statistics and assumptions about population data are critically important when these methods are applied to estimate age among living subjects, for human identification among decedents, and for the courtroom admissibility of anthropological methods. In recent years, there have been a number of published articles that argue for population specific standards, in other words, researchers suggest that aging methods should be recalibrated when applied across populations. While Bayesian analyses in forensic anthropology can be very useful in some contexts, it is generally agreed that if informative priors are used they need to be clearly delineated. Without making priors explicit, forensic anthropologists run the risk of introducing biases into evidentiary processes based on assumptions that may not fit well with what is known about a particular case. The use of dental age estimation methods often fail to account for implicit priors. The following study reexamines data from published studies to demonstrate how 15 interpretations vary based on prior assumptions about the data and how results change based on explicit prior information. For example, summary data from Kasper et al. (2009 Journal of Forensic Sciences 54(3):651-57) is re-analyzed. Kasper et al. present data on third molar development for 950 individuals ranging in age (at the last birthday) from 12 to 22 years including the mean and standard deviation for age within seven stages of third molar formation (“B” through “H” from Demirjian et al.’s 1973 scoring system). As Konigsberg et al. (2008:542) noted “a final problem with any method that conditions on stage to estimate age is that all of these methods contain an implicit prior distribution for age.” This is seen in the present study, particularly for teeth where the root apex is complete (stage “H”). Kasper et al. assume that age within stage is normally distributed, but because their sample’s age distribution is truncated at 12 and 22 years, the mean age within stage “H” must be less than 22 years. With age data, it is difficult to justify the assumption that the age distributions within stages are normal, as these distributions depend on: (1) the age distributions for when individuals move to the next higher stage; and (2) the overall age distribution of the sample. By Bayes’ Theorem: (2) A critical issue for the presentation of aging methods in court when identifying the age of living suspects is the probability of being a certain age. Examples of court cases in which age methods have been disputed are discussed in this presentation. Additionally, other methods of determining the probability of a given age include the use of a parametric model for p(i|a). More specifically a cumulative probit model on the log scale ages can be used to model p(i|a). This is precisely the model that was used by Moorrees, Fanning, and Hunt in their classic studies of dental development. This paper demonstrates that in using estimated “transition parameters” in log cumulative probit models, the probability that someone is over the age of 18 years is substantially different than the reported accuracy in published studies and demonstrates the need for discussion about the biases implicit in demographic data as well as the possible evidentiary biases that result from such assumptions about the data. Age Estimation, Population Variation, Bayes’ Theorem * Presenting Author H25 Sacral Epiphyseal Fusion at S1-S2: Classification, Comparability, and Error Carrie A. Brown, MA*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Central Identification Laboratory, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 After attending this presentation, attendees will understand how sacral fusion can be used properly in age estimation, problems associated with current techniques, and proposals for best practices when using sacral fusion as an age estimation technique. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by examining sacral fusion age estimation in response to critiques raised by the National Academy of Sciences Report (NAS) concerning the need to evaluate the reliability and accuracy of methods used in forensic science. Epiphyseal fusion as an age estimation method is useful because fusion generally occurs at the same time for all individuals. The fusion of the anterior margins of the sacral vertebrae has further potential for age estimation in young adults because of the delayed union of the first two sacral segments (S1 and S2). McKern and Stewart’s 1957 publication of Skeletal Age Changes in Young American Males, one of the first and most comprehensive analyses of age estimation, examined sacral fusion employing a five-stage system (e.g., Stage 0=nonunion; Stage 4=complete union). Several more recently published methods also examine sacral fusion, albeit with the use of different scoring systems (e.g., Coqueugniot and Weaver (2007) used a three-stage letter system [a=open, b=partial, c=complete], and Belcastro et al. (2008) used a fourstage numbering system [e.g., Degree 0=absence of fusion, Degree 1=less than 50% fusion]). These differences complicate comparisons of results from essentially the same technique. The current study was designed to examine the performance of the sacral fusion age estimation method using the scoring system and age intervals given by McKern and Stewart (1957:148). The known age-atdeath was compared to the predicted age-at-death based on the recorded stage of fusion for all individuals identified at the JPAC-CIL between 1972 and 15 June 2010 whose case documentation specifically referenced the McKern and Stewart (1957) method (n=40). Correct classification, or the percent of individuals whose known age-at-death fell within the assigned age interval, was used to test this method. Additionally, the sample was compared to the overall JPAC-CIL identified sample and the Korean War identified sample from McKern and Stewart (1957). The JPAC-CIL sample for the McKern and Stewart (1957) sacral fusion method (n=40) has a mean age-at-death of 24.2 years, an age range of 12 years (youngest individual=18, oldest individual=30), and is entirely male. There is a statistically significant difference (p=0.002, Student’s t-test) in mean age-at-death between this sample and the total known age-at-death sample of JPAC cases (n=979, =27.2); the sample aged using S1-S2 fusion is younger than the entire identified sample. Of the 40 individuals whose case files referenced this method, 45% (n=18) were placed in Stage 0. The second largest group was comprised of individuals scored as Stage 2 (n=12). Stages 1, 3, and 4 each had three individuals, and one individual was scored as “Stage 1 or 2.” Compared to the McKern and Stewart (1957) sample, there were considerably more individuals observed with nonunion of the S1-S2 joint in the JPAC-CIL sample. The age distribution of the samples also differs. For example, in the McKern and Stewart (1957) sample, Stage 0 (nonunion) was observed only in individuals between the ages of 17 and 18, whereas nonunion was seen in the JPAC-CIL sample in individuals up to 30 years of age. Because of this, the sacral age estimation method based on McKern and Stewart’s (1957:148) reported ages had a correct classification rate of 32.5% and an incorrect classification rate of 67.5% for the JPAC-CIL sample. However, when applying a simple “fused versus unfused” model, the percentage of correct classification increases to 95% for the * Presenting Author entire sample (n=40). This model classifies Stages 0, 1, and 2 as incomplete fusion and Stages 3 and 4 as complete fusion and categorizes individuals with incomplete fusion as less than 30 years of age and individuals with complete fusion as 17 years of age or older. Analyses of the JPAC-CIL case files indicate that employing the age intervals provided by McKern and Stewart (1957:148) results in largescale misclassification of age when presented with an S1-S2 joint in any stage of incomplete (i.e., partial or open) fusion. It is therefore recommended that incomplete sacral fusion be regarded simply as an accessory to other more precise methods of age estimation. Incomplete sacral fusion can be used to establish an upper bound for the age estimate; in this sample, age 30 was found to be a useful sectioning point. However, further research in a more varied sample could modify this sectioning point. Additionally, there is a great need for anthropologists to agree on methods of age estimation, to include the use of identical scoring systems. This will alleviate unnecessary complications in data comparison and the continual redevelopment of these scoring systems. Sacral Fusion, Age Estimation, Error H26 An Evaluation of the Chen et al. Pubic Aging Method on a North American Sample Julie M. Fleischman, BA*, Michigan State University, 560 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 After attending this presentation, attendees will understand the Chen et al. (2008) pubic bone aging method and its application for estimating age-at-death for a North American population. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by exploring the utility of the Chen et al. (2008) aging method for males of European ancestry. Accurately assessing the age-at-death of adult human skeletons is fundamental in creating biological profiles for unidentified remains. There are many methods available to forensic anthropologists to estimate age-at-death; the most widely used and generally accepted involve analysis of the pubic bones. Numerous aging methods using the pubic bones are available, including Chen et al. (2008) which is the focus of this study. Chen and colleagues assessed age-at-death for Chinese Han males based on multiple pubic bone features. The features were scored for 262 pubic bones and were subjected to four types of statistical equations to estimate age: multiple regression analysis (MRA) and gradual regression analysis (GRA), with quantification theory model-I (QMI) and GRA to compare with MRA. One goal of the Chen et al. (2008) study was to improve upon the Suchey-Brooks method, which is currently the most accepted technique for estimating age from the pubic bone. For the Han sample Chen and colleagues claim that with the use of their statistical formulae, a large sample, evaluating males only, and subdividing each feature, age-at-death can be quantitatively estimated with a high degree of accuracy. The objective of this research is to evaluate the Chen et al. (2008) method to determine if it can accurately evaluate age-at-death for individuals outside the original study population. This research addressed two primary questions: (1) Will the Chen et al. (2008) method accurately assess age-at-death for non-Chinese males?; and, (2) Will the revised Chen et al. (2008) method accurately assess age-at-death for males of European ancestry? This research is based on a known sample of modern pubic bones curated at the Maricopa County Forensic Science Center (FSC) in Phoenix, Arizona. A sample of 296 left male pubic bones of European ancestry, between the ages of 18 and 70, was selected from the larger collection. These bones were scored based on nine morphological indicators (e.g. ridges and furrows on the symphyseal surface, ossific nodules, and bone density). Each pubic bone was scored blind by four 16 observers with osteological experience ranging from 20+ years to 2 years. This research generated statistical data concerning the accuracy, rates of error, and significance of the Chen et al. (2008) model’s utility for aging male populations of European ancestry. The original Chen et al. (2008) equations were tested and then four revised equations were generated from the FSC scores. Accuracy for the revised equations was evaluated via the percentage correct within brackets of one, five, ten, and fifteen years from the actual ages. A higher percentage per bracket translates to higher accuracy. Results indicate that the Chen et al. (2008) method is fully replicable for males of European ancestry. The most accurate equation varies by bracket—one year from actual age: original Chen et al. MRA+GRA (10.8%); five years: revised QMI+GRA (38.6%); ten and fifteen years: revised MRA+GRA (65.7% and 87.3%). The revised model demonstrates only incremental gains over the original model (revised model MRA+GRA R2 = .491 and original model MRA+GRA R2 = .440), and on average the revised model tends to slightly over-age the specimens. The revised model has an average error of 8 years from actual ages. Both the original and revised models have lower predictive values for the FSC sample than Chen and colleagues report for their sample (Chen et al. MRA+GRA R2 = .978). All Pearson’s correlations for inter- and intra-observer error were statistically significant indicating low error rates between observers. The Chen et al. (2008) method is challenging and requires proficient knowledge of the nine pubic bone features and their development before implementation; however, the model does explain almost 50% of the variability in the FSC sample. An average error of eight years from actual age is acceptable for a forensic biological profile, and the model accurately estimates age within 15 years for over 87% of individuals. Therefore, this is a viable method for estimating age-atdeath for males of European ancestry. Future research is required to determine if this method is more or less accurate than others, such as Suchey-Brooks. Pubic Bone, Age Estimation, Male H27 The Accuracy of the Lamendin Method of Dental Aging in Teeth With Fillings Kristin E. Horner, MA*, Secchia Center, 15 Michigan Street Northeast, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 After attending this presentation, attendees will understand the results and implications of a study to determine if the presence of a filling in a tooth effects the accuracy of the Lamendin method (Lamendin et al., 1992) of dental aging. This study will impact the forensic science community by providing validation for the application of a commonly used aging technique to a unique subset of teeth. This validation is important in the post-Daubert era, where established error rates are important. Although error rates are known for the Lamendin method, and some dental aging studies have included teeth with fillings, no investigation has previously been made into the effects that these fillings might have on the accuracy of age estimation. The purpose of this presentation is to discuss the effects of dental restorations on the accuracy of the Lamendin dental aging method. The Lamendin method uses two measurements, tooth root translucency and periodontosis. Tooth root translucency begins at the tip of the root and proceeds toward the crown with advancing age, and is believed to be caused by calcification within dentinal tubules (Bang & Ramm, 1970). This changes the refractive index within the dentinal tubule so that it is similar to that of the material surrounding the dentinal tubules, making the area appear transparent. It has been established that root canal 17 treatment can have a significant effect on the development of tooth root translucency (Thomas et al., 1994), but there has been no published work documenting the effects of fillings. The utility of the Lamendin method is clear; it is fast, easy to use, does not require any special equipment, and utilizes a simple formula. The method provides a relatively accurate estimation of age that is useful in both forensic and archaeological contexts. However, it is important to determine if any external factors affect the rate of development of tooth root translucency. If any factors are discovered that do affect the rate of translucency, these factors would influence the accuracy of dental aging methods, such as the Lamendin method, that rely on tooth root translucency. Premolar teeth (N = 100) from the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection were used for this research. The sample consists of 50 teeth with no dental restorations and 50 teeth with fillings. All teeth were selected from individuals age 30 or older because the Lamendin method cannot be used in individuals younger than 25, and tends to be unreliable at younger ages. Measurement of periodontosis and root height were taken in millimeters with sliding calipers. Measurement of root translucency was observed using a light box and taken in millimeters with sliding calipers. Age-at-death was recorded from the collection database. Age at the time of death was estimated using the Lamendin method. The difference between the estimated age and known age was calculated for each tooth. Error was compared between teeth with no restorations and teeth with fillings using a student’s T-test. No significant difference (p < 0.05) was found between the errors of the teeth with fillings and the teeth without fillings. It is concluded that the presence of dental fillings does not significantly impact the accuracy of the Lamendin method, and that teeth with fillings may be used to estimate age using the Lamendin method. Lamendin, Dental, Aging H28 Three-Dimensional Geometric Morphometric Analysis and Multislice Computed Tomography: Application for Adult Sexual Dimorphism in Human Coxal Bone Fabrice Dedouit, Ph D*, Service de Médecine Légale, Hôpital de Rangueil, 1 Avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès, TSA 50032, Toulouse Cedex 9, 31059, FRANCE; Marie Faruch Bifeld, MS, Service de Médecine Légale, CHU Toulouse-Rangueil, 1 Avenue Professeur Jean Poulhès, Toulouse Cedex 9, 31059, FRANCE; José Braga, PhD, Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie AMIS, FRE 2960 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 37 allées Jules Guesde, Toulouse, 31000, FRANCE; Nicolas Sans, PhD, Service de Radiologie, CHU Toulouse-Purpan, Place du Docteur Baylac, Toulouse, 31059, FRANCE; Hervé Rousseau, PhD, Service de Radiologie, CHU Toulouse-Rangueil, 1 Avenue Professeur Jean Poulhès, Toulouse, 31059, FRANCE; Eric Crubezy, PhD, Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie AMIS, FRE 2960 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 37 allées Jules Guesde, Toulouse, 31000, FRANCE; Daniel Rouge, PhD, Service de Médecine Légale, CHU Toulouse-Rangueil, 1 Avenue Professeur Jean Poulhès, Toulouse, 31059, FRANCE; and Norbert Telmov, PhD, Service Medico-Judiciaire, CHU Rangueil, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhes, Toulouse, F-31054, FRANCE The goal of this presentation is to present an assessment of the sexual dimorphism based on the study of the human adult coxal bone, by three-dimensional (3D) geometric morphometric analysis of clinical multislice computed tomography (MSCT) explorations. This presentation illustrates the potentialities of the MSCT with a particular anthropological tool, the 3D geometric morphometric analysis, and a particular anthropological application, sexual dimorphism. * Presenting Author This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing an example of anthropological use of the 3D geometric morphometric analysis, based on clinical MSCT. Background and Introduction: Multislice computed tomography is uncommonly used in anthropology and forensic anthropology. With this in mind, this study demonstrates that the 3D adult coxal shape differences related to sexual dimorphism can be identified and visualized objectively with geometric morphometric analysis based on clinical MSCT explorations. Materials and Methods: Materials consist of a retrospective study of coxal bones from adult patients undergoing clinical MSCT in the authors’ institution. Patients with a known history of bone disease were excluded. A total of 65 MSCT explorations were included, consisting of 30 males and 35 females, with 16 x 1.5 mm collimation. Scans were saved as DICOM files and a 3D post-processing was performed. The methods included standard anthropometric techniques, 15 osteometric landmarks were chosen on the left innominate. The 3D coordinates of landmarks were identified on the MSCT 3D reconstructions. The three separate bones of the innominate (e. g., the anatomical pubis, the anatomical ilium, and the ischium) were first studied individually. Additionally, a modified ilium shape (consisting in the ilium and the ischial spine), and a modified pubis shape (including the ischiopubic ramus) were studied. Finally, complexes from bone parts were analyzed, including: the ischiopubic complex (consisting of the modified pubis and the ischium), the iliopubic complex (consisting of the ilium and the pubis), the ilio-ischial complex (consisting of the ilium and the ischium), and the complete coxal bone. Males and females were analyzed separately. Percentage errors were calculated for the 15 landmarks to examine the effects of intra- and inter-observer errors. For each analysis the recorded landmarks were scaled, rotated and translated using Generalized Procrustes Analysis. A consensus configuration, or mean shape configuration, was produced for males and females, so that sex differences could be compared. The landmark coordinates were analysed using Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Canonical Variates Analysis (CVA). Finally, Goodall’s F-test and Mahalanobis D² matrices were calculated. Results and Discussion: Clinical MSCT explorations have not been previously used with geometric morphometric analysis to study sexual dimorphism of the adult human coxal bone, using 3D reconstructions. The advantage of geometric morphometric techniques is their ease of use, and their reproducibility. In the present case, intraand inter-observer variabilities were less than 3%. Goodall’s F-test for all structures studied was significant, suggesting that the sexual dimorphism of the specific morphological structures of the skeletal elements, are similar to results achieved in previous studies. Based on the results of the PCA, CVA, and Malahanobis D² distances, the most sexually dimorphic anatomical structures were nonisolated bones: the complete coxal bone, the iliopubic complex, the ilioischial complex, and finally the ischiopubic complex. Our results agree with classical sex determination data. The 3D consensus shapes (masculine or feminine) are intrinsically composed of all the differences of lengths or length ratio, which explained the high sexual dimorphism of the innominate. Concerning the ischiopubic complex, our results completely agreed with previous results, demonstrating it is an important marker of sexual dimorphism. However, results were surprising in regards to the iliopubic and ilio-ischial complexes. Data were not found concerning the sexual dimorphism of those complexes, but those complexes were highly dimorphic, and particularly more dimorphic than the previous described ischiopubic complex. The most discriminating isolated bones of the innominate with anatomical and embryological definition were the ilium and the pubis. The modified pubis, including the ischiopubic ramus, had Malahanobis D2 distances similar to those of the anatomical ilium. This feature had never been described before in the literature. Inclusion of the ischiopubic ramus within the pubis increased its sexual dimorphism. The modified ilium, including the ischial spine, provided supplementary information * Presenting Author concerning the greater sciatic notch, which agreed with the classical anthropological data. Based on the results of the PCA, CVA, and Malahanobis D2 distances, the isolated ischium presented a weak but significant sexual dimorphism. Conclusion: The reliability of this method and determined innominate’s areas with the greatest shape sexual dimorphism are demonstrated. All the results are on accordance with previous past studies’ results but bring also new data for sexual dimorphism. Further studies will be done on supplementary individuals, immature populations. Furthermore, dimorphism analysis of the innominate shape with landmarks type III (semi landmarks) will be an additional way of research. Forensic Anthropology, Geometric Morphometric, Multislice Computed Tomography H29 Estimation of Stature From Foot and its Segments in a Sub-Adult Population of North India Kewal Krishan, PhD*, Panjab University, Department of Anthropology, Sectoc-14, Chandigarh, 160 014, INDIA; Tanuj Kanchan, MD, Kasturba Medical College, Department of Forensic Medicine, Light House Hill Road, Mangalore, 575 001, INDIA; and Neelam Passi, MSc, Panjab University, Department of Anthropology, Sector-14, Chandigarh, HI 160 014, INDIA After attending this presentation, attendees will understand the usefulness of stature estimation in forensic examinations especially from foot and its segments as the literature on this aspect has been scanty. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by presenting standards for stature estimation from foot and its segments when feet or their parts are brought for forensic examination. Establishing personal identity is one of the main concerns in forensic investigation process. Estimation of stature forms a basic domain of investigation process in unknown and commingled human remains in forensic anthropology case work. The objective of the present study was to set up standards for estimation of stature from foot and its segments. Sample for the study constitutes of 154 male and 149 female adolescents from Northern part of India. The subjects were aged between 13 to 18 years old (Mean age in male and female was 15.8 + 1.7 Besides stature, seven and 15.5 + 1.6 years respectively). anthropometric measurements that included length of the foot from each toe (T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 respectively), foot breadth at ball and foot breadth at heel were taken on both feet of each subject. All the measurements were taken with standard procedures and landmarks according to international texts and research papers. The results indicate that mean stature in adolescent males (163.1 + 10.1 cm) is significantly larger than mean stature in females (154.3 + 5.9 cm). All measurements in the male foot are significantly larger than in females (p<0.05). Statistically significant sex differences exist between various anthropometric measurements of the foot. Significant side differences occur in foot breadth at heel amongst males and foot breadth at ball, and at heel in females. Foot length measurements (T1 to T5 lengths) do not show any statistically significant bilateral asymmetry. Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r) between stature and various foot measurements on the right and left sides in males and females were found to be statistically significant (p<0.001). Thus, the stature is positively and strongly related to various foot measurements. In males, various foot measurements show relatively higher values of correlation coefficients than in females. Linear regression models and multiple regression models (step wise regression models) were derived for estimation of stature from the measurements of the foot. The present study indicates that anthropometric measurements of the foot and its segments are valuable in estimation of stature. Based on Standard error 18 of estimate (SEE), it is observed that stature from foot measurements can be estimated more accurately in females than males. Among the foot measurements, T5 in males and T1 in females give the most accurate estimation of stature by linear regression analysis. Multiple regression models are derived for estimation of stature from foot length (T1 to T5) in males and females. Foot breadth measurements (BHEL and BBAL) are used to derive multiple regression models on the right and left sides in males and females. Multiple regression models tend to estimate stature more accurately than the linear regression models. It is observed that the multiple regression models derived from the measurements of the foot length (T1 to T5) estimate stature more accurately than models derived from the measurements of the foot breadth (BHEL and BBAL). The method may be applied successfully for estimation of stature whenever foot remains are brought for forensic examination that can help the investigating agencies primarily in narrowing down the pool of possible victim matches by establishing the partial identity of the deceased. Forensic Anthropology, Foot Anthropometry, Stature Estimation H30 New Linear Measurements for the Estimation of Sex From the Human Sacrum Jennifer M. Vollner, MS*, 328 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824; Nicholas V. Passalacqua, MS, 1559 Mount Vernon, East Lansing, MI 48823; and Christopher W. Rainwater, MS, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016 The goal of this presentation is to inform attendees about six new measurements of the sacrum that were proven to be the most useful for adult sex estimation through a discriminant function analysis. The presentation will impact the forensic science community by demonstrating an accurate method of adult sex estimation from the sacrum through discriminant function analysis using new linear measurements derived from three-dimensional inter-landmark distances. The accurate estimation of sex is crucial to the development of a biological profile for a set of unidentified skeletal remains. Previous metric and non-metric methods of sex estimation utilizing the sacrum have demonstrated the potential of this skeletal element for such an assessment; but classification rates derived from an appropriate sample are unknown. This research provides new linear measurements of the sacrum from a large sample that were shown to be the most useful in the estimation of sex through a cross-validated discriminant function analysis. A geometric morphometric analysis of the sacrum was previously conducted (Passalacqua et al. 2010) in order to capture the sexual dimorphism visually apparent in this skeletal element. This method was able to estimate sex with an 85.75% cross-validated accuracy (89.40% for males, 82.10% for females). Unfortunately, the use of geometric morphometric analysis in forensic anthropology casework is often impractical due to differential preservation, skeletal trauma, or lack of equipment. Due to these factors, the development of new twodimensional linear measurements of the sacrum will allow for a wider application of this method. Thus, the current study utilizes previous geometric morphometric sacrum data to determine the most useful linear measurements for sex estimation (Passalacqua et al. 2010). A sample of 163 adult sacra (85 males, 78 females) was collected from the Hamann-Todd Collection (Cleveland Museum of Natural History). Twenty-three three-dimensional (3D) landmarks were developed and collected on each individual using a digitizer. Interlandmark distances were then extracted from the 3D data providing 253 measurements for each sacrum. This method of extracting linear measurements allows for a vast amount of data to be collected in a short amount of time and in addition creates new measurements which may not have been otherwise analyzed. These measurements were analyzed 19 through a forward step-wise (F = 0.05 to enter, F = 0.10 to remove) discriminant function analysis. This discriminant function analysis selected six measurements for estimating biological sex. These measurements focus on the alae especially in relation to the promontory. This suggests the majority of the sexual dimorphism exhibited in the sacrum involves this area and effective sex estimation is possible with fragmentary sacra as the overall size, shape, and curvature were not necessary. Results indicated an 89.0% cross-validated accuracy of the correct classification of sex (males were correctly classified at 89.4% and females were correctly classified at 88.5%). As noted above, this is slightly higher than the classification rate with 3D geometric morphometrics and these inter-landmark distances can be measured using standard sliding calipers allowing for this method to be easily utilized in the field or laboratory without access to a digitizer. Sex Estimation, Sacrum, Discriminant Function Analysis H31 Sex Discrimination Using Patellar Measurements: Method and Validation Study Matthew Rhode, PhD*, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam, AFB, HI 96853 After attending this presentation, attendees will understand how to determine the sex of Americans using discriminant functions derived from common patellar measurements. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by introducing a series of easily applicable discriminant functions for use in determining the sex of Americans using a single patella. Subsequent validation of the method, using an independent American sample, indicates the method is robust. The visual inspection of associated ROC curves provides a means of selecting among the available discriminant functions. Based on the results of this analysis, the patella is offered as an alternative method to determine sex when others are not applicable. Although a number of previous projects have presented discriminant functions for sexing the patella, these methods are derived from African and European populations. To date, no specific patella based sex classification method in the scientific literature is available, which is both easily applicable and calibrated for use with Americans. This project addresses this issue using a sample of 182 individuals combining white and black males (100) and females (82) from the Hamann-Todd collection. Each individual possessed data on the left and right patella height, width, and thickness. The left and right values were later averaged for each measurement to make the applicable to a single bone of either side. Males possessed an average patellar height of 44.12 mm ± 2.93mm, an average patellar width of 44.57 mm ± 3.17 mm, and an average patellar thickness of 21.03 mm ± 1.57 mm. Females possessed an average patellar height of 38.83 mm ± 2.94 mm, an average patellar width of 39.10 mm ± 2.95 mm, and an average patellar thickness of 19.01 mm ± 1.57 mm. The three measurements used in seven different combinations were examined using discriminant function analysis. The resulting discriminant functions generated average classification rates between 73.5% and 83.5% when cross-validated with average classification rates ranging between 73% and 83% for males and 74.4% and 85.4% for females. These results are similar to previous studies and generally indicate the method is robust, but a more powerful and convincing test of the method is by applying it to an independent sample. Here an independent American sample of patella measurement data from a series of 300 white and black males (147) and females (153) from the Terry collection, obtained by O’Connor (1996) was used to test the classificatory power of the Hamann-Todd patella discriminant functions. Upon testing, the efficiency drops an average of 3% to achieve values between 70% and 79%. The correction classification rate among males ranges between 68% and 80% and for females between 75% and 80%. * Presenting Author Reduced efficiency is a common result of validation but the overall classification rates remain relatively high. Among the seven discriminant functions, the most effective can be identified using the classification rate, but a visual method comparing ROC curves is used. The associated statistics indicate that all seven discriminant functions provide results that are significantly different from random guessing. The most consistent equations being those developed with patella width and height. Although the present method does not yield correct classification rates of 90%, the best validated discriminant functions does a provide classification rate of 79%, which suggests the method has potential for sex discrimination. Since the patella is a small bone, with a dense structure, and is often recovered intact, the discriminant functions developed here are offered to the scientific community as an alternative method, applicable when other more powerful methods cannot be used due to recovery or preservation issues and as check on the results obtained using other methods. Patella, Sex, Validation H32 Sex Estimation Using the Petrous Portion of the Temporal Bone By Linear Regression Anaylsis Dolly K. Stolze, MA*, 1900 Huntington Lane, Apartment 4, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 After attending this presentation, attendees will understand how the petrous portion of the temporal bone can be used to identify sex in fragmented skeletal remains. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by giving the forensic anthropologist another method to estimate sex in fragmented skeletal remains and provide a jumping-off point for further evaluation of the use of the petrous portion of the temporal bone in sex estimation. When bodies are heavily decomposed, chances increase that not all of the remains will be recovered. Lengthy postmortem intervals seen in heavily decomposed or skeletonized remains can impact identification efforts because essential bones for a biological profile may not be recovered due to human, animal, and environmental factors. A number of taphonomic processes that affect skeletal recovery include human and environmental processes, such as disfigurement of dead bodies, dismemberment to prevent positive identification, animal scavenging, and environmental disbursement. Since recent forensic anthropological studies have shown a metric relationship between temporal bone morphology and sex, this study investigates the quantitative relationship of seven measurements of the temporal and occipital bones and sex. 304 crania from the Bass Collection were measured for this study, including 92 females and 212 males. This study used the following seven measurements: (a) mastoidale to porion; (b)porion to asterion; (c) asterion to mastoidale; (d) asterion to the intersection of the parietal, temporal and sphenoid (PST); (e) PST to mastoidale; (f) the length of the petrous portion from the foramen lacerum (fl) to the mastoidale; and (g) from the mastoidale to basion. The base of the petrous portion (from its most anterior point in the foramen lacerum to the mastoidale) is an insertion point for the levator veli palatini. This muscle elevates, retracts, and laterally deviates the soft palate, and opens the auditory tube during swallowing. So the length of the base of the petrous portion may be larger in males because they have more robust muscle attachments than females. Five regression formulae were developed using these seven measurements of the temporal and occipital bones. The fifth regression equation [0.539 (fl-ms) + 0.265 (ms-po) + 0.157(ast-ms) 4.137] is statistically significant to determine sex in a fragmented skull. This formula correctly identified sex in 88% of the cases used for this study. Three measurements taken on petrous portion of the temporal * Presenting Author bone can be used to identify sex in skeletonized and fragmented remains: (1) the length of the petrous portion from the foramen lacerum to the mastoidale; (2) from the mastoidale to the porion; and (3) from the asterion to the mastoidale. This demonstrates the forensic value of the length of the petrous portion in sex identification in fragmented skeleton remains. Sex, Petrous Portion, Linear Regression H33 Age Estimation Utilizing Postnatal Dental Mineralization: An Exploratory Analysis of Molar Development for a Contemporary Florida Population. Meryle A. Dotson, BA*, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33620; Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820; and Lyle W. Konigsberg, PhD, University of Illinois, Department of Anthropology, 109 Davenport Hall, 607 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 After attending this presentation, attendees will understand that a more accurate construction of dental age estimation standards can be achieved by considering population age structure and by utilizing Bayesian analysis. The objectives of this study are to explore the patterns and timing of dental development for a contemporary Florida population, to test the accuracy of current dental age estimation standards for juveniles and young adults devised by Moorrees et al. (1963), and to evaluate the accuracy of age estimation utilizing third molar development. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by presenting data related to estimating appropriate dental ages for unknown juveniles and young adults utilizing advanced stages of molar development. The accurate estimation of age utilizing molar development can have important legal implications for living individuals for which chronological age is unknown since the observation of advanced mineralization stages in third molars can provide insight into whether or not an individual is likely to have reached 18 years of age. This information can assist courts within the United States in determining whether or not an individual is legally considered a minor or an adult. Due to the strong genetic component of dental development, research has shown that mineralization patterns of the human dentition are relatively buffered against environmental influences that normally affect bone growth and development (Cardoso 2007). It is because of this resistance to environmental factors and the continuous growth of the permanent dentition throughout childhood and adolescence that the evaluation of dental development patterns has become the preferred method of age estimation in living and deceased children. While it has been suggested that the timing of dental development varies by ancestral descent and geographic populations, further exploration of the role of statistical modeling in the comparisons of dental development tempo and patterning among populations is necessary. For this study, 81 panoramic radiographs of individuals (33 males and 48 females) from a contemporary Florida population ranging in age from 7.7-20.4 years were reviewed. The mean age for males included in this study was 15.7 years, while the mean age for females was 16.1 years. Maxillary and mandibular third molars were observed and assigned a mineralization score ranging from 1-14 in accordance with dental development standards devised by Moorrees et al. (1963). Previous research (Demirjian 1978) suggests that dental development occurs symmetrically between tooth types in each dental arcade. Therefore, one score was obtained for each tooth type. Most scores were obtained from teeth in the left side of the mouth; however, in instances where the development stage of the left tooth was not clearly visible, the 20 development stage of the corresponding tooth on the right side of the mouth was scored. Similarly, most scores were obtained by observation of the mineralization stage of the distal root; however, in instances for which the mineralization stage of the distal root was not observable, the mesial root was scored. Of 246 molars observed, 53 were maxillary third molars, 77 were mandibular first molars, 77 were mandibular second molars, and 39 were mandibular third molars. Maxillary first and second molars were not scored due to the difficulty in observing advanced mineralization stages of maxillary teeth on panoramic radiographs. Previous research has suggested that females achieve advanced dental development stages earlier than males (Tompkins 1996). Therefore, each sex was treated independently, and mean ages for attained development stages were calculated for each tooth. The mean age of complete root apex closure of the third maxillary molar (stage 14) for males was 19.5 years, while the mean age of complete root apex closure of the third mandibular molar (stage 14) for males was 17.6 years. Similarly, the mean age of complete root apex closure of the third maxillary molar (stage 14) for females was 18.5 years, while the mean age of complete root apex closure of the third mandibular molar (stage 14) for females was 18.8 years. The accurate observation and comparison of stages of molar development can serve as a noninvasive method for evaluating the probability of whether or not an unknown individual is likely to have reached 18 years of age. The refinement of existing dental age estimation standards can be achieved by incorporating a Bayesian statistical analysis, transitional analysis, and a cumulative probit model on the log scale ages. Dental Mineralization, Age Estimation, Bayesian Analysis H34 A New Method for Height Estimation Using Photogrammetry: Reliability and Validity Antonio De Donno, PhD*, and Bruno Morgese, MD, Section of Legal Medicine - University of Bari, Pizza Giulio Cesare n.11, Bari, 70124, ITALY; Maurizio Scarpa, MD, Pizza G. Cesare 11 University of Bari, Bari, ITALY; and Francesco Introna, PhD, Section of Legal Medicine DiMIMP, P.zza Giulio Cesare n.11, Bari, 70124, ITALY After attending this presentation, attendees will gain knowledge of a new method, and its reliability, for height estimation using photogrammetry. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by demonstrating how height estimation of the subject videotaped while in the act of robbery is a parameter that can be accurately estimated using the proposed method, respecting the experimental conditions described, and that it can consequently be utilized in probatory inquiries. The identification of subjects by means of image comparison has already been used in the past; however, the advent of new software for the elaboration of images has provided a new impact and new resources useful for the application of techniques for the identification of the culprits. The sensitivity of the results of the investigations which, in association with other evidence, can point the judge towards a verdict of guilt or innocence, making the use of reliable scientific methods necessary, without neglecting to highlight the possible objective limits of the techniques used. These scientific studies have had a particular impact in Italy, where the identification of the culprit by means of the comparison between the images of the arrested suspect and those of the subject videotaped in the act of robbery is allowed. The application of such techniques; however, requires the permission of the suspect to be filmed by the bank surveillance system; in addition, the images filmed during the robbery need to be of excellent quality. 21 When this permission is denied, it might be useful to collect the information regarding the robber’s stature from the images taken during the robbery itself. During this study, the possibility of determining the stature of a subject by means of photogrammetry was investigated; such technique is defined as the procedures that make use of photographs in order to obtain the position, the shape and the dimension of a subject. Preliminarily, actual heights (in cm) were obtained by measuring a selection of 288 people including subjects of a height ranging from 150 cm to 200 cm with a metallic pole; they were all photographed while standing in a doorway, so as to simulate the images of subjects taken in the doorway of a bank. The selected subjects were measured by a standardized method. They were photographed (wearing shoes) positioned both standing still and in movement; another operator measured the actual height by using a metric pole, standing still, wearing the same shoes. The photographs obtained were examined (by another operator who was unaware of the actual heights) using a professional image editing software to determine the height of the people selected using the grid technique. In the assessment of the height of a person in motion, it was attempted to standardize the measurement by filming the subjects placed in such a position that their center of gravity corresponded with the threshold of the door. From what has been seen so far, the use of photograph for forensic purposes can be considered useful only when the subject is filmed in a static position (i.e., inside the bank doorway). The mean differential values between the actual height and the height measured in people standing, ranging from – 0.90 cm to + 1.24 cm, confirm the reliability of the technique. However, the validity of the technique for the measurement in motion is unreliable, owing to the high variability between the actual heights and the measurements obtained by a professional image editing software (ranging from – 3 cm to + 6 cm). Height Estimation, Photogrammetry, Reliability H35 Contribution of the Maxillary Sinus Analysis for Human Identification Jamilly O. Musse, PhD*, Jeidson A.M. Marques, PhD, Faculty of Dentistry, Feira de Santana State University (UEFS), Fanco Manoel da Silva, 437, Cidade Nova, Feira de Santana - Bahia, 44053-060, BRAZIL; and Rogério N. Oliveira, PhD, University of São Paulo, Lineu Prestes, 5081, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-000, BRAZIL After attending this presentation, attendees will understand and appreciate how maxillary sinus analysis can contribute to human identification in forensic cases. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by showing one more human identification method, the maxillary sinus analysis. The goal of this study is to evaluate the possibility of individual human identification and sex identification by means of maxillary sinus and propose three identification methods using the referred structures. The sample was composed of 656 panoramic radiographs, from 328 adult individuals of both sex, more than 20 years, and divided in: Group I/ control: formed by radiographs of patients submitted to orthodontic treatment, but that did not need dental extraction in posterior teeth; and, Group II/experimental: formed by radiographs of patients submitted to orthodontic treatment that needed dental extraction in any posterior teeth. The radiographs had been randomly selected for the sample composition. Two radiographs were used from each individual, one from the beginning of treatment and the other after a two-year-orthodontic treatment. After that, three methods were employed in each radiograph, in both groups. * Presenting Author In the manual technique I, the configuration of the right and left maxillary sinus was performed, using an acetate sheet on the panoramic radiography and after that. Using the trace of maximum height and width in the transparency on the panoramic radiography from the previous reported technique, in manual technique II, the aerial cavity of the maxillary sinus was divided into four quadrants (Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4). Based on that division, the quadrant morphology was compared using overlapping of the acetate sheet related to the radiographs of the same individual. In the computerized technique, after panoramic digitalization, the configurations of the maxillary sinus were computer-generated and the respective areas and perimeters were calculated, using an image acquisition and analysis software. Besides the previously mentioned measures, the form factor measurement was also used. The form factor value is calculated through the relation between area and perimeter, and expresses how much the morphology of maxillary sinus was preserved if compared to the radiographs of the same individual. In the analysis of the results, descriptive statistics techniques were used (average and standard deviation), Student’s t-test with similar and non-similar variants and paired Student’s t-test to quantitative variables. The level of significance used in the statistics tests was 5.0%. Statistical analysis software was used to obtain statistics calculations. The quadrant analysis was performed by visual comparison. In the manual technique I, the measurement results in the initial radiography and in the radiography after a two-year- treatment were evaluated separately. In both radiographs, regarding all the variables, the averages were higher in male than in female sex. Between sexes, the only significant difference was observed in the “left width” variable in the experimental group. Differences between the groups were observed in “right width” in both sex and “left width” in female. Regarding those variables, it was observed that the averages were positive in the experimental group and negative in the group control, except for “left width” in female sex. In the comparison of the quadrant morphology of maxillary sinus in both kinds of radiographs, absence of alteration in the registered individuals as group control was observed. In the experimental group, the presence of alteration in the sinus morphology was observed in eight individuals, all of them in inferior quadrants, related to the loss of dental units. The computerized technique results shown that in the initial radiograph and in the one after a two-year-treatment, in most of the variables, the averages were higher in male than in female sex. In the experimental group, except from the “form factor” variables, in both sexes – that presented negative values, all the other averages were positive. Differences between the groups were checked for “right perimeter” in both sex; and “right area” in female. Regarding those variables, it was observed that the averages were positive in the experimental group and negative in the control group. The present research techniques can be used in human identification cases where only skull fragment is available for anthropological analysis. The incorporation of the analysis added to other evidences may contribute in a decisive way to cases of forensic human identification. Forensic Odontology, Human Identification, Maxillary Sinus H36 Evaluating the Performance of Population Estimation Methods in Commingled Skeletal Assemblages Bradley I. Lanning, MA*, Jolen Anya Minetz, MA, and Jennie J.H. Jin, PhD, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96835 The goal of this presentation is to compare population estimation results yielded from commingled skeletal assemblages of different sizes. * Presenting Author This presentation will impact the forensic science community by evaluating different methods of estimating the original case population size represented by skeletal assemblages produced by widely varying circumstances. Predictive models generated from intact mass graves and secondary burial mass graves excavated by the Joint POW-MIA Accounting Command - Central Identification Laboratory (CIL) anthropologists are compared to portions of large and heavily commingled skeletal assemblages unilaterally turned over to the CIL by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK). The CIL received a series of shipments of skeletal remains from the DPRK during the early 1990’s. A total of 208 boxes of remains were turned over dubbed the “K208.” The North Koreans claimed that these remains represented 208 U.S. servicemen. The original anthropological analysis of the remains revealed that most of the accessions represented multiple individuals. When the remains were sampled for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), it confirmed the suspicion that more people were present in the containers than previously estimated to a substantial degree. In the analysis and sorting of the K208 assemblage, it is important to create an accurate estimation of the original population. Different population estimation methods were used in this study, with special consideration for the Most Likely Number of Individuals (MLNI).1 The MLNI has been shown to estimate the original population size, while the Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) estimates the recovered population size. In cases of taphonomic loss, the MLNI should provide a more accurate estimation than the MNI. In addition to a traditional MNI, the Grand Minimum Total (GMT) was also calculated. The results of these different population estimation methods were generated from a series of CIL-lead excavations with the purpose of constructing predictive models. First, two excavations consisted of intact primary mass graves from the DPRK where commingling was slight; in both of these cases some remains were retained by DPRK officials. Second, another excavation consisted of poorly preserved and fragmentary remains from a World War II bomber crash. Finally, an excavation of a secondary burial mass grave from the DPRK where remains had been intentionally planted in the recent past was analyzed. The population estimation results derived from these models were either compared to the number of individuals archaeologically determined or to the minimum number of mtDNA sequences present (MNS). In both primary mass graves and the World War II bomber case, all population estimators were accurate and in close agreement. The MNI only slightly underestimated the original population, while the MLNI estimated the true original population. This is to be expected given the high recovery rate. An exception to this trend was recognized in one mass grave where poor preservation and fragmentation restricted accurate pair matching, which inflated the population estimation. In the secondary mass grave, all population estimators drastically underestimated the original population size, including the MLNI. For the K208 skeletal assemblage, population estimators usually underestimated the original population in each purported origin. The highest MLNI in Chongsung-ni was 23 individuals and the MNS is 22; however, the overall MLNI is 18. The highest MLNI in Okchang-ni is 5 individuals and the MNS is 12. In Kaljon-ri the highest estimation is 34 individuals and the MNS is 44. The highest MLNI from the combined villages is 58 individuals and the MNS is 67. The underestimation is due to a number of factors. The use of mtDNA to aid in the pair matching of heavily fragmented remains has helped prevent the method from overestimating the population. In both the secondary mass grave and the K208, purported individuals were being constructed from a stockpile of remains of unknown number. This has produced an effect of selective data loss. While the MLNI can help more accurately estimate the original population in cases of normal taphonomic data loss, in situations such as the K208 and the planted mass grave, the MLNI alone is unable to do so. An avenue for future research is to increase the discrimination powers of the population estimator used by combining osteometric sorting and mtDNA analysis with the MLNI. 22 Reference: 1. Adams, B. J. and L. W. Konigsberg. Estimation of the most likely number of individuals from commingled human skeletal remains. Am J Phys Anthropol 2004; 125(2):138-151. Commingling, Population Estimation, MLNI H37 Revising Revisions: Modification of the Measurement of the Sacral Body Height for Use in Fully’s (1956) Anatomical Method of Stature Estimation Atsuko Hayashi, BA*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530 After attending this presentation, attendees will understand how the pelvis should be properly reconstructed in anatomical position, and how measurement of the height of the first sacral body is unnecessary for use with a revision of Fully’s Anatomical Method of stature estimation. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by clarifying some of the uncertainty of Fully’s measurement instructions. Increasing the precision of the Anatomical Method can provide numerous opportunities to conduct comparative group (including sex differences) studies using skeletal collections that lack records of living stature. When applicable, the Anatomical Method can provide more accurate results than that of “mathematical methods” (i.e., single element regression-based methods). This is because measurements are taken for all bones contributing to stature, and varying allometric patterns within/among groups and between the sexes, therefore should not be affected by these factors. The method also compensates for individuals with extra vertebrae. Recent studies called for a revision of the protocols described by Fully (1956), as the method tended to underestimate living or cadaveric statures in known-stature skeletal collections (Bidmos 2005; Raxter et al. 2006). This revision is necessary in part, because utilizing the sacral height, rather than reconstructing the pelvis, does not compensate for a gap between the first transverse line of sacrum to superior margin of acetabulum. The Raxter et al. (2006) revision of the Fully method attempted to account for this gap; however, it is unclear which procedure for reconstruction of the pelvis was utilized, furthermore, it did not systematically employ a new measurement, but rather introduced a correction factor based on a subsample of their dataset to compensate for the gap. The current study explores a revision of the Raxter et al. (2006) in order to measure the gap between the first transverse line of the sacrum and the superior margin of the acetabulum. First, the anatomical position of the pelvis was reconstructed following Hiramoto (1972) which substitutes the 2 mm thickness of cartilage with clay placed between auricular surfaces and sacroiliac joints, and approximately 7 mm between the pubic symphyses. The pelvis was placed in a sand box for support, while the anterior superior iliac spine of the ilium and pubic tubercle were held on same plane/perpendicular in lateral view (Bannister et al. 1995: 673). The pelvis was next turned toward the researcher in the anterior view, then a perpendicular scale and another scale to make a right angle for the measurement of the height of the first sacral vertebra from the anterior midline of the promontory to the first transverse line of sacrum and parallel line of the left and right superior margins of the acetabulum. Measurements were taken using the standard Fully (1956) method with this revised criterion on a skeletal sample of 102 Japanese individuals (males: n=76 and females: n=36) from the University of Chiba School of Medicine and the University of Jikei School of Medicine. Paired-sample t-tests show that there are significant differences (p<0.01) in the first sacral body height in both males and 23 females between samples of unreconstructed sacra and those using the reconstructed pelvis. The former was 2.98 cm in males and 2.86 cm in females. However, after reconstructing the pelvis, the height of the first sacrum in anatomical position was 1.26 cm in males and 1.24 cm in females. Therefore, the average difference of the height of first sacral body between Fully’s instructions and this study was 1.72 cm in males and 1.62 cm in females. The gap is 3.83 cm in males and 4.22 cm in females between the first transverse line of the sacrum to the superior margin of the acetabulum, which can be significant for assessments of living stature. This study clarifies of the ambiguity of Fully’s (1956) instructions of the measurement on the sacrum and increase the precision of the anatomical method of the stature estimation. Fully’s Anatomical Method, Stature Estimation, Sacrum H38 Investigating Between Group Differences in Zygomaxillary Suture Form Using Fourier Analysis Sabrina B. Sholts, PhD*, Department of Anthropology, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-3210; and Sebastian K.T.S. Wärmländer, PhD, Stockholm University, Division of Biophysics, Stockholm, 10691, SWEDEN After attending this presentation, attendees will better understand how the zygomaxillary suture can be used for differentiating human groups and how 3D-model based analysis can enhance the capabilities of forensic anthropologists for human identification. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by reevaluating the validity of widely perceived criterion of race determination and presenting a way to minimize its interpretive element. Moreover, this quantitative approach to zygomaxillary suture form signifies a larger trend in forensic anthropology towards computer-based methods, which can offer considerable advantages in terms of precision, repeatability, and objectivity. The zygomaxillary suture is commonly viewed as one of the racial attributes of the human skeleton. Formed by the intersection of the zygomatic and maxillary bones of the skull, the suture can occur in “angled” or “curved” forms which have been associated with Caucasoid and American Indian crania respectively. It has even been suggested that Caucasoid and American Indian crania can be differentiated by zygomaxillary suture form alone. However, the dichotomous nature of this typology does not adequately describe the continuous scale of variation exhibited within and among crania of different groups, nor does it account for the ambiguity that may result from bilateral asymmetry in individuals. Furthermore, these distinctions in suture form are based on qualitative characteristics that require a subjective assessment of each skull. Such subjectivity can be problematic in a legal context, where the credibility of expert testimony requires highly reliable methods of analysis. In this study, a quantitative approach was used to investigate between-group differences in zygomaxillary suture morphology. A sample of 120 human crania from northern European (n=60) and California Indian (n=60) populations were recorded with a threedimensional (3D) laser scanner, and the complete digital models were analyzed with 3D data analysis software. Each model was oriented in standard alignment with the Frankfurt horizontal and midline planes, using published protocols. The zygomaxillary sutures of the models were then traced with digital tools for defining a 3D contour. As a result, each suture was represented by a contour with a density of three equallyspaced Cartesian coordinates per millimeter, with endpoints at the craniometric landmarks of zygoorbitale and zygomaxillare. Both the right and left sutures of each cranium were traced, which yielded a total of 240 contours. Using an in-lab computer program, the projections of the contours along the XY and XZ planes were scaled to uniform length * Presenting Author and subjected to Fourier analysis. Fourier coefficients were used to create discriminant functions that most effectively separate the European and American Indian crania in the sample by side and by sex, and the validity of the functions were tested with the leave-one-out technique. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that a quantitative analysis of zygomaxillary suture form is equally effective in discriminating European and Native American crania as a qualitative analysis. Thus, the results of the discriminant analysis were compared with the results of a traditional visual assessment, in which both evaluations identified “angled” or “curved” suture forms in the sample and calculated the within-group frequencies of each type. Based on these comparisons, it was possible to evaluate the relative merits of these methods of purposes of human identification. In addition, new information was obtained on the diagnostic capabilities of the zygomaxillary suture in males versus females and in the right side of the skull versus the left side, which has not previously been investigated. Zygomaxillary Suture, Fourier Analysis, 3D Models H39 An Investigation and Critique of the DiGangi et al. (2009) First Rib Aging Method Sara M. Getz, BS*, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 After attending this presentation, attendees will be familiar with the DiGangi et al. (2009) first rib aging method and will have been presented with a study that investigates and critiques this method. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by making attendees aware of the pros and cons of this newly developed method and the direction of future aging research in the field of forensic anthropology. Most commonly used methods of age estimation have several shortfalls. They tend to over-estimate the age of young individuals, under-estimate the age of older individuals, utilize terminal age categories, such as 50+, provide age ranges which are too precise or too wide to be of practical use in a forensic setting, and fail to provide prediction intervals based on an explicit probability. To address these issues, the DiGangi et al. (2009)1 first rib aging method utilizes transition analysis on features of the first rib previously investigated by Kunos et al. (1999)2 in the Hamann-Todd collection. The newly developed method was first applied to positively and presumptively identified males of Balkan ancestry collected in the former Yugoslavia (n=470). The application of the method, as described in the original publication, requires only that observers familiarize themselves with descriptions of the traits to be scored and the example photos found in the appendix, score the features of the ribs as described, and refer to the table of posterior densities provided in the article to find the appropriate age prediction range and the point estimate of age. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of this method. To assess inter- and intra-rater agreement, four graduate students with advanced osteological training scored 113 ribs of white males from the Hamann-Todd collection ranging from 21 to 88 years. Sub-samples of individuals were re-coded from the total sample by each observer to allow for the calculation of intra-observer agreement. The ‘irr’ package in R.2.10.10 (2009)3 was used to assess levels of agreement for the costal face, tubercle facet, and combined scores. The data was analyzed using tests for both nominal and ordinal data. Despite the fact that the published 95% probability intervals for each combination of scores range from 35 to 50 years, individuals were only placed into an age range that contained their true age on average 87% of the time. With the exception of four younger adults between 20 and 35 years of age who were problematic for all observers, all individuals incorrectly aged were above 55 years of age. * Presenting Author Due to the large overlap in the age ranges provided for each unique combination of costal face and tubercle facet scores, it is possible for observers to correctly age an individual while having only minimal agreement in their scores for each rib feature. The highest inter-observer values for any agreement statistic (Cohen’s Kappa) were 0.74 for the costal face and 0.56 for the tubercle facet. Despite the apparent simplicity of the coding system provided, the use of stages with multiple features and ambiguous descriptions results in high inter-observer error and a method that is generally unreliable. Also, the use of arbitrary stages containing multiple features that may or may not be present as opposed to specific ordinal variants directly violates the fundamental assumptions of transition analysis and is inappropriate. The discrepancies between the performance of the method as described in the original article and the results of this study may be due in part to genetic differences between the males of Balkan ancestry in the original publication and the American white males of the Hamann-Todd collection used in this study. The definitions provided should also be reviewed and revised as necessary to lower inter-observer error rates to acceptable levels. Also, concentrating on ordinal features that change over time is preferred to using an agglomerated “stage” approach. Despite the disappointing performance of this method for age-at-death estimation, transition analysis and other statistically based methods of age-estimation represent the most promising new frontier for the development of new standards. Funding for this research was provided by the Faculty-Led Student Research Grant Program at Mercyhurst College. References: 1. DiGangi EA, Bethard JD, Kimmerle EH, and Konigsberg LW. A New Method for Estimating Age-at Death from the First Rib. Am J of Phys Anthropol 2009 138:164-176. 2. Kunos C, Simpson S, Russell K, Hershkovitz I. First rib metamorphosis: its possible utility for human age-at-death estimation. Am J Phys Anthropol 1999 110:303–323. 3. R Development Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. 2009 http://www.R-project.org. Age-at-Death Estimation, Transition Analysis, Forensic Anthropology H40 Cervical Vertebral Centra Epiphyseal Union as an Age Estimation Method in Teenage and Young Adult Skeletons A. Midori Albert, PhD*, University of North Carolina - Wilmington, Department of Anthropology, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403-5907 After attending this presentation, attendees will gain an understanding of the pattern, sequence, and timing of maturation of cervical vertebral centra and how it may be used to estimate skeletal age at death. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by introducing a supplemental method of estimating skeletal age-at-death of teenagers and young adults, which when used with other skeletal age indicators may improve the accuracy of age estimation in human identification. This study examined epiphyseal union of the inferior centrum of the second cervical vertebra (C2 or the axis), and the superior and inferior centra of the third though seventh cervical vertebrae, C3-C7. The sample comprised 55 individuals of known sex, ethnicity, and age at death. There were 23 females (2 American European, 21 African American) and 32 males (5 European American, 27 African American), aged 14 to 27 years from the Robert J. Terry Skeletal Collection housed at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. 24 A four stage method was used to code the progress of epiphyseal union of the vertebral centra or “ring epiphyses”. Stage 0 represented the absence of any epiphyseal union activity. Vertebral centra in Stage 0 were completely bare with no epiphyseal attachment. Stage 1 signified beginning union or union in progress. Beginning union was characterized by the slightest adherence of any portion of the epiphyses, and union in progress included partial to full epiphyseal rings present with gaps—adhesion in some areas and open spaces in other areas along the surfaces of the vertebral centra. Stage 2 denoted epiphyses that were almost completely united or recently united. Beginning union and union in progress were consolidated into one stage, Stage 1, and almost complete union and recent union were also consolidated into one stage, Stage 2, since the timing of fusion seemed to occur over the course of only a few months. Stage 3 corresponded to epiphyses that were fully fused for some time. The distinction between recently united epiphyses (Stage 2) and fusion that had been complete for some time (Stage 3) was important in that noting recent union allowed for more age information to be extracted from the sample and may yield greater accuracy in estimating age at death. That an individual may skeletally show signs of youth in adulthood (recently completed union, Stage 2) is more informative than simply recognizing an individual as adult (complete union, Stage 3) since that adult skeletal status could have occurred many years ago. Results indicated that: (1) females matured at an earlier age than males; (2) there was no identifiable sequence of union—various ring epiphyses of C2-C7 fused in seemingly random order; and, (3) cervical vertebral ring epiphyseal union correlated with known age-at-death moderately well (r=0.63). Thoracic and first two lumbar vertebral ring epiphyseal union data for the same sample, however, yielded a higher correlation with known age-at-death (r=0.70) probably due to there being more data for thoracic and lumbar centra—28 epiphyses—versus 11 epiphyses for the cervical vertebrae. Cervical vertebral ring union data correlated rather poorly with thoracic and first two lumbar vertebral ring union data for the same sample (r=0.41). While these results may not fare as well as other skeletal age estimation methods as a stand alone method, cervical vertebral ring epiphyseal union is still a viable option inasmuch as it may be used to corroborate findings from other skeletal age indicators and or it can provide a general idea of an age range if cervical vertebrae are the only bones available for analysis. Age Estimation, Epiphyeal Union, Cervical Vertebrae H41 A Pilot Study in the Forensic Potential of the Health Index Nicholas V. Passalacqua, MS*, 1559 Mount Vernon, East Lansing, MI 48823; Jennifer M. Vollner, MS, 328 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824; Dominique Semeraro, MS, Office of State Medical Examiners, 48 Orms Street, Providence, RI 02904; and Christopher W. Rainwater, MS, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016 The goal of this presentation is to inform attendees about the potential utility of applying the Health Index to skeletal remains recovered from forensic contexts. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by describing the results of a pilot study applying the health index to a small forensic sample of individuals with known backgrounds and health statuses. Further, a general comparison will be made of the overall health index score of an aggregate modern forensic population to health scores of past, bioarchaeological populations from North America. In bioarchaeology the health index developed by Steckel et al. (2002), ranks aggregations of individuals clustered into sites, time periods, etc., in order to understand relative rankings in biological “health.” However, Steckel and Rose (2002:62) speculate “if estimated for [single] individuals, it could be used to assess not only average health 25 but inequality of health within groups.” Here, health is measured by a number of dental and skeletal variables including: age-at-death and stature, as well as presence and severity of dental and bony pathologies, degenerative joint disease and skeletal trauma (See Steckel et al. 2002 for further details). Previous studies have had limited success when investigating applications of life history and activity pattern models to forensic remains. However, trends in skeletal pathology such as healed fractures, marked vertebral osteophytic activity, and/or poor dental care often appear in decedent’s remains from similar cultural contexts such as homelessness and individuals with a history of drug addiction problems. The goal of this project is to apply the health index to a number of known forensic cases which include some background of the decedent’s health prior to death. Doing so will not only demonstrate potential differences in antemortem health status among individuals, but this will also serve as a test of the forensic efficacy of the Health Index. Nearly 50 forensic cases with antemortem health statuses ranging from what would be considered “good” to “poor” have been assessed and the sample size will increase by time of presentation. These contemporary individuals will also be grouped into a forensic population and compared to other ranked health index scores of past bioarchaeological populations (bioarchaeological health index scores obtained from Steckel and Rose (2002)). This will demonstrate the relative health of a modern North American forensic population in comparison to historical populations from North America. Preliminary individual health index results suggest that while less healthy individuals generally score below those considered healthier, there does not appear to be a strong enough trend to recommend the health index as a tool for interpreting individual forensic antemortem health statuses. When considering a single forensic population, the group “% of max” falls above the bioarchaeological mean value (using n=65 archaeological sites), but within a one standard deviation interval. This suggests the health ranking is not significantly greater than North American bioarchaeological scores. This is also true when only considering bioarchaeological heath index scores of samples within the last 200 years (n=20). It may be important to note that a forensic sample is likely biased and thus not a true representation of the health status of the entire contemporary United States population from which it is derived. Further research based on the potential of these results may be to examine a larger U.S. population from a contemporary donated nonforensic sample and thus compare these health index scores of those of the forensic sample. Health Index, Pathology, Demography H42 Demographic Differences of Homicide Victims Examined by Forensic Anthropologists in Comparison to National Homicide Victim Trends Alma Koon, BS*, 731 Pond Branch Road, Lexington, SC 29073; and Katherine E. Weisensee, PhD*, Clemson University, Department of Sociology & Anthropology, 132 Brackett Hall, Clemson, SC 29634 After this attending this presentation, attendees will appreciate differences in demographic parameters, regional differences, and temporal changes between homicide victims examined by forensic anthropologists and national homicide statistics. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by informing practitioners of the unique demographic profile of homicide victims examined by forensic anthropologists in comparison with national homicide trends. This study examines the demographic parameters of individuals that were victims of homicide, examined by forensic anthropologists, and reported to the Forensic Data Bank (FDB). The FDB is a centralized * Presenting Author database to which forensic anthropologists from around the country report information from recent cases. The data used in this study contains individuals that were examined by forensic anthropologists between 1961 and 1991. By virtue of the fact that individuals in the databank were examined by forensic anthropologists, the postmortem interval of the average homicide victim in the databank is longer in comparison to other homicide victims. This is because forensic anthropologists are typically involved in cases where individuals are partially to completely decomposed, and when identification through other methods is not feasible. The sex ratio, age, and ancestry of individuals in the FDB is compared with national homicide statistics in order to determine if the demographic profile of individuals examined by forensic anthropologists is unique in comparison to national homicide trends. Preliminary results of the demographic characteristics of homicide victims show that 53% of homicide victims in the FDB are female, in comparison to national statistics where females make-up only 24% of homicide victims. In addition, the mean age of individuals in the FDB is 28.3 years, while nationally the mean age of homicide victims is 33.8 years. Finally, in the FDB, 65.8% of homicide victims were reported as White, 22.6% as Black, and 11.6% as other. Nationally, the ancestry profile of homicide victims is 52.9% White, 45.3% Black, and 1.7% other. In addition to these preliminary results, the FDB will be compared to national trends to examine changes over time in the demographic parameters of the two samples. Also explored is the regional variation in order to determine if there are differences in FDB demographic parameters in difference areas of the country. These preliminary results suggest that in general, homicide victims that are examined by forensic anthropologists are more likely to be female than other homicide victims. Moreover, they are somewhat younger and more likely to be White in comparison to other homicide victims. Given that the main difference between individuals in the FDB compared to other homicide victims is that FDB individuals have a longer postmortem interval, a number of possible causes for these differences are explored. The clear female-bias in the FDB suggests that female victims of homicide are more likely to be concealed following death and the period between death and discovery is longer for females. Furthermore, the results suggest that female victims of homicide are more often killed in private settings, perhaps related to sexual violence associated with the homicide, and therefore there is a longer period until the body is discovered. Social theory research on intimate partner homicide and violence against women will be used to contextualize the results of this comparison. Homicide, Demographics, Comparison H43 Ancestry Estimation Forest Modeling Using Random Joseph T. Hefner, PhD*, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96583; Kate Spradley, PhD, Department of Anthropology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666; and Bruce E. Anderson, PhD, Forensic Science Center, Office of the Medical Examiner, 2825 East District Street, Tucson, AZ 85714 After attending this presentation, attendees will be introduced to the use of Random Forest Modeling (RFM) and the performance of RFM in ancestry estimation. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing an additional method for the estimation of ancestry. Compared to other exploratory and classification methods used in anthropological research, for example, principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant function analysis (lDFA), Random Forests may be more appropriately applied to datasets frequently encountered in forensic anthropology. The suitability of Random Forest models to * Presenting Author forensic anthropological data is due in large part to the rather rigid assumptions of parametric methods (i.e., observation independence, normal distribution, and homogeneity of variance), which do not hold for many of the datasets encountered during forensic anthropological research and method development. Fortunately, these assumptions are not required for nonparametric methods like Random Forest modeling. The most promising potential of Random Forest models is their ability to handle all variable types (categorical, continuous, count, etc.) seamlessly and to relate the various observations in highly non-linear ways to a response variable. Ancestry estimation as practiced by forensic anthropologists regularly incorporates both metric (continuous) and morphoscopic (categorical) data. In reality, most analysts prefer—or trust!—one method over the other. Only after one method (e.g., morphoscopic analysis) has provided results does the analyst turn to the next (e.g., metric analysis) for confirmation or refutation. Combining metric and morphoscopic predictor variables into a single classification analysis is generally not possible because of the differences in the distribution of the data. RFM avoids these issues using a nonparametric classification algorithm (a classifier consisting of a collection of treestructured classifiers) relying on majority voting and bootstrapping to assign cases to a response class after the initial model is produced from a randomly selected training set. Further randomness is introduced during initial variable selection and tree construction by randomly selecting predictor variables, resulting in a ‘forest’ of trees contrasted of randomly selected individuals. A classification matrix (and various classification statistics) is then constructed to assess how well the model classifies all individuals in the dataset. Two supplementary measures produced during Random Forest analysis provide additional information: a measure of the importance of each predictor variable and a proximity measure (measure of the internal structure of the data). These statistics provide the analyst a great deal of information on the structure of the data (proximity measure) while identifying the most important variables— continuous and categorical, combined—to consider when estimating ancestry. To examine the usefulness of Random Forest modeling in ancestry estimation, we applied the RFM classification algorithm to 34 standard cranial measurements and 16 standard morphoscopic traits collected from 149 crania. The sample represents modern American Whites (n = 72) and Blacks (n = 38) from the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection in Knoxville, Tennessee and identified and unidentified border crossers representing Southwestern Hispanics (n = 39) from the Pima County Medical Examiner’s Office in Tucson, Arizona. Using Random Forest, 89.5% of the cross-validated groups (by group: American Whites (AW) = 84.0%; American Blacks (AB) = 92.8%; Hispanic (H) = 92.6%) were correctly classified, substantially improving classifications compared to using traditional methods independently (craniometric = 76.1% [by group: AW = 81.0%, AB = 75.0%, and H = 69.2%]; morphoscopic = 72.7% [by group: AW = 70.0%, AB = 61.5%, and H = 85.7%]). Heuristically setting a threshold value at 0.50, thirtyfour variables (seven morphoscopic, 27 craniometric) derived from the RFM variable importance measure were examined for underlying patterns to better understand their significance. The significant morphoscopic traits are all mid-facial (NAS, INA, IOB, NBC, NAW, ORB, and NSF), quantifying Brues (1990) assertion that the mid-facial skeleton is the most important area to consider when estimating ancestry, at least anthroposcopically. The significant craniometric variables are facial breadth (ZYB), orbital breadth (OBB), alveolar length (MAL), vault width (WFB, STB, ASB) and vault length (NOL, GOL), and alveolar prognathism (BPL). The metric variables do not follow the same pattern of the morphoscopic variables as they are not isolated to one specific area, but rather the craniometric variables seem to describe overall cranial morphology. The results of the analysis using Random Forest modeling to estimate ancestry indicate that the combination of morphoscopic and craniometric datasets—which have for so long been diametrically opposed—greatly enhances the estimation of ancestry, allowing 26 researchers to quantify the process of variable selection. In other words, the advantage of Random Forest modeling as a practicable classification alternative to traditional methods, such as morphoscopic trait lists and discriminant function analysis, is that analysts are freed from the obligation of defending method selection while maintaining the principle of ancestry estimation. Forensic Anthropology, Ancestry Estimation, Quantitative Method H44 Ancestry Determination Foramen Magnum From Stephanie Marie Crider, MA*, Louisiana State University, Department of Geography and Anthropology, 227 Howe-Russell-Kniffen Geosciences Complex, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and Mary H. Manhein, MA, Department of Geography & Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 After attending this presentation, attendees will become aware of possible cranial base changes and of the usefulness of the foramen magnum shape as a non-metric characteristic of ancestry to aid in the identification of unknown human remains. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by presenting results that suggest possible localized change in cranial base dimensions and explore the potential for an eliminating non-metric characteristic for ancestry determination. Ancestry estimation is a crucial part of creation of a biological profile in forensic anthropology. Improper classification of ancestry can affect other aspects of the biological profile, such as stature. Several metric and non-metric techniques are used by forensic anthropologists to determine ancestry of unidentified human remains. Some anthropologists believe the cranium to be an excellent indicator of ancestry (Rhine 1990).1 Previous studies have explored the effectiveness of using the cranial base’s occipital condyles for ancestry assignment of an individual. Holland (1986)2 studied the Terry Collection, housed at the Smithsonian, to develop five multiple-regression equations for determining ancestry from osteological landmarks on the cranial base. The current presentation focuses on the utility of the foramen magnum region on the cranial base as a positive indicator of ancestry. This research utilizes the same measurements as the study conducted by Holland (1986) to analyze four modern skeletal collections consisting principally of whites, blacks, and Hispanics. A total of 12 measurements were taken from 465 cranial bases from collections of modern forensic remains housed at the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, the Louisiana State University Forensic Anthropology and Computer Enhancement Services (FACES) Laboratory, Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner, in Tucson, Arizona, and the Maxwell Museum of Anthropology’s Osteology Laboratory at the University of New Mexico. All measurements were taken with a sliding caliper unless the osteological landmarks were missing or incomplete. These measurements included: length of the left and right occipital condyles, maximum width of the left and right occipital condyles, minimum width of the left and right occipital condyles, maximum distance between occipital condyles, minimum distance between occipital condyles, maximum interior distance between occipital condyles, foramen magnum width, foramen magnum length, and length of the basilar process. A Student’s t-test indicates that variation of the foramen magnum width among blacks, whites, and Hispanics is significant (p < 0.05). Also, when comparing results of the measurements of blacks and whites from the modern forensic collections with those from Holland (1986),2 variation was significant (p < 0.05) in two of the 12 measurements for both sex and ancestry. These results suggest that localized changes on the cranial base may have occurred. The maximum 27 distance between occipital condyles increased in length and the maximum interior distance between occipital condyles has decreased in length. Finally, to assess non-metric variation of the shapes of the foramen magnum, five different shape categories were defined to classify each foramen magnum: Arrowhead, Circle, Diamond, Egg, and Oval. A Pearson’s chi-square test showed a significant relationship between black, white, and Hispanic ancestral groups and foramen magnum shape (p < 0.05) based on shape analysis as defined by the researchers. To test the practicality of applying such a non-metric assessment of ancestry based upon the shape of the foramen magnum, a survey was conducted at the 62nd American Academy of Forensic Sciences Annual Meeting. That survey asked participants, ranging in experience from undergraduate students to experts, to classify a group of foramen magnums into one of the five categories. The results from the survey showed that the five foramen magnum shape categories are highly subjective and that the Diamond and Arrowhead categories should be combined. Interestingly, since none of the 37 presumed Hispanic skulls (either self-identified or defined by the Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner) possessed an Egg-shaped foramen magnum, an Egg shape has the potential to be used as an eliminating non-metric characteristic. References: 1. Rhine, Stanley. “Non-Metric Skull Racing.” Skeletal Attribution of Race: Methods for Forensic Anthropology. Albuquerque: Maxwell Museum of Anthropology Press, 1990. 2. Holland, T.D. “Race Determination of Fragmentary Crania by Analysis of the Cranial Base.” Journal of Forensic Sciences. Vol 31, No 2. (1986): 719-725. Ancestry, Foramen Magnum, Biological Profile H45 Group Classification Using Traditional Craniometrics, Angle Measurements, Geometric Morphometric Techniques, and the Potential Applications of These Methods to Fragmentary Crania Jolen Anya Minetz, MA*, and Jiro Manabe, MA, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue Building 45, Hickam AFB, Honolulu, HI 96853 After attending this presentation, attendees will have a greater understanding of the utility of various craniometric methods as they pertain to differentiating populations as well as associating fragmentary crania with specific groups. The goal of this presentation is to examine the morphological variation evident in the crania of three groups and the utility of several craniometric techniques: (1) traditional craniometric measurements; (2) angles acquired for cranial landmarks; and, (3) geometric morphometric techniques to differentiate between groups and assist with the assessment of race in a biological profile. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by contributing to the continuous evaluation of the utilization of craniometric analyses and emphasize the importance of developing diverse craniometric methods for the analysis of fragmentary crania. The purpose of this research is to test the discriminatory ability of these analyses in the classification of three groups, and evaluate the ability for these methods to classify fragmentary crania. The reference sample consists of 198 dry male skulls representing three groups: Japanese (n=105), American White (n=42) and American Black (n=51). Cranial landmarks were collected in Cartesian coordinates using a Microscribe G2X digitizer. The three dimensional coordinates were deposited into a formatted spreadsheet that computed inter landmark distances for 24 standard cranial measurements and angles between * Presenting Author landmarks for as 8 angle variables. A generalized procrustes analysis was also conducted on the data in Morphologika2 to obtain principle components for using in discriminant function analyses. A discriminant function analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software. The classification rate for the three groups using the standard measurements alone ranged from 78.6% for American White to 90.2% for American Black. The classification rate for the angles was between 80.0% for Japanese and 86.3% for American Black, and when the analysis was performed in a combined model (standard measurements and angles), each of these groups were correctly classified above 90%. The 3D data classified the three groups at a higher rate than the standard craniometric analysis but not as well as the combined method; the predicted group member ship ranged from 82.4% for the American Black group to 94.3% for the Japanese group. The utility of the different methods was tested in the analysis of several fragmentary crania. Different models were used depending on the portion of the cranium preserved. If portions of the crania, such as the craniofacial area or cranial vault are preserved, then measurements and landmarks are generally abundant enough to be analyzed using all of the models. However, in more heavily fragmentary crania where the midsagittal plane was compromised or lateral fragmentation obscured the contralateral point of a paired craniometric point, then metric analysis was only capable with geometric morphometric analysis. Heavily fragmentary crania that exhibited these patterns tended to retain very few non metric traits that could assist with race determination. The cranial fragments were analyzed by inputting a database into FORDISC 3.0 comprised of the principle components produced by the geometric morphometric analysis of the aforementioned groups and cranial fragment and running a discriminant function analysis. The results were then compared to the mtDNA haplogroup of the cranial fragment, and in some cases to the antemortem records. Overall, the classification results were useful, but the discriminating powers of the landmarks ranged based on the location and number of obtainable landmarks. For future research it would be valuable to assess the utility of all combinations of landmarks and how the combinations relate to the underlying morphology in order to better predict the classification potential for any fragmentary crania. It would also be valuable to compute and analyze a variety of inter landmark angles in order to understand the relationship of small areas of the cranium in relation to the overall morphology and provide more minute measurements to assist with the classification of fragmentary crania. The development and validation of these methods in the future will greatly assist with the biological profile of fragmentary remains. Since the cranium is the most important aspect of the skeleton for determining race, advancing these techniques for the purpose of evaluating cranial fragments that retain little information otherwise, could be a great help in a variety of forensic contexts where remains have been compromised and may not yield an mtDNA sequence. Geometric Morphometrics, Cranial Angles, Craniometrics H46 Sex and Ancestry Estimation Using the Olecranon Fossa Michael W. Kenyhercz, MS*, 6327 Catawba Drive, Canfield, OH 44406 After attending this presentation, attendees will learn methods for quantifying shape measures in the olecranon fossa through GIS and elliptical Fourier analysis and their application to sex estimation. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by testing the Rogers method on the distal humerus and also offering a method to quantify complex shapes. Forensic anthropologists generally work with either partially or fully skeletonized human remains. Their task is to generate a biological profile consisting of age, sex, stature, and ancestry for law enforcement * Presenting Author to aid in a positive identification. Due to the Daubert standards for the admissibility of expert opinion, the measures of the biological profile should ideally have a quantifiable basis and associated levels of confidence (Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc 1993). Therefore, forensic anthropologists are constantly looking for new techniques and also ways to improve previous methods (i.e., ways to quantify non-metric methods) to aid in their investigation. The distal end of the humerus is often found through recovery efforts due to its durability in withstanding environmental factors. Through this durability, the distal humerus is frequently used in sex estimation. The morphology of the humerus has been previously studied by Rogers (1999, 2006, 2009) as a means to estimate sex in adults and adolescents. Using four criteria (trochlear constriction, trochlear symmetry, angle of medial epicondyle and olecranon fossa shape and depth), Rogers has reported sex estimation accuracy rates as high as 92%. The most significant of the aforementioned traits was determined to be the shape and depth of the olecranon fossa; however, her study is based on visual observations with no quantifiable measurements. For example, the male olecranon fossa form is described as a “shallow triangle,” while the form of the female olecranon fossa is described as a “deep oval” and Rogers concluded that, “shape is more important than depth” (Rogers 1999). Beyond these simple descriptions, there are no guidelines on how this trait is to be examined and evaluated. Her method results in subjective characteristics by offering only qualitative data, especially regarding shape. This study was conducted to evaluate the Rogers method in regard to olecranon fossa depth and shape for sex estimation. A sample of 140 (35 black males, 35 black females, 35 white males, 35 white females) left humeri were digitized from the Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection curated at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, OH. The coordinate data for each humerus was uploaded into ArcGIS (ESRI 2008) and ArcMap was used to define the olecranon fossa outline, or rim, and to calculate the output variables maximum and mean slope, maximum curvature, and surface volume. Outlines were also analyzed using Elliptical Fourier Analysis (EFA) through the program Shape 1.3 (Iwata and Ukai 2002) where principle components of shape were calculated and visualized. The programs TPSdig (Rohlf 2010) and GMTP (Taravati 2009) were used to calculate centroid size from the outlines. In all, 13 variables representing size, shape, and depth of the olecranon fossa were obtained and used for sex and ancestry estimation. FORDISC 3.0 (Jantz and Ousley 2005) was then used to perform discriminant function analysis from the 13 variables. Forward Wilks stepwise selection was used to select the appropriate variables for each analysis and all percent correct classifications were cross validated. A four-way sex and ancestry estimation for all groups classified 48.3% correctly and a two-way sex estimation of the individuals classified 82.5% correctly. Two-way sex and ancestry specific ranged from 58.3% to 82.5% correct classification. The Elliptical Fourier results show that shape of the olecranon fossa rim had no correlation with either sex. Both sexes showed similar ranges of shape variation, only being separated by size. Between ancestral groups there were significant differences in shape through slope, curvature and the principle components generated through the EFA. This study presents an objective means to record the olecranon fossa form and demonstrates that sex and ancestry can be determined through the olecranon fossa alone while also meeting the Daubert standards for court admissibility. Sex Estimation, Humerus, GIS 28 H47 Applicability of Femur Subtrochanteric Shape to Ancestry Assessment Sean D. Tallman, MA*, and Allysha P. Winburn, MA, Joint POW/MIA Acct Command, Central ID Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530 After attending this presentation, attendees will understand the advantages and limitations of utilizing femur subtrochanteric shape in distinguishing between ancestral groups during the analysis of fragmentary and/or incomplete skeletonized remains. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by testing the applicability of the platymeric index, a relatively common postcranial ancestry determination method, on samples of modern Southeast Asian and white American individuals. The determination of ancestry from postcranial skeletal remains presents a significant challenge to forensic anthropologists in the analysis of fragmentary and/or incomplete remains. Morphological and metric observations from the femur can be used to differentiate between broad ancestral groups. In particular, metric dimensions of the subtrochanteric region are believed to assist in distinguishing between individuals of Asian and non-Asian descent (Bass 2005; Brothwell 1981; Gilbert and Gill 1998; Wescott 2005). To determine the shape of the subtrochanteric region, the platymeric index is calculated by dividing the subtrochanteric antero-posterior diameter by the subtrochanteric mediolateral diameter and multiplying by 100 (Wescott 2005). It is believed that individuals of Asian descent typically exhibit a medio-laterally broad (platymeric) subtrochanteric region with platymeric indices below 84.9, while non-Asian individuals typically exhibit a more rounded (eurymeric) subtrochanteric region with platymeric indices between 84.9 and 99.9. Less frequently, individuals may exhibit an antero-posteriorly broad (stenomeric) subtrochanteric region with platymeric indices over 100; however, the data to support the association of platymeria with Asian ancestry were collected from small samples composed largely of pre-contact Native American individuals. This can be partially attributed to the makeup of the skeletal collections used for skeletal biology research in the United States, which lack significant numbers of Northeast and Southeast Asian individuals. Ancestry assessment methods derived from North American samples, such as the platymeric index, have not been rigorously tested on other Asian samples. Thus, it is unclear whether such methods can be utilized to identify individuals of Northeast and Southeast Asian descent in a forensic context. This dearth in research is of particular concern to the forensic anthropologists at the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command’s Central Identification Laboratory (JPAC-CIL), where casework routinely requires ancestry assessment of highly fragmented or incomplete remains that were recovered from, or unilaterally turned over by, Asian countries. The primary goal of the JPAC-CIL is to recover and identify U.S. service members killed during past conflicts, including the World Wars, Korean War, and Vietnam conflict. The ability to distinguish between the remains of Southeast Asian and Black and White American males is integral to accomplishing this goal. As many JPAC-CIL cases exhibit extensive peri-mortemtrauma (i.e., from aircraft crashes and projectile trauma) and originate from extreme postdepositional environments (i.e., highly acidic soils and humid jungle environments), fragmentation of remains is common. However, due to its robusticity, the femur is often represented in casework assemblages, making it an important skeletal element for sex, age, race, and stature estimation. This study tests the applicability of the platymeric index on a sample of 128 modern Southeast Asian males (age 23-96 years) housed at Khon Kaen University (KKU), Khon Kaen, Thailand, and 77 White American males (age 18-41 years) identified by the JPAC-CIL, Hickam AFB, Hawaii. The KKU skeletal collection consists of more than 600 known individuals from northern Thailand. The JPAC-CIL sample 29 consists of U.S. servicemembers who died during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam conflict. Measurements were obtained with standard anthropometric sliding calipers and rounded to the nearest millimeter. The platymeric index of the left femur was calculated; however, the right femur was substituted if the left was damaged or missing. While results indicate that the KKU sample contains a larger number of platymeric femora, both samples exhibit variability in subtrochanteric form. In the KKU individuals, platymeric indices range from 64.1 to 109.6 and are normally distributed (mean = 83.9; S.D. = 7.36), with 58% exhibiting platymeric, 39% exhibiting eurymeric, and 3% exhibiting stenomeric femora. In the JPAC-CIL sample, platymeric indices range from 76.5 to 118.4 and are normally distributed (mean = 91.6; S.D. = 10.2), with 44% of individuals exhibiting eurymeric, 36% exhibiting platymeric, and 19% exhibiting stenomeric femora. Differences in the mean platymeric indices for the two samples are statistically significant (p ≤ 0.001), with the KKU platymeric index range generally lower, and the JPAC-CIL range generally higher; however, the considerable overlap in the ranges urges caution when using platymeric indices in ancestry assessment. Ancestry Determination, Femur, Southeast Asia H48 Improving Sex Estimation From the Cranium Using 3-Dimensional Modeling From CT Scans Natalie R. Shirley, PhD*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Emam E.A. Fatah, MS, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Tennessee, 307 Perkins Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996; Richard Jantz, PhD, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720; and Mohamed Mahfouz, PhD, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Tennessee, 307 Perkins Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 After attending this presentation, attendees will learn about the utility of alternative approaches in exploring and quantifying sexual dimorphism in the human skeleton, particularly the cranium. This presentation will offer the forensic community simple and effective measurement techniques for improving sex estimation from the cranium providing measurements with the highest discriminatory power for sex estimation, as well as precise descriptions of how to take the measurements accurately using radiographs and/or calipers. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by facilitating more accurate sex estimation techniques for the cranium than those used most frequently in forensic practice today. In addition, this study uses a large sample of modern Americans, thereby increasing statistical power of the discriminant functions. Finally, reducing the number of measurements needed to accurately discriminate sex from the cranium will lend these functions useful for fragmentary crania, as well. Among the skeletal elements used for sex estimation, postcranial elements are generally superior to cranial elements. Therefore, when cranial and postcranial elements are present forensic anthropologists typically give more weight to postcrania, especially os coxae; however, skeletal forensic cases often consist of a skull only, or a skull and fragmentary/incomplete postcranial remains. A query of cases submitted to the Forensic Data Bank showed that 45% of cases consist of a skull with no sexable postcranial elements. Metric sexing of crania using statistical procedures came to forensic anthropology via Giles and Elliott’s classic paper on the American population.1 Their success rate was in the high 80%, a rate typical of subsequent cranial sexing analyses. In general, accuracy rates exceeding 90% are rare in sexing crania, whether using morphological traits or measurements. Several studies have shown lateral radiographic * Presenting Author cephalometry to be more accurate than traditional techniques for cranial sex estimation.2-4 Hsiao et al. reported 100% accuracy in sexing Taiwanese adults with 18 variables, as well as rates ranging from 94% to 98% using between one and three variables only. A subsequent validation study on a European population achieved 96% accuracy.4 A unique aspect of lateral cephalometry is that it allows the practitioner to take endocranial measurements and calculate angles that are informative of skull shape. In view of these promising reports, the present study conducts a similar analysis on the William M. Bass Donated skeletal population using computed tomography (CT) scans and an innovative 3D bone-modeling algorithm (the bone atlas). CT scanning technology enables the crania to be examined more thoroughly than has heretofore been possible and to examine structures that are not easily accessible in traditional evaluation. The study sample consists of CT scans of adult skeletons from the William M. Bass Donated Collection. Each scanned cranium was rendered as a 3D model and then added to the cranial atlas. A statistical bone atlas is an average mold that captures the primary shape variation in the bone and facilitates rapid and accurate generation of automated measurements. An atlas consists of a sample of bones that all contain the same number of points and share the same spatial relationship. At the writing of this abstract, the cranial atlas contains 40 individuals; the projected atlas size upon completion will be 600-700 individuals (January 2011). A combination of linear and angular measurements was calculated from the atlas and t-tests and discriminant function analysis with cross-validation and stepwise variable selection were performed on these measurements. T-test results showed basion-nasion, metopionglabella to glabella-basion angle, and the linear distance between the tips of the mastoid processes to be the most significant measurements (p<.05). Despite the small preliminary sample size, 90% accuracy was reached with just 7 measurements. Angular measurements capturing the inclination of the forehead and the cranial base angle, as well as measurements pertaining to mastoid size were selected as the best discriminators. The analytical approach used in this study has been shown to improve sexing accuracy over traditional methods in postcranial bones, such as the patella, femur, and clavicle. Consequently, significant increases in discriminatory power is expected as the atlas sample size increases. Because CT scanning technology is not available to all forensic practitioners, measurements easily taken from lateral radiographs were used. Hence, the deeper understanding of sexual dimorphism can be introduced into forensic practice without the need for expensive equipment or programs. Results from an ongoing validation study on lateral radiographs will be included as part of the presentation, including observer error rates for the radiographic measurements. This project was funded by the National Institute of Justice. References: 1. Giles E, Elliot O. Sex determination by discriminant function analysis of crania. Am J Phys Anthropol 1963;21:53-68. 2. Hsiao T, Chang H, Liu K. Sex determination by discriminant function analysis of lateral radiographic cephalometry. J Forensic Sci 1996;41:792-5. 3. Hsiao T-H, Tsai S-M, Chou S-T, Pan J-Y, Tseng Y-C, Chang H-P, et al. Sex determination using discriminant function analysis in children and adolescents: a lateral cephalometric study. Int J Legal Med 2010 Mar;124(2):155-60. 4. Veyre-Goulet SA, Mercier C, Robin O, Guerin C. Recent human sexual dimorphism study using cephalometric plots on lateral teleradiography and discriminant function analysis. J Forensic Sci 2008 Jul;53(4):786-9. Sex Estimation, Cranium, Discriminant Analysis * Presenting Author H49 Dismemberment: Cause of Death in the Colombian Armed Conflict Isla Y. Campos Varela*, and Maria D. Morcillo, MD, National Institute of Legal Medicine, Calle 7 A Number 12-61, Piso 3, Bogota, COLOMBIA The goal of this presentation is to illustrate major findings in the recovery and analysis of victims, where dismemberment is a cause of death within the context of the armed conflict in Colombia. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing useful analytical information and contributes to the correct interpretation of forensic analyses in cases of dismemberment and/or in the examination of remains within the context of the Colombian conflict. Dismemberment has been described in the literature as a rare method used by a perpetrator to attempt to conceal a body and/or prevent identification of the decedent. To the contrary, in the country of Colombia, dismemberment is a common technique used by illegal armed groups to dispose of their victims. The Colombian Justice and Peace Law of 2005 was enacted to bring an end to the ongoing armed conflict between the paramilitary groups and the government through providing incentives for members to lay down their arms and surrender. This law requires that demilitarized members confess to all their illegal activities publicly in a court of law. Known as “free versions,” they reveal dismemberment as a widespread and recurrent form of murder. Some offenders have confessed to their actual participation in dismemberment while victims are still alive, while others claim to have witnessed these actions. In addition, artistic therapies as part of social programs meant to rehabilitate former paramilitary members have resulted in artwork illustrating dismemberment scenes. Family members of victims additionally report firsthand knowledge that their loved one was dismembered, as bodies are often left for family members to inter as a warning. Therefore, its use can also be symbolic, being used as an attempt to send a message to certain individuals and/or communities. To date, over 2,000 clandestine graves have been exhumed in Colombia. These graves are usually rounded, small, and shallow, and bodies are found disarticulated, commingled, and incomplete. Laboratory analyses of some of these remains indicate that they exhibit evidence of multiple linear, sharp-edged cut marks, which primarily affect the distal and proximal ends of the upper and lower limb bones and cervical vertebrae. Other findings include blindfolds and gags covering both eyes and mouth, as well as ligatures on ankles and wrists. The determination of cause of death of these individuals is a challenge because often no other injuries due to gunshots or other mechanisms are found that could explain the cause of death. Frequently the only injuries found are cut marks indicating dismemberment. Given this evidence and the lack of evidence of other trauma coupled with witness accounts, dismemberment and the vast exsanguination associated with it is then indicated as the cause of death. It is important to note that the determination of dismemberment as the cause of death must be carefully supported with detailed descriptions of field and laboratory findings, analyzed within the context of the information available from investigators and witnesses. Accurately determining the cause of death of victims is crucial because it provides answers for grieving family members and helps to repair the rift that the Colombian armed conflict has caused over the past 60 years. This information and reports will be used in current and future prosecutions and ultimately will help a country uncover the truth behind the illegal acts that have occurred. Dismemberment, Armed Conflict in Colombia, Cause of Death 30 H50 CPR Fractures in Infants: They Occur? When Do Miriam E. Soto, MA*, The University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 After attending this presentation, attendees will be more aware of characteristics that may indicate which infants are more susceptible to CPR related rib fractures. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by contributing information which may be helpful for differentiating between abuse and CPR related rib fractures. The literature indicates that CPR related rib fractures in infants and children are rare, occurring in only 0-2% of studied samples. To test these findings, this study examined all autopsy records of infants and children, up to the age of two years, that came into the Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences (HCIFS) office during a one year period (n=186). The purpose of this evaluation was to identify characteristics which may be contributory to CPR fractures. In addition, this study compared the bone quality of infants/children that had CPR fractures and those that received CPR but did not exhibit fractures. Since CPR fractures often occur in ribs 4-6, an effort was made to examine ribs from these positions; however, in a single case rib two had to be examined due to availability. There was no preference for side. The samples for this study were taken from the osteological material stored in the Anthropology Laboratory of the HCIFS. It is hypothesized that infants that were in poor health for extended periods of time will be more susceptible to rib fractures due to a lower quality of bone. Gross observations with and without a stereoscope of the ribs of infants with CPR fractures was used to assess bone quality. Of the 186 infant/child cases that entered the HCIFS office in 2009, 162 received CPR. Only seven of these 162 cases had CPR related rib fractures. These results indicate that cases in which infants/children received CPR fractures are indeed rare, occurring in 4% of infant/child cases that received CPR. Regarding the direct comparison of ribs for the evaluation of bone quality, the rib specimens of six infants aged two to five months that received CPR fractures were compared to the rib specimens of four infants aged two to four months that received CPR without receiving CPR fractures. All infants without CPR fractures were born at ≥36 weeks gestation while four out of the six infants with CPR fractures were born at <36 weeks gestation. Gross observation revealed that infants with CPR fractures had moderate to low bone quality and increased porosity in comparison to the infants that did not experience fractures during CPR. Five out of the six infants that had CPR fractures were also in a poor state of health for an extended period of time following birth. Prematurity was a contributing factor to the poor health of four of the five cases. In the fifth case, it was likely that the poor bone quality was a result of metabolic bone disease. Of the infants that did not get CPR fractures, three of four were reportedly healthy at birth and were in a good state of health prior to the circumstances causing death. Birth records were not available for one of the infants without CPR fractures, which was a premature (36 weeks gestation) twin birth. In conclusion, this study found that CPR fractures may be rare, but that there are identifiable characteristics that may contribute to the susceptibility of infants to CPR fractures. Infants that are premature and/or have extended hospital stays due to serious illness are more susceptible to CPR fractures. Premature infants are likely to experience osteopenia of prematurity, causing brittle bones that are more susceptible to fractures. In addition, there is an increased likelihood that premature infants will experience an extended period of illness due to complications of prematurity. Forensic Anthropology, CPR, Rib Fractures 31 H51 The Relationship Between Directionality of Force and the Formation of Butterfly Fractures Tammy S. Thomas, BS*, 910 San Jacinto Street, Lockhart, TX 78644; and Tal Simmons, PhD, School of Forensic & Investigative Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UNITED KINGDOM After attending this presentation, attendees will better understand the formation of butterfly fractures and the underlining factors affecting the pattern of their formation. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing an understanding of the mechanisms of injury behind butterfly fractures found in relation to human skeletal remains. Fractures are caused in a number of ways. Pathological conditions could weaken a bone to the point of breaking, or continual stress to a bone could lead to a stress fracture, but the cause of fractures most people consider first is an abrupt impact of some force that directly results in a break in the continuity of a bone. This third case is where there is a direct cause and effect to the trauma, and because of this the order of events leading up to a fracture can be traced. The location, angle, and severity of a fracture indicate the type of mechanism of injury involved. It is the variation between fractures that make it possible to determine if a person slipped and fell or if they were defending themselves. Identifying the type of fracture being observed will aid in identifying the cause of the trauma. A butterfly fracture is a comminuted fracture that results from an abrupt impact to appendicular long bones. The butterfly fracture creates a butterfly fragment, which is a triangular piece of the bone that detaches when two main fracture lines meet forming what looks like a Y-shaped fracture. This study was conducted to focus on the formation of butterfly fractures and any influences differing blunt shapes and forces had on their formation. Ninety-four sheep femora were broken at two force levels, one group in the 900s Newtons range and the other group in the 800s Newtons range, with either a rounded, flat, or edged blunt anvil to analyze the resulting fractures. The two force levels were measured by a force plate. The blunt anvils, connected to a metal bar and guided vertically perpendicular to the floor by a custom constructed apparatus, were dropped at consistent heights to control the force levels. The cortical thickness of the bones and the general degree of the angle of the butterfly fragment were noted to see if an underlying pattern in the fracture’s formation occurred. A high-speed camera was utilized to see the timing of the individual fractures that make up the Y-shaped characteristic of a butterfly fracture and their directionality with respect to the point of impact. Preliminary examinations of the video revealed that the timing of when individual parts of the Y-shaped fracture began varied between bones, resulting in similar appearing fractures that had formed in different sequences. Inspection of the bones also showed that not all of the fractures exhibited the upwards Y-shaped patterning where the force was exerted from the open top of the Y; some created an inverted Y breaking initially at the point of impact in a straight line and then continuing on into two distinct fractures. The results of this study show that many of the preconceived notions about directionality of force exerted and the formation of the Yshaped fragment in butterfly fractures are inconsistent and may therefore be unreliable. The variations seen during this study indicate that those preconceived notions could be skewed, resulting in a distorted interpretation of the mechanism of injury. Further experimentation and data collection are needed to show conclusively if there exists a consistent pattern to the formation of these fractures and how * Presenting Author information that can be attained by their examination can accurately be used in the determination of mechanisms of injury. Butterfly Fractures, Blunt Force Trauma, Mechanism of Injury H52 Microscopic Analysis of Sharp Force Trauma From Knives: A Validation Study Christopher W. Rainwater, MS*, and Christian Crowder, PhD, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016; and Jeannette S. Fridie, MA, 520 First Avenue, Forensic Anthropology Unit, New York, NY 10016 The goal of this presentation is to present error rates in determining blade class characteristics from tool mark impressions made by knives. The presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing a baseline study with which known error rates for determining knife class characteristics from tool marks can be referenced. Forensic anthropologists are often asked to examine defects on bone and cartilage created as a result of sharp force trauma. Previous research has established the precedent for analyzing cut mark morphology on bone and cartilage and has promoted the use of class characteristics (Andahl 1978; Symes 1992). While this research has been invaluable in advancing toolmark analysis in bone, it has largely focused on tool marks left by saws as they are more variable than knives and thus have the capability to leave more class characteristics. Although a general anthropological approach to tool mark analyses has been established and accepted, there is a lack of method validation and known error rates for correctly identifying these characteristics, particularly in reference to knives. This is necessary in light of the recommendations of the recent National Academy of Sciences Report (2009) and considering that analytical results are subject to Daubert standards of courtroom-acceptable scientific evidence (1993). Researchers have noted this deficiency, but previous efforts have suggested no correlation between serrations on a blade and the regularity of striation patterns in experimentally cut pig cartilage (Love et al. 2010). This research attempts to establish a baseline study to assess the accuracy of associating a tool mark with a particular blade class under optimal conditions. Experimental defects will be evaluated for class characteristics that relate to only two blade characteristics: blade serration (serrated, partially serrated, and non-serrated) and direction of blade bevel (left, right, or both). A medium-to-soft casting wax is presented as an optimal material when it is necessary to transect material with an experimental cut. Wax blocks were impacted in two ways: (1) in a single impact transecting the wax block (to mimic a stab wound); and, (2) in a repetitive, reciprocating motion (to mimic dismemberment). Impacts were made for each of the fourteen knives in the study sample and coded to be unknown to the researchers (four partially serrated blades, five non-serrated blades, and five serrated blades with a variety of different bevels and serration patterns). The test cuts were then assessed by three researchers with varying degrees of experience analyzing sharp force trauma. Additionally, two microscopes were used to test the necessary level of technology for these analyses (a digital microscope offering an increased depth of field and the ability to reconstruct defects in three dimensions and a standard light microscope). Cuts were analyzed at the observer’s preference between 10x and 50x magnification with the assistance of fiber optic lights to produce oblique lighting. In total, 168 cut marks were observed. Error rate was assessed as the number of misclassifications divided by the total number of observations. Serrated blades were generally distinguishable from non-serrated blades due to their distinct, patterned striations whereas non-serrated blades leave fine, unpatterned striae. Distinct striations can generally be considered as equidistant, but the angle of the impact of the blade is the most influential aspect of the distance between striae left by blade teeth, * Presenting Author so pattern recognition was favored over measurements. Two observers misclassified two of the four partially serrated blades as serrated blades while the third misclassified all four as serrated blades. Blade bevel was assessed by determining the corresponding direction change in the vshaped kerf. The average raw error rates (misidentification of class) for all three observers was 19% for the assessment of blade serration using both the digital and light microscopes. Partially serrated blades were particularly problematic in this study as the impact may not have left both a serrated and a non-serrated signature. When the adjusted error rates are considered from only serrated and non-serrated blades, the average error rate for determining blade serration was 2% on both the digital and light microscopes. Average error rates were 18% for determining blade bevel on the digital microscope and 10% on the light microscope, but this corresponded to the experience level of the observer. These preliminary results show that, under optimal conditions and an appropriate level of experience, assessments of blade serration and blade bevel can be made with a high level of accuracy. This research will be supplemented by experimental cuts in bone and cartilage. Tool Marks, Sharp Force Trauma, Validation Study H53 Strontium Particles: Confirmation of Primer Derived Gunshot Residue on Bone in an Experimental Setting Alicja K. Kutyla, MS*, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720; and Hugh E. Berryman, PhD, Department Sociology & Anthropology, Middle Tennessee State University, Box 89, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 After attending this presentation, attendees will appreciate the potential of using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDXA) to confirm both visually and by elemental composition, the presence of primer derived gunshot residue (GSR) on bone. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by discussing how the use of an SEM and EDXA on bone fractures has the potential of providing a means of determining whether a bullet was involved and a mechanism of trauma. Motivation for this project was derived from recent research that resulted in two papers presented at the 60th annual meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences held in Washington, DC. This research was first undertaken to demonstrate the presence of primer derived GSR deep within the wound tract (Berryman et al., 2010); a finding that is counter to the generally-held belief that it is found only on clothing, skin, or at the subcutaneous level. The GSR examined in this study is solely primer-derived and not other general soot-related particles that can arise from multiple sources including propellant, lubricants, and metals found in the bullet, bullet jacket, cartridge casing, and gun barrel. It is vital to differentiate the sources of GSR, as it is only primer derived GSR that are considered unique to the shooting environment. It is these unique particles measuring 0.1 µm to 55 µm in diameter that are examined in this study. The current research was directed at confirming the original findings of primer derived GSR (Berryman et al., 2010). The experimental design is essentially the same as the original one. Pork ribs with intact muscle tissue were used in an experimental attempt to identify bullet wipe on bone at distances from one to six feet. Instead of the barium/antimony/lead-based primers used in the initial study, bullets with strontium-based primers were used since this element is not readily present in the shooting environment. In addition, the authors devised a rigorous protocol both in the shooting and processing environments to eliminate the potential risk of contamination. The presence of strontium therefore, would confirm that the GSR particles observed on bone are derived solely from primer components, and not from elements present in the bullet, bullet casing, or gun barrel. 32 After processing, which involved the forceful removal of periosteum and drying of the ribs, each fragment was placed in the Hitachi S-3400 SEM for visual analysis. With backscattered electrons, the intensity of the signal is directly related to the atomic number of the material being illuminated by the electron beam. By adjusting the contrast, brightness, gain, and scan rate, particles containing heavy elements, having a higher atomic number, in this case Strontium, will glow brightly as compared to the rest of the field, specifically the bone. Particles that glowed brightly using this process were then examined for their elemental composition using the Oxford INCA Energy 200 Dispersive X-Ray Analyzer. Strontium particles were found on ribs shot at gun-to-target distances of one to six feet confirming the original findings of Berryman et al. (2010), that primer derived GSR occurs well below the level of subcutaneous tissue and is present on bone, even after the forceful removal of the periosteum in gun-to-target distances of up to 6 feet. This research is ongoing with expanded sample size and an increase in gunto-target distances to determine the maximum range primer-derived GSR can be detected on bone. Further research could provide a method for determining gun to victim distance although this could be extremely complicated due to the wide variety of ammunition available, including variations in primer composition, caliber and bullet type; however, this technique could prove useful in situations where ammunition type is known permitting test firings to establish case-specific distances. Additionally, if GSR particles are present after decomposition then these observations can be used to verify a gunshot wound to bone in the absence of a typical gunshot wound fracture pattern. This research was supported by the Forensic Science Foundation Lucas Grant. Gunshot Residue, Terminal Ballistics, Gunshot Trauma H54 Determining the Epidemiology of Hyoid Fractures in Cases of Hanging and Strangulation Samantha M. Seasons, BA*, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620; Charles A. Dionne, MA, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33620-7200; Leszek Chrostowski, MD, Hillsborough County Medical Examiner’s Office, 11025 North 46th Street, Tampa, FL 33617; and Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820 After attending this presentation, attendees will become familiar with literature in forensic science concerning injuries to the hyoid bone following hanging or strangulation; will learn about local hanging or strangulation cases from recent years exhibiting fracture of the hyoid bone; and, will learn about possible epidemiological causes for the trauma seen in the hyoid following hanging or strangulation. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing age ranges for unilateral and bilateral fusion of the greater cornua to the hyoid body, discussing the effect of demographic variables on the fusion patterns, and improving the interpretation of traumatic injuries to the neck. A review of the forensic literature on neck trauma in hanging and strangulation cases showed two distinct patterns. Overall, there appears to be little debate that hyoid fractures are more common when the cause of death is strangulation. Traumatic injuries to the hyoid bone following strangulation have been described as being frequent and previous studies have shown that up to one third of strangulations cases lead to a fracture; however, in cases of hangings, opinions are much more varied. Some studies argue that fractures in hanging cases are much fewer than in strangulations cases, while other authors mention that trauma to the 33 hyoid bone is common following hanging. Population variation may be responsible for the divergent literature and this study attempts to identify the variables that may be responsible for the variation. To study local cases of hanging and strangulation, data collection was performed at the Hillsborough County Medical Examiner’s Office in Tampa, Florida. The Hillsborough County Medical Examiner’s Office services a population of more than one million people and investigated an average of 1,915 cases between 2004 and 2009. A total of 148 cases between fall 2004 and spring 2010 listed hanging, ligature strangulation, manual strangulation, asphyxia, or compression of neck as the cause of death. Autopsy reports were analyzed to obtain a series of variables from each case. In addition to sex, age, and ancestry of the victim, cause and manner of death, past or present history of substance abuse, description and location of the hyoid bone trauma if present, and if noted by the medical examiner, fusion of the hyoid bone were collected. The vast majority of cases, 134 out of 148 (91.0%), were classified as hangings. An additional eight were indicated as strangulations, two as ligature strangulation, and four were classified as a combination of suffocation, asphyxia, and compression of neck and chest. Similarly, 134 cases were listed as suicides. Nine cases were homicides, four were classified as accidents, and one case remained undetermined. From the 148 cases reviewed, only eight contained a fractured hyoid bone while another two autopsy reports made no mention of the hyoid bone. Six of the eight fractured hyoid bones were from hanging cases while the remaining were classified as manual strangulations. Overall, 2.05% of strangulations cases contained a traumatic injury to the hyoid bone, while damage was present in only 4.0% of suicides cases analyzed. In half of the hanging cases exhibiting trauma to the hyoid, force exerted on the ligature implement appeared to be a significant cause for the damage. In one case, the victim hung them self from a bridge while in two additional cases, the men weighed well over 200 lbs. Age could possibly be a factor as an ossified hyoid bone is more prone to traumatic injuries than an unfused one. Unfortunately, the autopsy report discussed the fusion of the hyoid in only five cases. Seven out of eight fractured hyoid bones were males, but this is representative of the sample used. Through a better understanding of the variables that affect hyoid fractures in hanging and strangulation cases, forensic anthropologists may be able to better interpret a fracture found on a skeletonized hyoid. Hyoid Bone, Hanging, Strangulation H55 Fusion Patterns in Modern Hyoid Bones Charles A. Dionne, MA*, and Samantha M. Seasons, BA, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33620; Leszek Chrostowski, MD, Hillsborough County Medical Examiner’s Office, 11025 North 46th Street, Tampa, FL 33617; and Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820 The goal of this presentation is to examine how unilateral and bilateral fusion patterns in the hyoid bone vary with age within a population, and how the ossification process can help forensic anthropologists understand fracture patterns of the hyoid in traumatic cases. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing age ranges for unilateral and bilateral fusion of the greater cornua to the hyoid body, discussing the effect of demographic variables on the fusion patterns, and improving the interpretation of traumatic injuries to the neck. The fusion of primary and secondary ossification centers is one of the commonly used methods by forensic anthropologists to age adolescents and young adults due to the specific age ranges at which elements of long bones and vertebrae fuse together; however, few studies have looked at the fusion process in the hyoid bone. Ossification of the hyoid bone occurs slowly over time and as the greater cornua fuse with * Presenting Author the hyoid body, chances of traumatic injuries increase. This project was designed to study the fusion pattern of the greater cornua to the body of the hyoid bone using a modern North American sample, determine how variation arises between individuals of various sexes and ancestries, and determine probabilities of trauma to the hyoid bone from patterns of unilateral and bilateral fusion of the greater cornua. Data collection was performed in collaboration with the Hillsborough County Medical Examiner’s Office in Tampa, Florida. During a five-month period, all hyoid bones were collected during autopsy for the study regardless of demographics or cause of death. A sixth month was later added to collect additional hyoid bones to increase the percentage of juveniles and African-Americans in this sample. For each hyoid bone, demographic information, cause and manner of death, and past or present abuse of alcohol and drugs were noted. A total of 264 hyoid bones were processed and used for analysis. The hyoid bones were processed by removing the majority of the excess soft tissue and then boiling each hyoid to facilitate the removal of the remaining tissue. A mobility test was performed during processing to assess the fusion of each greater cornua: a positive test occurred when the cornua was still slightly movable while a negative result was associated with a greater cornua that was completely immobile. Once the hyoid bones were dry, photographs and radiographs were taken of each hyoid using superior and posterior views to observe the joints between the hyoid body and each greater cornua. The radiographs were used to assess the fusion of each greater cornua to the hyoid body. Each cornua was scored independently by two anthropologists: a score of “0” indicated a completely unfused cornua, while presence of fusion, whether complete or incomplete, was scored as “1.” In addition, a linear regression was used to determine how much variation in age can be explained through unilateral and bilateral fusion. Results indicate that a wide variation exists in the unilateral and bilateral fusion patterns of the hyoid bone. Unilateral fusion was observed as early as at eight years of age while bilateral fusion was first visible in a 23-year-old. As a previous study demonstrated, the majority of hyoid bones are fully fused in the elderly but in some cases the hyoid may remain only partially fused. Two males from our sample, one in his 70s and one is his 80s, still exhibited a unilaterally fused hyoid at the time of death. Overall, the number of individuals displaying unilateral fusion increased steadily until the 40-49-age bracket and decreased afterwards. Conversely, the percentage of individuals with bilateral fusion constantly increased from 65.0% in the 20-29-age bracket to over 90.0% in the 70-79 and 80+ age ranges. In both ancestral groups the mean age for bilateral fusion occurred approximately five years earlier in men, and in both sexes, African-American individuals exhibited bilateral fusion two years earlier. The regression formula demonstrated that 30% of the variation in age is explained by greater cornua fusion patterns. Through the understanding of the pattern in which the greater cornua fuse to the hyoid bone, anthropologists can better understand estimate the risk of fractures to neck structures according to the ossification of the hyoid bone. Hyoid Bone, Fusion Pattern, Age Estimation death by suggesting that after a lengthy period of grief, noteworthy skeletal evidence of a death due to shaken-baby can be revealed following an earlier diagnosis of death as being due to a case of SIDS. On November 28, 1979, a nine-month-old infant, David Drew Dickson, died while temporarily in the care of his day-care provider’s husband. It appeared the day-care provider’s husband demanded his wife leave him in charge of three infants while she left to purchase beer. When the wife returned, one of the children was found dead in an adjacent room. The husband did not provide an immediate explanation other than to suggest the child must have fallen from the sofa where he was sleeping. Furthermore, the husband stated that he had attempted CPR when he noticed the child had stopped breathing. The infant was taken to the local hospital and pronounced dead. The death was deemed suspicious and the infant’s body was autopsied. In spite of evidence of trauma (i.e., broken ribs and cranial hemorrhage), the pathologist concluded that the death was due to SIDS. Although the child’s parents were suspicious of the incident, no further investigation was conducted and David Drew Dickson was buried the following week. Years later a forensic pathologist from a neighboring county requested the exhumation of the infant’s body. The forensic pathologist stated that new testimony from the day-care provider suggested a different interpretation of the evidence. On May 2, 2006, the requesting pathologist, various staff of the California State University, Chico Human Identification Laboratory (CSUC-HIL), along with local sheriff and district attorney investigators conducted the exhumation. The infant’s remains had very little flesh and only a minor amount of adipocere adhering to the largely skeletonized remains; therefore, the remains were transported to the CSUC-HIL for skeletal analysis. The analysis revealed a complete set of skeletal remains of a nine-month-old infant still in their correct anatomical position. Of particular note, greenstick and complete rib fractures were noted among right ribs Nos. 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7, as well as left ribs Nos. 2 and 3. Furthermore, a deformed fracture was discovered on the right side of the occipital bone near the temporal-occipital junction of the lambdoidal suture. All the fractures were determined to be peri-mortem due to the combination of their location, deformation, and/or lack of healing. The result of the skeletal analysis suggested that the child likely died from a combination of being shaken and/or squeezed around the chest/abdomen along with blunt force trauma to the head. Armed with these two new lines of evidence (testimony from the day-care provider, as well as the skeletal analysis) the day-care provider’s ex-husband was charged with the murder of David Drew Dickson. The suspect pled guilty to California Penal Code 192a. In addition to murder, the Code addresses voluntary manslaughter, or the killing of a human being without malice, and in such an instance permits a maximum term of eleven years in state prison. In this specific case, the defendant’s sentence was suspended; he was placed on five-year probation, and ordered to pay a fine of $5,200.00. Exhumation, Shaken Baby, Cold Case H56 H57 The Prosecution of a 28-Year-Old Case of Shaken Baby Syndrome Turhon A. Murad, PhD*, California State University - Chico, Department of Anthropology, 400 West First Street Chico, Chico, CA 95929-0400 After attending this presentation, attendees will have addressed the events leading to the successful prosecution of an older male who was responsible for the death of a nine-month-old infant 28-years earlier. The presentation will impact the forensic science community as well as those family members who have lost an infant in a suspicious * Presenting Author Infanticide and Unclear Law: The Death of Four Infants William C. Rodriguez III, PhD*, Armed Forces Medical Examiner, 1413 Research Boulevard, Building 102, Rockville, MD 20850; Tasha Z. Greenburg, MD, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 7530; and David R. Fowler, MD, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 111 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201 The goal of this presentation is to provide details on the investigation, recovery, and forensic examination of the remains of four infants, three of which were discovered in a skeletal state. Examination 34 procedures involving locating hidden or buried remains will be discussed in addition to the sorting and aging of the skeletal remains of three full term babies. Also, to be discussed is the importance of social services, law enforcement, and community in observing clues to infanticide behavior Impact of this presentation will provide present and future forensic investigations insight as to the forensic analysis of decomposed and skeletonized remains of newborn and term infants. The forensic community will benefit from the knowledge that specialized recovery is required for remains of fetus and infants, and that proper handling and detailed analyses is required when dealing with such cases Recovery of decomposed remains of late term fetus and newborns can be quite challenging for forensic scientists and investigators. The small size of such deceased and their skeletal elements, and the limited ossification of skeletal elements, provides for easy disposal and rapid degradation of the remains compared to that of adults. In July of 2007 hospital personnel in Ocean City, Maryland alerted authorities of a possible infanticide of a newborn child as a result of treating a 37-year-old woman who had arrived at the emergency room with vaginal bleeding. Examination of the local resident by physicians revealed that the woman had recently given birth, which she denied. The police searched the woman’s residence and discovered a deceased newborn hidden beneath a bathroom vanity. Further searching of the residence by police led to the discovery of two additional infants wrapped in plastic and placed in a clothing trunk; a fourth body was found in a motor home parked at the residence. The finding of the multiple sets of remains prompted law enforcement officials, including the FBI, to conduct an intensive search of the suspect’s house and entire property. A search of the house included removal of various walls and ceilings. Fiber-optic cameras and cadaver dogs were utilized to search inside of the residence. A preliminary search of the ground property was conducted utilizing a combination of ground penetrating radar, cadaver dogs, and soil probing. Suspicious areas of the ground property were examined by establishing a marked grid followed by hand excavation. Fetal skeletal elements can be difficult to recover; thus, this multipronged approach to recovery allows complex surfaces and subsurface areas to be examined thoroughly and efficiently. The female suspect was arrested and initially charged with murder for the death of one of the infants a male fetus (aged at 26 weeks of gestation), recovered from beneath the bathroom vanity. The woman, who worked as a cab driver and was the mother of four other children, was never suspected of being pregnant by her live-in boyfriend during the four pregnancies. According to neighbors, the suspect always wore extra large and loose fitting clothing and made up various excuses during her pregnancies to hide her condition. Anthropological examination of the three sets of skeletal remains revealed them to represent full term fetuses, between 37 to 40 weeks of age based on osteological development. No apparent skeletal abnormalities were noted and no clear evidence of skeletal trauma was present. At the Grand Jury hearing the criminal charges against the woman were dismissed as a result of insufficient evidence after a medical examiner’s report. The defendant did admit the children were hers; however, she insisted that she did not kill them. An additional complication leading to dismissal of the charges is that “Maryland law expressly protects woman who abort their own unborn children from criminal prosecution.” Also, it unclear whether it was a crime to retain the remains of miscarried children. As a result of this case, the Maryland law was modified to address the two issues. Anthropology, Fetal Remains, Pediatric 35 H58 Proficiency and Competency Testing — What They Are, What They Are Not Vincent J. Sava, MA*, JPAC, Central Identification Lab, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 After attending this presentation, attendees should be able to understand the basic differences between competency and proficiency test programs. Attendees will learn the basic concepts and procedures related to competency and proficiency testing, especially as they relate to the human identification discipline, and how to meet the criteria and expectations of laboratory accreditation agencies. Additionally, drawing from experiences and lessons learned from the JPAC Central Identification Laboratory, participants will learn best practices and practices to avoid. Attendees should be able to utilize the material presented to formulate and manage competency and proficiency test programs for their staff. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by advancing quality assurance in forensic laboratories and forensic programs. It will allow human identification laboratories to expedite the planning and implementation of competency and proficiency test programs in their organizations. These programs, when properly established and managed, will ultimately strengthen and elevate the forensic profession as a whole. Quality assurance programs in forensic laboratories and activities have been a growing trend over the past decade. The publication of the National Academy of Sciences Report, “Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward” and its recommendations have made quality assurance programs and accreditation relevant and thus an increasing priority for forensic human identification laboratories. Since 1999, the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory (JPAC-CIL) has implemented a stringent quality assurance program to ensure the scientific integrity of its casework. The CIL’s quality assurance program ultimately led to its accreditation by the American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors Laboratory Accreditation Board (ASCLD-LAB) Legacy Program in 2003–the first forensic skeletal identification laboratory to be so credentialed. In 2008 the CIL was re-accredited under the ASCLD-LAB International Program using ISO 17025 (General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories) and criteria from the ASCLDLAB supplement, Supplemental Requirements for the Accreditation of Forensic Science Testing and Calibration Laboratories. Informal surveys and queries within the human identification discipline includiing discussions during sessions of the Scientific Working Group for Forensic Anthropology (SWGANTH), reveal that there are many misconceptions and misunderstandings about competency and proficiency test programs. During its accreditation efforts, the CIL gained vast experience with competency and proficiency testing programs. While these programs are a key component to any successful quality assurance program and its accreditation, at the same time they have the potential to negatively consume resources if not properly understood and effectively managed and administered. To that end, the CIL recognizes that it is imperative that laboratories first understand the basic differences between competency and proficiency testing programs—what they are, and what they are not. As such, this presentation will demonstrate the differences between competency and proficiency test programs from a standpoint of their intents and purposes, discuss minimal program requirements that human identification laboratories need to meet for ASCLD-LAB accreditation, outline criteria and considerations for training, testing, and corrective action, as well as discuss similarities between the two programs. Administration and management considerations of competency and proficiency test programs are also addressed. For example, competency and proficiency test programs need to strike a reasonable balance * Presenting Author between their intended outcomes, the resource expended, laboratory productivity, and satisfying accreditation requirements. Competency Test, Proficiency Test, Quality Assurance H59 Errors, Error Rates, and Their Meanings in Forensic Science Angi M. Christensen, PhD, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135; Christian M. Crowder, PhD*, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016; Stephen D. Ousley, PhD, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic, Anthropology, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; and Max M. Houck, PhD, West Virginia University, 1600 University Avenue, 208 Oglebay Hall, Morgantown, WV 26506-6217 After attending this presentation, attendees will gain a clearer understanding of the different classes of errors pertinent to forensic methods and practice, and will be provided a better taxonomy for method development, validation, and quality issues in their daily work. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing a clearer understanding of the different types of errors. This understanding will make error easier for practitioners to identify, control for and discuss, and will provide the courts with a better understanding of how to interpret the classes of error introduced in scientific testimony. Overall, this presentation will result in a higher quality of forensic practice. The discussion of errors and error rates has gained momentum in forensic science following the rulings from the Daubert trilogy (Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., General Electric Co. v. Joiner, and Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael) and has accelerated with the National Academy of Sciences National Research Council’s Report “Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward.” While the concepts of testing, standards, peer review, and general acceptance are fairly easy to understand, identify, and evaluate, the issue of error has proven to be more problematic. It has become clear that a discussion of what “error” means and how it is applied in forensic sciences is warranted. Furthermore, the convergence of science and law has made the identification and interpretation of error in the courtroom an even greater challenge. This paper presents an overview of the concept of method error as it pertains to forensic science techniques and attempts to clarify the difference between method error and other types of error that may be encountered in a forensic examination. As part of this clarification, the notion of the so-called “zero error rate” is addressed, and why this is an impossible and inherently non-scientific claim. Too often, forensic practitioners themselves misunderstand the meaning of technique or method error (method validity), often confusing it with practitioner (human) error. Statistical error (unexplained variation) inherent in a statistical model is yet another type of error that the practitioner needs to consider. Misunderstanding or conflating different classes of error may lead practitioners to be reluctant to address the issue of error as it relates to their discipline or their individual case results. This confusion can also been seen in the courts, where attempts have been made to derive a measure of method error from things like practitioner proficiency testing results. Certainly the courts are concerned with both method error and practitioner error, but practitioner error is not error in the scientific sense and, for the most part, does not relate to method validity. Misunderstanding (and misuse) of the concept of method error by forensic practitioners is particularly evident in claims of a “zero error rate” for particular forensic techniques. What some practitioners fail to realize is that despite the strength of the basis for certain forensic association techniques (e.g., the uniqueness of fingerprints as a basis for their use in identification), experts can still make false matches. The issue of method error does not relate to the uniqueness of a particular * Presenting Author feature, but to how reliable and valid the methods of comparison are in determining a positive match, exclusion, or concluding that there is no scientific basis for either determination. Most forensic examination results require tempered conclusions, and practitioners need to demonstrate caution and distinguish errors from uncertainty and probability. Error, Daubert, Validation H60 A Simulation for Exploring the Effects of the “Trait List” Method’s Subjectivity on Consistency and Accuracy of Ancestry Estimations Cris E. Hughes, PhD*, 2306 East Delaware Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802; Chelsey A. Juarez, PhD, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Social Science 1, Department of Anthropology, Santa Cruz, California 95064; Gillian M. Fowler, MS, Lincoln University, Brayford Pool Lincoln, Lincolnshire, LN6 7TS, UNITED KINGDOM; Taylor Hughes, PhD, University of Urbana-Champaign, 2306 East Delaware Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802; and Shirley C. Chacon, BA, FAFG, Avenida Simeón Cañas 10-64 zona 2, Guatemala, 01002, GUATEMALA After attending this presentation, attendees will have a clear understanding of the specific aspects of applying the trait list method that potentially incur bias. The sources of bias are tested by simulating the application of the trait list method, and the results will provide attendees with empirical information on the overall consistency of the trait list method. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing a mathematical analysis of the bias embedded in a commonly used forensic anthropological method for assessing ancestry. The results of the analysis allow the authors to make specific conclusions regarding the consistency of the method, as well as recommendations for how to avoid bias when utilizing the trait list method. The nonmetric “trait list” methodology is widely used for assessing ancestry of skeletal remains. Although, recent valid critiques have been made,1-3 the method has endured because of its ease of application and the familiarity of traits to the anthropologist. For a given unidentified skeleton, a checklist of traits is completed, noting each trait’s state of expression. The distribution of the trait states among three geographic ancestries (Asian, African, and European) are typically used in conjunction with additional lines of evidence (such as metric analysis) to arrive at an ancestry estimation for the unidentified skeleton. While the application seems straightforward, there are both theoretical and logistical issues with this approach. Trait states are not exclusive to a single ancestry; instead, the trait list method is grounded in the belief that individuals of a specific ancestry more often express a particular trait state than other ancestries. Because nonmetric traits are considered heritable, albeit to various degrees, genetic drift and gene flow must be considered when accounting for shifts in distributions of trait state expressions. The polygenic nature of nonmetric traits maintains a complex path for variation in expression. The evolutionary premise of trait state distribution within a population and the influential genetic nuances are often lost in the application of the trait list method, such as with the use of “mixed” or “admixed” ancestries.4 This designation implicitly relies on the concept that trait states are unique to a given ancestry and that “Asian,” “African,” or “European” parental ancestries actually existed at some point in the past.5 Choosing to incorporate the admixture approach into their research, because whether this is a theoretically sound approach or not, it is an approach that has been generally practiced over the decades. Thus, this research is based on the typical application of the trait list method, not the theory-bound approach that has recently found support.6,7 The effects of the method’s embedded subjectivity on subsequent accuracy and 36 consistency are largely unknown. Trait list ancestry assessment involves a series of decisions (how many and which traits to use) and interpretations (how to describe the ancestry based on the trait states), but there is no protocol.4 For example, if 10 out of 10 observed traits express the Asian state, the associated skeleton would typically be classified as being of Asian ancestry, but what if only 9, 8, or 7 out of 10 are associated with Asian ancestry? What is the threshold for considering the conventional admixture estimations when using the “trait list” methodology? Using a mathematical simulation that realistically represents the possible analytical variations of trait list ancestry estimation. The simulation explores: (1) trait selection; (2) number of traits employed; and, (3) ancestry choice thresholds affect the ancestry estimation of a skeleton. The relative accuracy of the trait list method in actual casework has not been comprehensively examined. The current study is a simulation of this accuracy, and tests how ancestry estimations for a given skeleton can differ from practitioner to practitioner when methodological choices vary. Using two temporally and geographically diverse samples comprising over 100 individuals, the simulation demonstrated that trait selection, quantity of traits, threshold choices, and the exclusion of high-frequency traits within a given sample had minimal effect on consistency in ancestry determination. For all datasets and Runs, accuracyAS was maintained above 90%. References: 1. Hefner J. An Assessment of Craniofacial Nonmetric Traits Currently Used in the Forensic Determination of Ancestry. Proc Am Acad For Sci; 2002. 2. Wheat A. Estimating Ancestry Through Nonmetric Traits of the Skull: A Test of Education and Experience. Proc Am Acad For Sci; 2009. 3. Williams S. A New Method for Evaluating Orbit Shape. Proc Am Acad For Sci; 2007. 4. Hefner J, Emanovsky P, Byrd J, and Ousley SD. The Value of Experience, Education, and Methods in Ancestry Prediction. Proc Am Acad For Sci; 2007. 5. Long J and Kittles R. Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races. Hum Biol 2003; 75(4):449-71. 6. Hefner J, Emanovsky P, Byrd J, and Ousley SD. Morphoscopic Traits the Statistical Determination of Ancestry Using Cranial Nonmetric Traits. Proc Am Acad For Sci; 2006. 7. Hefner J. Morphoscopic Traits: Mixed Ancestry, Hispanics, and Biological Variation. Proc Am Acad For Sci; 2009. Nonmetric Cranial Traits, Ancestry Estimation, Bias H61 The More the Better?: Evaluating the Impact of Fixed Semi-Landmark Number in Cranial Shape Variation Analyses Shanna E. Williams, PhD*, University of Florida, Department of Anatomy, PO Box 100235, Gainesville, FL 32610-0235 The goal of this presentation is to refine the applicability of fixed semi-landmark-based techniques in biological profiling. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by highlighting several important factors which contribute to the effectiveness of fixed semi-landmarks in characterizing morphological variation in cranial curvature. Geometric morphometrics (GM) often utilizes anatomical landmark coordinates, in either two or three dimensions, to capture biological shape. Anatomical landmark coordinates exhibit biological homology across specimens and are categorized into three groups: Type I - discrete juxtapositions of tissue; Type II - points of maximal curvature; and Type III – extremal points (Bookstein, 1991). However, some anatomical regions, such as boundaries and surface curvature, lack well-defined 37 landmarks. GM addresses this obstacle via the application of semilandmarks to such regions. The simplest form of semi-landmark data are represented by the placement of equally-spaced points on curves or surfaces. An algorithm resamples raw curve data into a manageable number of evenly-distributed fixed points. The number of fixed semilandmarks is user-defined and reflects just enough points to maintain the original curve’s “shape.” However, exactly what constitutes enough points is arbitrary and thus entirely at the researcher’s discretion. The present study examines the relationship between the number of fixed semi-landmarks utilized and their effectiveness in detecting sex and population differences in cranial curvature. Three-dimensional fixed semi-landmarks were captured on the orbital rims, zygomatic arches, nasal aperture, and maxillary alveolar ridge of 193 crania embodying a mix of socially-determined race (Black, White) and biologicallydetermined sex from the Terry, Hamann-Todd, Maxwell Museum, and W.M. Bass skeletal collections of known individuals. Curvature data was gathered as continuous stream data using a portable digitizer. Fixed semi-landmarks were then extracted utilizing a beta program (Slice 2005), which applies an algorithm that re-samples each curve into a userdefined number of evenly-distributed points. Two separate resampling sessions were performed on the original dataset. During the first session of resampling (S1) the following numbers of fixed semi-landmarks were extracted for each region: orbits = 40; zygomatic arches = 64; nasal aperture = 16; maxillary alveolar ridge =16. These amounts were halved during the second resampling session (S2) (orbits = 20; zygomatic arches = 32; nasal aperture = 8; maxillary alveolar ridge =8). The resultant regional semilandmark data from each session were fit into a common coordinate system via a generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA), which filters out the effects of location, scale, and rotation. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the covariance matrix of the GPA-aligned coordinates in order to reduce dimensionality. The resulting principal component (PC) scores, which accounted for 85% of the total variance in each region, were employed in subsequent multivariate statistical analyses. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) of the PC scores from both sessions detected significant race and sex effects in all of the regions (Pr>F=<0.05). A discriminant function analysis, which calculates the effectiveness of a set of variables in predicting group membership, was then conducted on the PC scores from both sessions using crossvalidation or n-1 method. The error count estimates (proportion of group misclassifications) for race exhibited minimal to no difference between data from Session 1 and 2 in all of the regions (S1 vs. S2 - orbits: Black= 0.3435 vs. 0.3435, White= 0.3387 vs. 0.3226; zygomatic arches: Black= 0.0611 vs. 0.0611, White= 0.2097 vs. 0.27426; nasal aperture: Black= 0.0992 vs. 0.084, White= 0.1613 vs. 0.1935; and, maxillary alveolar ridge: Black= 0.2901 vs. 0.2901, White= 0.2419 vs. 0.3065). The semi-landmark data from Session 1 and 2 produced a similar pattern of error count estimates in terms of sex (S1 vs. S2 - orbits: Female= 0.3284 vs. 0.3433, Male= 0.3095 vs. 0.3095; zygomatic arches: Female = 0.5224 vs. 0.4776, Male= 0.2302 vs. 0.1984; nasal aperture: Female = 0.3582 vs. 0.084, Male= 0.3889 vs. 0.3413; and, maxillary alveolar ridge: Female = 0.4328 vs. 0.5075, Male= 0.3968 vs. 0.3968). Thus, the statistical impact of reducing the number of fixed semi-landmarks in each region was negligible. These preliminary results indicate that there is little statistical advantage to employing a large number of fixed semi-landmarks to capture shape variation. Moreover, when employing semi-landmark data to discriminate between populations and the sexes, the area from which they are collected, and not their number, is of primary importance. Incorporating such information into standard forensic practice may allow for a more informative assessment of race and sex in unidentified human crania. Geometric Morphometrics, Semi-Landmarks, Crania * Presenting Author H62 A Performance Check of Ear Prediction Guidelines Used in Facial Approximation Based on CT Scans of Living People Pierre Guyomarc’h, MS*, Universite Bordeaux 1, UMR 5199 PACEA, UMR 5199 PACEA, Universite Bordeaux 1, Av des Facultes, Bat B8, Talence, 33405, FRANCE; Carl N. Stephan, PhD, JPAC - CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 The goal of this presentation is to report quantified data on established ear prediction methods used in facial approximation. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by communicating to peers the strength and weaknesses of ear prediction methods. Facial approximation is the method used to predict the appearance of the face from a skull. This face can then be advertised in the hope that somebody recognizes it, possibly generating leads that may assist in the identification of the skeletal remains. For facial approximation to work effectively, it is important for prediction methods to be valid and accurate. This applies to all components of the face, including the ears. Currently several prediction rules have been published and widely employed with respect to the pinna or outer part of the ear, but few empirical validation studies have been conducted. In this study, previously published ear prediction methods using seventy-eight living individuals of known age and sex who had been subjected to CT-scans were examined. The sample is composed of 43 males and 35 females with a mean age of 41.4 years (18-84 years, SD = 18.8 years). Osseous and cutaneous surfaces were reconstructed using the half-maximum height algorithm of the TIVMI software (Treatment and Increased Vision in Medical Imaging, developed by Bruno Dutailly, Université de Bordeaux). Landmarks and associated angles and measurements were collected to quantify the orientation and size of the mastoid process, nasal bones, nose and outer ear regions. Lobe attachment and supramastoid crest development were also visually assessed. These data enabled us to examine the following well-known ear prediction rules: 1. The main axis of the ear is oriented parallel to the major axis of the posterior mandibular ramus (Welcker 1883). 2. The height of the ear approximates the height of the nose (and a variation using an additional two millimeters (Ullrich and Stephan, in press) and the width of the ear equals half its height (Gerasimov 1949, 1955). 3. A large and broad ear is related to a massive and prominent mastoid process and the inverse regarding small ears; upper ear protrusion is also related to a strong development of the supramastoid crest (Gerasimov 1955). 4. Anterior projection of the mastoid process is associated with free lobes; and inferior projection of the mastoid process with attached lobes (Fedosyutkin and Nainys 1993). 5. The ear is oriented parallel to the profile angle of the nose (Wilkinson 2004). Student t-tests, correlation matrices and cross table analysis were performed to evaluate the above mentioned prediction rules and to assess asymmetry, sexual dimorphism, and age trends within the sample. None of the empirical rules concerning the reconstruction of the ears reported in the literature proved reliable in our sample. The gross approximation of the height of the ears from the height of the nose was observed (mean error = 5 mm), however, no correlation was found between these two measurements. Although the width of the ear is not half of its height, the two were correlated (r = 0.56), and the width averaged 0.6 of the height (mean error of the estimate = 2 mm). In addition, no bony dimensions collected on the mastoid region were found to correlate with ear dimensions (r < 0.3). The only additional relationships between the soft and hard tissue that we observed were that a strong supramastoid crest appears to be linked with a free ear lobe (χ² = 5.65; df = 1; p-value = * Presenting Author 0.02). However, the inverse is not true, subtle mastoid crests are associated with both free and attached ear lobes and height and width of the ear appears to be influenced by age (r < 0.38) and sex (p-value < 0.01). These findings indicate that classic ear prediction rules hold little value for accurate prediction in facial approximation. Future efforts should be made to examine other relationships between the ear and the skull. Facial Approximation, Facial Reconstruction, Pinna H63 The Importance of Testing and Understanding Statistical Methods in the Age of Daubert: Can FORDISC Really Classify Individuals Correctly Only One Percent of the Time? Nicole D. Siegel, DVM*, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106-1767; and Stephen D. Ousley, PhD, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic, Anthropology, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 After attending this presentation, attendees will avoid future misunderstandings in the use of FORDISC and will be better able to use the program correctly and effectively. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by exploring common misunderstandings in statistical analysis, particularly FORDISC. Fordisc 3.1 (Jantz and Ousley 2005) uses discriminant function analysis, as has previous versions, and FORDISC has provided more and more additional information in addition to the classification results during its evolution. Failure to understand this additional information has led to a claim that challenges the accuracy of FORDISC. The recent publication of a series of FORDISC tests by Elliott and Collard (2009) is a result of their failure to appropriately interpret statistical results. Elliott and Collard classified individuals from five groups in the Howells database (Berg, Northern Japan, Santa Cruz, Tasmania, and Zulu) into all Howells groups. They used all 56 craniometric variables in FORDISC as well as three groups of 10 variables from different cranial regions (basicranium, neurocranium, and face). Due to a misunderstanding of posterior probabilities, they reported very low percentage correct classification in general and concluded that FORDISC classifies less than 1% of individuals correctly. Their criterion was that classifications showing a typicality probability of less than 0.01 or a posterior probability of less than 0.8, no matter which group was most similar, were considered incorrect. Unlike typicality probabilities, the posterior probability does not have a threshold requirement. Higher posterior probabilities generally reflect higher probability of correct classification, but there are no specific recommendations or discrete cut-off values. In the statistical literature, having a posterior probability of at least 0.8 is merely considered a “strong” classification. Their test conditions seem rigged for failure: when using 56 variables, they were using more variables than many of Howells sample sizes, resulting in lower typicality probabilities, and when using only 10 variables form certain areas of the cranium, they were extremely unlikely to get high posterior probabilities. Additionally, they classified Howells individuals from the five groups using every other Howells group to ascertain if groups showed geographic similarity. However, they designated only one specific group from each region that should theoretically be the most similar one, and any other classifications were deemed incorrect. For instance, in Europe, only a classification of Howells’ Berg individuals into Norse was considered correct. Elliott and Collard’s methods were followed as closely as possible using both FORDISC 3.1 (2005) and SAS 9.1 (2003), using the Howells 38 database. Individuals from the same five ancestral groups were used, and run against all individuals in the Howells database. The analyses were conducted with all 56 variables and the same three groups of 10 variables representing the basicranium, neurocranium, and face. Because Elliott and Collard did not state which typicality probability was used, the chi-square typicality was used in this study. Correct analysis of the results resulted in correct cross-validated classification percentages of 18 to 32%, which is significantly greater than random, and greater than 1%. Classifications with higher posterior probabilities showed higher correct percentages, and regionally patterned variation was strongly indicated. The disparity between Elliott and Collard’s conclusions and those of the current study is clearly a result of their misuse of posterior and typicality probability thresholds. Further, the geographic affinities of the test groups were confirmed when a more flexible criterion of regional similarity was accepted. Unlike Elliott and Collard’s results, the current study showed that when the reference group is excluded, the percentage correct regional classifications is comparable to or slightly higher than the percentage correct classifications when the group is included in the analysis. With the advent of Daubert standards, it is critical for forensic anthropologists to validate methods. The current analysis has shown that it is imperative to thoroughly understand the statistical underpinnings of any method, and that faulty criteria and test procedures can lead to false conclusions of low validity for a method. The number of measurements and stipulations for classification correctness used by Elliott and Collard resulted from a statistical misunderstanding that virtually guaranteed a low classification accuracy rate. FORDISC, Discriminant Function Analysis, Statistics H64 Forensic Interviews: Corroborating Evidence and Collecting Data for Anthropological Field Work Charles J. Massucci, MA*, Tampa Police Department, 411 North Franklin Avenue, Tampa, FL 33602; and Erin H. Kimmerle, PhD, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, 4202 East Fowler, Soc 107, Tampa, FL 33820 After attending this presentation, attendees will learn which forensic interviewing techniques can be applied by anthropologists who are interviewing international populations in anticipation of field excavation. The same techniques can also be considered by investigators in the United States who are reviewing cold case homicides and missing person investigations involving immigrant and migrant populations. The presentation will impact the forensic science community by discussing the validity of memory recall from survivors or witnesses of genocide, massacre, torture, murder, and other acts of violent crime after an extended period of time has elapsed. This presentation will examine techniques for developing a forensic interview strategy when approaching witnesses and survivors of violent crimes and international atrocities. From November of 2008 through July of 2010, investigators from the University of South Florida conducted interviews with Nigerians who survived or witnessed a massacre that occurred in Asaba, Nigeria on October 7, 1967. The process of creating an oral record began with a review of the known literature and the development of an interview strategy. The interviewers established a general interview protocol that was used to establish the witness’ role during the event, ascertain specific information that could assist with a field excavation, and open a forum that offered the interviewees the opportunity to recount their experience. The research team conducted more than 40 interviews for this project and these interviews were used for the analysis presented in this research paper. 39 This paper will address the benefits of conducting a directed, goal oriented interview that also allows interviewees the opportunity of tell their stories (in the oral tradition). This technique allows for the broadest opportunity to gather information and identify evidence. Investigators who attempt to gather legal truth from events which have occurred in the past are faced with the challenge of corroboration and will be limited by the existence of evidence. These types of forensic interviews are a starting point for the anthropologists who are searching for physical evidence, or it can be used by law enforcement to corroborate physical evidence. Interviewing survivors or witnesses to genocide, massacre, torture or other acts of violent crime presents specific problems of memory recollection, legal reliability, and/or credibility. The role of anthropologists in these types of investigations is more varied than in typical American casework. Therefore, the ability of anthropologists, pathologists, and investigators to successfully interview family members and survivors is critical to successfully completing the mission. Each interview for the Asaba project was developed in a unique manner and the interviewers were required to direct the process so the established interview goals were met, while not interfering with the natural process of the interview. The interviewers were also required to connect the common points of each interview (in real time) and to address any points of discrepancy between the interviews. The investigators who are developing a forensic interview strategy must consider the following factors before they consider the validity of episodic memory: the elapsed amount of time between the event and the interview, the psychological effects of trauma, the potential of outside influence upon the memory, cultural perspectives of the interviewees, the age of the interviewee at the time of the event and the time of the interview, and any other hidden agendas brought to the interview process. The investigators and anthropologists have to understand that information (or evidence) provided these witnesses has the greatest potential for being unreliable and this presents very specific challenges to the interviewer. This challenge is the purpose for creating a defined forensic interview strategy. The paper will also address the methodology for documentation of the data, including the creation of missing person(s) questionnaire and victim databases, and the best practice standards for obtaining, sharing, and analyzing such data. The initial results from this interview project suggest that the forensic interview strategy did establish the reliability of the witness, corroborated known facts, and directed the anthropologists with the field excavation plan. Interview, Massacre, Cold Case H65 Archaeological Methodology Used at the World Trade Center Site During the 2006/2007 Recovery Excavation Scott C. Warnasch, MA*, New York City Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016; Christian Crowder, PhD, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016; and Kristen Hartnett, PhD, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Forensic Anthropology, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016 After attending this presentation, attendees will be presented an overview of the archaeological methods used during the 2006/2007 Human Remains Recovery Operation at the World Trade Center (WTC) site. Additionally, some of the findings, including the relationships between the buried deposits of WTC material and human remains recovered during the excavation and specific situations and activities conducted during the 2001/2002 recovery operation that lead to their omission will be presented. * Presenting Author This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing a body of information and protocols, developed and tested in the field that could be adapted to future mass disaster situations, built upon, and potentially used to improve recovery efforts, especially where a high degree of fragmentation is involved. This presentation will provide an overview of the archaeological methods used during the ongoing Human Remains Recovery Operation at the World Trade Center site conducted by the New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner (OCME) since 2006 and will discuss findings from the excavation. The topics addressed will include the archaeological methods used to identify, delineate and document the site, the identification of WTC debris patterns and their relationship to the recovered human remains concentrations, and what these patterns reveal about the original recovery effort that took place immediately following the terrorist attacks. The primary objective of the WTC operation was to recover victims’ remains and personnel effects for identification. The excavation also presented an opportunity to test which archaeological methods would be most effective in a large-scale mass disaster recovery operation. In addition, the archaeological investigation provided insight into aspects of the initial response and recovery conducted in 2001/2002. Although the OCME operation was not intended to analyze or critique the original recovery operation, but when understood within the larger site context it provided general explanations for why much of the remnant WTC material and remains were not originally removed from site. A total of 952 potential human remains have been recovered from the excavation during sifting operations conducted in 2006 and 2007. Potential human remains were recovered from 49 (83%) of the 59 excavated units. In addition, 29 potential remains were recovered from subterranean structures located on and adjacent to the site. The three main contexts where WTC debris and human remains were found were: (1) sections of intact paved pre-9/11/2001 surfaces; (2) pre-9/11/2001 unpaved areas; and, (3) voids caused by debris impact, machine excavation and pre-9/11/2001 subterranean structures. Many of these contexts were found to be partly the results of recovery activities carried out during the 2001/2002. Photographs of the original recovery effort clearly support the excavations findings and illustrate these relationships. Many of the archaeological contexts exposed during the excavation were not necessarily unique to the WTC disaster and could be encountered in other mass disaster situations. These insights regarding the original recovery effort including the assessments of the strategies used in the OCME operation provide a body of information that could be adapted to future situations, which could be used to improve mass disaster recovery efforts, especially where a high degree of fragmentation is involved. The OCME WTC operation demonstrates the strength and practicality of using archaeological methods as a framework for systematic mass disaster recovery operations. In addition, the operation demonstrates that archaeologists properly trained in forensic protocols are uniquely effective at carrying out the variety of tasks it takes to ensure that the scene has been accurately defined, cleared and documented. Attendees will gain an appreciation for the practical benefits of archaeological methods in such tasks as defining horizontal and vertical site boundaries using stratigraphic analysis and artifact identification, as well as some conceptual ideas regarding how pre- and post-disaster land use factor into an urban mass disaster recovery operation. It is not suggested that a mass disaster response and recovery operation similar to the WTC disaster should, or could, be conducted solely by archaeologists, but that those leading forensic investigations and recovery operations might consider the benefit of adopting archaeological methodology, as well as including uniquely trained professional archaeologists in future mass disaster response teams. Archaeology, World Trade Center, Mass Disaster * Presenting Author H66 World Trade Center Revisited: A Bayesian Approach to Disaster Victim Identification Benjamin J. Figura, MA*, New York City Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016 The goal of this presentation is to demonstrate to attendees the potential of a multivariable identification process using Bayesian statistics in a mass fatality context. The specific variables presented include anthropological estimates of age and sex, dental information, and recovery location and uses the World Trade Center disaster as an example. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing an alternative approach to victim identification for disasters featuring highly fragmented and/or degraded remains and where traditional identification methods have reached their limits. The approach presented utilizes fragments of data deemed insufficient for identification based on a single modality. Disaster victim identification (DVI) for mass fatality incidents involving highly fragmented and/or degraded remains is a difficult process because the individuating information that is required by the various identification disciplines is often limited. For example, the roughly 9,000 unidentified remains from the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster possess varying amounts of anthropological, odontological, and/or DNA data that go unused because none is sufficient for identification on their own. Further, information such as recovery location is often available but never directly utilized in the identification process. Steadman et al. (2006)1 recently demonstrated how age, sex, stature, pathology, and dental data may be combined in a Bayesian framework to generate a statistical statement regarding the relative strength of a single circumstantial identification. The goal of this research is to apply the Steadman et al. approach to combine age, sex, dental, and recovery location data in a mass fatality context, where a defined victim population presents practical and statistical advantages. This approach incorporates the concept of a statistical threshold for identification as currently used for direct DNA-based identifications of WTC remains (Posterior Odds > 4x109). Ante- and postmortem data from the WTC disaster were utilized in this research. Likelihood ratios were calculated for each theoretical combination for the following variables: Age: Likelihood ratios were calculated for age based on estimates using the Suchey-Brooks (1990)2 method for the pubic symphysis for each theoretical combination of Age and Phase. The WTC victim age distribution was used as the prior odds and data collected by Hartnett (2010)3 was used as a reference sample. Sex: Likelihood ratios were calculated for sex based on estimates using the Phenice (1969)4 characteristics with the WTC victim sex distribution as the prior odds. Data collected by Konigsberg et al (2002)5 was used as a reference sample. Dental: Likelihood ratios were calculated for the available dental patterns of the unidentified WTC remains based on the expected pattern frequencies in the “population-at-large” according to the Odontosearch application (Adams 2003).6 Recovery Location: The WTC victim population was divided into subgroups based on known location at the time of the incident (Tower 1, Tower 2, AA 11, UA 175, etc). Likelihood ratios were calculated for membership within a particular WTC subgroup based on the recovery location of the remains (grid system established by the New York City Fire Department). Likelihood ratios were determined for each combination of group and location using the location of identified remains as a known sample and the total number of remains recovered at each location as the prior odds. The average likelihood ratios calculated for age, sex, and recovery location are comparable to the contribution of individual CODIS STR 40 alleles. The available dental patterns were more informative, with likelihood ratios ranging from just above 1 up to 37,956. Combining these variables using the Product Rule under a theoretical “best-case” scenario produces a likelihood ratio of 8.3x106, which does not meet the established threshold for identification (4x109). However, it does result in a smaller required contribution from any potential DNA evidence. These results suggest that partial DNA profiles may be sufficient for identification if other available information is considered within a Bayesian framework. The consideration of additional variables beyond DNA in a quantitative manner allows for a truly multidisciplinary DVI process and has the potential to allow for identification of highly fragmented and/or degraded remains that might not otherwise be identified. The quantification of these variables also has the potential benefit of providing a mechanism for ranking of database search results similar to dental identification applications. References: 1. Steadman, D. W., B. J. Adams, and L. W. Konigsberg 2006 Statistical basis for positive identification in forensic anthropology. Am J Phys Anthropol 131(1):15-26. 2. Brooks, S., and J.M. Suchey 1990 Skeletal age determination based on the os pubis: a comparison of the Acsádi-Nemeskéri and Suchey-Brooks methods. Human Evolution 5(3):227-238. 3. Hartnett, K. 2010 Analysis of Age-at-Death Estimation Using Data from a New, Modern Autopsy Sample - Part I: Pubic Bone. J Forensic Sci doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01399.x 4. Phenice, T. W. 1969 A newly developed visual method of sexing the os pubis. Am J Phys Anthropol 30(2):297-301. 5. Konigsberg, L.W., N.P. Herrmann, and D.J. Wescott 2002 Commentary on McBride et al. “Bootstrap Methods for Sex Determination from the Os Coxae using the ID3 Algorithm.” 2001 J Forensic Sci 46(3):427-431. J Forensic Sci 47(2): 424-426. 6. Adams, B. J. 2003 Establishing personal identification based on specific patterns of missing, filled, and unrestored teeth. J Forensic Sci 48(3):487-96. Disaster Victim Identification (DVI), World Trade Center (WTC), Bayesian Statistics H67 New Forensic Archaeological Recovery Protocols for Fatal Fire Scenes Dennis C. Dirkmaat, PhD, Luis L. Cabo-Pérez, MS, Alexandra R. Klales, MS*, Erin Chapman, MS, and Allison M. Nesbitt, MS, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546 After attending this presentation, attendees will be familiar with new forensic archaeological techniques applicable to fatal fire scenes that result in efficient and effective evidence recovery. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by pointing out the benefits of employing forensic archaeology in the documentation and recovery of all types of outdoor crime scenes, including fatal fire scenes. Victim remains at fatal fire scenes are typically difficult to detect, recover, and handle. All of the burned material at the scene, including biological tissue, is often modified to a similar appearance and bones, in particular, become discolored, brittle, and highly fragmented. As a consequence, these remains are often missed, disturbed, altered, or even destroyed during scene processing with standard crime scene protocols. The added postmortem fracturing, fragmentation, and bone loss resulting from these recovery techniques hinder the already difficult task of autopsy and laboratory analysis of burned human remains. This is especially problematic for bone trauma analysis, as its most immediate goal is distinguishing peri-mortem(forensically significant) trauma, from 41 postmortem (not forensically significant) alteration. The substantial addition of trauma features created by fire and then recovery can result in a daunting analytical task. Lack of on-scene recordation of relevant information related to body positioning and contextual relationships of the remains as well as of other physical evidence at the scene, further complicates trauma analysis, biological profile estimation, and event reconstruction. New scene recovery protocols drawn from forensic archaeological methods are described in this presentation. Six tests of specific scene recovery methodologies were conducted in the last two years in which evidence, including spent bullet cartridges, knives, and euthanized pigs, were placed in house structures that were then burned to the ground. Following a search for evidence by trained fire investigators, forensic archaeologists then excavated the burned matrix and carefully mapped the evidence found in situ. The method that yielded the most efficient and effective recovery involved the hands and knees “search/excavation” in which burned matrix was excavated using a “cake-cutting” (i.e., cutting a vertical face) technique working from the outer edges of the excavation corridor or room, inward. This process allowed for the rapid excavation of debris in areas where no significant evidence was located. The excavated debris was removed by buckets and placed on tarps, sorted by provenience unit, where it was quickly sorted by hand and discarded if no evidence was detected or sieved. The matrix from these areas bypassed the tarp hand sorting and was directly sent for careful screening on ¼ in mesh screens. The debris over the victim was removed via a “top-down” excavation method, thus exposing fully the remains. The remains were photographically documented in situ, and mapped both by hand and with electronic instrumentation such as a total station or survey-grade GPS units. Head, distal limbs and any other fragile body regions were protected with heavy-duty plastic wrap to maintain the integrity of the bone. The remains were then placed on a sheet of plywood in a body bag in efforts to reduce further disruption of the remains during transport. These new protocols were demonstrated to: (1) improve evidence detection and recovery; (2) limit disturbance and further fragmentation of the remains during the recovery; and, (3) provide precise and detailed information regarding the position and orientation of the body and related evidence, as well as on their contextual relationship at the scene. Further, these improvements are realized within an efficient timeline. This project was funded by the National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice. Forensic Archaeology, Fatal Fire, Human Remains H68 Using Spatial Analysis to Recognize Normal and Abnormal Patterns in Burned Bodies Christina L. Fojas, MS*, Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902; Christopher W. Rainwater, MS, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 520 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016; Luis L. Cabo-Pérez, MS, Mercyhurst College, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, 501 East 38th Street, Erie, PA 16546; and Steven A. Symes, PhD, Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, Mercyhurst College, 501 East 38th, Erie, PA 16546-0001 After attending this presentation, attendees will be introduced to the utility of spatial data in recognizing normal and abnormal patterns in burned bodies. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by quantifying the progression of heat alteration in burned bodies, independent of the circumstances of death or area of heat exposure, thus suggesting criteria for identifying normal and abnormal burn patterns. A mapping approach will demonstrate the utility of geographic information system (GIS) technology for the analysis and quantification of heat alteration to human remains. * Presenting Author Recognizing the typical pattern of heat alteration in burned bodies under normal circumstances is important in a forensic context. Deviations from this pattern may imply special burning conditions such as protective shielding, the presence of accelerants or pre-existing trauma. Symes and colleagues (2008) provided a preliminary model for the normal sequence of bone exposure and heat alteration resulting from tissue thickness and limb position (i.e., body posture). While an invaluable resource, that model is merely derived from observation (based on extensive case experience) and has not been empirically quantified or tested. This study employs GIS to achieve these goals. The sample data were collected at the Office of Chief Medical Examiner (OCME) in New York City. Burned body information with detailed documentation and known circumstances of death were compiled from cases spanning from January 2005 to July 2009. After excluding superficially burned victims and deaths due to smoke inhalation with little or no heat alteration to the body, the final sample included 74 forensic cases. Cases consisted of accidents (including vehicular accidents), homicides, suicides, and undetermined manners of death at both indoor and outdoor crime scenes. The burn patterns were charted in homunculi diagrams, with an anterior and posterior chart for each body. The degree of heat alteration was coded into five categories: 1 = no burning/minimal burning; 2 = charred tissue; 3 = charred tissue with burned bone visible; 4 = charred tissue with calcined bone visible; and, 5 = missing or fragmentary bone. Polygon shapefiles of the body outlines and burn patterns were created in a GIS application for each case. The vector data were converted to raster data and added together, and the surface areas for each heat alteration category for each case were calculated. A composite image of the 74 cases illustrates the areas of the body that are more severely altered by heat, as well as the extent of this modification. As predicted by Symes and colleagues (2008), the degree and anatomical pattern of heat alteration can be most accurately predicted from tissue thickness, principally in relation to the sequence in which the areas exposed to heat will attain a particular degree of alteration. In this way, deviations from this sequence can be marked as suspicious, regardless of the overall degree of heat exposure. In order to test this, individuals were ranked based on degree of burning and that rank was compared with the total area burned. Results indicate a strong correlation (R2 = 0.98, p-value < 0.001) between the degree and extension (area) of heat alteration, in such cases where the whole body was exposed to fire, but not at a temperature or period long enough to result in the alteration of the entire body surface. These bodies, therefore, provide a baseline for the normal sequence and intensity of heat alteration. After approximately 80% of the body shows heat alteration, any degree of burning to the body is not uncommon. Abnormal burn patterns are recognized when less than 80% of the body is burned yet a category of 3 or higher of heat alteration is observed. The examination of cases meeting this proposed criteria for the detection of abnormal patterns revealed that they include a homicide with the victim’s legs bound by a ligature, a vehicular accident in which the victim sustained extensive blunt force injuries, and accidents with evidence of substantial clothing on the body. This research was partially funded by a grant from the National Institute of Justice. Burned Body, Pattern Recognition, Spatial Analysis * Presenting Author H69 Recovery and Identification of a WWI American Doughboy in Rembercourt-surMad, France Denise To, PhD*, JPAC-CIL, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853; and Carrie A. Brown, MA, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Lab, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 The goal of this presentation is to provide the attendee with a case example involving the remarkable recovery and identification of an individual from World War I. After this presentation, attendees will gain a better understanding of the complexity of cold cases, a greater awareness of the importance of the multiple lines of evidence that are required for identification, and a heightened appreciation for community responsibility. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing an example of a successful forensic recovery in the international setting, by demonstrating how a positive identification was attained despite having multiple name associations, by broadening our understanding of factors that may influence preservation of remains, and by further demonstrating the significance of proper archaeological techniques and methodical data collection. With this case, the forensic community may gain additional approaches that can be applied to a variety of cold cases or cases in the international setting. The Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command’s Central Identification Laboratory (JPAC-CIL) has the mission to search, recover, and identify service-personnel still missing as a result of past U.S. conflicts. Anthropologists at the CIL regularly conduct recovery missions around the world related to World War II and the Korean and Vietnam conflicts. However, recoveries and identifications from earlier conflicts are uncommon. Even more uncommon are those that result in a well preserved burial of a World War I American Doughboy Marine whose identification was obfuscated by dog tags recovered with his remains that were inscribed with the name of another marine. Shortly after a discovery by French relic hunters, JPAC was notified in September 2009 of an alleged burial of a World War I American Marine in the village of Rembercourt-sur-Mad in northeastern France. Initial verification of the plausibility of the burial involved investigation of archival records. This confirmed that the first U.S.-led offensive of the war by the American Expeditionary Forces, under the command of General John J. Pershing, occurred on September 12, 1918, at St. Mihiel, approximately 17 miles northeast of Rembercourt-sur-Mad. Among the approximately 7,000 Allied casualties were 2,000 American KIA. Fortysix U.S. Marines are memorialized at the Saint Mihiel cemetery (with 11 listed as unaccounted for). Anthropologists from the JPAC-CIL traveled to Rembercourt-surMad, France, where they recovered a superbly preserved human burial. Thirty-five kinds of artifacts were recovered from the burial; their in situ locations on the skeleton mimicked where they would have been worn on the body during life, including a wallet, dog tag, and badge in the front left breast pocket, a first-aid kit, shaving kit, canteen, and side arm ammunition on the hips, and six complete clips of rifle ammunition still slung across the chest. In addition, tree roots had grown, over time, through the burial site. Some had penetrated the thorax, but rather than damaging the remains, they gently moved and shifted skeletal elements. This preservation was welcome, as roots can be a very disruptive taphonomic force. All archaeological signs pointed to a considerate burial by friendly forces. After international transport, the skeletal remains and artifacts were analyzed at the CIL. A name engraved on the badge and initials inside the wallet were consistent with one of the 11 unaccounted-for U.S. Marines, but a different person’s name engraved on the dog tag warranted caution of any presumptive identification. After further investigation, and using numerous lines of evidence, the individual was 42 identified in March 2010. Personnel records included a letter written to the individual’s brother by a witness to the death incident. In that letter, the witness recounted their hasty but respectful burial of the individual, as well as a map of its location. Shortly after the war, a search for his burial using this map was unsuccessful. Ninety-two years later, his remains were found, recovered, and identified. He was buried in June 2010 in Arlingtion National Cemetery with full military honors. Cold Case, WWI American Doughboy, Presumptive Identification H70 The Fromelles Project – The Recovery and Identification of British and Australian WWI Soldiers From Mass Graves in Northern France Roland Wessling, MSc*, Inforce Foundation, Cranfield University, Cranfield Forensic Institute, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UNITED KINGDOM; and Louise Loe, PhD, Oxford Archaeology, Janus House, Osney Mead, Oxford, OX2 0ES, UNITED KINGDOM After attending this presentation, attendees will have a greater understanding of how forensic anthropological and archaeological methods can be used to not only excavate eight mass graves, document, and recover 250 sets of remains and thousands of artifacts, but also manage to positively identify almost 100 of the soldiers through interdisciplinary evidence collection. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by demonstrating up-to-date and progressive excavation and anthropological analysis methods and by showing the possibilities of positively identifying individuals after being buried almost 100 years. On July 19 and 20, 1916, British and Australian Forces fought a hopeless battle against German forces trying to draw attention away from the Somme. The outcome of this battle was the catastrophic loss of over 7,000 soldiers in less than 48 hours. In the past two decades professional and amateur historians managed to locate eight possible mass grave pits adjacent to a small village of Fromelles in Northern France. The presence of multiple remains was confirmed in 2007-08 and in February 2009, Oxford Archaeology (OA) was awarded the contract to carry out the recovery at Pheasant Woods. A team of OA staff and external consultants was assembled, including forensic archaeologists and anthropologists, osteoarchaeologists, finds experts, crime scene investigators, anatomical pathology technologists, radiographers, IT experts, and many more. A second contract was awarded for analyzing ante- and postmortem DNA samples. The goal was to extract sufficient amounts of uncorrupted DNA from the soldiers as well as trying to find second or third generation direct relatives. Both aspects of the program were extremely challenging but turned out very successful. After the site was made secure in April, two teams of around five to six archaeologists and one supervisor each began excavations of the first two graves. All stages of the excavation were carefully documented by professional surveyors and photographers. The excavation was conducted under strict forensic archaeological rules. All data was immediately entered onto a secure database system and therefore instantly available to all relevant staff in the anthropological laboratory. DNA sampling was carried out using a specifically developed protocol that ensured that samples were taken within a few minutes of being uncovered and exposed to oxygen and to eliminate contamination as much as possible. All personnel involved on site had to wear full personal protective equipment at all times when within less than 10 meters of the grave. To ensure that all human remains and artifacts were recovered, metal detectors were used extensively throughout the excavation and all soil that was removed from around remains or artifacts was scrutinized 43 in great detail. Soil was collected from around and underneath remains and x-rayed to make certain that even the smallest finds would not be lost. The excavation and recovery phase resulted in 250 sets of human remains and over 6,000 artifacts. The laboratory, store rooms, and office space was set up in March and April. The layout guaranteed a secure and efficient workflow as well the dignified and respectful treatment of the human remains. Sets of remains and associated artifacts were transferred from the excavation to the anthropological laboratory using a documented handover procedure witnessed by a crime scene investigator to guarantee the continuity and integrity of all evidence. Remains and artifacts were first x-rayed using a direct-digital x-ray unit, operated by an experienced radiographer. All images were stored digitally and moved onto the secure database to give access to the anthropologists. Human remains were then carefully cleaned to prepare them for anthropological analysis. All anthropologists had their own workstation, consisting of a fixed table, a digital SLR camera permanently fixed to the ceiling above the table, a PC workstation connected both to the camera and the database server. The newly build cemetery is located in close proximity to the mass grave site. Each soldier was buried individually with full military honors. DNA analysis took place throughout the project and the results, together with the anthropological and artifact analysis results were presented to an Identification Commission in March 2010. To date, 97 soldiers have been positively identified. The cemetery was officially dedicated and opened in a ceremony in July 2010. Forensic Anthropology, Forensic Archaeology, DNA Sampling H71 Validation of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) to Determine Osseous or Dental Origin of Unknown Material Angi M. Christensen, PhD*, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Forensic Anthropology Program (TEU), Quantico, VA 22135; Michael A. Smith, PhD, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Chemistry Unit, Quantico, VA 22135; and Richard M. Thomas, PhD, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, Trace Evidence Unit, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135 After attending this presentation, attendees will understand the results of a study conducted to validate the use of x-ray fluorescence (XRF) in determining whether unknown material is osseous (bone) or dental (tooth) in origin or some other type of material (such as mineral, plastic, wood, etc.). This presentation will impact the forensic science community by supplying an additional analytical tool for forensic anthropologists or other experts to quickly and effectively assess the potential skeletal origin of unknown material. Forensic anthropological examinations typically involve the analysis of human skeletal remains, but it is sometimes necessary to first determine whether the material in question is even osseous or dental in origin (i.e., whether it is, in fact, part of a skeleton). This is especially relevant in cases where the material may be submitted for DNA analysis. Tissue identification can usually be achieved through visual macroscopic and/or microscopic (and in some cases radiographic) examination by a trained anthropologist when specimens are sufficiently large and in good condition. Occasionally, however, specimens are very small and/or taphonomically compromised, making this determination difficult. Xray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) is a technique that reveals the elemental composition of materials and is hypothesized to have utility in these analyses. Validation of the XRF technique for identifying osseous or dental tissue would impact the forensic community by supplying an additional analytical tool for forensic anthropologists or other experts to * Presenting Author quickly and effectively assess the potential skeletal origin of unknown material. In this study, XRF analysis was conducted on a variety of tissues of known osseous and dental origin in good condition including human bones, human teeth, non-human bones, non-human teeth, and ivory. In addition, other biological hard tissues such were analyzed as horn, beak, coral, and shell, as well as other materials that may appear similar to osseous or dental tissue when in small fragments or altered states such as wood, minerals, plastic, metal, and glass. XRF was also conducted on these same tissues and materials in thermally, chemically, and taphonomically altered states. These states included various degrees of burning (e.g., charred, calcined), weathering (e.g., bleached, exfoliated), antiquity (up to 9,000 years old), and exposure to several destructive chemicals. Analysis of the human and non-human osseous and dental tissues in good, burned and weathered conditions revealed characteristic levels of calcium and phosphorous. Osseous and dental tissue samples also commonly (though not always) contained trace levels of strontium. Significantly compromised osseous and dental tissue, such as ancient samples, showed very low or virtually absent phosphorous levels, as did the coral and shell samples. Horn, plastic, wood, metal, and other materials in either good or compromised conditions did not contain these characteristic levels of calcium, phosphorous or strontium. Because there was no sample preparation involved in the analysis, many specimens contained low levels of various other elements due to surface contamination. These levels did not substantially affect the results. Materials were accurately identified as osseous or dental in origin based on the calcium and phosphorous levels identified by XRF using the analytical parameters of this study, with no other material showing profiles that might be mistaken for osseous or dental tissue. In other words, preliminary results suggest that osseous and dental tissue in altered states may be misclassified as some other material (due to its similarity to materials like shell and coral), but non-bone or non-tooth materials are unlikely to be misclassified as osseous or dental tissue. It is concluded that XRF analysis is a valid and effective means of determining osseous or dental origin of unknown material. Forensic Anthropology, X-Ray Fluorescence, Elemental Composition H72 The Condyle Connection: Forensic Implications for the Association Between the Condyles of the Femur and Tibia Erin B. Waxenbaum, PhD*, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60208; and Kelsea Linney, BA*, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60208 After attending this presentation, attendees will have observed the results of comparisons between the condyles of the distal femur with those of the proximal tibia for a given individual as well as the developed predictive formula which have practical applications for the medical community, archaeological research, and forensic casework. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing an analysis of the relationship and correlation between the individual skeletal components of the functional unit of the knee. The knee is one of the most functionally important and largest joints in the body. Previous research has investigated the distal femur and proximal tibia with regards to sex assessment, ancestry and morphological differences (Waxenbaum et al., 2007), but the relationship among the condyles specifically has not been addressed. Given the robusticity with which these components of the lower limb survive in both archaeological and mass disaster scenarios, this investigation into the degree of their association is particularly important. * Presenting Author The populations examined include segments of the Terry White (n=94) and Terry Black (n=100) anatomical collections, a component of the South Dakota Arikara (n = 120) and Native Alaskan groups (n = 201) (all remains included in this analysis are housed at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution). Individuals were sampled from both sexes and were separated into “older” and “younger” categories for age analysis given the archaeological nature of the Alaska and South Dakota remains. Measurements of the left medial and lateral condyles of the distal femur and proximal tibia were taken on all individuals and compared through correlations analysis, Tukey’s procedure and reduced major axis regression. The present research found that the medial and lateral condyles of the proximal tibia and the distal femur show a statistically significant relationship across sex (p<0.0001) and ancestry (p<0.0001) for all components compared, and for age (p<0.0299) in three out of four comparisons. Insight from Tukey’s analysis highlighted significant, specific variation between the four ancestries. Native Alaskan populations were distinct in femoral condylar surfaces from all other populations but indistinguishable from Terry White individuals for tibia condylar measurements. Terry White and Black groups could not be statistically separated in all analyses given the present sample. Additionally, archaeological remains (Arikara and Native Alaskan remains) could be significantly separated from modern, anatomical specimens (Terry Whites and Blacks) in three out of the four condylar surfaces compared. Through reduced major axis regression, a series of 15 equations were developed that were able to predict the size of the opposing bone’s condyle. The equations are general and specific to age, sex, and ancestry. The value of this observed variation is its ability to differentiate individuals of diverse populations or identify sex in mass disaster scenarios where a large number of decedents may be highly fragmented and/or commingled. In addition, the equations could be employed in a clinical setting to improve the fit of knee prosthesis during total knee arthroplasties. This would help reduce lateral over- and underhang, correcting improper fitting prosthesis, reducing discomfort and increasing flexibility for the patient. The results of this research provide an invaluable addition to forensic mass fatality recovery and identification as well as insight into skeletal variation for both clinical and anthropological research. Knee, Condyles, Mass Fatality H73 Craniometric Variation in the Caribbean and Latin America as Influenced by the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Ashley L. Humphries, BA*, North Carolina State University, Department of Sociology & Anthropology, 334 1911 Building, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695 After attending this presentation, attendees will have a better understanding of the craniometric diversity within Caribbean and Latin America as influenced by the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by highlighting the importance of investigating biological diversity in regional samples. Such investigations are paramount in refining identification methods, which would allow forensic anthropologists to determine ancestry more accurately and aid in narrowing the pool of missing persons during an investigation. Timely and accurate identification of unidentified remains is integral to the progression of medico-legal and human rights investigations. Determination and/or estimation of sex, age, stature, and ancestry narrows the list of missing persons, potentially leads to the positive identification of unidentified remains, aids in the success of 44 criminal investigations, and provides family and friends with closure. As the application of forensic anthropology increases worldwide, the need for population specific methods and population specific research has become more paramount, particularly those concerned with ancestry. Until recently, ancestral categories have been loosely based on linguistics, regional, and/or continental affinity. For example, the terms Hispanic and African provide broad categories which assign a missing person as coming from a Spanish speaking population or the entire continent of Africa. Increasingly, investigations have shown that humans are far more diverse than these broad categories account for and have shown that modern statistical methods can more narrowly identify intra-regional variation as well as answer broader questions concerning human migration and expansion (Ousley 2010, Spradley et al. 2008, Kenyhercz et al. 2010, Ross et al. 2003, Ross et al. 2008). During the 16th and 19th centuries, nearly 10 million African slaves were transported to the Americas drastically changing the biological composition of the region. This event brought together Europeans, indigenous Americans, and various African groups to create a blend of cultural and biological diversity. One approach to investigating this biological diversity is through the comparison of cranial inter-landmark distances. In order to investigate the biological diversity found within the Caribbean and Latin America and elucidate the specific African origins, several samples of African origin, contemporary Mexicans (n=21), nineteenth-century Cubans (n=23), contemporary Panamanians (n=12), contemporary Afro-Antillean Panamanians (n=6), and contemporary Ecuadorians (n=54) were compared using traditional craniometrics. The African data include the Teita from Southeast Kenya (n=83), the Dogon tribe from Mali West Africa (n=99), the Zulu from South Africa (n=101), the Bushman from South Africa (n=90), individuals from Angola (n=68), individuals from São Tomé (n=5). All African data (excluding Angola and São Tomé) were collected by W.W. Howells and can be easily accessed online at http://konig.la.utk.edu/howells.htm. Inter-landmark distances (ILDs) from the Howells data were collected using the traditional 2D caliper-derived methods. On nearly all of the remaining crania, 3D data was collected using a Microscribe digitizer in which the traditional ILDs were simultaneously recorded. To evaluate group similarities and differences, Mahalanobis D2 were calculated using SAS 9.13 (2001). Mahalanobis D2 is a function of the group means as well as pooled variances and covariances that measures the degree of differentiation observed between the considered populations. Results show that all African groups are significantly different from one another at the <0.05 level (nearly all with p-values <0.0001). Interestingly, AfroAntillean Panamanians are not significantly different from Angolans (pvalue=0.1793, D2=3.27) or the S. Tome sample (p-value=0.4904, D2=4.69). However, this may be the result of a small sample size and evokes further investigation as S. Tome and Angola were controlled for long periods of time during the slave trade by the Portuguese. While Mexico was significantly different from all African samples, Mexico was not significantly different from the Afro-Antillean Panamanians (pvalue=0.1950, D2=2.15) and contemporary Panamanians (pvalue=0.0818, D2=1.68), possibly suggesting a similar indigenous and African origin. While exploratory, these results indicate that not only are the various African populations significantly different from one another, this diversity has also contributed to the diversity evident in the Caribbean and Latin America. Ancestry, Craniometrics, Mahalanobis Distance 45 H74 Regional Variation of the Proximal Femur in the United States: Analysis of Data From NHANES III Richard A. Gonzalez, PhD*, Saint Lawrence University, Department of Anthropology, 1 Romoda Drive, Canton, NY 13617 After attending this presentation, attendees will understand the impact that regional variation has on the morphology of the proximal femur and the expression of sex and group differences in the United States. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing an alternative means of studying the proximal femur through the use of data from living populations to identify factors relating to regional, group, and sex variation. The femur is one of the most studied bones of the appendicular skeleton. A large body of published works has accumulated over the decades with information concerning major aspects of the biological profile. Anthropologists have focused on the determination of age, sex, ancestry, stature, and secular change by analyzing traditional measures from the femur. The present study contributes to this literature by testing the hypothesis that regional variation in the United States has a strong influence over proximal femur morphology, which may affect identification and clinical practice. To test this hypothesis, the present study utilizes hip geometry data (Beck, 2002) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III database made available to researchers by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. All the data used in the present study were collected by using a hip structural analysis program and a bone mineral density and structural geometry methodology. The selected sample for this study consists of 13,006 individuals (6,415 males and 6,591 females). All data were organized into four major regions: Northeast, Midwest, South, and West and represent non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Mexican Americans. Nine measurements, in centimeters, collected by a hip structural analysis program provided the basis for conducting the present study. The measurements are: hologic femur neck width; femur neck shaft angle; femur neck length; narrow neck width; narrow neck endocortical diameter; intertrochanteric width; intertrochanteric endocortical diameter; femoral shaft width; and femoral shaft endocortical diameter. To test the proposed hypothesis, a MANOVA first tested the main effects of interaction for region, group affiliation, and sex. A canonical discriminant function analysis was then performed on the entire sample for sex, on males for group and regional variation, and on females for group and regional variation. Significance was observed at the .05 level in all of the analyses. According to the MANOVA procedure, regional, group, and sex differences are statistically significant. Moreover, the MANOVA procedure shows statistical significance in the interaction between region and group, but no statistical significance in the interaction between region and sex. The discriminant function analyses support the results of the MANOVA procedure. The discriminant function analysis for sex suggests that sex can be identified with 88% accuracy when all groups and all regions are pooled together. The most meaningful variables for sex identification are intertrochanteric width, narrow neck width, and intertrochanteric endocortical diameter. Group affiliation affects the pattern of sexual dimorphism, but region has no effect. The male discriminant function analysis suggests that group affiliation can be identified with 56% accuracy when region is a factor. In CAN1, narrow neck endocortical diameter and intertrochanteric endocortical diameter account for group differences in the sample. In CAN2, femur neck length and femoral shaft width account for regional differences. Similarly to the male analysis, the female discriminant function analysis suggests that group affiliation can be identified with 56% accuracy when region is a factor. In CAN1, intertrochanteric * Presenting Author endocortical diameter and narrow neck endocortical diameter account for group differences in the sample. In CAN2, narrow neck width and femoral shaft width account for regional differences. The results of the present study are consistent with previous works by demonstrating that regional variation has a strong effect in the morphology of the proximal femur. While the overall pattern in sexual dimorphism is not affected by region, the pattern of group affiliation is, which in turn, influences sex variation. In both males and females, the sample breaks down according to group affiliation. However, the pattern of group affiliation is determined by regional membership. This study demonstrates the importance of using data from living populations to create biological profiles of skeletal remains. The creation of biological profiles is not possible without an understanding of variation from living populations. Proximal Femur, Sexual Dimorphism, Group Affiliation H75 Morphometric Evaluation of Nasal Characteristics in 20th Century White and Black South Africans Jennifer L. McDowell, BSc, University of Pretoria, Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Sciences Building, PO Box 2034, Pretoria, 0001, SOUTH AFRICA; Ericka N. L’Abbe, PhD*, University of Pretoria, PO Box 5023, Pretoria, 0001, SOUTH AFRICA; and Michael W. Kenyhercz, MS, 6327 Catawba Drive, Canfield, OH 44406 alare, nasale inferius, dacryon, nasal superius, nasion and glabella, along with three nasal arcs were digitized using a MicroScribe G2. Inter- and intra-observer error was evaluated. Geometric Morphometric (GM) analyses including Procrustes fit and Elliptical Fourier analysis (EFA) were used to obtain shape variables. These variables as well as linear measures were imported into FORDISC 3.1 for linear discriminant function analysis (DFA). Statistical significance was assessed within and between ancestral groups. Each group was tested for normality and each was proven to be normally distributed. Outliers were identified through box plots. Student’s t-test between whites and blacks were performed for each measurement and each proved to be statistically significant. A two-way analysis demonstrated 95% correct cross-validated classification. The differences observed between these groups may be used as a tool for estimating ancestry among South Africans. To approach the evaluation of ancestry from unknown skeletal remains, the relationship between social and biological race has to be examined, understood, and continually evaluated on modern groups. Large databases are needed, and an understanding of the cultural history of the population is crucial for the interpretation of these differences. Morphometrics, Nasal Aperture, South Africans H76 Can Femoral Shape Estimate Weight? be Used to Gina M. Agostini, MA*, 83 Newton Street, Greenfield, MA 01301 After attending this presentation, attendees will gain a variation of knowledge in mid-facial characteristics of black and white South Africans, and will understand the statistical framework used to describe similarities and/or differences within these groups. This presentation will impact the forensic science community in contributing to knowledge of human variation within a modern South African population, in providing a more scientific evaluation of this variation, and in presenting a mathematical approach to the classification of population groups. With more than 49 million people of various social identities, languages, and belief systems, South Africa is an ideal country in which to evaluate human variation and the statistical relationship between social identity and biological characteristics. With the world’s highest rate of homicide and a large number of unidentified persons, a need exists for accurate and reliable methods to assess ancestry from skeletal remains of sub-Saharan Africans. Since patterns of variation within and between populations are shaped by culture, language, geography and secular change, it is necessary to define the effect these parameters on the reliability and accuracy of our methods for estimating ancestry as well as sex, stature, and age at death. With a large database of population groups, FORDISC 3 has addressed problems regarding osteometric differences among populations. However, the accuracy of non-metric features, such as inter-orbital breadth and nasal aperture width, in describing variation among black and white groups outside of North America has not been adequately described. In North American populations, mid-face and nasal morphology has been shown to be the most accurate region of the cranium from which to sort population groups. The purpose of this study was to assess variation in mid-facial shape, namely nasal bone structure, interorbital breadth and nasal shape, among black and white South Africans using Elliptical Fourier Analysis, Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) and Geometric Morphometrics (GM). The mid-facial region of 151 crania of black and white South Africans (75 males; 76 females) from the Pretoria Bone and Raymond A. Dart research collections were photographed in the Frankfort plane, at a distance of 46 cm, using an Olympus 305 digital camera. Standard landmarks, which include subspinale, inferior point of nasal borders, * Presenting Author The goals of this presentation are to investigate the relationship between body mass index and femoral shape, and to determine the utility of using cross-sectional measurements in body mass index estimations. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing evidence that being overweight or obese significantly impacts external femoral shape in a specific pattern. Despite poor classification results, these significant shape differences necessitate further investigation into the use of long bone shape to estimate weight, a visible trait that could be integrated into the biological profile and used to aid in forensic identification efforts. It has been known for several decades that long bone shape is affected by body mass; however, there has been limited investigation into the impact that obesity has on load-bearing bones despite its high prevalence in modern populations. Given that obesity is a condition that clearly affects how an individual appeared to others in life, this research can benefit the forensic community by investigating whether bone geometry is sufficient to estimate weight, potentially adding another trait for use in biological profile determinations. Previous research in this concentration demonstrated a significant positive relationship between body weight and mediolateral (ML) dimensions of the proximal femur. Using a larger sample with increased representation of obese individuals, this project sought: (1) to further investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and femoral shape; and, (2) to determine the utility of using cross-sectional measurements to estimate BMI classification. This project was designed under the null hypothesis that individuals from all BMI classes would have the same mean anteroposterior (AP) and ML dimensions. Using standards largely devised by Ruff (1983), external AP and ML measurements were taken at 20%, 35%, 50%, 65% and 80% bone shaft length, with 20% and 80% indicating the distal-most and proximal-most measurement, respectively. Four categories were formed based on BMI: underweight (BMI < 17.5), normal weight (BMI = 19 - 24.5), overweight (BMI = 26 - 30) and obese (BMI > 31.5). Age was controlled for in all statistical tests. Control for ancestry, sex and secular trends was effectuated through sampling, as only males of European ancestry with a date of death within the last century were included for this research. The final sample 46 consisted of 268 total individuals, 37 obese, 88 overweight, 86 normal weight and 57 underweight. After controlling for age, multivariate statistics show a significant (p-value < 0.01) relationship between midshaft and proximal ML dimensions and BMI. MANOVA results also report a significant Wilk’s λ (p-value < 0.05) for BMI. T-tests with an LSD correction for uneven sample sizes confirm ML dimensions are significantly larger in the overweight and obese BMI classes (p-value < 0.05). Additionally, size and shape variables were computed according to Mosimann and colleagues (Mosimann 1979; Darroch and Mosimann 1985). ANOVA results show that BMI has a significant effect on overall ML size (pvalue < 0.01). MANOVA results report a significant effect of BMI on shape-standardized variables at all five ML locations (p-value < 0.05) with a significant Wilk’s λ (p-value < 0.05). There was a significant effect of BMI on AP dimensions at all five diaphyseal locations (p-value < 0.05) using the raw data. However, a significant interaction between age and BMI was observed at all five AP locations (p-value < 0.01) when using the transformed size-standardized data, invalidating any further analysis of BMI effect alone. These results suggest that the femora of overweight individuals undergo abnormally high rates of ML stress irrespective of age, but that both age and BMI operate in conjunction to impact AP dimensions. It is also possible that pelvic movements in overweight/obese individuals create abnormally high ML torques of the femur, rendering any age effect irrelevant. Finally, a discriminant function analysis with cross-validation was conducted to assess the classificatory power of using ML measurements to discern BMI status. Poor classification results were obtained, with 58% correct classification for underweight, 57% for normal weight, 50% for overweight and 36% for obese. Collapsing underweight and normal weig

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