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BIOLOGY CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor CHAPTER 23 Circulation Modules 23.1 – 23.3 From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings How Does Gravity Affect Blood Circulation? • As with all land animals, the giraffe and the corn snake are constantly subject to the force of gravity Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The circulatory system keeps blood pumping despite gravity’s pull – Muscle contractions help blood travel uphill in the veins of a giraffe’s long legs – The wriggling of the corn snake squeezes its veins and increases circulation Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings What is the job of a transport, or circulatory system? • All organisms have to transport and move materials from ____________. They may not need a system to accomplish that task Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings How do the “lower organisms” transport materials? • ____________: unicellular, eukaryotic, all parts of the organism touch the __________, movement of the cytoplasm (________, _________________) moves “stuff” around the protists. “Stuff” includes Oxygen (O2) gas, Carbon Dioxide (CO2)gas, nutrients from food and wastes from metabolism Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings MECHANISMS OF INTERNAL TRANSPORT Several types of internal transport have evolved in animals • In __________and flatworms, the __________cavity functions in both – digestion – internal transport Mouth Circular canal Figure 23.2A Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The Cnidarians have 2 cell layers – Inner: __________/__________ – Outer: __________ • All cells touch the environment because these organisms are __________ • Do not need a complex transport system to move materials. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Aurelia jelly Figure 23.2Ax Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Most animals have a separate circulatory system, either open or closed Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • __________ • Blood is __________found in vessels/tubes, one dorsal heart pumps blood through open-ended vessels into spaces (__________) between cells, blood does not transport oxygen, has no hemoglobin, blood is also called __________, movement aided by muscle contractions and movement Tubular heart Pores Figure 23.2B Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • __________________: blood _____found in transport vessels (tubes), blood always under pressure (being pushed by a pump), blood carries O2 using __________. • Hemoglobin: iron containing protein & pigment. When O2 combines with hemoglobin the blood becomes a bright red (__________) color Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Many animals have a segmented body • Earthworms (annelid): segmented worms, have 5 pairs of __________ (_____________) Anus Brain Main heart Coelom Digestive tract Segment walls Mouth Accessory heart Nerve cord Blood vessels Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Excretory organ Figure 18.10A – Fish (b0ny fish): vertebrata, closed circulatory system, simple heart (2 chambers) Capillary beds Arteriole Artery (O2-rich blood) Venule Vein Atrium Gill capillaries Artery Ventricle (O2-poor blood) Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Heart Figure 23.2C STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF BLOOD Blood consists of cells suspended in plasma • Every transport/circulatory system has 3 basic parts/components (concentrating on humans now) • 1 _____________: “blood”, in humans average amount of blood is 5 liters, blood is a liquid tissue, group of cells that work together to do a job, that general job is the transportation of “stuff” Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Withdraw blood Centrifuge Place in tube PLASMA 55% CONSTITUENT MAJOR FUNCTIONS Water Solvent for carrying other substances Salts Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Chloride Bicarbonate Osmotic balance, pH buffering, and regulation of membrane permeability CELLULAR ELEMENTS 45% CELL TYPE NUMBER Erythrocytes (red blood cells) 5–6 million Leukocytes (white blood cells) 5,000–10,000 Plasma proteins Albumin Fibrinogen Immunoglobins (antibodies) Osmotic balance, pH buffering Clotting Immunity Transport of oxygen (and carbon dioxide) Defense and immunity Lymphocyte Basophil Eosinophil Substances transported by blood Nutrients (e.g., glucose, fatty acids, vitamins) Waste products of metabolism Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2) Hormones FUNCTIONS (per mm3 of blood) Monocyte Neutrophil Platelets 250,000– 400,000 Blood clotting Figure 23.13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Blood smear Figure 23.13x Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Blood is made of 2 general parts: • A: liquid part of the blood is called __________, plasma is about __________of the blood. – 90% of the plasma is __________ – other 10% contains: • Nutrients (___________________________________) • __________(some), ___________________ • __________ • Blood proteins such as: – ________________________ – ___________________ – ________________(_______________________) Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • B: __________ (blood cells), made in bone marrow, which is usually found in long bones, the cells in the marrow are called __________and have the ability to become any type of blood cell (specific type of “stem” cell, the formed elements include: Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Red blood cells transport oxygen • __________ (red blood cells, RBC), most numerous type of blood cell, about __________ per mL (cc or cm3), each RBC has no nucleus (cannot reproduce on its own), contains about __________molecules of hemoglobin per RBC (each molecule can carry 4 molecules of O2, have a “lifespan” of __________, recycled by _______ and __________, hemoglobin reused by bone marrow and cell fragments sent to gall bladder (become bile pigments), if not processed properly by liver develops __________ (causes yellowing of skin and eyes) Figure 23.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings White blood cells help defend the body • __________(white blood cells, WBCs: are about _________________, have a nucleus, can reproduce on their own, function as a part of the __________system and help protect the body against __________ (__________) Basophil Eosinophil Monocyte Neutrophil Lymphocyte Figure 23.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Some of the WBCs make proteins called antibodies, label foreign cells (and their antigens), other types of WBCs eat/phagocytize anything with an antibody attached. • Defect in WBCs may lead to __________ (cancer of WBCs) • During infection WBC count is over 10,000 per mL • WBC count over 30,000 usually indicates leukemia Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood clots plug leaks when blood vessels are injured • __________(platel ets):, 250,000400,000 per mL, not whole cells, but are cell fragments, have a lifespan of __________, main function is blood clotting Figure 23.16B Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1 Injury to lining of blood 2 Platelet plug forms 3 Fibrin clot traps vessel exposes connective tissue; platelets adhere blood cells Connective tissue Platelet releases chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky Platelet plug Clotting factors from: Platelets Damaged cells Calcium and other factors in blood plasma Prothrombin Thrombin Fibrinogen Fibrin Figure 23.16A Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cascade of enzymatic reactions is triggered by platelets, plasma Fig. 44.06b(TE Art) factors, and damaged tissue. Prothrombin Fibrinogen Fibrin threads Threads of fibrin trap erythrocytes and form a clot. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thrombin Fibrin How does transport fluid (blood) get around? • Transport tubes or vessels, what the blood moves through. In humans and other mammals there are 3 types of blood vessels. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Epithelium Valve Basement membrane Epithelium Epithelium Smooth muscle CAPILLARY Connective tissue Smooth muscle Connective tissue ARTERY VEIN VENULE ARTERIOLE Figure 23.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • __________: thickest, most muscular and elastic of the blood vessels, blood under high pressure, carries blood __________from the heart to the body cells, carries __________ (oxygen rich) blood, can detect and measure blood pressure in this blood vessel. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig. 44.07a(TE Art) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Connective tissue Smooth muscle Elastic layer Endothelial cells • __________: “medium thickness”, carry blood back to the heart from the body cells, carries deoxygenated (oxygen poor) blood, blood is a dark red/maroon color, this blood IS __________, blood APPEARS that color because of the blood vessel not the blood, blood not under high pressure, veins have __________in them to prevent backflow and keep the blood moving in one direction. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig. 44.07c(TE Art) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Connective tissue Smooth muscle Elastic layer Endothelium • Three factors keep blood moving back to the heart – muscle contractions – breathing – one-way valves Direction of blood flow in vein Valve (closed) Valve (open) Skeletal muscle Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.9B • Artery and vein, cross-section Figure 23.5x Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • __________: smallest and thinnest of the blood vessels. Also the place where the blood and body cells exchange materials, nutrients and O2 move from blood t0 body cells, metabolic wastes and CO2 move from body cells to the blood. So thin that only __________at a time can pass through the vessel. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig. 44.07b(TE Art) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Endothelium Endothelial cells The circulatory system associates intimately with all body tissues • Capillaries are microscopic blood vessels – They form an intricate network among the tissue cells Capillary Red blood cell Figure 23.1A Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings – No substance has to diffuse far to enter or leave a cell Capillary INTERSTITIAL FLUID Diffusion of molecules Tissue cell Figure 23.1B Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Capillaries allow the transfer of substances through their walls Figure 23.12A Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The transfer of materials between the blood and interstitial fluid can occur by: – __________through clefts in the capillary walls – __________through the wall – Blood __________ – __________pressure Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tissue cells Osmotic pressure Arterial end of capillary Blood pressure INTERSTITIAL FLUID NET PRESSURE OUT Osmotic pressure Venous end of capillary Blood pressure NET PRESSURE IN Figure 23.12B Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • As materials move between the blood and body cells they pass through the __________fluid (also called interstitial fluid or ICF), the ICF is derived from (comes from) the ________of the blood. • Not all materials that leave the blood make it to the body cells, the blood cannot continue to lose water constantly • ICF gets returned to the blood slowly, but the fluid has to be __________first Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Our body has a separate series of tubes and vessels that filters the ICF called the lymphatic system. Once the ICF is inside the lymphatic system it is called __________. • Lymph is filtered al lymph __________, act like pasta strainer (__________), have white blood cells called __________that eat/phagocytize the debris caught in the node, lymph returned to the blood vessels in the chest (__________duct) Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings LYMPHATIC VESSEL Adenoid Tonsil Right lymphatic duct, entering vein Thoracic duct VALVE Lymph nodes Thoracic duct, entering vein Blood capillary Tissue cells Interstitial fluid Thymus Appendix Spleen LYMPHATIC CAPILLARY Masses of lymphocytes and macrophages Bone marrow Lymphatic vessels Figure 23.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • This lymphatic vessel is taking up fluid from tissue spaces in the skin • It will return it as lymph to the blood – Lymph contains less oxygen and fewer nutrients than interstitial fluid LYMPHATIC VESSEL VALVE Blood capillary Tissue cells Interstitial fluid LYMPHATIC CAPILLARY Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.3B • Lymph nodes are key sites for fighting infection – They are packed with lymphocytes and macrophages Masses of lymphocytes and macrophages Outer capsule of lymph node Macrophages Lymphocytes Figure 23.3C, D Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Macrophage Figure 24.1x Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings How are materials moved through the body? • ______: pump that pushes blood through the vessels, general pathway of blood through the human (vertebrate) body would be: • ______– ______– ______(small artery) – ______(exchange) – ______(small vein) – ______– ______– ______(gas exchange) – ______– ______– repeat many times……. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Different organisms have different heart structures • Fish have 2 chambered heart, one ______and one ______ Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 44.12(TE Art) Systemic capillaries Body Respiratory capillaries Gills Vertebrate cardiovascular systems reflect evolution Gill capillaries • A fish has a single circuit of blood flow Heart: Ventricle (V) Atrium (A) Systemic capillaries Figure 23.3A Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Amphibians slightly more complicated heart, 3 chambered (2 ______and 1 ______), some blood mixing happens in the ventricle (mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood) • Amphibians are unique, have a small amount of gas exchange that happens across their skin, called ______respiration (gas exchange) • Reptiles slightly more advanced, almost 4 chambers, has an incomplete ______ (wall) between the 2 “sides” of the heart Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig. 44.13(TE Art) To body To body To lungs Right atrium Septum Conus arteriosus Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. To body Respiratory Lungs capillaries To body To lungs Pulmonary vein Left atrium Sinus venosus Ventricle Systemic capillaries Body • Mammal heart – most advanced, has 4 chambers (2 ______and 2 ______), has 2 completely different sides – _________: deoxygenated blood coming back to heart from body cells through a vein called the vena cave (superior & inferior), then to lungs (gas exchange) – __________: oxygenated blood comes back to heart from lungs and the left side pumps oxygenated blood out to body, more muscular side of heart, beats more forcefully (pushes blood further) – Sides of heart separated by a wall called the ______ Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings How does blood travel through the heart? • Blood enters from: • _________– _________– _______(AV) valve – _________– _________valve – _________ – _________(gas exchange) – _________ – _________– _________(AV) valve – _________ – _________valve – _________– _________– repeat • Tricuspid and bicuspid valves prevent blood from moving back into the atria • Semilunar valves: prevent blood from falling back into the ventricles Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pulmonary artery Aorta Superior vena cava Pulmonary artery LEFT ATRIUM RIGHT ATRIUM Pulmonary veins Pulmonary veins Semilunar valve Semilunar valve Atrioventricular valve Atrioventricular valve Inferior vena cava RIGHT VENTRICLE LEFT VENTRICLE Figure 23.4A Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • 2 blood vessels are different than usual: – _____________: transports deoxygenated blood – _____________: transports oxygenated blood Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig. 44.14(TE Art) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Systemic capillaries Superior vena cava Aortic semilunar valve Pulmonary semilunar valve Right atrium Tricuspid valve Inferior vena cava Aorta Right lung Left lung Pulmonary Head artery Pulmonary artery Pulmonary veins Respiratory Left atrium capillaries Bicuspid Vena mitral valve cava LA RA LV RV Pulmonary vein Aorta Body Left ventricle Right ventricle Systemic capillaries 7 Superior vena cava Capillaries of Head and arms Pulmonary artery Capillaries of right lung Pulmonary artery Aorta 9 Capillaries of left lung 6 2 3 3 4 11 Pulmonary vein Pulmonary vein RIGHT ATRIUM RIGHT VENTRICLE 5 1 LEFT ATRIUM LEFT VENTRICLE 10 Aorta Inferior vena cava Capillaries of abdominal organs and legs 8 Figure 23.4B Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The cardiovascular system of land vertebrates has two circuits Lung capillaries • The _____________: between heart and lungs • The _____________: between heart and body systems. – _____________: between heart chambers and heart muscle – _____________: between heart and kidneys – _____________: between small intestines and liver PULMONARY CIRCUIT A A V V Right Left SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT Systemic capillaries Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.3B • Heart valves prevent backflow • Cardiac output – The amount of blood pumped into the aorta by the left ventricle per minute Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings How does the heart do its job? • Heart pumps blood, heart muscle (cardiac muscle) contracts and squeezes blood out of heart through arteries. • Average adult heart rate ___________(beats per minute) • Heart pumps blood out through arteries once every _____________. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The heart contracts and relaxes rhythmically • 2 phases of the cardiac cycle: • ________ – Blood flows from the veins into the heart chambers while heart is relaxed 1 Heart is 2 Atria relaxed. AV valves are open. contract. • ________ – The atria briefly contract and fill the ventricles with blood 0.1 sec – Then the ventricles contract and propel blood out _________sides of heart contract together 0.3 sec 0.4 sec SYSTOLE 3 Ventricles contract. Semilunar valves are open. DIASTOLE Figure 23.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings How is the pace of the heart set? • Central nervous system (CNS) sets pace of heart through _____________. Control centers in the brain adjust heart rate to body needs • Sends message to _____________ (SA) node or pacemaker in right atrium, tells atria to beat simultaneously • SA node sends message to • _____________(AV) node, tells both ventricles to beat simultaneously, sends message down to tip of heart through _____________. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The pacemaker sets the tempo of the heartbeat • The SA node (_____________) generates electrical signals that trigger the contraction of the atria • The AV node then relays these signals to the ventricles Pacemaker (SA node) Specialized muscle fibers AV node Right atrium Right ventricle 1 2 ECG Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 3 4 Figure 23.7 • Can these signals be detected? – Yes • An _____________ (ECG) is a recording of electrical changes in the skin resulting from the electrical signals in the heart • P: _____________ • QRST: _____________ Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 44.16(TE Art) SA node Internodal pathway AV node LA RA LV RV Bundle of His Purkinje fibers QRS wave in ECG 1 sec R R P wave in ECG ECG P QS T QRS wave • Can also detect the squeezing the heart does on blood in the arteries in 2 ways: • ________: detected in an artery, feel the expansion and relaxation of the artery • _____________, use a _____________, or a blood pressure cuff, allows you to measure 2 things: – _____________: when heart is contracting – _____________: when heart is relaxing – Average adult blood pressure _________ Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connection: Measuring blood pressure can reveal cardiovascular problems • Blood pressure is measured as systolic and diastolic pressures Blood pressure 120 systolic 80 diastolic (to be measured) Pressure in cuff above 120 Rubber cuff inflated with air Artery 1 Pressure in cuff below 120 Sounds audible in stethoscope Artery closed 2 Pressure in cuff below 80 3 Sounds stop 4 Figure 23.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood exerts pressure on vessel walls • Blood pressure depends on – cardiac output – resistance of vessels Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Pressure is highest in the arteries – It drops to zero by the time the blood reaches the veins Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure Relative sizes and numbers of blood vessels Figure 23.9A Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connection: What is a heart attack? • A _____________damage that occurs when a coronary artery feeding the heart is blocked Aorta Right coronary artery Left coronary artery Blockage Dead muscle tissue Figure 23.8A Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • _____________– hardening of the arteries, build up of plaque, leads to heart attack Connective tissue Smooth muscle Epithelium Plaque Figure 23.8B Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • _____________– a type of arteriosclerosis Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • _____________: red blood cells have a sickle shape, causes blockage in blood vessels and reduced oxygen transport, genetic Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • _____________is persistent systolic pressure higher than 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic pressure higher than 90 mm Hg – It is a serious cardiovascular problem Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • ___________: blood clot in the brain • ___________: clot that is formed in one area of the body and travels to another • ___________: localized, blood-filled dilation (balloon-like bulge) of a blood vessel caused by disease or weakening of the vessel wall Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hemolytic disease of the newborn • _________: if a pregnant woman is known to have anti-Rh antibodies the Rh blood type of a fetus can be tested by analysis of fetal DNA in the maternal plasma to assess the risk to the fetus of Rh disease. One of the major advances of 20th century medicine was to prevent this disease by stopping the formation of Anti-Rh antibodies by Rh negative mothers with an injectable medication called Rho(d) immune globulin Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings