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CfE Higher Human Biology Unit 3 Neurobiology and Communication 1. Divisions of the nervous system I can Identify the structures and functions of the nervous system I can state that the peripheral nervous system includes the autonomic and somatic nervous system I can describe the antagonistic action of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems I can explain how the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate I can explain how the sympathetic nervous system increases breathing rate I can explain how the sympathetic nervous system slows down digestive processes I can state that the sympathetic nervous system is involved in fight or flight I can explain how the parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate I can explain how the parasympathetic nervous system decreases breathing rate I can explain how the parasympathetic nervous system speeds up digestive processes I can state that the parasympathetic nervous system is involved in rest and digest I can state the function of the medulla, including breathing, heart rate, arousal and sleep I can state the function of the cerebellum, including controlling balance, posture and movement I can describe the role of the limbic system in processing information for memories and influencing emotional and motivational states I can state that the cerebral cortex receives sensory information from your surroundings I can state that the cerebral cortex is the centre for conscious thought I can state that the cerebral cortex recalls memories and alters behaviour in the light of experience I can state that the cerebral cortex co-ordinates voluntary movement I can describe what is meant by the term localisation of function I can explain localisation of function in terms of sensory, motor and association areas I can explain that some association areas deal with thought processes including language, personality, imagination and intelligence I can state that information is passed from one side of the brain to the other through a bundle of nerve fibres called the corpus callosum I can state that the left cerebral hemisphere deals with information from the right visual field and controls the right side of the body and vice versa 2. Perception and Memory I can state that perception is the process by which the brain analyses and makes sense out of incoming sensory information I can state that the three areas of perception involve segregation of objects, perception of distance and recognition [Type text] CfE Higher Human Biology Unit 3 Neurobiology and Communication I can describe segregation of objects using figure and ground perceptional organisation using examples such as ‘vase and face’ I can describe segregation of objects using perceptual organisation of stimuli into coherent patterns I can describe segregation of objects using visual cues such as relative size, superimposition and relative height in field I can state that the image received from each eye is different and this called binocular disparity I can explain perception of distance using binocular disparity in judging distance I can explain the term perceptual constancy as objects become closer or further away or the viewing angle changes I can describe why shape is more important rather than its detail when recognising an object I can explain the importance of previous memories in recognition of unfamiliar objects I can explain the concept of perceptual set as past experience, context or expectation and how it influences the way a stimulus is perceived I can define memory as storage, retention and retrieval of information I can state that memories include past experiences, knowledge and thoughts I can describe the path of information entering the brain as from sensory memory to short term memory and transferral to LTM I can state that information not transferred to long term memory is discarded I can define that sensory memory lasts a few seconds and retains all of the visual or auditory input I can state that short term memory lasts approximately 30 seconds and can hold 7 +/- 2 pieces of information = memory span I can explain how the capacity of short term memory can be improved using chunking I can explain how rehearsal of information improves retention within the short term memory I can explain serial position effect - most recent items recalled as still in STM - items in middle of sequence displaced/discarded - first items recalled as transferred to long term memory by process of rehearsal I can state that information can be transferred from STM to LTM due to rehearsal, organisation and elaboration I can define rehearsal as the repetition of items I can define organisation of memories as the grouping together of similar information I can define elaboration as adding meaning to information I can state that retrieval of memories is aided by the use of contextual cues I can describe contextual cues as pieces of information stored at the same time or link memories together I can state that different types of memories are stored in different areas of the [Type text] CfE Higher Human Biology Unit 3 Neurobiology and Communication brain I can describe episodic memory as memories of events and experiences I can describe semantic memory as those involving facts and concepts I can describe procedural memories as those used to perform skills I can state that episodic and semantic memories are stored in the cortex I can state that procedural memories are linked to the motor cortex and cerebellum I can state that emotional memories involve links between the cerebral cortex and the limbic system I can state that spatial memory is located in the limbic system 3. The cells of the nervous system and neurotransmitters at synapses I can identify the structures of a neurone including dendrites, cell body and axon I can identify sensory, motor and inter (relay) neurons I can state that sensory neurons take impulses from sensory receptors to the central nervous system I can state that motor neurons take impulses from central nervous system to an effector (e.g. muscle) I can state that inter neurons transmit impulses between sensory and motor neurons within the central nervous system I can state that myelin sheath is composed of fatty material and surrounds the axon I can explain why myelination increases the speed of impulse transmission I can state that myelination increases from birth to adolescence I can state that glial cells support the function of neurons and produce myelin sheath I can state that glial cells also maintain a homeostatic environment around the neurons and remove debris by phagocytosis I can describe a synapse as an area of communication between axon of one neuron and dendrite of another I can explain that a neurotransmitter is a chemical that relays the message from the pre synaptic neuron to the post-synaptic neuron I can describe the chemical transmission at a synapse from vesicles containing neurotransmitter crossing the synaptic cleft to receptors I can state why it is important to remove neurotransmitters from the synapse I can state that the type of receptor determines whether a signal is inhibitory or excitatory I can state that insufficient neurotransmitter at the synapse results in failure of transmission of the impulse I can state that a summation of a series of weak stimuli can trigger enough neurotransmitter to fire an impulse. I can define a converging neural pathway as several neurons sending an impulse to one receiving neuron in order to increase the intensity of the impulse e.g. used to see in the dark I can define a diverging neural pathway as a motor neurone sending an impulse to [Type text] CfE Higher Human Biology Unit 3 Neurobiology and Communication multiple neurons in order to provide fine motor control and hypothalamus coordinated control of body temperature I can define reverberating neural pathways as those which can repeat the original impulse I can describe plasticity of response as the ability to suppress reflex actions and the ability of the brain to bypass areas of brain damage and relearn skills I can state that endorphins are neurotransmitters that stimulate neurons involved in reducing the intensity of pain I can state that endorphins are also connected to feelings of euphoria, appetite control and release of sex hormones I can state that endorphin production increases in response to severe injury, prolonged exercise, stress and certain foods e.g. chocolate I can describe dopamine as a neurotransmitter that induces feelings of pleasure and reinforces particular behaviours in the reward pathway I can state that some disorders are caused by changes to neurotransmitter release e.g. Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and some anxiety disorders I can state that some drugs used to treat neurotransmitters are similar to neurotransmitters e.g. agonists and antagonists I can state that an agonist binds to and stimulates receptors mimicking the neurotransmitter I can state that antagonists bind to specific receptors blocking the action of the neurotransmitter I can state that other drugs inhibit the enzymes which breakdown neurotransmitters or inhibit re-uptake at the synapse I can state that recreational drugs can also mimic neurotransmitters I can explain that as a consequence of taking recreational drugs changes in neurochemistry alter mood, cognition, perception and behaviour I can state that many recreational drugs affect neurotransmission in the reward circuit of the brain I can state that recreational drugs can be either antagonistic or agonistic I can explain that antagonists lead to an increase in sensitivity and number of receptors and as a consequence results in addiction = sensitisation I can explain that agonists lead to a decrease in sensitivity and number of receptors and as a consequence results in drug tolerance = desensitisation 4. Communication and social behaviour I can explain the importance of early infant attachment in laying the foundation for stable relationships in the future. I can explain that infants may develop secure attachment or insecure attachment I can state that infants forming secure attachment are more likely to investigate their immediate environment helping the development of cognitive abilities I can state that infants forming insecure attachment are less likely to investigate their environment [Type text] CfE Higher Human Biology Unit 3 Neurobiology and Communication I can define consequences of insecure attachment as responses of detachment, anger and inconsistent responses towards mother/other adults I can state that humans have a long period of dependency providing time for socialisation and learning to occur I can explain authoritative control as setting limits, rules and high standards but explains reasons for having them I can explain permissive control as not setting limits or boundaries and allows the child to regulate their own behaviour I can state that authoritative control generally results in greater social competence than permissive control I can state that non-verbal communication is important in the formation of relationships between individuals I can describe the importance of body language in signalling attitudes and emotions and as an aid to verbal communication I can state that verbal communication is used in the transmission of knowledge, development of culture and social evolution I can define learning as a change in behaviour as a result of experience I can state that repetition of a motor skill results in a motor pathway being established I can state that human behaviour can be learned by observation and imitation I can define reinforcement as the process that makes an organism tend to repeat a certain piece of behaviour I can define shaping as the reinforcement of approximations of a desired response in order to achieve a particular behaviour I can describe extinction as the loss of a behaviour as a consequence of no reinforcement I can define social facilitation as an increase in performance in competitive/audience situations I can define de-individuation as the loss of personal identity in a group leading to diminished restraints on behaviour I can define internalisation as a change of beliefs as a result of persuasion I can define identification as a change of beliefs to be like an admired influencing source e.g. hero [Type text]