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Human’s Impact on Environment LECTURE 5 BY: HINA SHARIF Human’s Impact Environment The natural world, as a whole or in a particular geographical area, especially as affected by human activity Ecology deals with the interactions of organisms (including human beings)with their environment Protection of environment and preservation of ecosystems are the most fundamental steps in preventing human illness These steps should involve international commitment Types of Environment Natural environment Built environment Social environment Complex Relationship Human Environment Health Ecological Determinants of Human’s Impact 1. Population Growth 2. Acid Rain 3. Acidification of lakes 4. Deforestation 5. Pollution 6. Herbicides, Pesticides and fertilizers 7. Bioaccumulation 8. CFCs Ecological Determinants of Human’s Impact 7. Green House Effect 8. Global Warming 9. Ozone depletion 10.Abnormal ENSO Population Growth With the advent of modern medical development in medicines, diagnostic procedures and equipment we observed a marked reduction in deaths However, in many countries number of births (fertility rates) remained same Therefore greater natural increase (BirthsDeaths) Present growth rate of world: Present growth rate of Pakistan: Population Growth Larger population demands more technology More industries, vehicles and food production is inevitable Water shortage is an immediate impact of overpopulation Environment degradation What is acid rain? Acidification of lakes Acid rain flows into streams, lakes and other fresh water sources It is resulting in depletion of aquatic life Deforestation and Habitat Destruction More population, more demand for wood for housing, burning etc. It resulted in habitat destruction for animals Many useful medicinal plants have become extinct The term habitat fragmentation includes: i. ii. Reduction in total area of habitat Isolation of one habitat from other due to infrastructure Pollution Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light Pollutants can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants Causes of Pollution Agricultural: use of pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers Domestic: Sewage and garbage Industrial: Harmful emission and effluent coming from industries Others: Vehicle emission, radioactivity, heat, temperature Herbicides, pesticides & Fertilizers These are pervasive chemicals and nonbiodegradable They can induce devastating and life-long diseases, and deformities in children and unborn fetuses These are endocrine disruptors Children develop leukemia three to nine times more often when pesticides are used around their homes (E.P.A) Continue… The world-wide deaths and chronic diseases due to pesticides is about 1 million per year (Killer environment, 1999) DDT (a well known pesticide) causes headache, nausea, neurological, gastrointestinal and eye diseases Bioaccumulation The process by which chemical substances are ingested and retained by organisms either directly from environment or indirectly through food consumption having harmful chemicals Chemicals like DDT(pesticide), arsenic, mercury are prominent for bioaccumulation A recent study in Pakistan revealed the presence of heavy metals in Spinach Chlorofulouro-Carbons Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are nontoxic, nonflammable chemicals containing atoms of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine They are used in the manufacture of aerosol sprays, blowing agents for foams and packing materials, as solvents, and as refrigerants Ozone Depletion In late 1970s a decline in stratosphere ozone was observed CFCs are declared as ozone depleting substances (ODS) It is leading cause of sun burns, skin cancer and cataract Green House Effect World CO2 Emission Global Warming The thick blanket of greenhouse gases (CO2, methane) are trapping radiations of sun near earth It is resulting in rise of average temperature of earth including heat waves in many countries Natural disasters like unusual rainfall, floods, avalanches New vectors and diseases Crops stopped to give maximum yield ENSO El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodical climate change caused by variations in sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting much of the tropics and subtropics The warming phase is known as El Niño and the cooling phase as La Niña Now we have more El Nino Societal Determinants of Human Impact NEEDS USE OF TECHNOLOGY POLLUTION Continue.. Man is becoming more and more materialistic We need improved technology and comfort every day Lack of awareness and illiteracy is adding more problems Equation I=PAT I=Human impact P=Population A=Affluence (Consumption from population) T=Technology (greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP) Interventions from Public Health… Public Health Climate change is likely to be one of the most important threats to public health in the coming years Primary prevention corresponds to mitigation efforts to slow, stabilize, or reverse climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions Risk management—systematic ongoing efforts to identify and reduce risks to health Service 1. Monitor health status to identify and solve community health problems. Climate Change Example Tracking of diseases and trends related to climate change 2. Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the Investigation of infectious water-, food-, and vector-borne disease community. outbreaks 3. Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues. Informing the public and policymakers about health impacts of climate change 4. Mobilize community partnerships and action to identify and solve health problems. Public health partnerships with industry, other professional groups, faith community, and others, to craft and implement solutions 5. Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts. Municipal heat-wave preparedness plans 6. Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety. (Little role for public health) 7. Link people to needed personal health services and ensure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable. Health care service provision following disasters 8. Ensure competent public and personal health care workforce. Training of health care providers on health aspects of climate change 9. Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services. Program assessment of preparedness efforts such as heat-wave plans 10. Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems. Research on health effects of climate change, including innovative techniques such as modeling, and research on optimal adaptation strategies
