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B5 Revision 121 Questions GCSE Gateway Biology B Contents 1. In good shape ... 2. The vital pump … 3. Running repairs … 4. Breath of life … 5. Waste disposal … 6. Life goes on … 7. New for old … 8. Size matters … 17 questions 20 questions 22 questions 23 questions 16 questions 8 questions 9 questions 6 questions Chapter 1 In good shape 17 Questions Back to contents page Question 1 Name an animal that . . . Does not have a skeleton made of hard material … Worm Question 1 Name an animal that . . . Has an external skeleton … Insect Question 1 Name an animal that . . . Has an internal skeleton … Human Question 2 What is an insects internal skeleton made of? Chitin Question 3 Some animals, such as a shark have an internal skeleton made only of…? Cartilage Question 4 State three different types of fractures of bones 1. Simple 2. Compound 3. Green stick Question 5 What are xrays used for ? To detect fractures Question 6 What is a joint? Where two or more bones meet (joined by ligament) Question 7 Bones are moved by …? Muscles (attached by tendons) Question 8 Identify the location of a … Fixed joint … Skull Question 8 Identify the location of a … Hinge joint … Elbow, knee Question 8 Identify the location of a … Ball and socket joint … Shoulder, hip Question 9 Identify the main bones in the arm Humerus? Ulna ? Radius? Question 10 Forearms being raised Identify the main muscles in the arm Forearms being lowered Biceps ? relax Biceps ? contract Triceps ? relax Triceps ? contract Question 11 Name four advantages of an internal skeleton compared to an external skeleton 1. Framework of body 2. Can grow with body 3. Easy to attach to muscles 4. Flexible Question 12 Cartilage and bone are …? Living tissues Question 13 Describe the structure of a long bone 1. Head, with covering of cartilage 2. Shaft, bone marrow with blood vessels Question 14 Why are long bones stronger than solid bones? Because they are hollow Question 15 Why are elderly people more prone to fractures? (osteoporosis) Because their bones are soft Question 16 Describe cartilage and bone regarding infection and growth and repair 1. Cartilage and bone are susceptible to infection 2. Cartilage and bone can grow and repair themselves Question 17 How does the skeleton change in humans? 1. Starts off with being cartilage 2. Cartilage is slowly replaced by the addition of calcium and phosphorus (ossification) Chapter 2 The vital pump 20 Questions Back to contents page Question 1 Some animals such as . . . Amoeba … Do not have a blood circulatory system Question 1 Some animals such as . . . Insects … Have an open circulatory system Question 1 Some animals such as . . . Humans … Have a closed circulatory system Question 2 In a closed circulatory system … …blood will flow in arteries, veins and capillaries Question 3 Describe the heart The heart is made of powerful muscles which are supplied with food and oxygen by the coronary artery Question 4 Describe the pulse The pulse is a measure of the heart beat (muscle contraction) to put the blood under pressure and that it can be detected at various places (wrist, ear, temple) Question 5 What is a single circulatory system? One circuit from the heart Question 6 What is a double circulatory system? Two circuits from the heart Question 7 Identify the four chambers of the heart ? ? ? ? Question 8 Name the four main blood vessels of the heart and describe each one briefly 1. Aorta – main artery, carries oxygenated blood to the body 2. Vena cava – main vein, carries deoxygenated blood from the body 3. Pulmonary artery – carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs 4. Pulmonary vein – carries oxygenated blood from the lungs Question 9 How is heart rate linked to activity? When you exercise, your heart rate increases because your heart muscle contracts Question 10 What is muscle contraction controlled by? A group of cells called the pacemakers. These cells produce a small electric current Question 11 What are artificial pacemakers used for? To control heart beat Question 12 What technique can be used to investigate heart action? ECG Question 13 Describe the contribution of William Harvey toward the understanding of blood circulation Harvey said… 1. The heart has four chambers 2. The blood travels through arteries and veins 3. Arteries and veins were joined by tiny blood vessels Question 14 Describe the contribution of Galen toward the understanding of blood circulation Galen said… 1. The liver made blood 2. Blood was pumped around the body by the heart 3. The heart pumped blood in a backwards and forwards motion Question 15 What is meant by a single circulatory system and links to a two chambered heart? The heart in a single circulatory system has two chambers, one to receive blood and one to pump blood out Question 16 What is meant by a double circulatory system and links to a four chambered heart? The heart in a double circulatory system has four chambers. One side contains blood without oxygen (deoxygenated blood) The other side contains blood with oxygen (oxygenated blood) Question 17 Describe the cardiac cycle Contraction of the heart is called systole Relaxation between beats is called diastole The cardiac cycle takes 0.8 seconds Question 18 Describe how the pacemaker cells (SAN) and (AVN) coordinate heart muscle contraction The sino-atrial node (SAN) group of cells generates electrical impulses. These spread across the atria to contract. When the impulses reach the atrioventricular node (AVN), more impulses spread across the ventricle causing them to contract. Question 19 Label this ECG trace ‘P’ waves (impulses from SAN) P ? ‘R’ waves (impulses in ventricles) R ? T ? ‘T’ waves (as ventricles contract) Question 20 Alterations in heart rate can also be caused by …? Hormones, such as adrenaline Chapter 3 Running Repairs 22 Questions Back to contents page Question 1 1. Irregular heart beat Name four heart conditions and diseases 2. Hole in the heart 3. Damaged or weak valves 4. Coronary heart disease and heart attacks Question 2 Red blood ? vessels Identify parts of the blood Blood ? vessel White ? cell blood Plasma ? Platelets ? Question 3 Explain the role of each part of the blood Red blood cells – contains a pigment called haemoglobin which combines with oxygen to form oxy-haemoglobin White blood cells – engulf and destroy bacteria Plasma – carries blood cells and products of digestion Platelets – cells fragments that play an important part in blood clotting Question 4 Describe reasons for blood donation and why some people carry donor cards 1. Blood donation can help other people in need 2. Donor cards would solve the problem of shortage of donors 3. Donor cards would save time finding relatives to gain permission Question 5 Name the different types of blood groups A, B, AB and O These are then divides further into Rhesus positive and negative Question 6 Where does blood normally clot? At cuts Question 7 Where does blood abnormally clot? Inside blood vessels Question 8 What can be used to reduce or prevent blood from clotting? Anti-coagulant drugs Question 9 Compare normal blood circulation to that resulting from a hole in the heart A ‘hole in the heart’ allows oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix. Therefore, blood leaving the heart in the aorta carries a lower amount of oxygen. This can be corrected by surgery. Question 10 Describe the effects of damaged or weak valves on blood circulation If the valves between the atria and ventricles are weak or damaged, blood will flow back into the atria and reduce blood pressure. The valves can be replaced by artificial valves. Question 11 Describe the effects of blocked coronary artery If the coronary artery becomes blocked, the heart muscles are not supplied with energy, which may result in a heart attack. The standard treatment for this is bypass surgery Question 12 What are heart assist devices? Doctors use ‘heart assist’ devices to reduce the work done by heart muscles. They help pump blood. This allows heart muscles to recover, and then the device can be removed. Question 13 State an advantages and disadvantage of heart transplants Advantage: Saves lives Disadvantage: patients have to rely on drugs for the rest of their life Question 14 Describe the process of blood donation and blood transfusion 1. Donor’s haemoglobin level is checked 2. Donor’s blood pressure is checked and blood group is recorded 3. Once the blood is collected, an anti-coagulant is added to prevent it from clotting 4. Blood is labelled and stored in a temperature controlled environment Question 15 Discuss haemophilia Haemophilia is an inherited disease This is when blood does not clot Question 16 Name three substances that are important for blood to clot Vitamin K Green vegetables Cranberries Question 17 Name three drugs that are used to control blood clotting Warfarin Heparin Aspirin Question 18 How can the following affect the circulatory system? Diet? A fatty diet can lead to a high level of cholesterol in the blood, which can block arteries. Obesity puts extra strain on the heart Question 18 How can the following affect the circulatory system? Alcohol? A high alcohol intake can lower blood pressure, raise fat levels in the blood and affect blood clotting Question 18 How can the following affect the circulatory system? Smoking? Smoking reduces the amount of oxygen available to the blood in the lungs and increase the risk of heart disease Question 18 How can the following affect the circulatory system? Stress? Stress can lead to high blood pressure and a higher risk of a stroke or kidney damage Question 18 How can the following affect the circulatory system? Drugs? Inhaling solvents can trigger a heart attack and injecting drugs can cause bacterial infections Question 19 How is the shape of a red blood cell adapted to its function? It is a flattened disk with a large surface area so it can absorb large amounts of oxygen. It is so specialised that it does not have a nucleus Question 20 How is the shape of a white blood cell adapted to its function? It can change shape so it is able to surround and destroy bacteria Question 21 Complete the table Blood Group Antigens/ Antibodies Can donate to Can receive from A Antigen A Antibody B AB / A O/A B Antigen B Antibody A AB / B O/B AB Antigen A Antigen B AB only O / AB A / B / AB O only (no antibody) O Antibody A Antibody B (no antigen) Question 22 Describe the process of blood clotting 1. Cut 2. Platelets exposed to air at site of cut 3. Complex sequence of reactions 4. Eventually forms a meshwork of fibrin fibres (clot) Chapter 4 Breath of life 23 Questions Back to contents page Question 1 What do all living things do to get oxygen? All living things respire to get oxygen to release energy from food Question 2 How do small simple organisms such as Amoeba and earthworms take in oxygen? They take in oxygen through their skin which must be moist Question 3 How do larger, more complex organisms take in oxygen? They have special organs such as gills and lungs to take in oxygen Question 4 ? Label parts of the lungs ? ? ? ? ? ? Question 5 What is breathing? The exchange of gases Question 6 What is respiration? The chemical process that makes energy from food in the cells in your body. Question 7 What is inspiration? Breathing in air Question 8 What is expiration? Breathing out air Question 9 Name four conditions and diseases of the respiratory system 1. Asthma 2. Bronchitis 3. Pneumonia 4. Lung cancer Question 10 Explain how the methods of gaseous exchange of amphibians and fish restrict them to their habitats Frogs and fish have special structures to get oxygen into their blood. Frogs skin and fish gills need to be immersed in water to allow oxygen to diffuse so they are restricted to certain habitats Question 11 What is tidal air? The air that is exchanged when you are resting and breathing normally Question 12 What is vital capacity air? The overall amount of air that you can use Question 13 What is residual air? The small amount of air that you cannot breathe out Question 14 Breathing In Diagram of breathing in Intercostal ? muscles contract Ribs move up ? and out Diaphragm contracts and? flattens out Question 15 Breathing Out Diagram of breathing out Ribs move down ? in and Intercostal ? relax muscles Diaphragm relaxes ? and stretches Question 16 Describe how the respiratory system protects itself from disease by ciliated cells The linings of the trachea and bronchioles are covered by millions of tiny hairs called cilia. The cilia produce a wave like motion that carries mucus and trapped dust upwards and out of the lungs and into the throat. Special cells in the lungs make sticky mucus that traps dust particles and some bacteria. Question 17 Name and explain an industrial lung disease Asbestosis: If fine asbestos fibres are breathed in, they are trapped in the air sacs which limits the exchange of gases Question 18 Name a genetic lung disease Cystic fibrosis: When too much mucus is produced in the bronchioles, which causes less exchange of gases and the patient struggles to get enough oxygen Question 19 Describe symptoms and treatment of asthma Symptoms: Breathlessness Treatment: Asthma pump Question 20 How does the structure of a fish gill allow efficient gaseous exchange in water? Oxygen dissolved in water passes over many gill filaments that have a large surface area and a rich blood supply Question 21 How is the structure of the respiratory system linked to efficient diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide? 1. Large surface area of alveoli 2. Moist surface 3. Thin lining 4. Good blood supply Question 22 Why is the respiratory system prone to diseases? Because the air sacs in the lungs are a ‘dead end’. Any debris that is not removed by mucus and cilia remains, covering and irritating the cells lining the alveoli. These cells are easily damaged which is why there are so many diseases of the respiratory system Question 23 Complete the diagram to show what happens during an asthma attack Sensitive airways Trigger Immune response Airways constrict More mucus produced Body releases histamine Mucus plug Airways inflamed Less air available for gas exchange in the lungs Chapter 5 Waste Disposal 16 Questions Back to contents page Question 1 What do kidneys excrete? Urea Water Salt Question 2 What is carbon dioxide produced by and what is it removed by? Produced by: Respiration Removed by: The lungs Question 3 Name the basic parts of the skin ? Hairs ? Epidermis ? Dermis ? Hair follicle ? Fatty tissue ? Blood capillary Sweat gland ? Question 4 The skin excretes sweat containing what? 1. Water 2. Salt Question 5 Describe the structure of the kidneys Question 6 Explain how the kidneys work 1. The renal artery brings blood containing waste substances to the kidneys 2. Urea is a waste substance made in the liver from unwanted amino acids 3. The kidneys filter the blood, removing the waste 4. As the blood in the renal vein has a high pressure, the filtering is also done under high pressure 5. Useful substances such as glucose, some water and some salt reabsorbed back into the blood Question 7 What is urea produced by and what is it removed by? Produced: in the liver (from excess amino acids) Removed: by the kidneys Question 8 Describe how the amount of urine produced is affected by water intake By increasing the water intake, the amount of urine produced is increased Question 9 Describe how the amount of urine produced is affected by heat and exercise If you do more exercise or are in hot conditions, more water will be lost as sweat and less water will be lost as urine Question 10 Why must high levels of carbon dioxide be removed from the body? When exercising, more carbon dioxide is produced which must be removed. Carbon dioxide reacts with water in the blood plasma forming carbonic acid. If it is not removed, it will upset the pH level of the blood. Therefore, a higher rate of breathing not only takes in more oxygen , it also gets rid of more carbon dioxide waste Question 11 How does sweat cool down skin? The water molecules in sweat use heat energy from the skin to change state from a liquid to a gas by evaporation, so the skin is cooled down. Question 12 How is the structure of the kidney tubule related to filtration of the blood and formation of urine? A kidney contains about half a million kidney tubules. The glomerulus filters useful and waste materials from the blood. In the next part of the tubule the blood selectively reabsorbs useful substances such as glucose and water. Part of the tubule also regulates the body’s level of water and salt Question 13 How does a dialysis machine work? If a kidney stops working, a dialysis machine can be used to act as an artificial kidney removing urea from the blood. Since urea molecules are small they diffuse through the membrane. The dialysis fluid is like normal blood plasma so the levels of sodium and glucose in the blood are maintained. Question 14 How is the concentration of urine controlled? It is controlled by the anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), which is produced by the pituitary gland Question 15 How is the concentration of urine controlled? It is controlled by the anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), which is produced by the pituitary gland and controls the reabsorption of water Question 16 How is ADH production controlled by a negative feedback mechanism? A negative feedback mechanism ensures the correct water balance in the blood. The correcting mechanism (ADH production) is switched off when conditions return to normal Chapter 6 Life goes on 8 Questions Back to contents page Question 1 What is fertilisation? The result of fusion between a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg) Question 2 Describe the main stages of the menstrual cycle and the reasons for such changes Ovulation: the release of an egg around the middle of the cycle The uterus lining becomes thicker, which helps a fertilised egg to embed in it. Menstruation, the release of the broken down cells from the uterus lining, occurs if an egg is not fertilised or does not not become embedded. Question 3 Name treatments for infertility 1. Artificial insemination 2. Use if FSH 3. ‘in vitro’ fertilisation (IVF) 4. Egg donation 5. Surrogacy 6. Ovary transplants Question 4 Amniocentesis: Describe foetal A thin needle is guided investigations by ultrasound through the abdomen into the to identify amniotic fluid that certain surrounds the foetus. conditions A sample of fluid and loose cells is taken Question 5 What does the hormone FSH do? Stimulate an egg to start developing Question 6 What does the hormone LH do? Control the release of an egg Question 7 What do the hormones oestrogen and progesterone do? As the follicle in the ovary develops, it releases varying amounts of oestrogen and progesterone. These hormones control the growth of uterus cells and thus control the thickness of the uterus lining. Question 8 Name some problems with infertility treatments Injections of FSH are straightforward and can be used without major side effects Surrogate mothers may become emotionally attached to the baby during pregnancy IVF does not have a very high success rate and multiple births can be a problem Amniocentesis carries a risk of causing miscarriage Chapter 7 New for old 9 Questions Back to contents page Question 1 Name some body parts that can be mechanically replaced 1. Kidney 2. Knee and hip joints 3. Heart 4. Lens of the eye Question 2 Name some body parts that can be biologically replaced 1. Blood 2. Cornea 3. Heart 4. Lungs 5. Kidney and bone marrow Question 3 State three problems with organ donation 1. Shortage of donors 2. Tissue match 3. Size and age match Question 4 State four problems with using mechanical replacements 1. Size 2. Power supply 3. Materials used 4. Body reactions Question 5 State three mechanical replacements that can be used outside the body 1. The heart and lung machine 2. Kidney dialysis 3. Iron lungs Question 6 Explain how donors can be living and what makes a suitable donor Body parts such as blood and bone marrow can be donated while still alive One kidney can also be donated while alive Blood and tissue must match Question 7 State the criteria needed for a dead person to be a suitable donor If the donor is brain dead, only organs and tissues can be donated If the donor died from cardio-respiratory failure, only his tissues can be used Question 8 Discuss the ethical issues concerning organ donation • Some families may find it difficult to accept that surgical procedures will be carried out on the dead body of a donor • Some patients may find it difficult to accept that someone’s death has been necessary to provide the transplant Question 9 Describe problems with transplants regarding rejection • The body’s immune system reacts to ‘foreign’ tissue and rejects it • The recipient patient has to take immuno-suppressive drugs for the rest of their lifetime Chapter 8 Size matters 6 Questions Back to contents page Question 1 New cells for growth are produced by a type of cell division called? Mitosis Question 2 Mitosis produces …? Identical cells Question 3 What are extremes in height (dwarfs and giants) caused by? Caused by genes or hormone imbalance Question 4 How can diet and exercise influence growth? Diet: calcium and vitamin D is needed for bones, and protein is needed for muscle growth Exercise: the body releases more growth hormone Question 5 What may be some reasons why life expectancy has increased greatly? • Less industrial disease • Healthier diet • Life style • Modern treatments • Cures for disease • Better housing Question 6 Where is the human growth hormone produced and what is its role? Human growth hormone is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates general growth especially in long bones End Of B5 Revision Back to contents page