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Demosthenes 384-322
Parallel Lives
“…many similarities in their natural character, as their passion
for distinction, their love of liberty in civil life, their want of
courage in dangers and war…”
and at the same time also to
have added many accidental
resemblances.”
Both became great from
small beginnings, contested with tyrants, lost
their daughters, suffered
exile and returned with
honor, fought for liberty,
and died when liberty
died For their countrymen.
M. Tullius Cicero 106-43
“The Power of persuading and
governing the people did,
indeed belong equally to both, so
that those who had armies and
camps at their command stood in need of
their assistance.”
Judicial Speeches
(81 BC) Pro Quinctio (On behalf of Publius
Quinctius)
(80 BC) Pro Roscio Amerino (In Defense of
Sextus Roscius of Ameria)
(77 BC) Pro Q. Roscio Comoedo (In
Defense of Quintus Roscius Gallus the
Comic actor)
(70 BC) Divinatio in Caecilium (Against
Quintus Caecilius in the process for
selecting a prosecutor of Gaius Verres)
(70 BC) In Verrem (Against Gaius Verres,
or The Verrines)
(71 BC) Pro Tullio (On behalf of Tullius)
(69 BC) Pro Fonteio (On behalf of Marcus
Fonteius)
(69 BC) Pro Caecina (On behalf of Aulus
Caecina)
(66 BC) Pro Cluentio (On behalf of Aulus
Cluentius)
63 BC) Pro Rabirio Perduellionis Reo (On behalf
of Gaius Rabirius on a Charge of Treason
63 BC) Pro Murena (In Defense of Lucius
Licinius Murena, in the court for electoral
bribery)
(62 BC) Pro Sulla (In Defense of Publius
Cornelius Sulla
(62 BC) Pro Archia Poeta (In Defense of
Aulus Licinius Archias the poet)
(59 BC) Pro Antonio (In Defense of Gaius
Antonius) [lost entire, or never written]
(59 BC) Pro Flacco (In Defense of Lucius
Valerius Flaccus, in the court for extortion)
(56 BC) Pro Sestio (In Defense of Publius
Sestius)
(56 BC) In Vatinium testem (Against the
witness Publius Vatinius at the trial of
Sestius)
(56 BC) Pro Caelio (In Defense of
Marcus Caelius Rufus): English
translation
(56 BC) Pro Balbo (In Defense of
Lucius Cornelius Balbus)
(54 BC) Pro Plancio (In Defense of
Gnaeus Plancius)
(54 BC) Pro Rabirio Postumo (In
Defense of Gaius Rabirius
Postumus)
Mid career (between exile and
Caesarian Civil War)(57 BC) Post
Reditum in Quirites (To the Citizens
after his recall from exile)
(57 BC) Post Reditum in Senatu (To
the Senate after his recall from
exile)
(57 BC) De Domo Sua (On his House)
(57 BC) De Haruspicum Responsis (On the
Responses of the Haruspices)
(56 BC) De Provinciis Consularibus (On the
Consular Provinces)
(55 BC) In Pisonem (Against Piso)
(52 BC) Pro Milone (In Defence of Titus Annius
Milo)
Late career(46 BC) Pro Marcello (On behalf of
Marcellus)
(46 BC) Pro Ligario (On behalf of Ligarius
before Caesar)
(46 BC) Pro Rege Deiotaro (On behalf of King
Deiotarus before Caesar)
(44 BC) Philippicae (consisting of the 14
philippics, Philippica I–XIV, against Marcus
Antonius)[6]
(The Pro Marcello, Pro Ligario, and Pro Rege
Deiotaro are collectively known as "The
Caesarian speeches").
Rhetoric and politics[edit]
(84 BC) De Inventione (About the composition of arguments)
(55 BC) De Oratore ad Quintum fratrem libri tres (On the Orator, three books for his brother Quintus)
(54 BC) De Partitionibus Oratoriae (About the subdivisions of oratory)
(52 BC) De Optimo Genere Oratorum (About the Best Kind of Orators)
(51 BC) De Re Publica (On the Republic)
(46 BC) Brutus (For Brutus, a short history of Roman rhetoric and orators dedicated to Marcus Junius
Brutus)
(46 BC) Orator ad M. Brutum (About the Orator, also dedicated to Brutus)
44 BC) Topica (Topics of argumentation)
(?? BC) De Legibus (On the Laws)
(?? BC) De Consulatu Suo
(On his ((Cicero's)) consulship – epic poem, only parts survive) (?? BC)
De temporibus suis (His Life and Times- epic poem, entirely lost)
Speeches for Pompey:
67 In Support of the Lex Gabinia , To get Pompey the Campaign against the pirates
66 In Support of the Manilian Law:To get Pompey the command against Mithridates 66 BC
? Lost speech getting Pompey control of the grain supply
Philosophy
(46 BC) Paradoxa Stoicorum (Stoic Paradoxes)
(45 BC) Hortensius
(45 BC) Lucullus or Academica Priora – Liber
Secundus (Second Book of the Prior
Academics)
(45 BC) Varro or Academica Posteriora
(Posterior Academics)
(45 BC) Consolatio (Consolation) How to
console oneself at the death of a loved person
(see Consolatio)
(45 BC) De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum
(About the Ends of Goods and Evils) – a book
on ethics[8]
(45 BC) Tusculanae Quaestiones (Questions
debated at Tusculum)
(45 BC) De Natura Deorum (On the Nature of
the Gods)
(45 BC) De Divinatione (On Divination)
(45 BC) De Fato (On Fate)
(44 BC) Cato Maior de Senectute (Cato the
Elder on Old Age)
(44 BC) Laelius de Amicitia (Laelius on
Friendship)
(44 BC) De Officiis (On Duties)
Epistolae (letters)
Epistulae ad Atticum (Letters to Atticus; 68–43
BC)
Epistulae ad Brutum (Letters to Brutus; 43 BC)
Epistulae ad Familiares (Letters to friends; 62–
43 BC)
Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem (Letters to his
brother Quintus; 60/59–54 BC)
“A room without books is like a body
without a soul”
]
Early Life
Novus Homo: A ’New Man’
Education 2
• Graduate School in Rome
Early Speech attack on Sulla’s freedman 80 BCE He
wins but flees dictator’s wrath 3-4, p. 315*
Return to Rome 5*,p. 315-16
• Guide should be his own
nature, not popular opinion
Politics Beckons
Questor in Sicily, 75
Advocate in Rome 6-7, P.317
• Gets to know the citizens
• Takes no fees or gifts
• Prosecutes an ex• Governor of Sicily, Verres,
for extortion and wins
despite dirty tricks and
bribes, 70 BCE .
Upward on the Cursus Honorum
Aedile, 69 BCE
Praetor, 66 BCE; Policy: Concord of the
Orders (Knights and Senatorial classes)
Consul,63 BCE , 10-23
• Election
• Catiline Conspiracy: O tempora!
O mores!
Death Penalty or Not?
• Fame or Infamy?
• “O fortunatam natam me
• Consule Romam”
Cicero’s Wit 24-28, 27* p. 337
Exile and Return,58-57 BCE, 25-33
32*,pp.343 -4
Back to Law and Politics, 35-36
Trial in Defense of Milo, 35
• Augur 53 BCE
• Governor of Cilicia 51
• BCE
Plutarch’s
• Assessment,36,pp.347-8
Pompey?
The Die is Cast, 37*-39
• Mediation fails
• Or Caesar?
Retirement and Private Life, 40-41
Writer, Teacher, Philosopher
Confusion and Second Triumvirate
Antony?,42-43
•
•
•
•
Fear
But
Leads
Senate
Flight?
leaves
Rome
Returns
Switches
sides
Octavian?, 44-46
Asked by Octavian’s mother and
sister to support him with his oratory.
14 Phillipics Against
Antony, 44 BCE
Reasons 45* p.356
Power and Glory
Betrayal
Proscription, Flight? and Death 43 BCE
Hard choices Death of Cicero,48
for Big3, 47
• Sad hard trip
for Cicero and
Quintus with
changes of plan
• Disgrace of Antony, 49
Cicero Gets His Revenge and His Glory
As all the ages of the world have not
produced a greater statesman and
philosopher united in the same character,
his authority should have great weight.
John Adams, A Defence of the Constitutions
of Government (1787), Preface
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/
m/marcus_tullius_cicero.html