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SOLAR SYSTEM • The Sun • Eight Planets, many dwarf planets • Satellites of the planets • Many Comets and asteroids 11/15/99 Norm Herr (sample file) SUN • 75% hydrogen and 25% helium by mass • Sun converts hydrogen to helium in its core • 99.8% of the mass of the solar system • Core conditions – temperature is 15.6 million Kelvin – pressure is 250 billion atmospheres 11/15/99 Norm Herr (sample file) MERCURY • Orbit – highly eccentric – perihelion 46 million km – aphelion it is 70 million km • Closest to sun NO MOONS • Appears to travel fastest • Smallest planet: Diameter 4,879 km • Many Craters 11/15/99 Norm Herr (sample file) VENUS • 2nd from Sun, NO moons • 6th largest (diameter: 12,104 km) • Brightest • Retrograde motion • inferior planet – shows phases when viewed from Earth – Galileo's observed phases Norm Herr (sample file) heliocentric theory. – Copernicus used data to develop 11/15/99 EARTH • 3rd from the Sun: Diameter 12756 km • Moon is 1/6 mass of earth • period of rotation: 24 hours • period of orbit 365.25 days • Located in the habitable zone just the right distance from the sun 11/15/99 Norm Herr (sample file) MARS • • • • • • Mars is the 4th Planet from the Sun Diameter: 6794 km Solid carbon dioxide is found at the poles Mars is known as the Red Planet Much cooler than Earth 2 moons: Phobos and Deimos 11/15/99 Norm Herr (sample file) JUPITER • Jupiter contains over 70% of the mass in the solar system outside the Sun Diameter: 142, 984km • It is about 11 times the radius and 330 times the mass of the earth. • It is the first representative of the outer solar system. • Great Red spot is a giant storm • 63 or more moons 11/15/99 Norm Herr (sample file) JUPITER (continued) • Unlike the inner planets, Jupiter is not a solid body, but instead is a ball of gas and liquid (mostly hydrogen and helium). Jupiter, which rotates extremely rapidly (a period of about 10 hours), has a significant bulge at the equator. We call this oblateness. Gives off more energy than it takes in. 11/15/99 Norm Herr (sample file) SATURN – Saturn is a gas giant: – diameter: 120, 536 km – It’s density is low enough to float in a tub – It has strong surface winds (500 m/sec). – Saturn is less dense than water. – Saturn’s magnetic field is 20x less than Jupiter's, but Norm itsHerr core rotation period 11/15/99 (sample file) (10.5 hours) is similar. SATURN (cont’d) • Saturn’s Moons (60+): – Titan is the big one, and is larger than planet Mercury! – Mimas has a huge crater. – Epimetheus and Janus, just inside the orbit of Mimas, are continually exchanging orbits with one another in a "waltz" -- they are called the coorbital satellites. 11/15/99 Norm Herr (sample file) URANUS • Uranus is tipped on its’ side and may spin backwards (retrograde) • Made of methane • Diameter 51,118 km 11/15/99 NEPTUNE • The blue coloration of Neptune is probably due to the presence of methane • Diameter 49,258 km • 13+ moons Note the apparent storms 11/15/99 Norm Herr (sample file) (PLUTO) • Pluto is considered a Dwarf planet along with many other objects of similar size • Pluto is very small as planets go, only 0.002 Earth masses. • Pluto’s orbit is elliptical : it varies from 29 to 49 A.U. from the Sun, crossing inside of Neptune's orbit. • Pluto's orbit is inclined 17deg to the ecliptic, so it goes farther above and below the plane in which the other planets formed than any other 11/15/99 Norm Herr (sample file) planet. Sample Quiz Questions Question: Which of the planets are rocky? Answer: The inner planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars 11/15/99 Norm Herr (sample file) Sample Question 2 • Which of the planets is the largest? 11/15/99 Norm Herr (sample file) Sample Question3 • Which of the planets is the smallest 11/15/99 Norm Herr (sample file)