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Aquatic Biosphere Reserve Sreburna The program “Man and Biosphere” The program “Man and the Biosphere” Is launched in 1970 in order to protect the nature. It changed through the years and today it is a set of related research projects with three focuses: Minimizing the loss of biological diversity; Making people aware of how cultural diversity and biological diversity affect each other; Promoting environmental sustainability through the world network of reserves; Bulgaria joined this program in 1977 with the announcement of 17 biosphere reserves. BULGARIAN AQUATIC BIOSPHERE RESERVES Ropotamo is biosphere reserve located about 50 km south from Burgas in a region of great diversity including a great variety of biotopes. In the reserve there are many interesting and unique natural spots - the firth of the river Ropotamo, the Arkutino marsh, the dense forests, various rock formations, wetlands, ponds…. Biosphere reserve Kamchia is located in the lower part of the river Kamchia created in 1951 to protect the largest old riparian forest in Bulgaria. The dense forest is created by more than 40 spiecies of trees. There are about 200 species of birds from which 56 are written in the Red Book of Bulgaria. Srebarna Nature Reserve Srebarna is well-kept reserve located near the village Sreburna, 16 km west of Silistra and 2 km south of Dunav. It includes Sreburna Lake and its surroundings. It`s located on the main migration route of migratory birds between Europe and Africa, called "Via Pontica". The area was declared as a reserve in 1948 and has guarded area of 600 hectares and buffer zone of about 540 hectares. FlORA In the lake and around there are reeds and other water plants. Plant communities from reed occupies about 2/3 of the area of reserve. You could find here 139 species of vascular plants, 11 of which are rare or endangered outside of Srebarna. The second distribution plant species is the lesser bulrush (Typha angustifolia) followed by common bulrush (Typha latifolia). Gray willow(Salix cinerea) and purple willow (Salix purpurea) are also widespread. Nymphaeaceae (water lily) is a family of flowering plants. They live in freshwater areas in temperate and tropical climates around the world. The family contains eight genera. There are about 70 species of water lilies around the world. Nymphaeaceae alba is a protected species in Bulgaria. It disappeared in many of the areas it used to be spread. The Nymphaeaceae are aquatic herbs with large rounded leaves and beautiful flowers. They are rooted in soil in bodies of water, with leaves and flowers floating on the water surface. Nuphar lutea ( yellow water-lily), is an aquatic plant of the family Nymphaeaceae. It grows in eutrophic freshwater beds, with its roots fixed into the ground and its leaves floating on the water's surface. Aldrovanda is the only aquatic carnivorous plant with visible trap movement. Although it is distributed throughout a vast territory it grows in limited areas and is rarely observed in the wild as it has very specific requirements regarding its environment. For this reason, it is regarded as a critically endangered species of national flora in countries where it is naturally found. Unfortunately, in many countries that plant is now extinct. Aldrovanda is spread mainly through the movement of waterfowl – plants sticking to the feet of a bird are transported to the next aquatic destination on the bird's route. As a result, most Aldrovanda populations are located along the migratory routes. Fauna The animal world in the reserve is very diverse. There are 41 kinds of mammals, 11 reptiles and 10 amphibians and 24 fish species.The reserve is best known with birds which can be observed on its territory. 221 species of birds nesting in the Srebarna reserve. Pelophylax kl. esculentus (the Edible Frog) is a name for a common European frog, also known as the common water frog or green frog. It s the fertile hybrid of the Pool Frog (Pelophylax lessonae) and the Marsh Frog (Pelophylax ridibundus) Pelecanus crispus (The Dalmatian Pelican) is a member of the pelican family. This is he largest of the pelicans and the world's heaviest flying species. It starts to breed in late March or April, sometimes solitarily but usually in dense colonies of up to 250 pairs. Breeding colonies are located on lakes, deltas and estuaries, preferably within reed beds. Dalmatian Pelicans eat only fish and feed alone or in groups. This species is classified by IUCN as globally threatened in the category Vulnerable. Pelecanus onocrotalus (The Great White Pelican) are large birds well adapted for aquatic life. More than 50% of White Pelicans breed in the Danube Delta in Romania. This pelican migrates short distances, wintering in northeast Africa. White Pelican's diet consists mainly of fish. Today, because of overfishing in certain areas, the pelicans are forced to fly long distances to find food. Ecological problems Although it has a wide international reputation, Srebarna reserve has very serious environmental problems, whose solution is urgent. • Disruption of hydrological regimes and habitat degradation in breeding and wintering areas. •Contamination by heavy metals and pesticides •Disturbance, nest destruction and shooting •Climatic changes Conservation efforts. •Burning the reedbed and fencing the reserve as measures against predators, mainly wild boars and jackals; •Public awareness programme with permanent TV display; •Educational and public awareness materials involving the media to create a positive attitude towards the species; •Updating the Act, protecting the species by increasing the fine National Wetlands Plan including priority actions for the conservation of the most important wetlands in Bulgaria ; •Preparation of a management plan for Srébarna Nature Reserve with the support of the Ramsar Convention; Thank you! This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.