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October 2013 Science Review Notes for Parents and Students Grade 5 2nd Nine Weeks 2013-2014 Note: The Fifth Grade Standard of Learning test covers material taught in fourth and fifth grade. Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher Page 1 October 2013 Science Review Notes for Parents and Students Grade 5 Science: Second Nine Weeks 2013-2014 This resource is intended to be a guide for parents and students to improve content knowledge and understanding. The information below is detailed information about the Standards of Learning taught during the 2nd grading period and comes from the Science Standards of Learning Curriculum Framework, Grade 5 issued by the Virginia Department of Education. The Curriculum Framework in its entirety can be found at the following website. http://www.doe.virginia.gov/testing/sol/standards_docs/science/index.shtml Standard 5.1 The student will demonstrate an understanding of scientific reasoning, logic, and the nature of science by planning and conducting investigations in which a) items such as rocks, minerals, and organisms are identified using various classification keys; b) estimates are made and accurate measurements of length, mass, volume, and temperature are made in metric units using proper tools; c) estimates are made and accurate measurements of elapsed time are made using proper tools; d) hypotheses are formed from testable questions; e) independent and dependent variables are identified; f) constants in an experimental situation are identified; g) data are collected, recorded, analyzed, and communicated using proper graphical representations and metric measurements; h) predictions are made using patterns from data collected, and simple graphical data are generated; i) inferences are made and conclusions are drawn; j) models are constructed to clarify explanations, demonstrate relationships, and solve needs; and k) current applications are used to reinforce science concepts. Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher Page 2 October 2013 Overview The skills in standard 5.1 are intended to define the “investigate” component and the understanding of the nature of science for all of the other fifth-grade standards. The intent of standard 5.1 is for students to continue to develop a range of inquiry skills, achieve proficiency with those skills, and develop and reinforce their understanding of the nature of science in the context of the concepts developed at the fifth-grade level. It is also intended that by developing these skills, students will achieve a greater understanding of scientific inquiry and the nature of science and will more fully grasp the content-related concepts. Science assumes that the natural world is understandable. Scientific inquiry can provide explanations about nature. This expands students’ thinking from just knowledge of facts to understanding how facts are relevant to everyday life. Systematic investigations require standard measures and consistent and reliable tools. Metric measures are a standard way to make measurements and are recognized around the world. A classification key is an important tool used to help identify objects and organisms. It consists of a branching set of choices organized in levels, with most levels of the key having two choices. Each level provides more specific descriptors, eventually leading to identification. A hypothesis is an educated guess/prediction about what will happen based on what you already know and what you have already learned from your research. It must be worded so that it is “testable.” The hypothesis can be written as an “If…, then….” statement, such as “If all light is blocked from a plant for two weeks, then the plant will die.” An independent variable is the factor in an experiment that is altered by the experimenter. The independent variable is purposely changed or manipulated. A dependent variable is the factor in an experiment that changes as a result of the manipulation of the independent variable. The constants in an experiment are those things that are purposefully kept the same throughout the experiment. A scientific prediction is a forecast about what may happen in some future situation. It is based on the application of factual information and principles and recognition of trends and patterns. An inference is a tentative explanation based on background knowledge and available data. A conclusion is a summary statement based on the results of an investigation. Scientific conclusions are based on verifiable observations (science is empirical). Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher Page 3 October 2013 Standard 5.4 The student will investigate and understand that matter is anything that has mass and takes up space; and occurs as a solid, liquid, or gas. Key concepts include a) b) c) d) e) distinguishing properties of each phase of matter; the effect of temperature on the phases of matter; atoms and elements; molecules and compounds; and mixtures including solutions. Overview This standard incorporates various characteristics of matter such as mass, volume, and the effect of temperature changes on the three basic phases of matter. Instruction should center on the basic structure of matter and how it behaves. This standard builds on standard 3.3, which provides a basis for understanding the structure of matter. It is intended that students will actively develop and utilize scientific investigation, reasoning, and logic skills (5.1) in the context of the key concepts presented in this standard. Key Terms: Matter is made of particles (atoms and molecules) that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye. Matter is anything that has mass and volume. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. The mass of an object does not change. (Weight of an object changes based on the gravitational pull on it. A person will have the same mass on Earth, Mars, and our moon. However, his or her weight on our moon will be 1/6 of what it is on Earth and will be 1/3 as much on Mars.) Matter can exist in several distinct forms which are called phases. The three basic phases of matter generally found on Earth are gas, liquid, and solid. Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher Page 4 October 2013 Characteristics of Gases, Liquids, and Solids gas liquid solid Assumes the Assumes the Retains a fixed shape of its shape of its shape container container Assumes the Has a definite Has a definite volume of its volume volume container – no definite volume Compressible Not easily Not easily (lots of free compressible compressible space between (little free space (little free space particles) between between particles) particles) Flows easily Flows easily Does not flow (particles can (particles can easily (rigidmove past one move/slide past particles cannot another) one another) move/slide past one another) All matter, regardless of its size, shape, or color, is made of particles (atoms and molecules) that are too small to be seen by the unaided eye. Atom The smallest part of an element is an atom. An atom is made up of three kinds of particles — protons, neutrons, and electrons. Neutron Nucleus Proton Electron Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher Page 5 October 2013 Element There are more than 100 known elements that make up all matter. A few of the more familiar elements include: hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), helium (He), carbon (C), sodium (Na), nitrogen (N) and potassium (K). The smallest part of an element is an atom. Molecule A molecule is made up of two or more atoms that are held together. Two atoms of the same element joined together form a molecule of that element. Two atoms of the same element can join together to form a molecule of that element. Molecules are always in motion in each of the three states of matter, and the speed of the molecules determines the matter’s state. For example, if the molecules are spread far apart and are moving very fast, bouncing off one another, the matter of which they are a part is a gas. If they are packed close together and barely moving, they are a part of a solid. If the molecules are moving freely around each other, they are a part of a liquid, which can be poured. Oxygen molecules A molecule is made up of two or more atoms that are held together. Two atoms of the same element joined together form a molecule of that element. Compound A compound is made up of atoms of two or more elements joined together. For example, water is a compound formed from joining two hydrogen molecules and one oxygen molecule. Oxygen molecule H2O is the symbol for water. Hydrogen molecules What elements make up the compound table salt? o Sodium and chloride make up table salt Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher NaCl is the symbol for salt. Page 6 October 2013 Mixture A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that do not lose their indentifying characteristics when combined. Example: mixed fruit salad, marbles and sand Hint: If you can separate the material after mixing them; it is a mixture. Solution A solution is a mixture in which one substance dissolves in another. Examples: tea and sugar, powdered drink and water Hint: If you can’t separate the material after mixing them; it is a solution. For example: try to get sugar back to its original form after mixing it with tea. You can’t, therefore it is a solution. What happens to matter as the temperature increases or goes up? As the temperature increases many kinds of matter change from solid to a liquid to a gas. Examples: When a solid is heated it can change to a liquid. Ice changes to water when it is heated. Solid iron can be heated and changed to a liquid. What happens to matter as the temperature decreases or goes down? As the temperature decreases many kinds of matter change from gas to a liquid to a solid. TEMPERATURE Low High SOLID LIQUID FREEZING POINT (32ºF, or 0ºC) GAS BOILING POINT (212ºF or 100ºC) Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is the study of materials at the molecular (atomic) scale. Items at this scale are so small they are no longer visible with the naked eye. Nanotechnology has shown that the behavior and properties of some substances at the nanoscale (a nanometer is one-billionth of a meter) contradict how they behave and what their properties are at the visible scale. Many products on the market today are already benefiting from nanotechnology such as sunscreens, scratch-resistant coatings, and medical procedures. Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher Page 7 October 2013 Released Practice Items Virginia Standards of Learning Grade 5 Science Test Follow this link to find practice items: http://www.doe.virginia.gov/testing/sol/practice_items/index.shtml#science SOL 5.4 Matter is anything that has mass, takes up space, and occurs as a solid, liquid or gas. Note: The answers are shaded in gray. 1. Which of these shows how frozen water changes as the temperature of the air increases. A B C D Gas liquid Solid gas Liquid gas Solid liquid solid liquid solid gas 2. Which of these will change solid iron to a liquid? A Raising the air pressure B Increasing its temperature C Crushing the solid iron D Adding water to the iron 3. Answers: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher Page 8 October 2013 hypothesis 5.1 inference 5.1 scientific prediction 5.1 A hypothesis is an educated guess/prediction about what will happen based on what you already know and what you have already learned from your research. An inference is a tentative explanation based on background knowledge and available data. A scientific prediction is a forecast about what may happen in some future situation, based on the application of factual information and principles and the recognition of trends and patterns. classification key A classification key is an important tool used to help identify objects and organisms. conclusion A conclusion is a summary statement based on the results of an investigation. Scientific conclusions are based on verifiable observations. dependent variable A dependent variable is the factor in an experiment that changes as a result of the manipulation of the independent variable. 5.1 5.1 5.1 independent variable 5.1 Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher An independent variable is the factor in an experiment that is altered by the experimenter. The independent variable is purposely changed or manipulated. Page 9 October 2013 constants Constants are those things that are purposefully kept the same throughout the experiment. compound A compound is created when two or more elements combine to form a new substance. 5.1 5.4 molecule A molecule is the smallest part of a compound. 5.4 mixture 5.4 solution A Mixture is a combination of two or more substances that do not lose their identifying characteristics when combined. A solution is a mixture in which one substance dissolves in another. 5.4 atom 5.4 element 5.4 Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher An atom is the smallest part of an element; it is made up of three types of particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Elements are formed when atoms combine. Each element is given a name and a symbol. (ie. H = hydrogen, Ca calcium) Page 10 October 2013 matter Matter is anything that has mass and volume. 5.4 mass Mass is the amount of matter in an object. The mass of an object does not change. phases of matter The three basic phases of matter generally found on Earth are gas, liquid, and solid. 5.4 5.4 Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher Page 11 October 2013 4th Grade Science Review Notes for 5th Grade Parents and Students Science: Second Nine Weeks 2013-2014 Fifth grade students will take the Virginia Standards of Learning Science Test at the end of the fifth grade. Information addressed on the test will include information from the fourth and fifth grade Science Standards of Learning Curriculum Framework as issued by the Virginia Department of Education. The Curriculum Framework in its entirety can be found at the following website. http://www.doe.virginia.gov/testing/sol/standards_docs/science/index.shtml Standard 4.2 The student will investigate and understand characteristics and interaction of moving objects. Key concepts include a) b) c) d) motion is described by an object’s direction and speed; changes in motion are related to force and mass; friction is a force that opposes motion; and moving objects have kinetic energy. Key Terms: Speed Speed describes how fast an object is moving. Force A force is any push or pull that causes an object to move, stop, or change speed or direction. The greater the force, the greater the change in motion will be. The more massive an object, the less effect a given force will have on the object. Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher Page 12 October 2013 Friction Friction is the resistance to motion created by two objects moving against each other. Friction creates heat. Examples: 1. Rubbing your hands together slowly and then faster and faster will cause them to get warmer. Why? Friction makes heat. 2. When you push or pull the brakes on your bicycle, the brakes press against the tire. The tire rubs against the street and makes friction. Kinetic and Potential Energy Energy may exist in two states: kinetic or potential. Kinetic Energy Definitions: Example: Think of bowling. Potential Energy energy in motion stored energy When swinging the As you hold the bowling bowling ball backwards, it ball, it is storing energy. moves. So it’s kinetic So it’s potential energy. energy. Swinging it forward, it’s moving. So it’s kinetic energy again. Think about a roller coaster for a moment. When is there the most potential energy? When is there the most kinetic energy? Potential energy is stored energy. When the roller coaster reaches the top, it has the most stored energy. As the roller coaster goes down the hill, it is releasing the energy. This is kinetic energy. Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher Page 13 October 2013 Released Practice Items Virginia Standards of Learning Grade 5 Science Test Follow this link to find practice items: http://www.doe.virginia.gov/testing/sol/practice_items/index.shtml#science SOL 4.2 Students will investigate and understand characteristics and interaction of moving objects. Note: The answers are shaded in gray. 1. When a coin is dropped, it falls to the ground. As the coin falls, it loses potential energy and gains what kind of energy? A B C D Kinetic Chemical Electrical Solar 2. Which of these best shows kinetic energy? A B C D Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher Page 14 October 2013 Standard 4.3 The student will investigate and understand the characteristics of electricity. Key concepts include: a) b) c) d) conductors and insulators; basic circuits (open/closed, parallel/series); static electricity; the ability of electrical energy to be transformed into light and motion, and to produce heat; e) simple electromagnets and magnetism; and f) historical contributions in understanding electricity. Key Terms: Conductor Electrical energy moves through materials that are conductors (metals). Examples: nails, paperclip Insulator Insulators (rubber, plastic, wood) do not conduct electricity well. Open circuit Open circuits prevent the movement of electrical energy. Note: The circuit is open and the light is off! Closed circuit Closed circuits allow the movement of electrical energy. Note: The circuit is closed and the light is on! Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher Page 15 October 2013 Series Circuit In a series circuit, there is only one pathway for the current. Parallel Circuit In a parallel circuit, there are two or more pathways for the current to flow. Electromagnet A current flowing through a wire creates a magnetic field. Wrapping a wire around certain ironbearing metals (iron nail) creates a closed circuit. This is an example of a simple electromagnet. Electromagnets are in doorbells, speakers, telephones, and almost every motor. Below is an example of an electromagnet before it is connected to a battery. Once the loose ends are attached to the battery terminals then it will act as an electromagnet and can pick up material such as a paperclip. Static electricity Rubbing certain materials together creates static electricity. Try rubbing a blown up balloon on your head. What happened? Did it create static electricity? Lightning is the discharge of static electricity in the atmosphere. Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher Page 16 October 2013 People to Know Thomas Edison Benjamin Franklin 1847-1931 1706-1790 Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. Benjamin Franklin is known for his interest in electricity. Inventor, Thomas Alva Edison, influenced modern life through inventions such as the incandescent light bulb, the phonograph, and the motion picture camera. Ben Franklin suspected that lightning was an electrical current in nature, and he wanted to see if he was right. Michael Faraday 1791-1867 Michael Faraday discovered the electromagnet. Michael Faraday’s major contributions were in the fields of chemistry and electricity. Although he became recognized as the Father of Modern One way to test his idea would Chemistry and discovered be to see if the lightning would benzene, he is probably best During Edison’s lifetime, he pass through metal. Franklin noted for his work in the field of acquired 1,093 patents, and decided to use a metal key electricity and magnetism. marketed many of his and looked around for a way inventions to the public. to get the key up near the His idea was to discover how to lightning. As you probably make electricity from a magnetic Edison used to say, “Genius already know, Franklin used a field. In 1831, he was able to was 1 percent inspiration and child's toy, a kite. produce electricity by moving a 99 percent perspiration.” He magnet inside a wire coil. believed that inventing useful Franklin’s famous stormy kite products offered everyone the flight in June of 1752 led him By making electricity via opportunity for fame and to develop many of the terms mechanical means. He fortune while benefiting that we still use today when discovered that a magnetic force society. we talk about electricity: can alter light - a concept now battery, conductor, condenser, known as the Faraday Effect. charge, discharge, uncharged, negative, minus, plus, electric shock, and electrician. Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher Page 17 October 2013 Released Practice Items Virginia Standards of Learning Grade 5 Science Test Follow this link to find practice items: http://www.doe.virginia.gov/testing/sol/practice_items/index.shtml#science Note: Answers are shaded in gray. SOL 4.3 The student will investigate and understand the characteristics of electricity. Key concepts include: g) h) i) j) conductors and insulators; basic circuits (open/closed, parallel/series); static electricity; the ability of electrical energy to be transformed into light and motion, and to produce heat; k) simple electromagnets and magnetism; and l) historical contributions in understanding electricity. 1. A bar magnet is placed on the table, and a sheet of blank paper is placed over the magnet. What could be sprinkled over the paper to show the magnetic field of the bar magnet? A Salt B Iron Filings C Sand D Soil Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher Page 18 October 2013 2. 3. Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher Page 19 October 2013 potential energy Potential energy is energy that is stored. 4.2 kinetic energy Kinetic energy is energy of motion. 4.2 force A force is any push or pull that causes an object to move, stop, or change speed or direction. 4.2 speed Speed describes how fast an object is moving. 4.2 friction Friction is the resistant to motion created by two objects moving against each other. 4.2 electromagnet An electromagnet is a temporary magnet made by coiling wire around an iron core. 4.3 Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher Page 20 October 2013 circuit A circuit is a pathway for the flow of electricity. 4.3 closed circuit A closed circuit is a circuit without interruption, providing a continuous path through which a current can flow. open circuit An open circuit is a circuit that will not allow electricity to flow. 4.3 4.3 conductor A conductor is a material that easily allows the flow of electricity. insulator An insulator is a material through which electric current DOES NOT pass easily. 4.3 4.3 series circuit A series circuit is formed when there is only one pathway for the electric current to flow. parallel circuit A parallel circuit is formed when there are two or more pathways for the electric current to flow. 4.3 4.3 Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher Page 21 October 2013 electrical energy 4.3 static electricity Electrical energy is the energy associated with electric charges. It can be transformed into light or motion and can produce thermal energy. Static electricity is electricity produced by friction. 4.3 Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher Page 22