Download Chapter 23 Student Notes

BIOLOGY
CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
Fourth Edition
Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor
CHAPTER 23
Circulation
Modules 23.1 – 23.3
From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
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How Does Gravity Affect Blood Circulation?
• As with all land animals, the giraffe and the
corn snake are constantly subject to the force of
gravity
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• The circulatory system
keeps blood pumping
despite gravity’s pull
– Muscle contractions help
blood travel uphill in the
veins of a giraffe’s long
legs
– The wriggling of the corn
snake squeezes its veins
and increases circulation
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What is the job of a transport, or circulatory
system?
• All organisms have to transport and move
materials from ____________. They may not
need a system to accomplish that task
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How do the “lower organisms” transport
materials?
• ____________: unicellular, eukaryotic, all
parts of the organism touch the __________,
movement of the cytoplasm (________,
_________________) moves “stuff” around
the protists. “Stuff” includes Oxygen (O2) gas,
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)gas, nutrients from food
and wastes from metabolism
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MECHANISMS OF INTERNAL TRANSPORT
Several types of internal transport have evolved in
animals
• In __________and
flatworms, the
__________cavity
functions in both
– digestion
– internal transport
Mouth
Circular
canal
Figure 23.2A
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• The Cnidarians have 2 cell layers
– Inner: __________/__________
– Outer: __________
• All cells touch the environment because these
organisms are __________
• Do not need a complex transport system to
move materials.
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• Aurelia jelly
Figure 23.2Ax
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• Most animals have a separate circulatory
system, either open or closed
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• __________
• Blood is __________found in vessels/tubes, one
dorsal heart pumps blood through open-ended
vessels into spaces (__________) between cells,
blood does not transport oxygen, has no
hemoglobin, blood is also called __________,
movement aided by muscle contractions and
movement
Tubular heart
Pores
Figure 23.2B
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• __________________: blood _____found
in transport vessels (tubes), blood always
under pressure (being pushed by a pump),
blood carries O2 using __________.
• Hemoglobin: iron containing protein &
pigment. When O2 combines with hemoglobin
the blood becomes a bright red
(__________) color
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Many animals have a segmented body
• Earthworms (annelid): segmented worms, have
5 pairs of __________ (_____________)
Anus
Brain
Main
heart
Coelom
Digestive
tract
Segment
walls
Mouth
Accessory
heart
Nerve cord
Blood vessels
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Excretory organ
Figure 18.10A
– Fish (b0ny fish): vertebrata, closed circulatory
system, simple heart (2 chambers)
Capillary beds
Arteriole
Artery
(O2-rich blood)
Venule
Vein
Atrium
Gill
capillaries
Artery
Ventricle
(O2-poor blood)
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Heart
Figure 23.2C
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF BLOOD
Blood consists of cells suspended in plasma
• Every transport/circulatory system has 3 basic
parts/components (concentrating on humans
now)
• 1 _____________: “blood”, in humans
average amount of blood is 5 liters, blood is a
liquid tissue, group of cells that work together
to do a job, that general job is the
transportation of “stuff”
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Withdraw
blood
Centrifuge
Place in tube
PLASMA 55%
CONSTITUENT
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
Water
Solvent for
carrying other
substances
Salts
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Osmotic balance,
pH buffering, and
regulation of
membrane
permeability
CELLULAR ELEMENTS 45%
CELL TYPE
NUMBER
Erythrocytes
(red blood cells)
5–6 million
Leukocytes
(white blood cells) 5,000–10,000
Plasma proteins
Albumin
Fibrinogen
Immunoglobins
(antibodies)
Osmotic balance,
pH buffering
Clotting
Immunity
Transport of
oxygen
(and carbon
dioxide)
Defense and
immunity
Lymphocyte
Basophil
Eosinophil
Substances transported by blood
Nutrients (e.g., glucose, fatty acids, vitamins)
Waste products of metabolism
Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
Hormones
FUNCTIONS
(per mm3 of blood)
Monocyte
Neutrophil
Platelets
250,000–
400,000
Blood clotting
Figure 23.13
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• Blood smear
Figure 23.13x
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• Blood is made of 2 general parts:
• A: liquid part of the blood is called __________,
plasma is about __________of the blood.
– 90% of the plasma is __________
– other 10% contains:
• Nutrients (___________________________________)
• __________(some), ___________________
• __________
• Blood proteins such as:
– ________________________
– ___________________
– ________________(_______________________)
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• B: __________ (blood cells), made in bone
marrow, which is usually found in long bones,
the cells in the marrow are called
__________and have the ability to become
any type of blood cell (specific type of “stem”
cell, the formed elements include:
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Red blood cells transport oxygen
• __________ (red blood cells, RBC), most
numerous type of blood cell, about
__________ per mL (cc or cm3), each RBC
has no nucleus (cannot reproduce on its
own), contains about
__________molecules of hemoglobin per
RBC (each molecule can carry 4 molecules of
O2, have a “lifespan” of __________,
recycled by _______ and __________,
hemoglobin reused by bone marrow and cell
fragments sent to gall bladder (become bile
pigments), if not processed properly by liver
develops __________ (causes yellowing of
skin and eyes)
Figure 23.14
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White blood cells help defend the body
• __________(white blood cells, WBCs: are about
_________________, have a nucleus, can reproduce on
their own, function as a part of the __________system
and help protect the body against __________
(__________)
Basophil
Eosinophil
Monocyte
Neutrophil
Lymphocyte
Figure 23.15
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• Some of the WBCs make proteins called
antibodies, label foreign cells (and their
antigens), other types of WBCs eat/phagocytize
anything with an antibody attached.
• Defect in WBCs may lead to __________
(cancer of WBCs)
• During infection WBC count is over 10,000 per
mL
• WBC count over 30,000 usually indicates
leukemia
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Blood clots plug leaks when blood vessels are injured
• __________(platel
ets):, 250,000400,000 per mL, not
whole cells, but are
cell fragments, have a
lifespan of
__________, main
function is blood
clotting
Figure 23.16B
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1 Injury to lining of blood
2 Platelet plug forms
3 Fibrin clot traps
vessel exposes connective
tissue; platelets adhere
blood cells
Connective
tissue
Platelet releases chemicals
that make nearby platelets sticky
Platelet
plug
Clotting factors from:
Platelets
Damaged cells
Calcium and
other factors
in blood plasma
Prothrombin
Thrombin
Fibrinogen
Fibrin
Figure 23.16A
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Cascade of enzymatic reactions
is triggered
by platelets, plasma
Fig. 44.06b(TE
Art)
factors, and damaged tissue.
Prothrombin
Fibrinogen
Fibrin threads
Threads of fibrin
trap erythrocytes
and form a clot.
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Thrombin
Fibrin
How does transport fluid (blood) get around?
• Transport tubes or vessels, what the blood
moves through. In humans and other
mammals there are 3 types of blood vessels.
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Epithelium
Valve
Basement
membrane
Epithelium
Epithelium
Smooth
muscle
CAPILLARY
Connective
tissue
Smooth
muscle
Connective
tissue
ARTERY
VEIN
VENULE
ARTERIOLE
Figure 23.5
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• __________: thickest, most muscular and
elastic of the blood vessels, blood under high
pressure, carries blood __________from the
heart to the body cells, carries __________
(oxygen rich) blood, can detect and measure
blood pressure in this blood vessel.
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Fig. 44.07a(TE Art)
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Connective
tissue
Smooth
muscle
Elastic
layer
Endothelial
cells
• __________: “medium thickness”, carry
blood back to the heart from the body cells,
carries deoxygenated (oxygen poor) blood,
blood is a dark red/maroon color, this blood IS
__________, blood APPEARS that color
because of the blood vessel not the blood, blood
not under high pressure, veins have
__________in them to prevent backflow and
keep the blood moving in one direction.
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Fig. 44.07c(TE Art)
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Connective
tissue
Smooth
muscle
Elastic
layer
Endothelium
• Three factors keep blood moving back to the
heart
– muscle contractions
– breathing
– one-way valves
Direction of
blood flow
in vein
Valve (closed)
Valve (open)
Skeletal muscle
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Figure 23.9B
• Artery and vein, cross-section
Figure 23.5x
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• __________: smallest and thinnest of the
blood vessels. Also the place where the blood
and body cells exchange materials, nutrients
and O2 move from blood t0 body cells,
metabolic wastes and CO2 move from body
cells to the blood. So thin that only
__________at a time can pass through the
vessel.
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Fig. 44.07b(TE Art)
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Endothelium
Endothelial
cells
The circulatory system associates intimately with
all body tissues
• Capillaries are microscopic blood vessels
– They form an intricate network among the tissue
cells
Capillary
Red
blood
cell
Figure 23.1A
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– No substance has to diffuse far to enter or leave
a cell
Capillary
INTERSTITIAL
FLUID
Diffusion of
molecules
Tissue
cell
Figure 23.1B
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Capillaries allow the transfer of substances through
their walls
Figure 23.12A
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• The transfer of materials between the blood
and interstitial fluid can occur by:
– __________through clefts in the capillary
walls
– __________through the wall
– Blood __________
– __________pressure
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Tissue cells
Osmotic
pressure
Arterial
end of
capillary
Blood
pressure
INTERSTITIAL
FLUID
NET PRESSURE
OUT
Osmotic
pressure
Venous
end of
capillary
Blood
pressure
NET PRESSURE
IN
Figure 23.12B
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• As materials move between the blood and body
cells they pass through the __________fluid
(also called interstitial fluid or ICF), the ICF is
derived from (comes from) the ________of
the blood.
• Not all materials that leave the blood make it to
the body cells, the blood cannot continue to
lose water constantly
• ICF gets returned to the blood slowly, but the
fluid has to be __________first
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• Our body has a separate series of tubes and
vessels that filters the ICF called the lymphatic
system. Once the ICF is inside the lymphatic
system it is called __________.
• Lymph is filtered al lymph __________, act
like pasta strainer (__________), have white
blood cells called __________that
eat/phagocytize the debris caught in the node,
lymph returned to the blood vessels in the
chest (__________duct)
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LYMPHATIC
VESSEL
Adenoid
Tonsil
Right lymphatic
duct, entering
vein
Thoracic
duct
VALVE
Lymph nodes
Thoracic duct,
entering vein
Blood
capillary
Tissue cells
Interstitial
fluid
Thymus
Appendix
Spleen
LYMPHATIC
CAPILLARY
Masses of
lymphocytes and
macrophages
Bone
marrow
Lymphatic
vessels
Figure 23.3
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• This lymphatic vessel is taking up fluid from
tissue spaces in the skin
• It will return it as lymph to the blood
– Lymph contains less oxygen and fewer
nutrients than interstitial fluid
LYMPHATIC
VESSEL
VALVE
Blood
capillary
Tissue cells
Interstitial
fluid
LYMPHATIC
CAPILLARY
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Figure 23.3B
• Lymph nodes are key sites for fighting infection
– They are packed with lymphocytes and
macrophages
Masses of
lymphocytes and
macrophages
Outer capsule of
lymph node
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Figure 23.3C, D
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• Macrophage
Figure 24.1x
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How are materials moved through the body?
• ______: pump that pushes blood through the
vessels, general pathway of blood through the
human (vertebrate) body would be:
• ______– ______– ______(small artery) –
______(exchange) – ______(small vein) –
______– ______– ______(gas exchange) –
______– ______– repeat many times…….
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• Different organisms have different heart
structures
• Fish have 2 chambered heart, one ______and
one ______
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Fig. 44.12(TE Art)
Systemic
capillaries
Body
Respiratory
capillaries
Gills
Vertebrate cardiovascular systems reflect evolution
Gill capillaries
• A fish has a single
circuit of blood flow
Heart:
Ventricle (V)
Atrium (A)
Systemic capillaries
Figure 23.3A
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• Amphibians slightly more complicated heart, 3
chambered (2 ______and 1 ______), some
blood mixing happens in the ventricle (mixing
of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood)
• Amphibians are unique, have a small amount
of gas exchange that happens across their skin,
called ______respiration (gas exchange)
• Reptiles slightly more advanced, almost 4
chambers, has an incomplete ______ (wall)
between the 2 “sides” of the heart
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Fig. 44.13(TE Art)
To body
To
body
To lungs
Right
atrium
Septum
Conus
arteriosus
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To body
Respiratory Lungs
capillaries
To body
To lungs
Pulmonary
vein
Left atrium
Sinus venosus
Ventricle
Systemic
capillaries
Body
• Mammal heart – most advanced, has 4 chambers
(2 ______and 2 ______), has 2 completely
different sides
– _________: deoxygenated blood coming back to heart
from body cells through a vein called the vena cave
(superior & inferior), then to lungs (gas exchange)
– __________: oxygenated blood comes back to heart
from lungs and the left side pumps oxygenated blood
out to body, more muscular side of heart, beats more
forcefully (pushes blood further)
– Sides of heart separated by a wall called the ______
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How does blood travel through the heart?
• Blood enters from:
• _________– _________– _______(AV) valve
– _________– _________valve – _________
– _________(gas exchange) – _________ –
_________– _________(AV) valve –
_________ – _________valve – _________–
_________– repeat
• Tricuspid and bicuspid valves prevent blood from
moving back into the atria
• Semilunar valves: prevent blood from falling back
into the ventricles
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Pulmonary
artery
Aorta
Superior
vena cava
Pulmonary
artery
LEFT
ATRIUM
RIGHT
ATRIUM
Pulmonary
veins
Pulmonary
veins
Semilunar
valve
Semilunar
valve
Atrioventricular
valve
Atrioventricular
valve
Inferior
vena cava
RIGHT
VENTRICLE
LEFT
VENTRICLE
Figure 23.4A
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• 2 blood vessels are different than usual:
– _____________: transports deoxygenated
blood
– _____________: transports oxygenated
blood
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Fig. 44.14(TE Art)
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Systemic
capillaries
Superior
vena cava
Aortic
semilunar
valve
Pulmonary
semilunar
valve
Right
atrium
Tricuspid
valve
Inferior
vena cava
Aorta
Right lung
Left lung
Pulmonary
Head
artery
Pulmonary
artery
Pulmonary
veins
Respiratory
Left
atrium capillaries
Bicuspid
Vena
mitral valve
cava
LA
RA LV
RV
Pulmonary
vein
Aorta
Body
Left
ventricle
Right ventricle
Systemic
capillaries
7
Superior
vena cava
Capillaries of
Head and arms
Pulmonary
artery
Capillaries
of right lung
Pulmonary
artery
Aorta
9
Capillaries
of left lung
6
2
3
3
4
11
Pulmonary
vein
Pulmonary
vein
RIGHT ATRIUM
RIGHT VENTRICLE
5
1
LEFT ATRIUM
LEFT VENTRICLE
10
Aorta
Inferior
vena cava
Capillaries of
abdominal organs
and legs
8
Figure 23.4B
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• The cardiovascular system of land vertebrates
has two circuits
Lung capillaries
• The _____________: between
heart and lungs
• The _____________: between
heart and body systems.
– _____________: between heart
chambers and heart muscle
– _____________: between heart
and kidneys
– _____________: between small
intestines and liver
PULMONARY
CIRCUIT
A
A
V
V
Right
Left
SYSTEMIC
CIRCUIT
Systemic capillaries
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Figure 23.3B
• Heart valves prevent backflow
• Cardiac output
– The amount of blood pumped into the aorta by
the left ventricle per minute
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How does the heart do its job?
• Heart pumps blood, heart muscle (cardiac
muscle) contracts and squeezes blood out of
heart through arteries.
• Average adult heart rate ___________(beats
per minute)
• Heart pumps blood out through arteries once
every _____________.
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The heart contracts and relaxes rhythmically
• 2 phases of the cardiac cycle:
• ________
– Blood flows from the veins into
the heart chambers while heart
is relaxed
1 Heart is
2 Atria
relaxed.
AV valves
are open.
contract.
• ________
– The atria briefly contract and fill
the ventricles with blood
0.1 sec
– Then the ventricles contract and
propel blood out
_________sides of heart
contract together
0.3 sec
0.4 sec
SYSTOLE
3 Ventricles
contract.
Semilunar
valves
are open.
DIASTOLE
Figure 23.6
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How is the pace of the heart set?
• Central nervous system (CNS) sets pace of heart through
_____________. Control centers in the brain adjust
heart rate to body needs
• Sends message to _____________ (SA) node or
pacemaker in right atrium, tells atria to beat
simultaneously
• SA node sends message to
• _____________(AV) node, tells both ventricles
to beat simultaneously, sends message down to tip
of heart through _____________.
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The pacemaker sets the tempo of the heartbeat
• The SA node (_____________) generates
electrical signals that trigger the contraction of
the atria
• The AV node then relays these signals to the
ventricles
Pacemaker
(SA node)
Specialized
muscle fibers
AV node
Right
atrium
Right
ventricle
1
2
ECG
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3
4
Figure 23.7
• Can these signals be detected?
– Yes
• An _____________ (ECG) is a recording of
electrical changes in the skin resulting from the
electrical signals in the heart
• P: _____________
• QRST: _____________
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Fig. 44.16(TE Art)
SA node
Internodal
pathway
AV node
LA
RA
LV
RV
Bundle
of His
Purkinje
fibers
QRS wave in ECG
1 sec
R
R
P wave in ECG
ECG
P
QS
T
QRS wave
• Can also detect the squeezing the heart does on
blood in the arteries in 2 ways:
• ________: detected in an artery, feel the
expansion and relaxation of the artery
• _____________, use a _____________,
or a blood pressure cuff, allows you to measure
2 things:
– _____________: when heart is contracting
– _____________: when heart is relaxing
– Average adult blood pressure _________
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Connection: Measuring blood pressure can reveal
cardiovascular problems
• Blood pressure is measured as systolic and
diastolic pressures
Blood pressure
120 systolic
80 diastolic
(to be
measured)
Pressure
in cuff
above
120
Rubber
cuff
inflated
with air
Artery
1
Pressure
in cuff
below
120
Sounds
audible in
stethoscope
Artery
closed
2
Pressure
in cuff
below 80
3
Sounds
stop
4
Figure 23.10
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Blood exerts pressure on vessel walls
• Blood pressure depends on
– cardiac output
– resistance of vessels
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• Pressure is
highest in the
arteries
– It drops to
zero by the
time the
blood
reaches the
veins
Systolic
pressure
Diastolic
pressure
Relative sizes and
numbers
of blood
vessels
Figure 23.9A
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Connection: What is a heart attack?
• A _____________damage that occurs when
a coronary artery feeding the heart is blocked
Aorta
Right
coronary
artery
Left
coronary
artery
Blockage
Dead muscle tissue
Figure 23.8A
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• _____________– hardening of the arteries,
build up of plaque, leads to heart attack
Connective
tissue
Smooth
muscle
Epithelium
Plaque
Figure 23.8B
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• _____________– a type of arteriosclerosis
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• _____________: red
blood cells have a sickle
shape, causes blockage in
blood vessels and
reduced oxygen
transport, genetic
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• _____________is persistent systolic
pressure higher than 140 mm Hg and/or
diastolic pressure higher than 90 mm Hg
– It is a serious cardiovascular problem
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• ___________: blood clot in the brain
• ___________: clot that is formed in one area
of the body and travels to another
• ___________: localized, blood-filled dilation
(balloon-like bulge) of a blood vessel caused by
disease or weakening of the vessel wall
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Hemolytic disease of the newborn
• _________: if a pregnant woman is known to
have anti-Rh antibodies the Rh blood type of a
fetus can be tested by analysis of fetal DNA in
the maternal plasma to assess the risk to the
fetus of Rh disease. One of the major advances
of 20th century medicine was to prevent this
disease by stopping the formation of Anti-Rh
antibodies by Rh negative mothers with an
injectable medication called Rho(d) immune
globulin
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