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SPRINGFIELD PUBLIC SCHOOLS DISCRETE MATHEMATICS II Discrete Mathematics II is designed for students who are planning a career in computer science, business, education, the biological sciences, the social sciences, or liberal arts. Calculators, "hands-on" activities, computer technology, and visual media will be used to explore, develop, and solve problems dealing with statistics, sets, probability, informal logic, and patterns. Optional topics that may be covered are matrices and fractal geometry. This course will encourage the modeling of real-world situations through finite methods. Prerequisite: C- or better in Algebra II or successful completion of Algebra II Honors. MATHEMATICAL PRACTICES 1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them. 2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively. 3. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others. 4. Model with mathematics. 5. Use appropriate tools strategically. 6. Attend to precision. 7. Look for and make use of structure. 8. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning. Algebra Creating Equations. A.CED.1 Create equations and inequalities in one variable and use them to solve problems. Include equations arising from linear and quadratic functions, and simple rational and exponential functions. A.CED.2 Create equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities; graph equations on coordinate axes with labels and scales. Functions Analyze functions using different representations. F.IF.7 Graph functions expressed symbolically and show key features of the graph, by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases. a. Graph linear and quadratic functions and show intercepts, maxima, and minima. b. Graph exponential and logarithmic functions, showing intercepts and end behavior, and trigonometric functions, showing period, midline, and amplitude. F.IF.8 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain different properties of the function. a. Use the properties of exponents to interpret expressions for exponential functions. For example, identify percent rate of change in functions such as y = (1.02)t, y = (0.97)t, y = (1.01)12t, y = (1.2)t/10, and classify them as representing exponential growth or decay. F.IF.9 Compare properties of two functions each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions). For example, given a graph of one quadratic function and an algebraic expression for another, say which has the larger maximum. Build a function that models a relationship between two quantities. F.BF.1 Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities. a. Determine an explicit expression, a recursive process, or steps for calculation from a context. F.BF.2 Write arithmetic and geometric sequences both recursively and with an explicit formula, use them to model situations, and translate between the two forms. Statistics and Probability Summarize, represent, and interpret data on a single count or measurement variable. S.ID.1 Represent data with plots on the real number line (dot plots, histograms, and box plots). S.ID.2 Use statistics appropriate to the shape of the data distribution to compare center (median, mean) and spread (interquartile range, standard deviation) of two or more different data sets. S.ID.3 Interpret differences in shape, center, and spread in the context of the data sets, accounting for possible effects of extreme data points (outliers). Summarize, represent, and interpret data on two categorical and quantitative variables. S.ID.5 Summarize categorical data for two categories in two-way frequency tables. Interpret relative frequencies in the context of the data (including joint, marginal, and conditional relative frequencies). Recognize possible associations and trends in the data. S.ID.6 Represent data on two quantitative variables on a scatter plot, and describe how the variables are related. a. Fit a function to the data; use functions fitted to data to solve problems in the context of the data. Use given functions or choose a function suggested by the context. Emphasize linear, quadratic, and exponential models. b. Fit a linear function for a scatter plot that suggests a linear association. Interpret linear models. S.ID.7 Interpret the slope (rate of change) and the intercept (constant term) of a linear model in the context of the data. S.ID.8 Compute (using technology) and interpret the correlation coefficient of a linear fit. S.ID.9 Distinguish between correlation and causation. SPRINGFIELD PUBLIC SCHOOLS DISCRETE MATHEMATICS II Making Inferences and Justifying Conclusions Understand and evaluate random processes underlying statistical experiments. S.IC.1 Understand statistics as a process for making inferences about population parameters based on a random sample from that population. S.IC.2 Decide if a specified model is consistent with results from a given data-generating process, e.g., using simulation. For example, a model says a spinning coin falls heads up with probability 0.5. Would a result of 5 tails in a row cause you to question the model? Make inferences and justify conclusions from sample surveys, experiments, and observational studies. S.IC.3 Recognize the purposes of and differences among sample surveys, experiments, and observational studies; explain how randomization relates to each. S.IC.SPS.4 Apply the concepts of set theory, including Venn Diagrams, to model relationships and solve problems. S.IC.SPS.5 Apply the principles of logic and truth tables to critique arguments and establish validity of conclusions. Conditional Probability and Rules of Probability Understand independence and conditional probability and use them to interpret data. S.CP.1 Describe events as subsets of a sample space (the set of outcomes) using characteristics (or categories) of the outcomes, or as unions, intersections, or complements of other events (“or,” “and,” “not”). S.CP.2 Understand that two events A and B are independent if the probability of A and B occurring together is the product of their probabilities, and use this characterization to determine if they are independent. Use the rules of probability to compute probabilities of compound events in a uniform probability model. S.CP.9 (+) Use permutations and combinations to compute probabilities of compound events and solve problems. Using Probability to Make Decisions Use probability to evaluate outcomes of decisions. S.MD.6 (+) Use probabilities to make fair decisions (e.g., drawing by lots, using a random number generator). S.MD.7 (+) Analyze decisions and strategies using probability concepts (e.g., product testing, medical testing, pulling a hockey goalie at the end of a game).