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Rise of Fascism, German Aggression & Appeasement Dictators Threaten Peace • Peace after WWI brought economic despair • Led to rise of aggressive dictators fueled by intense nationalism & aggressive expansionism • Treaty of Versailles caused anger & resentment among many Germans • Italy: high unemployment, inflation, strikes, inefficient transportation & shipping • Mussolini rose to power, great orator • Mussolini created Fascist Party: nationalism over individualism • 1922 Mussolini & Black Shirts marched on Rome & King appointed Mussolini to lead • Eventually took title of Il Duce & created a totalitarian state http://italianhistory.info/blackshirts.jpg • Hitler followed Mussolini’s path to leadership • Fought in WWI, unemployed & joined National Socialist German Workers Party (NAZI) • Hitler’s book Mein Kampf outlined basic beliefs of Nazism • Extreme nationalism uniting all German speaking peoples • Racial purification & master race (Aryan) • Inferior races were fit only to serve Aryans (Jews, Slavs, nonwhites) • Expansionism: lebensraum http://www.bideford.devon.sch.uk/history/history_images/lebensraum_map.gif http://www.gold-eagle.com/editorials_02/images/wallybently100802a.gif • Inflation skyrocketed in Germany • Many unemployed men joined his private army (brown shirts) • 1933 Hitler named chancellor & w/in 1 yr suspended all civil rights & dismantled Weimar Republic • Established the Third Reich • Hitler built up military in direct violation of Treaty of Versailles • Mussolini invaded Ethiopia • Each act of aggression was only met w/ verbal condemnation or attempted economic boycotts • Nations practiced appeasement http://www.warchat.org/pictures/second_italo-abyssinian_war_19351936_war_map.jpg http://files.abovetopsecret.com/images/member/14d2f4d0ebc5.gif • 1930s Japan invaded Manchurian (2x size of Texas) • Success put militants in control of Japan (Hideki Tojo) • League of Nations failed to take aggressive action • Japan & Germany pulled out of League • Stalin (man of steel) took over after Lenin (1924) • Created collectives & gov’t controlled factories • Great Purge (loss of 8 – 13 million), totalitarianism • USSR became a leading industrial power but an agricultural failure • US practiced isolationism, passed Neutrality Acts • Roosevelt found ways around neutrality acts • Sent war materials to China, embargo against Japan • Spoke out against isolationism (1937): called for nations to “quarantine” aggressive nations “Lending a garden hose to a next-door neighbor whose house is on fire”” War Begins in Europe • Hitler met w/ advisors in Nov 1937 & proposed taking Austria & Czech. • 1938 marched into Austria (anschluss) • Munich Conference (Sep): Hitler promised Sudetenland was last demand • March 1939 Hitler took rest of Czech. • Nazi-Soviet Pact avoids 2 front war & divide up Poland • Hitler invades Poland Sep. 1939 & launches blitzkrieg (lufftwaffe, tanks) • Poland ceases to exist in 3 weeks • France & Britain declare war but too late to help Poland • Phony war lasted until April then renews blitzkrieg • overruns Denmark & Norway (needed bases to attack Britain) http://archiv.radio.cz/pictures/valka1.jpg • By May, Germany had overrun Belgium, Lux., Netherlands • Fr & British sitting behind Maginot Line • Hitler went through Belgium & “impassable Ardennes forest” (Maginot line ineffective) • Ger. Pushed Brit & Fr back to Dunkirk (miracle at Dunkirk) • Italy declares war & invades southern France • France: gov’t in exile led by De Gaulle http://www.oorlogsmusea.nl/upload/4119090516015124.jpg • Hitler plans invasion of Britain but had weak navy • Attacked Britain through the air (Battle of Britain) • 2,000 planes dropped bombs night after night during the summer of 1940 • Eventually called off the attack in Sep. • Air power alone can’t win modern wars Holocaust • April 1933: Hitler ordered removal of all non-Aryans from gov’t jobs • Many Germans looked for a scapegoat for economic problems • 1935 passed Nuremberg laws: systematic stripping of Jewish citizenship (jobs, property, economic, social, legal restrictions) http://cdn.dipity.com/uploads/events/4acdf9a16c56f9ddb3f5a77143fa9d51.jpg • Nov. 1938, Kristallnacht: Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, synagogues (30,000 arrested) • Jews fled but found few countries accepting them as refugees (US accepted 100,000 but widespread antiSemitism & fear during Great Depression) http://www.cympm.com/kristl1.gif • 1939 only ¼ million Jews left in Germany but occupied territory had millions • Hitler proposed “Final Solution” – genocide • Preservation of master race • Began in Poland w/ SS rounding up Jews & shooting them on the spot • Forced into ghettos & eventually pushed into concentration camps http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/nazi-germany-conquers-france-39.jpg • Hunger, humiliation, work • Crammed wooden barracks • 1942 plan included gassing (6 death camps in Poland) • Up to 12,000 a day • Separated on arrival for immediate death • Wanted to get rid of evidence & turned to crematoriums • Medical experiments • Over 6 million died in the camps http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/camp_children1.jpg Pastor First they came for the Jews and I did not speak out because I was not a Jew. Then they came for the Communists and I did not speak out because I was not a Communist. Then they came for the trade unionists and I did not speak out because I was not a trade unionist. Then they came for me and there was no one left to speak out for me. http://www.flamesofwar.com/Portals/0/all_images/Otherpics/BC-WWII-Map.jpg WW II Isolation to Involvement • US remained neutral during 1st 2 yrs • 1939 Roosevelt & Congress passed “cash & carry” (help Fr & Br defeat Hitler & keep US out of war) • Sent 50 destroyers for bases in Caribbean • 500,000 rifles, 80,000 machine guns • Sep. 1940 RomeBerlin-Tokyo Axis • 1st peacetime military draft • Roosevelt reelected to 3rd term • Britain running out of cash, US passes Lend-Lease Act • FDR uses garden hose analogy • Germany: plan to defeat USSR quickly, get oil fields, & force Britain out w/ air campaign & submarine blockades before US industrial strength took over • When Hitler invaded USSR, US sent supplies to USSR (“the enemy of my enemy is my friend”) • Ger wolf packs attacked shipping, US used sonar, airplanes • Roosevelt allowed Navy to “shoot on sight” • Roosevelt & Churchill met secretly, signed Atlantic Charter: Security, disarmament, self-determination, freedom of the seas, economic cooperation • Japan took Manchuria & began taking European colonies; Japan moved south into Indochina & US cut off trade • Peace talks lasted a month & then Dec. 7, 1941 Japan attacked Pearl Harbor (planned to invade Philippines, Indonesia, and then Australia & Hawaii) • “A date which will live in infamy” • 5 million men volunteered & another 10 million called up • Military expanded by forming WAAC, became nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, electricians, pilots (350,000) • Factories transformed, shipyards expanded, 6 million women added • 2 million minorities hired but still faced discrimination • A. Randolph organized march on Washington & met w/ Roosevelt • Roosevelt issued executive order for industries to allow all workers in defense industries w/o discrimination • Roosevelt brought scientists together (radar, sonar, pesticides, penicillin, atomic bomb) • Fewer consumer products available, OPA created to control prices, issued rationing books • Raised income taxes, encouraged war bonds • Churchill & Roosevelt met; decided to defeat Hitler 1st • Battle of the Atlantic: Ger U-boats disrupted supply lines but US factories & technology were better • Stalingrad (Aug 1942): Ger invaded & took 9/10 of city before winter, Soviets able to surround city, cut off supply • Ger defeat (Jan 1943) turned tide in east, USSR goes on offensive • Stalin pressured allies to open another front • Operation Torch: invasion of Africa • El Alamein: Germans wanted Suez Canal, defeated by British (prevented Ger from getting oil supplies & attacking USSR from south) • Staging ground for Italy invasion, captured Sicily in summer of ‘43 • King stripped Mussolini of power, arrested; Hitler invaded Italy • Despite discrimination Mexican, African, Asian & Native American signed up • African Americans were segregated & limited mostly to non-combat roles • Tuskegee Airmen served in Europe & used airstrikes in Italy to help push back Ger. • Buffaloes: over 200 combat service awards • Japanese Americans (Nisei): most decorated unit in US history • Navajos used for communication codes b/c it was an oral language & impossible for Japanese to break • Operation Overlord (Eisenhower): 3 mil troops, created phantom army & HQ, misinformation • D-Day (Normandy): June 6, 1944 allied troops parachuted behind lines, thousands stormed beaches w/ heavy casualties • liberation of Europe began, by August Patton had reached Paris, by Sep France liberated • Oct 1944 1st German town captured • Hitler responded w/ last offensive (Battle of the Bulge) • Soviets advancing into Poland & liberating camps • Hitler killed himself in April in May allies celebrated victory in Europe War in Asia • Japan invaded Philippines & Indonesia • MacArthur defeated but pledged “I shall return” • Japan wanted Australia & Hawaii hoping US would accept it rather than fight a bloody & costly war • Coral Sea: 5 day battle, all aircraft, 1st stop of Japanese • Midway: US broke code & new Midway was next Japanese target • Admiral Nimitz located Japanese fleet & bombed them before many planes got off deck • US on offensive & began island hopping campaign • Guadalcanal (Aug 1942): 19,000 troops for 6 months, 1st Japanese land defeat • By Oct 1944 MacArthur landed back in Philippines • Japanese used kamikaze pilots • Iwo Jima & Okinawa taken in 1945: demonstrated will of Japanese to fight to the death (over 130,000 Japanese soldiers) • Battles opened way for invasion; estimated more than a million lives would be lost • Manhattan project a success w/ test (July 1945) • Truman ordered use on Hiroshima & Nagasaki • Japan surrendered soon after avoiding a US led invasion Aftermath • Yalta (Feb. 1945): Big 3 met, Stalin wanted Ger punished & divided, Roosevelt the mediator • Stalin promised elections, agreed to help vs. Japan, & international conference to form UN • Nuremberg Trials: crimes against humanity, peace, war crimes (12 sentenced to death); individuals can be held responsible regardless of orders • Geneva Convention: ensure humane treatment of prisoners of war by establishing rules • Bataan Death March – US POWs suffered brutally after they surrendered the Philippines • Japan occupied, many leaders charged & sentenced w/ crimes • Prisoners in Europe normally treated better • US emerged as dominant world power • Unemployment fell to 1%, weekly pay rose 10%, farm income tripled • Mass migration from south (over million left) • Congress passed GI Bill (education & mortgages) • Anti-Japanese sentiment grew w/ media reports • 1942 Roosevelt signed an order to remove Japanese Americans from west coast & place them in relocation centers • Supreme Court upheld the act • Public apology was eventually given & reparations in 1990 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • http://www.flamesofwar.com/Portals/0/all_images/Otherpics/BC-WWII-Map.jpg http://www.naval-history.net/EBook01pddStanley41Big.jpg http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/ref/LL-AllForOne/img/LL-AllForOne-p5.jpg http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/projects/reception/dolchstoss/426_23HitlerStalinStabBackIllingworthCairnsILW00259.gif http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_CEK7Cc6CuzA/TBXupLTFpsI/AAAAAAAABrs/Pi6lxB4zGow/s1600/wolfpack.jpg http://www.ncmuseumofhistory.org/workshops/wwii/waac.poster.jpg http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.blackpast.org/files/blackpast_images/efore_Senate_Committee__1948__public_domain_. http://www.qsl.net/ylradio/boa_main.jpg http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LoPTdkHrjjk/SriKAKh19LI/AAAAAAAAFVc/InfGo_76k4A/s1600/battle-el-alamein-second-world-war-003.jpg http://www.lex18.com/images/news/tuskegee_airmen.jpg http://aphistory2010.yolasite.com/resources/WWII_Navajo_code_talker.jpg http://www.danzfamily.com/archives/blogphotos/216ddaymap.jpg http://www.motorsportcollector.com/Aviation/BattleOfTheCoralSea.jpeg http://www.iwojima.com/images/main_small.gif http://farm1.static.flickr.com/44/121422143_4a9977c71a.jpg