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FINAL REPORT WHO PROJECT Mapping of National Tropical-Disease Centers / Institutions in Nepal Prof Dr Suman Rijal Professor in Internal Medicine & In-charge of Tropical Diseases B.P.Koirala Institute of Health Sciences Dharan, Sunsari, Nepal Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Nepal, the land of Himalayas and natural beauties, also harbors communicable diseases more commonly labeled as "Neglected Infectious Diseases". The tropical disease centers included in this mapping contribute significantly, in research, training, clinical services or policy making, to the diseases that are relevant in the context of tropical diseases in Nepal and are endemic to the region. Eleven (11) communicable diseases were chosen because of their significance in shaping Nepalese public-health policy. As these diseases are seen in close association with HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis, we have also included the centers that commit to the latter as well. To initiate the mapping we divided the country profile into 5 development regions. Centers that are included are Government managed, NGO's, Medical Schools and Universities contributing to tropical disease activities. Most of the key institutes that contribute significantly are in the central region in the country's capital, Kathmandu, with only a couple of centers outside the capitol. Most of the institutes do contribute to clinical care services but only few are currently actively involved in training or research. In this report the SCOPUS database was used to enlist the publications in tropical disease from each institute over the last 10 years. Some of the local medical journals which were not included in this database would have been missed. The publications from Nepal are limited in number and also most of the contributions have been made from a handful of institutes. Significant research outputs are also mainly limited to few diseases namely leprosy, visceral Leishmaniasis and enteric fever. The majority of the publications come from 4 institutes namely Anandaban Leprosy Hospital, BPKIHS, Institute of Medicine (Tribhuvan University) and Patan Academy of Health Sciences. These centers have excellent collaboration with reputed tropical diseases institutes which has proved to be very fruitful. It was also observed that some of the institutes have excellent laboratories but do not have access to field sites or hospitals e.g. NPHL while some have a strong government mandate and good field sites but lack adequate trained manpower and well equipped laboratories e.g. VBDRTC. Majority of the training in tropical diseases currently ongoing are refresher or short courses mainly provided by the disease specific programmes. MPH in public health is available in 3 institutes and PhD in tropical diseases from 2 universities in Nepal. There is definitely a need to augment the tropical diseases activities within the country. Key scientists, experts and policy makers need to identify and prioritize the research agenda taking into consideration the country and programme needs. The strengths of the individual institutes should be capitalized and collaborations and networking should be formed to conduct joint activities which include research and training programmes. Investment in training scientists in the universities and upgrading and development of research laboratories is essential. Most of the institutes lack adequate resources to undertake these activities so external funding would be required. In the long term it will be important to develop more centers especially from the endemic areas and in areas deprived of tropical disease centers like Mid-west and Far-west regions of Nepal. 2|Page Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 TEAM MEMBERS The project entitled “Mapping of National Tropical-Disease Centers / Institutions in Nepal”, commissioned by WHO/SEARO, has been prepared by Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal. The report was drafted from 15th May to 30th June 2012. The team members were: 1. Prof. Dr. Suman Rijal, Professor, Dept. of Internal Medicine, & In-charge Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, BPKIHS 2. Dr. Kanika Deshpande Koirala, PhD research Fellow, BPKIHS. 3. Dr. Deepak Kumar Roy, Dental Surgeon, BPKIHS. DISEASES COVERED The following diseases were selected, based on their key significance to Nepal. Further, we have classified those diseases in two broad categories: (1) Vector borne disease and (2) Diseases other than vector borne diseases. The disease covered were not only neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) but also those diseases which had a major role in reference to Nepalese population and government policies. Vector-borne diseases: 1. Malaria 2. Visceral leishmaniasis 3. Dengue 4. Filariasis 5. Japanese Encephalitis Diseases other than Vector-borne diseases: 1. Leprosy 2. Intestinal helminth infections 3. Tuberculosis 4. Diarrheal diseases 5. Typhoid 6. HIV/AIDS PROJECT OUTLINE The project “Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers / Institutions in Nepal” aims to identify Government Institutes, NGO's, Medical schools and research institutions involved in tropical diseases research and training in Nepal. The centers were included by their contributions to tropical medicine in terms of publications, trainings given and capacity of the scientists. 3|Page Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 2 TEAM MEMBERS ............................................................................................................................... 3 DISEASES COVERED ........................................................................................................................ 3 PROJECT OUTLINE............................................................................................................................ 3 ABBREVATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 6 INTRODUCTION NEPAL AND TROPICAL DISEASES ................................................................................................ 9 ORGANISATION OF HEALTH STRUCTURE IN NEPAL ............................................................ 10 BRIEF PROFILE OF TROPICAL DISEASES IN NEPAL ............................................................... 12 MAPPING STRATEGIES .................................................................................................................. 16 AREAS ADDRESSED IN THIS REPORT ........................................................................................ 17 METHODOLOGY.............................................................................................................................. 18 SECTION I INSTITUTES PROFILE AND STRENGHTS INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 20 REGIONAL COMPARISONS ........................................................................................................... 23 COMPARATIVE SUMMARY OF THE KEY INSTITUTES........................................................... 26 INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE, TRIBHUVAN UNIVESITY .............................................................. 28 B.P. KOIRALA INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES................................................................... 30 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY ............................................................................................................ 33 NATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH LABORATORY (NPHL) .............................................................. 35 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND DISEASE CONTROL DIVISON .............................................................. 37 NEPAL HEALTH RESEARCH COUNCIL ...................................................................................... 38 NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS CENTER ......................................................................................... 40 NATIONAL CENTER FOR AIDS AND STD CONTROL............................................................... 42 SUKRARAJ TROPICAL & INFECTIOUS DISEASE HOSPITAL.................................................. 43 VECTOR BORNE DISEASE RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTRE ......................................... 45 KANTI CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL ................................................................................................... 46 PATAN ACADEMY OF HEALTH SCIENCES ............................................................................... 47 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (NAMS) ....................................................... 49 KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES ............................................ 51 MANIPAL COLLEGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES. ......................................................................... 52 4|Page Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 SECTION II NGOs, INGOs Working in Nepal In Tropical Diseases and Funding NON GOVERNMENT ORGANISATION ........................................................................................ 54 ANANDABAN HOSPITAL (LEPROSY MISSION NEPAL) .......................................................... 55 Walter Reed / AFRIMS Research Unit Nepal (WARUN) .................................................................. 57 OTHER INGOs working in Nepal in Tropical Diseases .................................................................... 58 SECTION III OUTPUT PUBLICATIONS PAST 10 YEARS .................................................................................................. 60 ANNEX I ............................................................................................................................................ 66 ANNEX II QUESTIONNAIRES USED IN THE SURVEY ............................................................. 97 5|Page Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 ABBREVATIONS AFRIMS Armed Forces Research Unit of Medical Sciences AES Acute Encephalitic Syndrome ALH Anandaban Leprosy Hospital ART Anti‐Retroviral Therapy BNMT Britain Nepal Medical Trust BPKIHS B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences CB‐IMCI Community Based Integrated Management of Childhood Illness CFR Case Finding Rate DF Dengue Fever DFID Department for International Development DHF Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever DHO District Health Office DoD-GEIS Department of Defense - Global Emerging Infections Surveillance & Response System DOTS Directly Observed Treatment Short Course DPHO District Public Health Office DSS Dengue Shock Syndrome EDCD Epidemiology and Disease Control Division EHCS Essential Health Care Services EPI Expanded Program on Immunization EQAS External Quality Assurances FCHV Female Community Health Volunteer FY Fiscal Year HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome HPs Health Posts INGO International Non Government Organization IOM Institute of Medicine JE Japanese Encephalitis JICA Japan International Co‐operation Agency KCH Kanti Children’s Hospital KUSMS Kathmandu University, School of Medical Sciences LEC Leprosy Elimination Campaign LF Lymphatic Filariasis MC Microscopy Center MCOMS Manipal College of Medical Sciences MD Doctor of Medicine MDA Mass Drug Administration MDG Millennium Development Goal MDT Multi Drug Therapy MOH Ministry of Health MPH Masters in Public Health MS Master Of Surgery MSc Master of Science NAMS National Academy of Medical Sciences NCASC National Centre for AIDS and STD Control NEQAS National External Quality Assurance Scheme NGO Non Government Organization NPHL National Public Health Laboratory 6|Page Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 NTC NTD NTP OPD ORC PAHS PCR PHC PHCCs PMTCT RHDs SHPs STIDH TB TLMI TU USAID VBDRTC VL WARUN WHO/SEARO National Tuberculosis Control Centre Neglected Tropical Diseases National Tuberculosis Program Out Patient Department Out Reach Clinic Patan Academy of Health Sciences Polymerase Chain Reaction Primary Health Center Primary Health Care Centers Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission Regional Health Directorates Sub Health Posts Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital Tuberculosis The Leprosy Mission International Tribhuvan University United States Agency for International Development Vector Borne Disease Research and Training Center Visceral Leishmaniasis Walter Reed Research Unit Nepal World Health Organization/ South East Asia Regional Office TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1 Organization of Health Structure in the Ministry of Health and Population __________ Figure 2 Topographic Map of Nepal ___________________________________________________ Figure 3 Mapping of Key Institutes in Tropical and Infectious Disease Centers in Nepal________ Figure 4 The number of Institutes in the various regions of Nepal _________________________ Figure 5 The number of publications of key institutes in tropical and infectious diseases by regions in the past 10 years. _________________________________________________________ Figure 6 The number of publications in Specific Diseases by Regions in the Past 10 years ______ Figure 7 The number of publications by the key institutes in tropical and infectious diseases in Nepal the past 10 years. ____________________________________________________________ Figure 8 Publications by Institutes in Leishmaniasis _____________________________________ Figure 9 Publications by Institutes in Helminthiasis _____________________________________ Figure 10 Publications by Institute in Leprosy __________________________________________ Figure 11 Publications by Institute in Diarrheal Diseases _________________________________ Figure 12 Publications by Institute in Dengue __________________________________________ Figure 13 Publications by Institute in Japanese Encephalitis ______________________________ Figure 14 Publications by Institute in Malaria __________________________________________ Figure 15 Publications by Institute in HIV ______________________________________________ Figure 16 Publications by Institute in Tuberculosis ______________________________________ Figure 17 Publications by Institute in Filariasis _________________________________________ Figure 18 Publications by Institute in Typhoid __________________________________________ 7|Page 10 16 22 23 23 24 25 60 61 61 62 62 63 63 64 64 65 65 Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 INTRODUCTION 8|Page Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 NEPAL AND TROPICAL DISEASES Geographical Location Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked sovereign state located in South Asia. It lies between latitudes 26° and 31°N, and longitudes 80°and 89°E.It covers an area of 147,181 square kilometers and is located in the Himalayas and bordered to the north by the People's Republic of China, and to the south, east, and west by India. Environment The differences in elevation found in Nepal result in a variety of biomes, from tropical bordering the Indian states Bihar and Uttar Pradesh in the south, to subtropical in the Hill Region, to temperate on the slopes of the Himalaya, to grasslands and shrub lands and rock and ice at the highest elevations. Population Nepal's population was around 26.6 million in 2011. The Nepalese are descendants of three major migrations from India, Tibet, and North Burma and the Chinese province of Yunnan. Among the earliest inhabitants were the Kirat of east mid-region, Newar of the Kathmandu Valley and aboriginal Tharu in the southern Terai region. The ancestors of the Brahmin and Chetri caste groups came from India, while other ethnic groups trace their origins to North Burma and Yunnan and Tibet, e.g. the Gurung and Magar in the west, Rai and Limbu in the east (from Yunnan and north Burma via Assam), and Sherpa and Bhutia in the north (from Tibet). Nepal is a multilingual society. The major languages of Nepal are Nepali, Maithili, Bhojpuri, Tharu, Tamang, Newari/Nepal Bhasa, Magar, Rai, Awadhi, Limbu, and Bajjika. Religion There is diversity in religion beliefs also with Hinduism being the most practiced followed by Buddhism, Islam, Mundhum, Christianity and other religions Economy Nepal's gross domestic product for 2008 was estimated at over $12 billion. About 25% of the population lives below the international poverty line of $1.25 a day. Agriculture accounts for about 40% of Nepal's GDP. The country receives foreign aid from India, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Union, China, Switzerland, and Scandinavian countries. The government's budget is about $1.153 billion, with expenditure of $1.789 billion (FY05/06). 9|Page Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 ORGANISATION OF HEALTH STRUCTURE IN NEPAL The Department of Health Services under the Ministry of Health and Population is responsible for the curative and preventive care activities in Nepal. The DHS comprises 7 divisions and 5 centers. The Epidemiology and Disease Control Division (EDCD) holds the responsibility of controlling endemic diseases including vector borne diseases as well as treatment of animal bites and prevention and tackling epidemics or pandemics. The five Centers involved in tropical and infectious diseases and with a degree of autonomy in personnel and financial management include: National Health Training Centre (NHTC), National Health Education, Information and Communication Centre (NHEICC), National Tuberculosis Control Centre (NTC), National Centre for AIDS and STD Control (NCASC) and National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL). Figure 1 Organization of Health Structure in the Ministry of Health and Population 10 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 At the regional level there are five Regional Health Directorates (RHDs) providing technical supports as well as program supervision to the districts. There are regional and zonal hospitals (15), which have been given decentralized authority. In addition, there are training centers, laboratories, TB centers (in some regions) and medical stores at the regional level. At the district level, the structure varies between districts. Sixty‐one districts are managed by the District Health Office (DHO) with support of the District Public Health Office (DPHO), whereas the remaining 14 are managed solely by the DPHO. The DPHOs and DHOs are responsible for implementing essential health care services (EHCS) and monitor activities and outputs of District Hospitals, Primary Health Care Centers (PHCCs), Health Posts (HPs) and Sub Health Posts (SHPs). The service delivery outlets in the country include 3,129 SHPs, 676 HPs, 209 PHCCs, 65 district hospitals, 10 zonal hospitals, 2 sub regional hospitals, 3 regional hospitals, and 8 central level hospitals. In addition there are autonomous health institutes/ universities under the Ministry of health and Population namely BPKIHS, NAMS, KCH and PAHS which provide tertiary care services. 11 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 BRIEF PROFILE OF TROPICAL DISEASES IN NEPAL Profile of the various disease included in the report was acquired from the Annual Health Report of the Ministry of Health and Population. MALARIA Malaria control project was first initiated in Nepal in 1954 with the support from USAID (then USOM). The objective of the project was to control malaria mainly in southern Terai belt of central Nepal. In 1958, national malaria eradication program, the first national public health program in the country was launched with the objective of eradicating malaria from the country within a limited time period. Currently malaria control activities are carried out in 65 districts at risk of malaria. The districts are divided into four different categories as follows: •High risk districts (13): Ilam, Jhapa, Morang, Sindhuli, Dhanusa, Mahottari, Kavre, Nawalparasi, Banke, Bardiya, Kailali, Kanchanpur, and Dadeldhura •Moderate risk districts (18): Panchthar, Dhankuta, Sunsari, Saptari, Siraha, Udayapur, Sarlahi, Rautahat, Bara, Parsa, Makawanpur, Chitwan, Sindhupalchowk, Rupandehi, Kapilvastu, Dang, Surkhet, and Doti • Low risk 34 Districts (Minimal transmission) (34) • No risk Districts (10) The Global Fund is supporting malaria control program in the high risk 13 endemic districts and moderate risk 18 endemic districts. Annual Parasite Incidence (API) increased from 0.14 per 1,000 in 2009/2010 to 0.16 in 2010/2011. KALA‐AZAR The government of Nepal has committed to the regional strategy to eliminate Kala‐azar and with India and Bangladesh and is signatory of the memorandum of understanding that was formalized during the World Health Assembly held in May 2005 on Kala‐azar elimination, with the target of achieving the disease elimination by 2015. In 2005, Epidemiology and Disease Control Division (EDCD) of Department of Health Services formulated a National Plan for the Elimination of Kala‐azar divided in it into three phases: Preparatory Phase: 2005‐2008; Attack Phase: 2008‐2015 and Consolidation Phase: 2015 onwards. Kala-azar is considered a major public health problem and is endemic in 12 districts of eastern and central Terai. Incidence of Kala Azar has decreased from 1.71 per 10,000 areas at risk population in 2008/2009 to 1.33 in 2009/2010 and to 0.94 in 2010/2011. 12 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Though the overall cases and incidence has been decreasing new endemic foci particularly in the hilly districts are being reported. LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS (LF) Lymphatic Filariasis is a public health problem and main cause of morbidity, primarily, lymph edema of legs and hydrocele in many endemic areas of the rural and slum areas of the country. The government had initiated implementation of Mass Drug Administration (MDA) in Parsa district in 2003. Since then the program has expanded gradually in other endemic districts as well. MDA has stopped in 5 districts (Parsa, Makawanpur, Chitwan, Nawalparasi, and Rupandehi) in fiscal year 2010/2011 after completion of 5 rounds of MDA. Wuchereria bancrofti is the only recorded parasite in Nepal. The mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, an efficient vector of the disease has been recorded in all the endemic areas of the country. Goal Elimination of lymphatic filariasis from Nepal by the year 2020 by reducing the disease in population to such a level that there will be no transmission of the disease to the people living in Nepal. DENGUE Dengue, a mosquito‐borne disease emerged in Nepal in the form of Dengue Fever (DF), Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) and Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS). The earliest cases recorded were only in 2006. The sporadic cases continued and outbreaks occurred in 2009‐2010. Dengue outbreak in 2006 had shown its face with 32 confirmed dengue cases followed by 27 cases in 2007, 10 cases in 2008, 30 cases in 2009 and 917 cases in 2010 with major outbreak in Chitwan and Rupandehi districts. Aedes aegipti (mosquito‐vector) has been identified in 5 peri‐urban areas of Terai region (Kailali, Dang, Chitwan, Parsa and Jhapa) during entomological surveillance conducted by EDCD during the year 2006‐2010, indicating local transmission of dengue. Studies carried out in close collaboration of WARUN/AFRIMS in the year 2006 by EDCD/NPHL showed all 4 sub‐types (DEN‐1, DEN‐2, DEN‐3 and DEN‐4) of Dengue virus circulation in Nepal. TUBERCULOSIS Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem in Nepal. About 45 percent of the total population is infected with TB, of which 60 percent are adult. Every year, 40,000 people develop active TB, of whom 20,000 have infectious pulmonary disease. These 20,000 are able to spread the disease to others. 13 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Treatment by Directly Observed Treatment Short course (DOTS) has reduced the number of deaths; however 5,000‐7,000 people still die per year from TB. Expansion of this cost effective and highly successful treatment strategy has proven its efficacy in reducing the mortality and morbidity in Nepal. By achieving the global targets of diagnosing 70 percent of new infectious cases and curing 85 percent of these patients will prevent 30,000 deaths over the next five years. Short course (DOTS) has been implemented in all 75 district of the country and TB patients are being treated with DOTS at 1,118 treatment centers and 3,103 sub centers. The Treatment Success Rate (TSR) stands at 90 percent and Case Finding Rate (CFR) at 73 percent. Targets Targets linked to the MDGs and endorsed by the Stop TB Partnership: by 2005: detect at least 70 percent of new sputum smear‐positive TB cases and cure at least 85 percent of these cases by 2015: reduce prevalence of and death due to TB by 50 percent relative to 1990 by 2050: eliminate TB as a public health problem (<1 case per million population) HIV/AIDS AND TUBERCULOSIS The prevalence of HIV is rising rapidly in Nepal, and effective control measures – for AIDS as well as for TB – are more important now than ever before. NTP is conducting regular surveys to find the extent of HIV among TB patients. In 2006, 2.4 percent of tuberculosis patients also had HIV infection. This could rise rapidly if HIV increases. Fourth sentential site survey of HIV in Tuberculosis patients was conducted. This survey is conducted in every two‐year interval of time. HIV/AIDS HIV in Nepal is characterized as concentrated epidemic, where majority of infections are transmitted through sexual transmission. Prevention of HIV among key population is the key programmatic strategies, while providing quality treatment, care and support for infected and affected is equally important strategic directions to achieve the end results of national response. Since the detection of the first AIDS case in 1988, the HIV epidemic in Nepal has evolved from a low prevalence to concentrated epidemic. As of 2011, national estimates indicate that approximately 55,600 adults and children are infected with the HIV virus in Nepal. A total of 18,396 cases of HIV out of them 7,437 advanced HIV infection cases had been reported as of 2011. The estimated prevalence of HIV in the adult population is 0.33 percent. 14 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 LEPROSY Nepal Leprosy Control Program was started in the country in 1966.The country conducted Leprosy Elimination Campaign in 1999 (LEC‐1) and again in 2001 (LEC‐2) which was an active case detection activity. Leprosy has been declared as being eliminated from Nepal in 2009. DIARRHOEAL DISEASES Diarrhea is still a leading killer disease in Nepal. CB‐IMCI program intensely focuses on management of diarrheal diseases among the under‐five year’s children. Standard diarrhea case management with Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) continued feeding and Zinc tablet have been providing in the health institutions. All health facilities and community health volunteers have been serving as the primary health providers in the treatment of Diarrhea with Low Osmolar Oral Rehydration Solutions (ORS) and Zinc supplementation. Incidence of Diarrheal Diseases Annual incidence of diarrhea per 1,000 under‐five years’ children has decreased from 598 in FY 2009/2010 to 500 in 2010/2011. However cases of ‘Severe Dehydration’ have remained constant at 0.4 percent in two consecutive years. JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS In fiscal year 2010/2011 a total of 1,367 AES cases were reported from 62 districts of which 88 were laboratory confirmed JE cases from 29 districts. JE surveillance started in 2006 in high risk districts, following which the number of JE cases has drastically reduced. 15 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 MAPPING STRATEGIES Nepal is divided administratively into 5 regions and 75 districts, the latter being the administrative unit. Topographically there are 3 ecological zones that run from east to west. Altitude increases from south to north: 20 districts in Terai plains in the south, 39 districts in the hill region in the middle, and the 16-district mountain region in the north. Figure 2 Topographic Map of Nepal DISTRICTS BY TOPOGRAPHIC REGIONS Mountain Darchula Bajhang Bajura Humla Jumla Kalikot Mugu Dolpa Manang Mustang Rasuwa Sindhupalchok Dolkha Solukhumbu Sankhuwasabha Taplejung 16 | P a g e Hill Baitadi Dadeldhura Doti Achham Dailekh Surkhet Jajarkot Salyan Rukum Rolpa Pyuthan Baglung Gulmi Myagdi Parbat Kaski Syangja Palpa Tanahu Lamjung Gorkha Terai Dhading Makwanpur Nuwakot Kathmandu Lalitpur Bhaktapur Kavrepalanchok Sindhuli Ramechhap Okhaldhunga Khotang Udaypur Bhojpur Dhankutta Terhathum Panchthar Illam Kanchanpur Kailali Bardia Banke Dang Deokhuri Kapilvastu Rupendehi Nawalparasi Chitwan Parsa Bara Rauthat Sarlahi Mahottari Dhanusha Siraha Saptari Sunsari Morang Jhapa Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 AREAS ADDRESSED IN THIS REPORT This report enumerates the number of institutes in the country actively involved in tropical medicine activities. Profile, strengths, funding and outputs have been measured. Regional comparison has been made. The number of institutes' present, infrastructure available, strength of the institutes, number of scientists involved, and output in terms of publications has been taken under consideration. Information regarding funding was limited. Publications are presented based on the number of papers each institutes published, the journals they were published in, citations, disease of interest of the various institutes as far as possible. Lastly, the institutes were compared on the basis of the publications in the field of tropical medicine. Profile and Strengths o Regional comparisons o Comparative summary of the key institutes o Name of Institution / University o Address and Contact Information o Vision and Mission o Tropical Diseases Studied o Infrastructure – Facilities, Services o Funding o Prominent Scientists Outputs o Publications 17 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 METHODOLOGY Mapping of the various institutes working in research related to tropical medicine was done by gathering the information from Nepal Health Research Council and looking for related publications from databases like SCOPUS and Pubmed. Institute websites were referred to attain the institutes vision and goals and determine their contribution for tropical medicine. Information was also collected using the Questionnaire attached in Annex II, by telephone contact and sending out Emails. Further information was filled after personal communication with the Principal Investigators. The institutes that were included to make this report are listed below with those making significant contribution to tropical disease research and training in bold: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. Anandaban Leprosy Hospital B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences Chitwan Medical College CIWEC clinic College of Medical Sciences Epidemiology and Disease Control Division Gandaki Medical College Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Janaki Medical College Kanti Children's Hospital Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences Kathmandu Medical College Kist Medical College Lalgadh Leprosy Hospital Lumbini Medical College and Research Center Manipal College of Medical Sciences National Academy of Medical Sciences National Center for AIDS and STD control National Medical College National Public Health Laboratory National Tuberculosis Center Nepal Health Research Council Nepal Public Health Foundation Nepalgunj Medical College Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Center Nyaya Health Patan Academy of Health Sciences Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital Tribhuvan University Universal College of Medical Sciences Vector Borne Disease Research and Training Center, Hetauda 18 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 SECTION I INSTITUTES PROFILE AND STRENGHTS 19 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 INTRODUCTION The comparison in this section of the report is to note the institutes in each of the developmental regions of Nepal. The infrastructures of the institutes and trainings imparted in the field of tropical medicine in undergraduate and postgraduate levels were estimated. It includes the effort for the disease control and elimination of tropical diseases. In this chapter, the institutes are analyzed and compared. KEY INSTITUTES IN TROPICAL MEDICINE For this mapping, 31 institutes were included, comprising of universities, medical colleges, governmental organizations, NGO’s and a few hospitals. The institutes were analyzed by their profile and strengths, profile of scientists, research conducted, publications, available infrastructure, contribution in control and elimination of these diseases. The funding sources could not be obtained for most of the institutes. The output was measured in terms of publications and the platform of dissemination of information. Researches in relation to tropical medicine were included, from basic science, clinical and community level studies as well as research done by International organizations. Of the 31 Institutes mapped, 17 key institutes were noted because of their significant contribution in research, number of publications, training programs in tropical medicine. Most of the listed institutes are relatively new and are planning to expand their infrastructure and laboratory facilities in to well equip to take effective measures to work in eliminating and treating tropical diseases. We have listed the key institutes as Government, Non Government, Medical Schools and Universities. Government 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Epidemiology and Disease Control Division Kanti Children's Hospital National Center for AIDS and STD control National Public Health Laboratory National Tuberculosis Center Nepal Health Research Council Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital Vector Borne Disease Research and Training Center, Hetauda NGO and INGO 1. Anandaban Leprosy Hospital 2. CIWEC clinic 20 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Medical College 1. Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University 2. Manipal College of Medical Sciences Universities 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences National Academy of Medical Sciences Patan Academy of Health Sciences Tribhuvan University 21 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 TROPICAL MEDICINE RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTES OF NEPAL, KATHMANDU IN A SEPARATE MAP. (GOOGLE MAPS) Figure 3 Mapping of Key Institutes in Tropical and Infectious Disease Centers in Nepal Of the 17 institute that have significantly contributed 16 are located in the central region and one each in the Eastern and Western regions. In the Central Region all except one are located in the Kathmandu valley. 22 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 REGIONAL COMPARISONS It is clear that the bulk of tropical medicine institutes in Nepal are in the Central developmental region, as shown in Figure 4. Out Of 31 institutes reviewed for this report, 23 were in the Central region, 4 in the Western, 2 in the Eastern, and 1 each in the Mid-western and Far-western development region. Kathmandu belongs to the Central region and almost all of the institutes in this region are situated in and around the Kathmandu valley. Figure 4 The number of Institutes in the various regions of Nepal Figure 5 The number of publications of key institutes in tropical and infectious diseases by regions in the past 10 years. 23 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Of the 17 key institutes that were noted because of their significant contribution in research, number of publications, training programs in tropical medicine, 16 are located in the Central region, one each in the Eastern and Western region. The publications from the 3 regions are shown in Fig 5. Figure 6 The number of publications in Specific Diseases by Regions in the Past 10 years Most of the papers published in visceral leishmaniasis or Kala Azar are from BPKIHS. The research published has helped shaping the health policy for VL and thus also has a role in reducing the burden of the disease in the country. 24 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Figure 7 The number of publications by the key institutes in tropical and infectious diseases in Nepal the past 10 years. BPKIHS has the maximum number of publications is the past 10 years among the key institutes listed in this report. The strength of BPKIHS is that it is situated in an endemic area and has adequate number of scientists, good infrastructure and well equipped laboratories. Its research is mainly conducted in VL and JE with the support of good International collaboration. This is followed by IOM, the oldest medical school and has a research department with adequate number of scientists including clinicians, microbiologists and epidemiologists conducting research in tropical medicine. PAHS has expertise in Enteric fever and Anandaban a leprosy hospital does most of its research in Leprosy 25 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 COMPARATIVE SUMMARY OF THE KEY INSTITUTES Profile Page No 55 30 37 Name Of Institute ALH BPKIHS EDCD Region Central VL, JE, TB Central VBD, diarrheal diseases Malaria, Diarrheal diseases, Central helminthiasis and TB IOM 46 KCH Central 51 KUMS Central 52 MCOMS Western 49 NAMS Central NCASC Leprosy Eastern 28 42 Main Diseases Covered Central 26 | P a g e JE, diarrheal diseases Malaria, Dengue, Helminthiasis Tuberculosis, Typhoid HIV/AIDS, Malaria, Leprosy, Helminthes, TB, Filariasis Strengths Scientists, research laboratories, specialized hospital Scientists including entomologist, Endemic location, tertiary care hospital, VL specialized centre, research laboratories, and international collaboration. Surveillance data, develop policies, trained epidemiologists Scientists, research laboratories, tertiary care hospital Publications No. in last 10 Years Training 33 Refresher trainings. 147 MD (Micro.), MPH, PhD and short courses for doctors. Refresher courses in VBD. 82 Tertiary care hospital facilities. MD (microb.), and MPH MD and short term trainings. Tertiary care hospital 11 MD (Micro.) Tertiary care hospital 31 MD (Micro.) HIV/AIDS, Japanese Encephalitis Tertiary care hospital 3 HIV Support HIV/AIDS care in Nepal. Coordinate related activities 15 Short term trainings. Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 38 NHRC Central Dengue, Malaria, Tuberculosis, HIV Trained researchers, provide funding, monitor biomedical research Well equipped laboratories and lab. Personnel, Expertise in Quality control. Well equipped laboratories and lab. Personnel, Expertise in Quality control. Scientists, Tertiary care hospital, research laboratories, international collaborations 2 Short trainings in research methodology. 6 Refresher trainings for laboratory personnel 7 Refresher trainings. 31 PhD, Refresher trainings. 35 NPHL Central VBD, JE, diarrheal diseases. 40 NTC Central Tuberculosis 47 PAHS Central Enteric fever Central HIV/AIDS, Malaria, Japanese Encephalitis, Leishmaniasis Hospital services in tropical diseases 12 Short term trainings Central Kala Azar, Malaria, JE, Dengue Location in endemic region, equipped laboratory, entomologist. 5 Refresher trainings 43 45 STIDH VBDRTC 27 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE, TRIBHUVAN UNIVESITY Registered Date: 1978 Contact Information Address: Maharajgunj, Kathmandu Phone: +977-01-4410911/4413729 Email: [email protected] Fax: +977-01-4418186 Website: http://www.iom.edu.np/ http://www.teachinghospital.org.np/ Dean: Professor Dr Kumud Kumar Kafle Vision and Mission: To play a role model in providing excellent medical education, health services and research work, not only in Nepal, but in the whole world. Tropical Diseases Studied: Vector borne: Malaria, leishmanisis, Filariasis, Japanese encephalitis and Dengue Diarrheal diseases: Rotavirus, Bacteria and intestinal parasites Others: HIV/ AIDS, TB, Enteric fever, Helminthiasis and Coccidian parasites Infrastructure, Hospital facilities and training programmes: IOM has a 444 bed tertiary level hospital. The institute conducting four programs in Certificate level, 11 programs in Bachelor level, 26 programs in Masters Level including MPH and 4 programs in MCh. IOM has already started the process of starting DM (Doctor of Medicine) in medicine, postgraduate programme in dental, PhD programme in nursing and microbiology. There is a separate Research Department established in 2008. Research: Objectives of Research Department To activate and promote research activities of various Campuses and their Departments To provide technical expertise as per their need To conduct research methodology workshops and trainings for faculties and post graduate students To build up collaboration in research with various national and international organizations To identify and explore research areas. To support teaching/learning activities. To monitor the progress of enrolled research work in the institute To help in the publication of research articles 28 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Activities of the department: Conduct workshop on Research Methodology for Postgraduate Students and Faculties, Joint research with various agencies like Nick Simons Institute, Research Conference on Health Science More than 15 projects in Tropical Diseases have been handled by the Institute Sources of Funding: National: University commission grant (UCG); NHRC, Ministry of Science and Technology International: WHO-TDR, JICA, USAID, DFID Prominent Researchers: Prof. Dr. Jeevan B. Sherchand: A microbiologist currently the Research Director at IOM and has been a PI of several research projects. His field of research includes malaria, lymphatic filariasis, and diarrheal diseases including Rota virus, helminthiasis and TB-HIV co-infection. Professor Chitra Kumar Gurung: A Statistician and has conducted several operational research in visceral leishmaniasis as PI. 29 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 B.P. KOIRALA INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES Registered Date: 1994 Contact Information Address: Dharan Phone: +977-025-525555/521017 Email: [email protected] Fax: 025-520251 Website: http://www.bpkihs.edu/ Vice Chancellor: Prof. Dr. B P Das Vision and Mission: An autonomous Health Sciences University with a mandate to work towards developing socially responsible and competent health workforce, providing health care & involving in innovative health research. A centre of national importance to produce skilled health workforce to meet the country's need and also to function as a centre of excellence in the field of tropical and infectious diseases. Tropical Diseases Studied: Leishmaniasis, Japanese Encephalitis, Leprosy, Helminthiasis and Tuberculosis. Infrastructure, Hospital facilities and training programmes: A 700-bedded Central Teaching Hospital with state of the art facilities. It has well equipped Specialized Laboratories like a Molecular Biology Laboratory and a Japanese Encephalitis Reference Laboratory. It conducts more than 30 postgraduate, undergraduate, and university certificate programs. It has four colleges: Medical, Dental, Nursing, and Public Health. The medical college has well-established major clinical and basic science departments. Postgraduate programs (MD, MS, and MSc) were started in 1999. The School of Public Health was established in 2005, and it runs a two-year MPH program. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) program in Tropical Medicine has also been introduced. The Institute has innovative approach of community-based training of students, and providing services to the local people through the concept of Teaching District Hospitals (learning by doing at community level). Centre of Tropical and Infectious Diseases has been established in 2012 which is equipped with a molecular laboratory, inpatient ward and training centre which includes a library and computer laboratory. Since 2009 a 5 week short term training in tropical diseases for Nepalese doctors is being conducted. Since 2012 a PhD programme in Tropical Diseases has also been started. 30 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Research: Along with teaching and clinical services research is one of the core activities here at BPKIHS. BPKIHS has established itself not only as a National referral centre for VL but also conducted over 15 research projects over the last 10 years. The field of research includes epidemiological and socio-economic studies, operational research, clinical trials of VL drugs, community trials of LLIN, pharmacovigilance, validation of diagnostic tests, drug resistance studies in Leishmania, entomological and molecular biology studies. These collaborative research projects have been supported by European Commission, WHO, WHO/TDR and other foundations. Research work has been conducted in collaboration with reputed institutes in Asia (BHU, Varanasi and ICDDR, Bangladesh) Europe (Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, etc). Around 90 research publications have been made over the last 10 years in international peer reviewed journals. In Japanese encephalitis a project on surveillance of Acute Encephalitis syndrome and Hib meningitis supported by WHO-IPD is ongoing. A randomized clinical trial of intravenous immunoglobulin is being conducted in collaboration with Liverpool University. Sources of Funding: National: Research grant from BPKIHS; Indo-Nepal Corpus Fund; NHRC International: WHO-TDR, European Commission, Institute of tropical Medicine, Belgium. Prominent Researchers/Clinicians: Dr. Suman Rijal is Professor in Department of Internal Medicine and In charge of the Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit at BPKIHS. The field of research expertise is VL and fever syndromes. He has been the PI in more than 10 research projects in the tropics. He is also a member of the WHO expert committee on Leishmaniasis and the Regional Technical Advisory Group on Kala-azar elimination. Dr Rupa Rajbhandari Singh is Professor in Department of Pediatrics and Rector BPKIHS. Her field of expertise is in Japanese encephalitis in which she conducted a clinical trial as Principal Investigator and in VL. Dr Basudha Khanal is Professor in Department of Microbiology and her field of expertise is in Japanese encephalitis and VL mainly in validation of diagnostic tests. She is the focal person for MoH/ WHO-IPD surveillance of AES and Hib meningitis. Her expertise also extends in the field of GLP. Dr Murari L Das is Professor of Microbiology (Entomology) and has conducted several researches in vector studies as Principal investigator. Dr Nisha K Bhatta is Professor of Pediatrics and her expertise is in JE and diarrheal diseases. 31 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Dr Narayan Bhattarai, Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology is a molecular biologist and his expertise is in VL. He has participated in several research studies and currently is a PI in a collaborative research project supported by ITM, Antwerp. Dr Nilambar Jha, Professor in School of Public Health is an epidemiologist and his expertise includes epidemiology of tuberculosis and TB-HIV co-infections. Dr Nirmal Baral is Professor of Biochemistry and he has conducted several basic researches in VL 32 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY Established: 1959 Contact Information: Address: Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal Phone: +977-1-4331869 Website: http://www.tribhuvan-university.edu.np/ Vice-Chancellor: Prof. Dr. Hira Bahadur Maharjan Vision and Mission: Tribhuvan University (TU) is the first national institution of higher education in Nepal. The Central Administrative Office and the Central Campus of the university are located on the north east of Kirtipur, five kilometers from Kathmandu. The university at Kirtipur is spread over an area of 154.77 hector. Objectives: To produce skilled manpower essential for the overall development of Nepal To preserve and develop historical and cultural heritage of the nation To accumulate, advance and disseminate knowledge To encourage and promote research in Arts, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Agriculture, Management, Education and other vocational fields Tropical Diseases Studied: Malaria, Visceral Leishmaniasis, Lymphatic Filariasis Infrastructure and training programs: There are 5 technical institutes and 4 general faculties, 38 Central Departments, 4 Research Centers and 60 Constituent campuses in TU and out of them 1 Institute, 3 Faculties, 32 Departments, 3 Research Centers and 2 Constituent campuses are at Kirtipur. The university offers 115 courses for the technical proficiency certificate level. TU offers 1079 courses at Bachelor’s level and 1000 courses at Master’s level. It offers Ph.D. degree in different disciplines both at the Technical Institutes and Faculties. Academic Institute with post graduate research students and faculties involved in research leading to Ph D / Masters Degree in Microbiology (Medical/Public Health & Environment) Research: Research Coordination Council: It formulates policies on TU research activities, approves guidelines for researchers and coordinates the functions of university level research organizations. The Research Division is the secretariat of the council which publishes TU Journal, Research Bulletin and Statistical Bulletin. Besides, it monitors mini-researches for teachers. It consists of 27 members. 33 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 More than 5 projects have been handled by the Institute in Tropical Medicine in the past 10 years. Sources of Funding: National: Nepal health Research Council, Tribhuvan University, IoST, University Grants Commission, VBDRTC, EDCD /MoHP International: WHO Country Office and TDR Prominent Researchers/Clinicians: Dr Prakash Ghimire, A Microbiologist with expertise in the field of Malaria, Leishmaniasis, Filariasis and Tuberculosis. He has conducted and has been involved in many related projects. Dr Megha Raj Banjara: An Epidemiologist and Lecturer in TU, has conducted several operation research in VL as PI. 34 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 NATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH LABORATORY (NPHL) Established: 1968 Contact Information Address: Teku, Kathmandu Telephone: 977-1- 4261712 Fax: 977-1- 4262038 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.nphl.gov.np/ Director: Dr. Geeta Shakya Vision and Mission: National Public health Laboratory (NPHL) is a government national reference laboratory under the Department of health services (DoHS) and Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP). It is directly linked to different levels of 277 government laboratories in the country. Networking, licensing, monitoring, supervision, capacity strengthening and conducting research activities and National External Quality Assessment Scheme (NEQAS) of the laboratories are the major functions of NPHL. Tropical Diseases Studied: Japanese Encephalitis, Diarrheal diseases. Infrastructure: Currently, NPHL has facility of biosafety level (BSL) II lab with real time PCR (RT-PCR) which is in use for testing viral load & Avian Influenza including Swine flu (H1N1). BSL III Lab has been proposed for culture of viruses. Services: National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL) is apex lab of MOHP it functions both as reference lab and public health lab. It has following facilities. 1. WHO SEARO Accredited Measles/ Rubella lab. 2. National Influenza Center with BSl 2 lab, tissue culture facility, Characterization by HAI and IFT testing and facility of nucleic acid sequencing 3. BSL 2 plus equivalent to BSL 3 lab constructed and will be functional after certain modification. 4. BSL 2 lab (molecular biology) as HIV reference lab (Diagnostic service, EQAS, CD4 count/ CD4 % and viral load) 5. Routine/specialized lab facility. 6. Secretariat of laboratory containment for wild polio virus. 7. Secretariat for NSC and NTAC of Blood Transfusion Service. 35 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Besides routine/diagnostic services, NPHL provide following public health related services. 1. Lab based surveillance on Acute Encephalitis syndrome/ Japanese encephalitis 2. Lab based surveillance on measles/rubella surveillance 3. Influenza surveillance through ten sentinel sites of National Influenza surveillance Network. 4. Outbreak investigation for diarrheal diseases (Shigella, salmonella, Cholera, campylobacter ,Pathogenic E-coli, Febrile/ haemorrhagic fever (salmonella, Malaria, Dengue, leptospira etc) 5. Water analysis for coli form 6. Organization of NEQAS on different disciplines of clinical pathology (Hematology, Microbiology, Biochemistry). 7. Supervision and monitoring of peripheral labs Research and Training: MD thesis Msc Microbiology thesis PhD thesis Training o In service and refresher training for lab assistant and lab technician. o HIV, VCT /STI training o CD4 training o ART monitoring training o Training on influenza for sentinel sites of National Influenza Surveillance Network o Training on emerging infectious zoonotic diseases ( Avian influenza, Brucellosis, Leptospira, Dengue, Japanese encephalitis) o Quality assurance training for laboratory and blood transfusion services o Training on MAC Elisa for JE/Measles/ Rubella o Bacteriological training 36 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND DISEASE CONTROL DIVISON Contact Information: Address: Department of Health Services, Teku, Kathmandu Phone: 00977-1-4262268, 4255796 Director: Dr G D Thakur Vision and Mission: EDCD a division under the Department of Health Services has a Disease Control Section, which looks after the vector borne diseases (Malaria, Dengue, Filariasis, Japanese Encephalitis and Dengue) control program. It also holds the responsibility of investigating endemic diseases and prevention and tackling epidemics or pandemics. Services: The institute is involved in planning, management, execution and supervision of control programmes. Training of health programmes. Respond to outbreaks and epidemics. Colaboration with research institutes on operational research 37 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 NEPAL HEALTH RESEARCH COUNCIL Established: 1982 Contact Information Address: Nepal Health Research Council, Ramshah Path, Kathmandu, Nepal Telephone: 977-1-4254220/4227460 Fax: 977-1-4262469/4268284 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.nhrc.org.np/ Director: Prof. Dr. Chop Lal Bhusal Objectives: To do or cause to do study and research on problems in the field of health being encountered or likely to be encountered in future. To conduct programs relating to consultancy service and information in order to make the study and activities relating to health more useful, and To acquire information about studies, researchers and works on various problems relating to health in the world and inform it to HMG from time to time. Tropical Diseases Studied: Dengue, Malaria, Tuberculosis, HIV Infrastructure: NHRC is conducting researches on different tropical diseases since long time. There is a tropical disease section at NHRC which works collaboratively with other government agencies. NHRC hires the required human resources as per needed for study. Services: 1. 2. Screening, reviewing and approval of research proposals. Providing technical guidance and possible support including services for scientists, researchers. 3. Conducting training workshops in Health Systems Research Methodology, Research Management and other fields of research. 4. Providing e-mail, photocopying and Med-line search facilities and other information for researchers for a free. 5. Monitoring and evaluation of all the researchers conducted at the field level. 6. Providing various kinds of Research Grants to the most deserving researchers. 7. Compiling research related books, research reports, national and international scientific journals and Bulletins. 8. Publishing and archiving research related materials including publication of Research Journals, Bulletins and Reports. 9. Networking of health researchers and research institutions / agencies / organizations involved in health research 10. Serving as a repository for research related information and resources. 38 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 11. Disseminating activities for research based information. 12. Development of research proposals on health related sciences. 13. Developing and conducting collaborative research with research institutions / agencies / organizations within and outside Nepal. 14. Making collaborative work with WHO, bilateral, multilateral and other funding agencies / organizations. 15. Developing the research units in the five development regions of Nepal and coordinating the overall aspects of health research in these regions. Research: Tropical Disease Research project, Nepal Health Research Council. The project was implemented in different parts of Nepal. Sources of Funding: National: Government of Nepal International: World Health Organization, Maryknoll Father and Brothers, USA NHRC has funded research in various tropical and infectious diseases such as Malaria, JE, VL, Dengue, TB, and HIV at various institutes within the country. It provides grants to undergraduate as well as postgraduate researchers to encourage research activities in Nepal. Prominent Researchers: Prof. Dr. Chop Lal Bhusal, currently the Executive Chairperson of NHRC has conducted research in various Tropical Diseases like Dengue, Malaria, Tuberculosis, and HIV. He has mainly focused on epidemiological studies. 39 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS CENTER Established: 1989 Contact Information Address: Thimi, Bhaktapur Nepal Ph: 00977-1-6630033, 6630073 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.nepalntp.gov.np/index.php Director: Dr. K. K. Jha Vision and Mission: To make Nepal free of TB. To reduce the mortality, morbidity and transmission of tuberculosis till it is no longer at public health problem in Nepal. To achieve 85% treatment success rate in new smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis cases and to achieve 70% case detection ratio in new smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis cases. Achieve universal access to high-quality diagnosis and patient-centered treatment Reduce the human suffering and socioeconomic burden associated with TB Protect poor and vulnerable populations from TB, TB/HIV and multidrug-resistant TB Support development of new tools and enable their timely and effective use Tropical Diseases Studied: Tuberculosis Infrastructure: The most efficient and cheapest mean for diagnosis of TB is sputum smear microscopy. Well functioning laboratories with quality control is fundamental requirement for any TB control programme. The Nepal National Tuberculosis Control Programme operates a network of laboratories with a well established quality control system throughout the country. The NTP laboratory network is comprised of a well-functioning laboratory at the National Tuberculosis Centre and 315 laboratories at the peripheral level, all of these integrated with the government General Health Service’s laboratories or those run by NGO/INGOs. NTP is aiming to upgrade the status of the Central Laboratory at NTC to becoming National Reference Laboratory (NRL) which should be linked to a Supra National Reference Laboratory (SNRL). NRL should be able to provide culture and drug sensitivity testing under internationally acceptable quality assurance by SNRL. Research: Family and Community Volunteer based DOTS research is in progress in the remote hilly areas of Nepal where institutional based DOTS are not feasible. 40 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Research is also underway to link private practitioners and the services they provide with the NTP, to ensure that all patients receive a high standard of care and their results are properly recorded and reported. The NTP has carried out frequent surveys of drug resistance both in central as well as in periphery level. The latest survey conducted in 2001/2002 showed multi drug resistance (MDR) of 1.30% compared to 3.60% in 1998/1999 and 1.20% in 1996/1997. The latest survey shows that Multi- Drug Resistant (MDR) TB is decreasing in newly registered cases and it is a sign of good DOTS programme. HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis: The prevalence of HIV is raising in Nepal and effective control measures for AIDS as well as for TB is more important now than ever before. Sustaining and further enhancing partnership remains one of the primary objectives of the NTP. In this regard initiation of collaboration with National AIDS Programme (NAP) is one of the key achievements. A Core Group consisting members from NTP, NAP and other partners has been established which is aiming to facilitate the formation of a National TB HIV Collaboration Committee. Steps were also initiated to develop a joint collaboration strategy document by both programmes. 41 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 NATIONAL CENTER FOR AIDS AND STD CONTROL Contact Information Address: Teku, Kathmandu Telephone: +977-1- 426 1653, 426 2753, 425 8219 Fax: +977-1- 4261406 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ncasc.gov.np Director: Dr Krishna Kumar Rai Vision and Mission: The National AIDS Research Centre (NARC) aims to serve as one point source of authentic, appropriate and viable information in different contents, categories for all HIV and AIDS topics and will built a comprehensive database of information generated in Nepal in the area of HIV and AIDS. The centre will features an extensive collection of national and global reports, surveys, national policies, strategies, protocols, guidelines, videos and electronic information on important HIV and AIDS issues. This is believed to co-ordinate all the HIV and AIDS related researches, research papers, and related publications. It is also to ensure all HIV and AIDS researchers are based on the needs to improve the national response to HIV and AIDS, and are conducted with high quality. Vision Nepal will become a place where new HIV infection are rare and when they do occur, every person will have access to high quality, life extending care without any form of discrimination. Goal: To achieve universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support. Objectives Reduce new HIV infections by 50% by 2016, compared to 2010; Reduce HIV-related death by 25% by 2016 (compared with a 2010 baseline) through universal access on treatment and care services; Reduce new HIV infections in children by 90% by 2016 (compared with a 2010 baseline). To strengthen HIV and AIDS information resources and co-ordinate for all HIV and AIDS related researches are conducted with high quality; and To provide authentic information necessary for understanding the epidemic and devising/reviewing effective health programme interventions to combat HIV and AIDS. Tropical Diseases Studied: HIV/AIDS 42 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 SUKRARAJ TROPICAL & INFECTIOUS DISEASE HOSPITAL Established: 1933 Contact Information Address: Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: 977-1-4253395, 977-1-4253396 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.istidh.org/index.php Director: Dr Indra Prasad Prajapati Vision and Mission: The STIDH development board has planned to develop the STIDH to an Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM). Objectives: Improvement of the quality of the existing services. Expansion of the services in the field of infectious and Tropical diseases in the regional, zonal and districts levels. Teaching and training for the undergraduate and post graduate students both national and international Research activities Collaboration with national and international stakeholder Community services including mobile services. Tropical Diseases Studied: HIV/AIDS, Malaria, Japanese Encephalitis, Leishmaniasis Infrastructure and Hospital Facilities: STIDH is a 100 bedded hospital and provided all the services related to Tropical and Infectious Diseases. The hospital is located at the center of Kathmandu having out patient’s services, laboratory, X-ray services and 24 hrs emergency services. The hospital runs DOTS clinic & HIV/AIDS counseling and clinic every day. The major disease are Typhoid fever, Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar), Malaria, Tetanus, Rabies, Snake bite, Many animal bites(dog bite, Monkey bite, leopard bite, Bear bite, Rat bite,etc) , Meningitis, Encephalitis etc. As per hospital record, 17578 received OPD services last year (including children). Services: Hospital provides quality services and also parted scientist research activities with the collaboration of national and international collaborator. 43 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Research and Training: Availability of fellowship and internship and training programs: Hospital have own training hall with the capacity for 100 trainees at a time. It runs training on Infectious and Tropical Diseases, HIV/AIDS, Rabies, Snake bites etc. Facilities are available for foreigners for fellowship, internship and after related trainings. Development of STIDH to an Institute of Tropical Medicine The STIDH development board has planned to develop the STIDH to an Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM). Objectives: Improvement of the quality of the existing services. Expansion of the services in the field of infectious and Tropical diseases in the regional, zonal and districts levels. Teaching and training for the undergraduate and post graduate students both national and international 44 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 VECTOR BORNE DISEASE RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTRE Contact Information: Address: Bhutandevi – 8, Hetauda, Makwanpur District Tel. No. : 977057521826 E. mail: [email protected] Director: Ram Chandra Pathak Vision and Mission: The Vector Borne Diseases Research and Training Center (VBDRTC) is a semiautonomous institution of the MOHP. It was created with the support of USAID in the context of the extinct Environmental Health Program (EHP). Tropical Diseases Studied: Kala-azar, Malaria, Japanese Encephalitis, Dengue Infrastructure: Laboratory equipped with PCR, Elisa test, Training halls. Research and TrainingBasic malaria microscopic lab training, Refresher training, Middle level health worker orientation, community level health worker orientation, Vector control inspector/Malaria inspector orientation Sources of Funding: National: Government of Nepal International: WHO, USAID Prominent Researchers: Ram Chandra Pathak, an Epidemiologist and the Director of VBDRTC have conducted surveillance and epidemiological studies in Vector borne diseases. Shisir Kumar Pant, an Entomologist works with the institute and is a part of the research conducted at the institute. Tropical Diseases studied: Malaria, Filaria, Dengue, Japanese Encephalitis, and Kala-azar 45 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 KANTI CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL Established: 1963 Contact Information Address: Institute of Child Health Secretariat, Kanti Children’s Hospital PO Box: 2664, Maharajgunj Kathmandu 3 Fax: 977-1-442927 Phone: 977 1 4411140 Email: ich/[email protected] Website: www.ich/kch.gov.np , http://www.ichkch.org/ Chairman: Mr. Sagar Chandra Rai Vision and Mission: The policy of the Board is to upgrade the KCH facilities, add more manpower and technologies to better the quality of delivery of child health care to cater the growing demand of the day. Tropical Diseases Studied: Japanese Encephalitis, diarrheal diseases Infrastructure and Hospital Facilities: A 300-bed hospital and it is planned to upgrade into 500-bed hospital in the near future. KCH is managed by Kanti Children’s Hospital Development Board (Board), which is an autonomous corporate body under the Ministry of Health (MOH), Government of Nepal (GON). KCH is the only children’s hospital of the nation. Training: KCH provides excellent facilities for those students who wish to do MDs in child health in Nepal. In addition, it is also offering elective courses on child health care for foreign and domestic students whoever wishes to join ICH/KCH. The institute will be the center of learning for all post-graduate, under-graduate pediatric clinicians, paramedics and nurses. 46 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 PATAN ACADEMY OF HEALTH SCIENCES Registered Date: 2010 Contact Information Address: Patan, Lagnkhel, Lalitpur Phone: +977-01-5545112 Email: [email protected] Fax: +977-01-5545114 Website: http://www.pahs.edu.np/ Vice Chancellor: Dr Arjun Karki Vision and Mission: The Patan Academy of Health Sciences is dedicated to sustained improvement of the health of the people of Nepal, especially those who are poor and living in rural areas, through innovation, equity, excellence and love in education, service and research. Tropical Diseases Studied: Typhoid Infrastructure and Hospital Facilities: Patan Hospital is one of the largest hospitals in Nepal. It uses modern equipment and facilities to provide treatment for almost 320 000 outpatients and 20 000 inpatients every year. Patan Hospital staff conducts more than 10 000 operations annually. The hospital has been operating with annual revenue of around US $3.5 million. Research: Oxford University Clinical Research Unit – Nepal hosted by Patan Hospital and the Patan Academy of Health Sciences in Kathmandu Nepal works in close collaboration with the Nepal Health Research Council at the Nepalese Ministry of Health and Population. Established: 2003 Infrastructure: Laboratories including Microbiology, Biochemistry, Hematology and Pathology, in the Clinical Research Unit Research and Training: PhD Training of clinicians and scientists. Research focus has been on enteric fever (Typhoid and Paratyphoid) and other causes of febrile illness including typhus, infections of the central nervous system and Hepatitis E. Plan to expand this work to include viral causes of pneumonia, TB, emerging illnesses and other public health priorities in Nepal. 47 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Prominent Researchers: Prof. Dr. Buddha Basnyat currently a consultant Physician at Patan Hospital leads the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit- Nepal. His research interest lies in febrile illness in the tropics. He is also the Medical Director of the Nepal International Clinic. Dr. Amit Arjyal a PhD student and lecturer at PAHS conduct research in Enteric fever at the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit- Nepal. Abhilasha Karkey and Sabina Dangol are Microbiologists and PhD students at Oxford University Clinical Research Unit – Nepal and a part of the team conducting research in Enteric fever. 48 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (NAMS) BIR HOSPITAL Registered Date: 2004 Contact Information Address: Bhotahity, Kathmandu Phone: +977-01-4221119/4221988 Email: [email protected] Fax: +977-01-4247032 Website: http://nams.org.np/ Director: Prof Dr Buland Thapa Vision and Mission: To make available quality medical service in the whole country To produce highly trained manpower in the medical field in the country, and To develop the academy as the national source center to conduct research studies in the field of medical sciences. Tropical Diseases Studied: HIV/AIDS, Japanese Encephalitis Infrastructure and Hospital Facilities: 400 bed hospital with the new Trauma and Emergency Block, a further 200 beds will be added. Beside the general medical service, Bir Hospital provides services in highly specialized areas like Neurology, Neuro-Surgery, Cardiology, Cardio-thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Burn and Plastic Surgery, Nephrology, Urology, G.I. surgery, Gastroenterology, Hepatology (separate unit) and Radiotherapy. Services: Serves the community in most medical and surgical specialty and super-specialties through emergency, outpatient and impatient facilities. Majority of outdoor examination service and indoor beds in Bir Hospital are free. This is the only tertiary referral center in the country which provides such free service. Trainings: MD/MS is a three year clinical training programme. The MD/MS clinical training programme has been running in twelve subjects of medicine like Anesthesiology, Dermatology, General Practice, General Surgery, Internal Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Ophthalmology, Orthopedics, Pediatric, Pathology, Radiology and Radiotherapy. Fellowship programme of 4 years duration is running in Neurosurgery. Higher specialist training programme is being planned in nephrology, gastroenterology medicine, 49 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 cardiology, diabetes and endocrinology, hematology, tuberculosis and respiratory medicine, burns and plastic, urology surgery, CTVS and gastroenterology surgery. Three years Certificate Nursing and two years Post basic Bachelor Nursing programmes are currently running in the institute. Master nursing programme is also planned. Higher specialist training program in tuberculosis and respiratory medicine is planned. 50 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Registered Date: 2001 Contact Information Address: Dhulikhel, Kavre Phone: 011-490497/490727 Email: [email protected] Fax: 011-490707 Website: http://www.ku.edu.np/KUSMS/ http://www.dhulikhelhospital.org/ Dean: Dr. Narendra Bahadur Rana Vision and Mission: Kathmandu University, School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS) is an autonomous, independent academic institution established in collaboration between Kathmandu University and Dhulikhel Hospital. Aims to become a world-class university devoted to bringing knowledge and technology to the service of mankind. Tropical Diseases Studied: Malaria, Dengue, Helminthiasis, Tuberculosis, Typhoid Infrastructure and Hospital Facilities: The school has infrastructure and physical facilities at two locations: Basic sciences building at a hilltop at Chaukot, Panauti Municipality-1 and the main teaching hospital is situated at Dhulikhel. Both locations are in close access to the Kathmandu University Complex. 51 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 MANIPAL COLLEGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Registered Date: 1994 Contact Information Address: Pokhara Phone: +977-061-440387/440600 Fax: +977-061-440260 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.manipal.edu.np/Pages/welcome.aspx Dean: Dr. B. M. Nagpal Vision and Mission: VISION Global leadership in human development, excellence in education and health care MISSION To be the most preferred destination for students and teachers of health sciences at all levels of medical education in Nepal. International bonding to achieve all round recognition for excellence in health care delivery among Southeast Asian Nations. Tropical Diseases Studied: HIV/AIDS, Malaria, Leprosy, Helminthiasis, Tuberculosis, Filariasis Infrastructure and Hospital facilities: The 700-bed Manipal Teaching Hospital (MTH) has been set up with the modern facilities for medical education and health care. 52 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 SECTION II NGOs, INGOs Working in Nepal in Tropical Diseases and Funding 53 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 NON GOVERNMENT ORGANISATION CIWEC Clinic Contact Address: Address: British-Indian Embassy Road, Lainchaur P.O. Box 12895, Kathmandu, Nepal Telephone: 977-1-442 4111/977-1-443 5232/977-1-441 3163/977-1-620 2217 (UTL) Fax: 977-1-441 2590 Email: [email protected] Website: http://ciwec-clinic.com/ Director: Dr. Prativa Pandey Tropical Diseases Studied: Malaria, Diarrhea, Leishmaniasis, Filariasis, Typhoid Infrastructure and Hospital Facilities: The clinic provides emergency medical care 24 hours a day 365 days a year and also serves as a family practice for the foreign residents and some Nepalese communities. The clinic has a number of beds that are used when admission for more intensive monitoring and treatment is required. Research: CIWEC clinic is renowned for its expertise & research in tropical illnesses associated with travel and altitude 54 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS IN NEPAL ANANDABAN HOSPITAL (LEPROSY MISSION NEPAL) Established: 1957 Contact Information: Address: Anandaban Leprosy Hospital, The Leprosy Mission Nepal Lele, Lalitpur P O Box 151, Kathmandu Telephone: +977 (1) 429-0545 / 212-2379 Fax: +977 (1) 429-0538 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.tlmnepal.org/index.htm Executive Officer: Mr. Shovakhar Kandel Medical Superintendent: Dr Timothy G. Lewis Vision and Mission: To maintain Anandaban Leprosy Hospital as the major leprosy referral hospital for the Central Development Region (CDR). Operates under a series of 5-Year Agreements with the Ministry of Health, HMG/Nepal (currently renewed 23 Nov 2000) and works to support the National Leprosy Control Programme of HMG/Nepal. To provide additional technical support to Leprosy Elimination Programme in the Central Development Region of Nepal. Through a project started in 1995, TLMI is involved in: capacity building; supervision and monitoring; drug distribution to districts; and, extending disability care to the periphery. Promising progress continues to be made in new case detection and treatment and this has been demonstrated in the decreasing prevalence rates. Ongoing disability assessment and management remains poor amongst government health workers and is a key to anticipating future workloads. Training continues to be a high priority and coverage of staff within high prevalence districts is achievable. Contribution to Tropical Medicine Early diagnosis and treatment since 1978 has resulted in the elimination of disease as a public health problem in Lalitpur district since 1995. In 2003, only 17 new cases were found in this district (2003 population: 351,688). Tropical Diseases Studied: Leprosy Infrastructure and Hospital Facilities: The largest Leprosy Hospital in Nepal, with 100 beds for leprosy patients and a further 25 for general admissions, situated 16km south of the capital, Kathmandu. 55 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Services: Comprehensive leprosy care, including MDT (362 received MDT and 634 received specialized services during hospitalization in 2003), disability prevention and correction (226 major and 217 minor operations in 2003), small-scale rehabilitation projects. To date, 247 children of leprosy-affected families have received financial help to attend school and 123 leprosy-affected people have been given loans to start a business, house repair etc. Research and Training: Research is divided into Leprosy and Clinical groups. The Lab also publishes a number of scientific papers. Research Conducted: Studies with regard to Skin tests, methyl prednisolone, Genetic susceptibility, Tiggers in relation to Leprosy have been done with international collaborators. Training Basic health services staff, community volunteers and others have been trained in leprosy. National level leprosy courses for doctors are run annually, and the hospital is recognized by IOM for leprosy training of MDGP candidates. Workshops on specialist topics for staff and NGOs supporting the government leprosy control programme (e.g. last year a workshop was run for programme managers). NETHERLANDS LEPROSY RELIEF (NLR) Contact Address: Chhaku Baku Marga, New Baneshore, Kathmandu Dr K P Dhakal, Country Representative [email protected], [email protected] Tropical Diseases Studied: Leprosy and TB 56 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Walter Reed / AFRIMS Research Unit Nepal (WARUN) Website: http://www.afrims.org/warun.html Tropical Diseases Studied: Diarrhea, Typhoid Infrastructure: WARUN, the AFRIMS satellite laboratory in Nepal occupies a four storied building with laboratories and a staff of 25 available to support the conduct of studies within Nepal. Research: Research in diarrhea and typhoid have been conducted by the institute in collaboration with various hospitals in Nepal with funding from DoD-GEIS 57 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 OTHER INGOs working in Nepal in Tropical Diseases Organizations Britain Nepal Medical Trust (BNMT) Programs Tuberculosis Coverage >35 districts – 5 regions Leprosy Mission Nepal Leprosy 15 districts Nepal Leprosy Trust (UK) Leprosy 7 districts Netherlands Leprosy Leprosy and TB Relief (NLR) control Population Services International/Nepal (PSI/Nepal) HIV All districts and VDCs of eastern and far western regions 75 districts United Mission to Nepal (UMN) HIV/AIDS 10 districts 58 | P a g e Contact Lazimpat, Kathmandu, Nepal POB: 20564 www.britainnepalmedicaltrust.or g.uk [email protected] [email protected] Tikabhairav, Lele VDC, Lalitpur, Nepal [email protected] Satdobato, Lalitpur, Nepal Tel: 01‐5521622, 5523322 [email protected] New Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: 01‐6227564 [email protected] Shree Mahalaxmi Sadan GPO Box: 21976 Mahalaxmisthan, Lagankhel Lalitpur, Nepal Tel: 977‐1‐5553190/ 5550620 [email protected] Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: 01‐4228118, 4268900 [email protected] Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 SECTION III OUTPUT 59 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 PUBLICATIONS PAST 10 YEARS In his report the SCOPUS database was used as a tool to estimate the output of publications each institute produced about each particular tropical disease. “AFFIL (name) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (disease or pathogen name) AND PUBYEAR > 2001” Wherein, ABS stands for abstract, KEY for keywords, AFFIL for affiliation and “PUBYEAR > 2001” to include only publications of the last 10 years. Publications by the Listed Key Institutes by the Tropical Diseases included in this report Figure 8 Publications by Institutes in Leishmaniasis From a total of 117 publications 90 were from BPKIHS alone. BPKIHS has contributed immensely in the research related to Leishmaniasis. There are Clinicians, Molecular biologists, Epidemiologists, Entomologists involved in the research. The publications from the Institute have made an impact on the country program and helped shaping the health policies in VL. 60 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Figure 9 Publications by Institute in Helminthiasis Various projects have been handled by IOM in regard to Helminthiasis. The studies conducted are mostly epidemiological studies. Figure 10 Publications by Institute in Leprosy Anandaban Leprosy Hospital is the largest leprosy hospital of the Nation and has conducted lots of research in this regard. There are many INGOs and NGOs who have played an important role in providing services to the people affected with leprosy as well as conducting research in this field. International Nepal Fellowship (INF) is one such organization; hence appreciating the work done in the field we have included the contribution to the chart though the institute was not listed as a key institute in this report. 61 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Figure 11 Publications by Institute in Diarrheal Diseases The burden of Diarrhea in Nepal is great among children with especially by pathogens like V cholera and Rota virus. Maximum research and publications are from IOM. Figure 12 Publications by Institute in Dengue The earliest recorded cases in Nepal were only in 2006. The sporadic cases continued and outbreaks occurred in 2009/2010. Initially most of the reported cases had travel history to neighboring country (India), however lately indigenous cases were also reported. Studies carried out in close collaboration of WARUN/AFRIMS in the year 2006 by EDCD/NPHL showed all 4 sub‐types (DEN‐1, DEN‐2, DEN‐3 and DEN‐4) of Dengue virus circulation in Nepal. 62 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Figure 13 Publications by Institute in Japanese Encephalitis Figure 14 Publications by Institute in Malaria IOM has been conducting research in Malaria in four districts of southern Nepal. From a total of 26 publications in Malaria 8 are from IOM. 63 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Figure 15 Publications by Institute in HIV Under the National Center for AIDS and STD control, The National AIDS Research Centre (NARC) aims to serve as one point source of authentic, appropriate and viable information in different contents, categories for all HIV and AIDS topics and will built a comprehensive database of information generated in Nepal in the area of HIV and AIDS. Most of the publications related to HIV/AIDS are by NACSC followed by IOM and TU. HIV/AIDS is an area that has received a lot of contribution from INGOs and NGOs. Figure 16 Publications by Institute in Tuberculosis In order to improve the quality of care for people with tuberculosis in Nepal and to assist in effective planning and implementing the TB control program, the NTP has been carrying out the research on: • MDR Surveillance • Assessment of HIV among sputum smear pulmonary TB patients regularly. • There are numbers of operational research in NTP work plan which has been implementing in Collaboration with sub‐recipients. 64 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Figure 17 Publications by Institute in Filariasis Out of 75 districts 60 are endemic for lymphatic filariasis in the country. The disease has been detected in different topographical areas. More filarial cases are seen in Terai when compared with the hills. Figure 18 Publications by Institute in Typhoid Kathmandu being the typhoid capital of the world, lots of research has been done by PAHS (OUCRU-NP) in this regard. Research related to drug efficacy, burden of enteric fever, PCR amplification of the pathogen have been conducted. 65 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 ANNEX I PUBLICATIONS BY DISEASES WITH CITATIONS BPKIHS HIV/AIDS Karkee R., Shrestha D.B. HIV and conflict in Nepal: Relation and strategy for response (2006) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 4 NO. 3 (15), pp. 363-367. Cited 4 times. Khanal B., Bhattacharya S.K., Karki B.M.S., Shariff M., Deb M., Niraula S.R., Rai L.Educating nurses to build a care-with-confidence team [1] (2003) Education for Health, 16 (2), pp. 228-229. Jha N. Teachers awareness and opinion about aids - a study from Eastern Nepal (2001) Journal of Communicable Diseases, 33 (3), pp. 205-211. Cited 4 times. Garg V.K., Agarwalla A., Agrawal S., Deb M., Khanal B. Sexual habits and clinico-etiological profile of sexually transmitted diseases in Nepal (2001) Journal of Dermatology, 28 (7), pp. 353-359. Cited 3 times. MALARIA Sharma S.K., Manandhar D.N., Khanal B., Dhakal S., Kalra S., Das M.L., Karki P. Malarial nephropathy in a tertiary care setup--an observational study. (2011) Nepal Medical College journal: NMCJ, 13 (2), pp. 123127. Singh R.R., Chaudhary S.K., Bhatta N.K., Khanal B., Shah D. Clinical and etiological profile of acute febrile encephalopathy in Eastern Nepal (2009) Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 76 (11), pp. 1109-1111. Cited 1 time. Shah D. Treating severe malaria: Artesunate or quinine? (2008) Indian Pediatrics, 45 (1), pp. 41-42. Cited 1 time. Brown G., Torresi J., Flint S., Shrestha N.K., Schwartz E., Parise M. Delayed Onset of Malaria - Implications for Chemoprophylaxis [4] (multiple letters) (2004) New England Journal of Medicine, 350 (2), pp. 195-197. Cited 1 time. JE Singh R.R., Chaudhary S.K., Bhatta N.K., Khanal B., Shah D. Clinical and etiological profile of acute febrile encephalopathy in Eastern Nepal (2009) Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 76 (11), pp. 1109-1111. Cited 1 time. Rayamajhi A., Singh R., Prasad R., Khanal B., Singhi S. Clinico-laboratory profile and outcome of Japanese encephalitis in Nepali children (2006) Annals of Tropical Pediatrics, 26 (4), pp. 293-301. Cited 6 times. DIARRHOEA Amatya R., Poudyal N., Gurung R., Khanal B. Prevalence of cryptosporidium species in paediatric patients in Eastern Nepal (2011) Tropical Doctor, 41 (1), pp. 36-37. Jha N., Singh R., Baral D. Knowledge, attitude and practices of mothers regarding home management of acute diarrhea in Sunsari, Nepal. (2006) Nepal Medical College journal: NMCJ. 8 (1), pp. 27-30. Cited 2 times. Tamang MD, Sharma N, Makaju RK, Sarma AN, Koju R, Nepali N, Mishra SK. An outbreak of El Tor cholera in Kavre district, Nepal. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2005 Apr-Jun; 3(2):138-42. Sharma UK, Rauniyar RK, Bhatta N.Roundworm infestation presenting as acute abdomen in four cases-sonographic diagnosis. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2005 Jan-Mar; 3(1):87-90 LEPROSY Rijal A., Rijal S., Bhandari S.Leprosy coinfection with kala-azar (2009) International Journal of Dermatology, 48 (7), pp. 740-742. Javvadhi S., Das H., Agrawal S. Pattern and determinants of ocular complications in leprosy patients in eastern Nepal. (2009) Nepalese journal of ophthalmology : a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal of the Nepal Ophthalmic Society : NEPJOPH, 1 (1), pp. 2-8. Prasad R., Singh R., Mishra O.P., Pandey M. Dapsone induced methemoglobinemia: Intermittent vs continuous intravenous methylene blue therapy (2008) Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 75 (3), pp. 245-247. Cited 3 times. Jawadhi S.S., Das H., Badhu B.P., Agrawal S. Variation of intraocular pressure in patients with leprosy (2005) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 3 no. 3 (11), pp. 217-221. Agrawal S., Agarwalla A. Dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome: A clinico-epidemiological review (2005) Journal of Dermatology, 32 (11), pp. 883-889. Cited 16 times. 66 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Javvadhi S.S., Das H., Badhu B.P., Agrawal S. Variation of intraocular pressure in patients with leprosy. (2005) Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ), 3 (3), pp. 217-221. Rijal A., Agrawal S., Agarwalla A., Lakhey M. Bullous erythema nodosum leprosum: A case report from Nepal (2004) Leprosy Review, 75 (2), pp. 177-180. Cited 8 times. Burman K.D., Rijal A., Agrawal S., Agarwalla A., Verma K.K. Childhood leprosy in Eastern Nepal: A hospital-based study (2003) Indian Journal of Leprosy, 75 (1), pp. 47-52. Cited 8 times HELMINTHIASIS Sah S.P., Bhadani P.P. Enterobius vermicularis causing symptoms of appendicitis in Nepal (2006) Tropical Doctor, 36 (3), pp. 160-162. Cited 10 times. Kumari N., Kumar M., Rai A., Acharya A. Intestinal trematode infection in North Bihar. (2006) JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 45 (161), pp. 204-206. Prasad R., Singh R., Joshi B. Lateral sinus thrombosis in neurocysticercosis (2005) Tropical Doctor, 35 (3), pp. 182-183. Cited 1 time. Rauniyar R.K., Thakur S.K.D., Panda A. CT in the diagnosis of isolated cysticercal infestation of extraocular muscle (2003) Clinical Radiology, 58 (2), pp. 154-156. Cited 6 times. LEISHMANIASIS Das M, Roy L, Picado A, Kroeger A, Rijal S, Boelaert M. Deltamethrin and permethrin residue on longlasting insecticidal nets after 18 months of use in a visceral leishmaniasis-endemic area in Nepal. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2012 Apr;106(4):230-4. Epub 2012 Feb 29. Picado A, Singh SP, Vanlerberghe V, Uranw S, Ostyn B, Kaur H, Das ML, Sundar S, Rijal S, et al. Residual activity and integrity of PermaNet® 2.0 after 24 months of household use in a community randomised trial of long lasting insecticidal nets against visceral leishmaniasis in India and Nepal. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2012 Mar;106(3):150-9. Epub 2011 Dec 2. Decuypere S, Vanaerschot M, Brunker K, Imamura H, Müller S, Khanal B, Rijal S, et al. Molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in natural Leishmania populations vary with genetic background. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012 Feb;6(2):e1514. Epub 2012 Feb 28. Downing T,Stark O,Vanaerschot MImamura H,Sanders M,Decuypere S,de Doncker S, Maes I, Rijal S, et al. Genome-wide SNP and microsatellite variation illuminate population-level epidemiology in the Leishmania donovani species complex. Infect Genet Evol. 2012 Jan;12(1):149-59. Epub 2011 Nov 20. Downing T, Imamura H, Decuypere S, Clark TG, Coombs GH, Cotton JA, Hilley JD, de Doncker S, Maes I, Mottram JC, Quail MA, Rijal S, et al.Whole genome sequencing of multiple Leishmania donovani clinical isolates provides insights into population structure and mechanisms of drug resistance. Genome Res. 2011 Dec;21(12):2143-56. Epub 2011 Oct 28. Uranw S, Ostyn B, Rijal A, Devkota S, Khanal B, Menten J, Boelaert M, Rijal S. Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in Nepal: a retrospective cohort study (2000-2010). PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Dec;5(12):e1433. Epub 2011 Dec 20 Stauch A, Sarkar RR, Picado A, Ostyn B, Sundar S, Rijal S, et al.Visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent: modelling epidemiology and control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Nov;5(11):e1405. Epub 2011 Nov 29. Gidwani K., Picado A., Ostyn B., Singh S.P., Kumar R., Khanal B., Lejon V., Chappuis F., Boelaert M., Sundar S.Persistence of Leishmania donovani antibodies in past visceral leishmaniasis cases in India (2011) Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 18 (2), pp. 346-348. Cited 2 times. Ostyn B, Gidwani K, Khanal B, Picado A, Chappuis F, Singh SP, Rijal S et al. Incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic Leishmania donovani infections in high-endemic foci in India and Nepal: a prospective study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Oct;5(10):e1284. Epub 2011 Oct 4. Gidwani K, Picado A, Rijal S, Singh SP, et al. Serological markers of sand fly exposure to evaluate insecticidal nets against visceral leishmaniasis in India and Nepal: a cluster-randomized trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Sep;5(9):e1296. Epub 2011 Sep 13. Ouakad M, Vanaerschot M, Rijal S, et al.Increased metacyclogenesis of antimony-resistant Leishmania donovani clinical lines. Parasitology. 2011 Sep;138(11):1392-9. Epub 2011 Aug 8. Vanaerschot M, De Doncker S, Rijal S, et al.Antimonial resistance in Leishmania donovani is associated with increased in vivo parasite burden. PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e23120. Epub 2011 Aug 1. Harhay MO, Olliaro PL, Vaillant M, Chappuis F, Lima MA, Ritmeijer K, Costa CH, Costa DL, Rijal S, et al. Who is a typical patient with visceral leishmaniasis? Characterizing the demographic and nutritional profile of patients in Brazil, East Africa, and South Asia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011 Apr;84(4):543-50. Matlashewski G,Arana B, Kroeger A, Battacharya S, Sundar S, Das P, Sinha PK, Rijal S, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis: elimination with existing interventions. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011 Apr;11(4):322-5. 67 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Singh SP,Hirve S, Huda MM,Banjara MR, Kumar N, Mondal D, Sundar S, Das P, Gurung CK,Rijal S,et al. Options for active case detection of visceral leishmaniasis in endemic districts of India, Nepal and Bangladesh, comparing yield, feasibility and costs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis.2011 Feb 8;5(2):e960. Picado A, Singh SP, Rijal S, et. al. Long lasting insecticidal nets for prevention of Leishmania donovani infection in India and Nepal: paired cluster randomised trial. BMJ. 2010 Dec 29;341:c6760. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c6760. t'Kindt R, Scheltema RA, Jankevics A, Brunker K, Rijal S, et al. Metabolomics to unveil and understand phenotypic diversity between pathogen populations. PLoS Negl Trop Dis.2010 Nov 30;4(11):e904. Khanal B, Rijal S, Ostyn B, et al.Serological markers for leishmania donovani infection in Nepal: Agreement between direct agglutination test and rK39 ELISA. Trop Med Int Health. 2010 Nov;15(11):1390-4. Dinesh DS, Das ML, Picado A, Roy L, Rijal S, et al. Insecticide susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes in visceral leishmaniasis endemic districts in India and Nepal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010 Oct 26;4(10):e859. Burniston I, Roy L, Picado A, Das M, Rijal S, et al. Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to identify host-feeding preferences of Phlebotomus species (Diptera: Psychodidae)in endemic foci of visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal. J Med Entomol. 2010 Sep;47(5):902-6. Meheus F, Balasegaram M, Olliaro P, Sundar S, Rijal S, et ai.Cost-effectiveness analysis of combination therapies for visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010 Sep 7;4(9). pii: e818. Hirve S, Singh SP, Kumar N, et al. Effectiveness and feasibility of active and passive case detection in the visceral leishmaniasis elimination initiative in India, Bangladesh, and Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010 Sep;83(3):507-11. Vanaerschot M, Maes I, Ouakad M, et al. Linking in vitro and in vivo survival of clinical Leishmania donovani strains. PLoS One. 2010 Aug 17;5(8):e12211. Rijal S, Uranw S, Chappuis F, Picado A, Khanal B, Paudel IS, Andersen EW, Meheus F, Ostyn B, Das ML, Davies C, Boelaert M.Epidemiology of Leishmania donovani infection in high transmission foci in Nepal. Trop Med Int Health. 2010 Jul;15 Suppl 2:21-8. Khanal B, Picado A, Bhattarai NR, VAN DER Auwera G, DAS ML, Ostyn B, Davies CR, Boelaert M, Dujardin JC, Rijal S. Spatial analysis of Leishmania donovani exposure in humans and domestic animals in a recent kala azar focus in Nepal. Parasitology. 2010 May 12:1-7. Bhattarai NR, Dujardin JC, Rijal S, De Doncker S, Boelaert M, Van der Auwera G.Development and evaluation of different PCR-based typing methods for discrimination of Leishmania donovani isolates from Nepal. Parasitology. 2010 May;137(6):947-57. Clements MF, Gidwani K, Kumar R, Hostomska J, Dinesh DS, Kumar V, Das P, Müller I, Hamilton G, Volfova V, Boelaert M, Das M, Rijal S, Picado A, Volf P, Sundar S, Davies CR, Rogers ME. Measurement of recent exposure to Phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of Indian visceral Leishmaniasis, by using human antibody responses to sand fly saliva. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010 May;82(5):801-7 Picado A, Das ML, Kumar V, Dinesh DS, Rijal S, Singh SP, Das P, Coosemans M, Boelaert M, Davies C. Phlebotomus argentipes seasonal patterns in India and Nepal. J Med Entomol. 2010 Mar;47(2):283- 6 Rijal S, Bhandari S, Koirala S, Singh R, Khanal B, Loutan L, Dujardin JC, Boelaert M, Chappuis F. Clinical risk factors for therapeutic failure in kala-azar patients treated with pentavalent antimonials in Nepal. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2010 Mar;104(3):225-9. Bhattarai NR, Van der Auwera G, Rijal S, Picado A, Speybroeck N, Khanal B, De Doncker S, Das ML, Ostyn B, Davies C, Coosemans M, Berkvens D, Boelaert M, Dujardin JC. Domestic animals and epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis, Nepal.. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010 Feb;16(2):231-7 Das ML, Roy L, Rijal S, Paudel IS, Picado A, Kroeger A, Petzold M, Davies C, Boelaert M Comparative study of kala-azar vector control measures in eastern Nepal.. Acta Trop. 2010 Feb;113(2):162-6. Picado A, Das ML, Kumar V, Kesari S, Dinesh DS, Roy L, Rijal S, Das P, Rowland M, Sundar S, Coosemans M, Boelaert M, Davies CR. Effect of village-wide use of long-lasting insecticidal nets on visceral Leishmaniasis vectors in India and Nepal: a cluster randomized trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010 Jan 26;4(1):e587. Mondal D., Chowdhury R., Huda M.M., Maheswary N.P., Akther S., Petzold M., Kumar V., Das M.L., Gurung C.K., Ghosh D., Kroeger A. Insecticide-treated bed nets in rural Bangladesh: Their potential role in the visceral leishmaniasis elimination programme (2010) Tropical Medicine and International Health, 15 (11), pp. 1382-1389. Cited 5 times. Bhattarai NR, Dujardin JC, Rijal S, DE Doncker S, Boelaert M, VAN DER Auwera G. Development and evaluation of different PCR-based typing methods for discrimination of Leishmania donovani isolates from Nepal. Parasitology. 2010 Jan 29:1-11. [Epub ahead of print] Vanlerberghe V, Singh SP, Paudel IS, Ostyn B, Picado A, Sánchez A, Rijal S, Sundar S, Davies C, Boelaert M. Determinants of bednet ownership and use in visceral leishmaniasis-endemic areas of the Indian subcontinent. Trop Med Int Health. 2009 Nov 16. [Epub ahead of print] Rijal A Rijal S, Bhandari S. Leprosy co-infection with kala-azar.Int J Dermatol. 2009; 48(7):740-2. 68 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Bhattarai NR, Van der Auwera G, Khanal B, De Doncker S, Rijal S, Das ML, Uranw S, Ostyn B, Praet N, Speybroeck N, Picado A, Davies C, Boelaert M, Dujardin JC. PCR and direct agglutination as Leishmania infection markers among healthy Nepalese subjects living in areas endemic for Kala-Azar. Trop Med Int Health. 2009;14(4):404-11 Bhattarai NR, Das ML, Rijal S, van der Auwera G, Picado A, Khanal B, Roy L, Speybroeck N, Berkvens D, Davies CR, Coosemans M, Boelaert M, Dujardin JC. Natural infection of Phlebotomus argentipes with Leishmania and other trypanosomatids in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic region of Nepal. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009 Apr 2. [Epub ahead of print] Hamarsheh O., Presber W., Yaghoobi-Ershadi M.-R., Amro A., Al-Jawabreh A., Sawalha S., Al-Lahem A., Das M.L., Guernaoui S., Seridi N., Dhiman R.C., Hashiguchi Y., Ghrab J., Hassan M., SchOnian G.Population structure and geographical subdivision of the Leishmania major vector Phlebotomus papatasi as revealed by microsatellite variation(2009) Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 23 (1), pp. 69-77. Cited 9 times. Kumar B., Ghimire A., Karki S., Upadhyaya P. Primary laryngeal leishmaniasis: A rare case report (2009) Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology, 52 (1), pp. 62-64. Cited 2 times. Alam M.Z., Kuhls K., Schweynoch C., Sundar S., Rijal S., Shamsuzzaman A.K.M., Raju B.V.S., Salotra P., Dujardin J.-C., Schonian G. Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) reveals genetic homogeneity of Leishmania donovani strains in the Indian subcontinent (2009) Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 9 (1), pp. 24-31. Cited 29 times. Das M, Banjara M, Chowdhury R, Kumar V, Rijal S, Joshi A, Akhter S, Das P, Kroeger A. Visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian sub-continent: a multi-centre study of the costs of three interventions for the control of the sandfly vector, Phlebotomus argentipes. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2008; 102(8): 729-41. Alam MZ, Kuhls K, Schweynoch C, Sundar S, Rijal S, Shamsuzzaman AK, Raju BV, Salotra P, Dujardin JC, Schonian G. Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) reveals genetic homogeneity of Leishmania donovani strains in the Indian subcontinent. Infect Genet Evol. 2008 Oct 8; Epub. Deborggraeve S, Boelaert M, Rijal S, De Doncker S, Dujardin JC, Herdewijn P, Buscher P. Diagnostic accuracy of a new Leishmania PCR for clinical visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal and its role in diagnosis of disease. Trop Med Int Health. 2008 Sep 16; Epub. Ostyn B, Vanlerberghe V, Picado A, Dinesh DS, Sundar S, Chappuis F, Rijal S, Dujardin JC, Coosemans M, Boelaert M, Davies C. Vector control by insecticide-treated nets in the fight against visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent, what is the evidence? Trop Med Int Health. 2008; 13(8): 1073-85. Sundar S, Mondal D, Rijal S, Bhattacharya S, Ghalib H, Kroeger A, Boelaert M Desjeux P, Richter-Airijoki H, Harms G. Implementation research to support the initiative on the elimination of kala azar from Bangladesh, India and Nepal--the challenges for diagnosis and treatmentTrop Med Int Health. 2008;13(1): 25. Boelaert M, El-Safi S, Hailu A, Mukhtar M, Rijal S, Sundar S, Wasunna M, Aseffa A, Mbui J, Menten J, Desjeux P, Peeling R W. Diagnosis of kala-azar: a multi-centre study of the freeze dried DAT, rk39 strip test and KAtex in East Africa and the Indian subcontinent. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008; 102 (1): 32-40. Decuypere S, Vanaerschot M, Rijal S, Yardley V, Maes L, De Doncker S, Chappuis F, Dujardin JC. Gene expression profiling of Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani: overcoming technical variation and exploiting biological variation. Parasitology. 2008; 135(2): 183-194 Neupane D.P., Majhi S., Chandra L., Rijal S., Baral N. Erythrocyte glutathione status in human visceral leishmaniasis (2008) Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 23 (1), pp. 95-97. Cited 2 times. Bhadani P.P., Sen R., Singh R.K. Verrucous papillomatous lesion of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: Fine needle aspiration diagnosis of an unusual presentation [5] (2007) Acta Cytologica, 51 (2), pp. 252-254. Das ML, Singh SP, Vanlerberghe V, Rijal S, Rai M, Karki P, Sundar S, Boelaert M. Population preference of net texture prior to bed net trial in kala-azar endemic areas. PLoS Negl Dis. 2007; 1(3): e100 Khambu B, Mehta KD, Rijal S et al. Serum nitrite level and adenosine deaminase activity is altered in visceral leishmaniasis. Nepal Med. Coll. J. 2007; 9: 40-43. Das M.L., Deb M., Karki B.M.S., Sarif M., Khanal B., Bhattacharya S.K., Agrawal S., Koirala S. Use of RK39 for diagnosis of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in Nepal (2007) Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 38 (4), pp. 619-625. Cited 3 times. Chappuis F, Sundar S, Hailu A, Ghalib H, Rijal S, Peeling R W, Alvar J, Boelaert M. Visceral leishmaniasis: what are the needs for diagnosis, treatment and control? Nat Rev Microbiol. 2007; 5(11): 873-882 Boelaert M, Bhattacharya S, Chappuis F, El-Safi S, Hailu A, Mondal D, Rijal S, Sundar S, Wasunna M and Peeling W. Evaluation of rapid diagnostic tests: visceral leishmaniasis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2007; 5(11): 873882. Rijal S, Yardley V, Chappuis F, Decuypere S, Khanal B, Singh R et al. Antimonial treatment of visceral leishmaniasis: are current in vitro susceptibility assays adequate for prognosis of in vivo therapy outcome? Microbes Infect 2007; 9(4):529-535. 69 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Baranwal A.K., Mandal R.N., Singh R. Fulminant hepatic failure complicating visceral leishmaniasis in an apparently immunocompetent child (2007) Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 74 (5), pp. 489-491. Cited 3 times. Khambu B., Mehta K.D., Rijal S., Lamsal M., Majhi S., Baral N. Serum nitrite level and adenosine deaminase activity is altered in visceral leishmaniasis. (2007) Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 9 (1), pp. 40-43. Cited 8 times. Bhadani P.P., Sen R., Singh R.K. Verrucous papillomatous lesion of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: Fine needle aspiration diagnosis of an unusual presentation [5] (2007) Acta Cytologica, 51 (2), pp. 252-254. Laurent T, Rijal S, Yardley V, Croft S, De Doncker S, Decuypere S, Khanal B, Singh R, Schonian G, Kuhls K, Chappuis F, Dujardin JC. Epidemiological dynamics of antimonial resistance in Leishmania donovani: Genotyping reveals a polyclonal population structure among naturally-resistant clinical isolates from Nepal. Infect Genet Evol. 2006 Sep 26; Epub. Sinha AK, Rijal S, Karki P, Majhi S. Incidence of magaloblastic anaemia and its correction inleishmaniasis- a prospective study at BPKIHS hospital, Nepal.Indian J pathol Microbiol. 2006; 49:528-531. Schenkel K, Rijal S, Koirala S, Koirala S, Vanlerberghe V, Van der Stuyft P, Gramiccia M, Boelaert M, Visceral leishmaniasis in southeastern nepal: a cross sectional survey on Leishmania donovani infection and its risk factors. Trop Med Int Health. 2006;11:1792-1799. Jacquet D, Boelaert M, Seaman J, Rijal S, Sundar S, Menten J, Magnus E. comparative evaluation of freeze dried and liquid antigens in the direct agglutination test for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Trop Med Int Health. 2006;11:1777-1784. Chappuis F, Rijal S, Soto A, Menten J, Boelaert M. A meta-analysis of the diagnostic performance of the direct agglutination test and rK39 dipstick for visceral leishmaniasis. BMJ. 2006;333: 723. Rijal S, Koirala S, Van der stuyft P, Boelaert M. The economic burden of visceral leishmaniasis for households in Nepal. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2006; 100: 838-841. Chappuis F, Rijal S, Field validity, reproducibility and feasibility of diagnostic tests for visceral leishmaniasis in rural Nepal Trop Med Int Health.2006; 11: 31-40. Decuypere S, Rijal S, Yardley V, De Doncker S, Laurent T, Khanal B, Chappuis F, Dujardin JC. Gene expression analysis of the mechanism of natural Sb(V) resistance in Leishmania donovani isolates in Nepal. Antimicrob agents Chemother.2005; 49:4616-4621. S.Decuypere, J.Vandesompele, V.Yardley, S.De Doncker, T.Laurent, S.Rijal, A.Llanos-Cuentas, F.Chappuis, J.Arevalo, JC.Dujardin. Differential polyadenylation of ribosomal RNA during post-transcriptional processing in Leishmania. Parasitology. 2005; 131:321-329. Quispe-Tintaya KW, Laurent T, Decuypere S, Hide M, Banuls AL, De Doncker S, Rijal S, Canavate C, Campino L, Dujardin JC. Fluorogenic assay for molecular typing of the leishmania donovani complex: taxonomic and clinical applications. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2005; 192: 685-692. Baral N, Mehta KD, Chandra L, Lamsal M, Rijal S, Koirala S. Adenosine deaminase activity in sera of patiets with visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal. Tropical Doctor. 2005; 35: 86-88. Yardley V, Croft S, De Doncker S, Dujardin JC, Koirala S, Rijal S, Miranda C, Llanos-Cuentas A, Chappuis F.The sensitivity of clinical isolates of leishmania from Peru and Nepal to miltefosine. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005; 73; 272-275. Sah S.P., Prasad R., Raj G.A. Fine needle aspiration of lymphadenopathy in visceral leishmaniasis (2005) Acta Cytologica, 49 (3), pp. 286-290. Cited 2 times. De Doncker S., Hutse V., Abdellati S., Rijal S., Singh Karki B.M., Decuypere S., Jacquet D., Le Ray D., Boelaert M., Koirala S., Dujardin J.-C. A new PCR-ELISA for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in blood of HIV-negative subjects (2005) Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 99 (1), pp. 25-31. Cited 15 times. Rijal S., Boelaert M., Regmi S., Karki B.M.S., Jacquet D., Singh R., Chance M.L., Chappuis F., Hommel M., Desjeux P., Van Der Stuyft P., Le Ray D., Koirala S. Evaluation of a urinary antigen-based latex agglutination test in the diagnosis of kala-azar in eastern Nepal (2004) Tropical Medicine and International Health, 9 (6), pp. 724-729. Cited 29 times. Koirala S., Karki P., Das M.L., Parija S.C., Karki B.M.S. Epidemiological study of kala-azar by direct agglutination test in two rural communities of eastern Nepal (2004) Tropical Medicine and International Health, 9 (4), pp. 533-537. Cited 11 times. Tintaya K.W.Q., Ying X., Dedet J.-P., Rijal S., De Bolle X., Dujardin J.-C. Antigen genes for molecular epidemiology of leishmaniasis: Polymorphism of cysteine proteinase B and surface metalloprotease glycoprotein 63 in the Leishmania donovani complex (2004) Journal of Infectious Diseases, 189 (6), pp. 1035-1043. Cited 52 times. Boelaert M., Rijal S., Regmi S., Singh R., Karki B., Jacquet D., Chappuis F., Campino L., Desjeux P., Le Ray D., Koirala S., Van Der Stuyft P. A comparative study of the effectiveness of diagnostic tests for visceral leishmaniasis (2004) American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 70 (1), pp. 72-77. Cited 62 times. 70 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Rijal S., Chappuis F., Singh R., Boelaert M., Loutan L., Koirala S. Sodium stibogluconate cardiotoxicity and safety of generics (2003) Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 97 (5), pp. 597-598. Cited 19 times. Toran K.C., Prasad Sah S., Joshi A., Rani S. Ulcerative post-kala azar mucosal leishmaniasis masquerading as a carcinoma - A case report (2003) Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology, 46 (3), pp. 487-489. Cited 1 time. Sangraula H., Sharma K.K., Rijal S., Dwivedi S., Koirala S. Orally effective drugs for kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis): Focus on miltefosine and sitamaquine (2003) Journal of Association of Physicians of India, 51 (JUL), pp. 686-690. Cited 17 times. Rijal S., Chappuis F., Singh R., Bovier P.A., Acharya P., Karki B.M.S., Das M.L., Desjeux P., Loutan L., Koirala S. Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in south-eastern Nepal: Decreasing efficacy of sodium stibogluconate and need for a policy to limit further decline (2003) Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 97 (3), pp. 350-354. Cited 44 times. Karki P., Koirala S., Parija S.C., Sethi M., Das M.L. Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL): A first case report from Nepal (2003) Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology, 46 (2), pp. 214-215. Cited 1 time. Karki P., Koirala S., Parija S.C., Sethi M., Das M.L. Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL): The first case report from Nepal (2003) Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 34 (1), pp. 22-23. Cited 2 times. Chappuis F., Rijal S., Singh R., Acharya P., Karki B.M.S., Das M.L., Bovier P.A., Desjeux P., Le Ray D., Koirala S., Loutan L. Prospective evaluation and comparison of the direct agglutination test and an rK39antigen-based dipstick test for the diagnosis of suspected kala-azar in Nepal (2003) Tropical Medicine and International Health, 8 (3), pp. 277-285. Cited 40 times. Prasad Sah S., Kumar Sharma S., Rani S. Kala azar associated with malaria (2002) Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 126 (3), pp. 382-383. Cited 6 times. Sah S.P., Rijal S., Bhadani P.P., Rani S., Koirala S. Visceral leishmaniasis in two cases of leukemia. (2002) The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health, 33 (1), pp. 25-27. Cited 5 times. Prasad Sah S., Kumar Sharma S., Rani S. Kala azar associated with malaria (2002) Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 126 (3), pp. 382-383. Cited 6 times. Sharma S.K., Das M.L., Rijal S., Sah S.P., Koirala S. Lymphatic Leishmaniasis - First case report from Nepal (2001) Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 32 (4), pp. 749-750. Garg V.K., Agrawal S., Rani S., Joshi A., Agarwalla A., Das M.L., Koirala S. Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in Nepal (2001) International Journal of Dermatology, 40 (3), pp. 179-184. Cited 14 times. Gautam M.P., Rijal S., Ansari J.A., Dwivedi S. Kala-azar complicated with urinary tract infection and typhoid fever (2001) Journal of Internal Medicine of India, 4 (3), pp. 147-149. TUBERCULOSIS Marahatta SB, Gautam S, Dhital S, Pote N, Jha AK, Mahato R, Mishra S, Poudel BH, Ramasoota P, Kaewkungwal J, Singhasivanon P. katG (SER 315 THR) Gene Mutation in Isoniazid Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2011 Jan;9(33):19-23. Marahatta SB.Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis burden and risk factors: an update. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2010 Jan-Mar;8(29):116-25. Gurung R., Bhattacharya S.K., Pradhan B., Gurung S., Singh Y.I. Phenotypic characterisation and drug sensitivity testing of mycobacteria isolated from extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (2010) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 8 (29), pp. 57-61. Jain A.K., Singh M., Rijal R., Ramachandran V.G., Jena S.K. Comparison of culture and nucleic acid amplification methods for diagnosis of tuberculosis of the dorsal spine (2010) Current Orthopaedic Practice, 21 (2), pp. 171-176. Khaniya S., Koirala R., Shakya V.C., Adhikary S., Regmi R., Pandey S.R., Agrawal C.S. Isolated pancreatic tuberculosis mimicking as carcinoma: A case report and review of the literature (2010) Cases Journal, 3 (1), art. no. 18, Khaniya S., Koirala R., Shakya V.C., Adhikary S., Regmi R., Pandey S.R., Agrawal C.S. Anorectal tuberculosis coexisting with adenocarcinoma: An unusual association (2009) Cases Journal, 2 (9), art. no. 143, . Cited 1 time. Karn N.K., Rao B.S., Prabhakar M.M. Minimal invasive anterior decompression in tuberculosis of thoracolumbar junction of the spine - experience with SynFrame (2009) Journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 48 (175), pp. 262-264. Kumar B. Granuloma in sputum cytology of pulmonary tuberculosis: A case report (2009) Acta Cytologica, 53 (3), pp. 341-343. 71 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Bhatta N., Dhakal S.S., Rizal S., Kralingen K.W.V., Niessen L. Clinical spectrum of patients presenting with bronchiectasis in Nepal: Evidence of linkage between tuberculosis, tobacco smoking and toxic exposure to biomass smoke (2008) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 6 (22), pp. 195-203. Cited 1 time. Bajracharya S., Nepal P., Singh M.P., Singh G.K. Polyarticular tuberculosis in a young boy: A rare presentation (2007) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 5 (17), pp. 112-113. Cited 2 times. Lamsal M., Gautam N., Bhatta N., Toora B.D., Bhattacharya S.K., Baral N. Evaluation of lipid peroxidation product, nitrite and antioxidant levels in newly diagnosed and two months follow-up patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (2007) Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 38 (4), pp. 695-703. Cited 10 times. George P., Agrawal A., Kumar S., Shetty J.P., Shetty R.K. Tubercular meningitis with concurrent intracranial and intra-spinal tuberculomas (2007) European Journal of General Medicine, 4 (2), pp. 91-94. Cited 1 time. Lamsal M., Gautam N., Bhatta N., Majhi S., Baral N., Bhattacharya S.K. Diagnostic utility of adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in pleural fluid and serum of tuberculous and non-tuberculous respiratory disease patients (2007) Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 38 (2), pp. 363-369. Cited 6 times. Sinha A.K., Agarwal A., Agrawal C.S., Mishra A., Dabadi K. Tuberculous splenic abscess - A case report and review of literature (2006) Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology, 49 (2), pp. 270-272. Cited 1 time. Kumar N., Bhargava S.K., Agrawal C.S., George K., Karki P., Baral D.Chest radiographs and their reliability in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. (2005) JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 44 (160), pp. 138142. Cited 1 time. Kumar N., Baral D.D., Tamrakar S. Tuberculin survey in government high school of Dharan municipality (2005) Journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 44 (157), pp. 13-1 Shakya R, Rao BS, Shrestha B.Management of antitubercular drugs-induced hepatotoxicity and therapy reintroduction strategy in a TB clinic of Nepal. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2005 Jan-Mar;3(1):45-9. Gautam MP, Karki P, Rijal S, Singh R. Potts spine and paraplegia. JNMA.2005; 44; 106-115. Sharma YR, Roy PK, Hasan M. Abdominal tuberculosis--a study of 25 cases. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2004 Apr-Jun;2(2):137-41. Garg M., Singh S. Intramedullary spinal tuberculoma (2002) British Journal of Neurosurgery, 16 (1), pp. 7576. Cited 5 times. Rauniyar R.K., Mukharjee S., Jawaid A.A., Sharma S., Sharma V.P., Kumar A., Rao J.S. Oesophageopericardial fistula - Rare complication of tuberculous pericarditis: A case report(2001) Asian Oceanian Journal of Radiology, 6 (4), pp. 235-238. Agrawal C.S., Jain B.K., Das D.N., Singh N.P. Solitary Tuberculous Abscess of Liver (2001) Jour nal of the Indian Medical Association, 99 (10), pp. 591-592. Cited 5 times. FILARIASIS Kumar B., Karki S., Yadava S.K. Role of fine needle aspiration cytology in diagnosis of filarial infestation (2011) Diagnostic Cytopathology, 39 (1), pp. 8-12 Sah P.S., Rani S., Mahto R. Microfilariae in lymph node aspirates [7] (2002) Acta Cytologica, 46 (1), pp. 7374. Cited 2 times. TYPHOID Singh R.R., Chaudhary S.K., Bhatta N.K., Khanal B., Shah D. Clinical and etiological profile of acute febrile encephalopathy in Eastern Nepal (2009) Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 76 (11), pp. 1109-1111. Cited 1 time. Ambati S.R., Nath G., Das B.K. Diagnosis of typhoid fever by polymerase chain reaction (2007) Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 74 (10), pp. 909-913. Cited 10 times. Khanal B., Sharma S.K., Bhattacharya S.K., Bhattarai N.R., Deb M., Kanungo R. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi in eastern Nepal (2007). Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 25 (1), pp. 82-87. Cited 3 times. Gurubacharya RL, Karki P.Typhoid fever in an 8-month-old infant. Nepal Med Coll J. 2006 Jun;8(2):147-8. Sharma N, Koju R, Karmacharya B, Tamang MD, Makaju R, Nepali N, Shrestha P, Adhikari D. Typhoid fever in Dhulikhel hospital, Nepal. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2004 Jul Sep;2(3):188-92. Gautam M.P., Rijal S., Ansari J.A., Dwivedi S. Kala-azar complicated with urinary tract infection and typhoid fever (2001) Journal of Internal Medicine of India, 4 (3), pp. 147-149. ALH LEPROSY Walker S.L., Roberts C.H., Atkinson S.E., Khadge S., Macdonald M., Neupane K.D., Ranjit C., Sapkota B.R., Dhakal S., Hawksworth R.A., Mahat K., Ruchal S., Hamal S., Hagge D.A., Lockwood D.N.J. 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Interventions for stigma reduction-part 2: Practical applications (2011) Asia Pacific Disability Rehabilitation Journal, 22 (3), pp. 71-80. Walker S.L., Nicholls P.G., Dhakal S., Hawksworth R.A., Macdonald M., Mahat K., Ruchal S., Hamal S., Hagge D.A., Neupane K.D., Lockwood D.N.J. A phase two randomised controlled double blind trial of high dose intravenous Methylprednisolone and oral prednisolone versus intravenous normal saline and oral prednisolone in individuals with leprosy type 1 reactions and/or nerve function impairment (2011) PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 5 (4), art. no. e1041, . Cited 2 times. Sapkota B.R., Macdonald M., Berrington W.R., Misch E.A., Ranjit C., Siddiqui M.R., Kaplan G., Hawn T.R. Association of TNF, MBL, and VDR polymorphisms with leprosy phenotypes (2010) Human Immunology, 71 (10), pp. 992-998. Cited 9 times. Berrington W.R., Macdonald M., Khadge S., Sapkota B.R., Janer M., Hagge D.A., Kaplan G., Hawn T.R. Common polymoiphisms in the NOD2 gene region are associated with leprosy and Its reactive states (2010) Journal of Infectious Diseases, 201 (9), pp. 1422-1435. Cited 17 times. Tobin D.M., Vary Jr. J.C., Ray J.P., Walsh G.S., Dunstan S.J., Bang N.D., Hagge D.A., Khadge S., King M.C., Hawn T.R., Moens C.B., Ramakrishnan L. The lta4h Locus Modulates Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Infection in Zebrafish and Humans (2010) Cell, 140 (5), pp. 717-730. Cited 58 times. Monot M., Honore N., Garnier T., Zidane N., Sherafi D., Paniz-Mondolfi A., Matsuoka M., Taylor G.M., Donoghue H.D., Bouwman A., Mays S., Watson C., Lockwood D., Khamesipour A., Dowlati Y., Jianping S., Rea T.H., Vera-Cabrera L., Stefani M.M., Banu S., MacDonald M., Sapkota B.R., Spencer J.S., Thomas J., Harshman K., Singh P., Busso P., Gattiker A., Rougemont J., Brennan P.J., Cole S.T.Comparative genomic and phylogeographic analysis of Mycobacterium leprae (2009) Nature Genetics, 41 (12), pp. 1282-1289. Cited 69 times. Hagge D.A., Saunders B.M., Ebenezer G.J., Ray N.A., Marks V.T., Britton W.J., Krahenbuhl J.L., Adams L.B. Lymphotoxin-a and TNF have essential but independent roles in the evolution of the granulomatous response in experimental leprosy (2009) American Journal of Pathology, 174 (4), pp. 1379-1389. Cited 8 times. Geluk A., Spencer J.S., Bobosha K., Pessolani M.C.V., Pereira G.M.B., Banu S., Honore N., Reece S.T., MacDonald M., Sapkota B.R., Ranjit C., Franken K.L.M.C., Zewdie M., Aseffa A., Hussain R., Stefani M.M., Cho S.-N., Oskam L., Brennan P.J., Dockrell H.M. From genome-based in silico predictions to ex vivo verification of leprosy diagnosis (2009) Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 16 (3), pp. 352-359. Cited 19 times. Sapkota B.R., Neupane K.D., Maharjan R.K. Single lesion multibacillary leprosy, a treatment enigma: A case report (2009) Journal of Medical Case Reports, 3, art. no. 8, . Cited 3 times. Sapkota B.R., Shrestha K., Pandey B., Walker S.L. A retrospective study of the effect of modified multi-drug therapy in Nepali leprosy patients following the development of adverse effects due to dapsone (2008) Leprosy Review, 79 (4), pp. 425-428. Cited 1 time. Duthie M.S., Ireton G.C., Kanaujia G.V., Goto W., Liang H., Bhatia A., Busceti J.M., Macdonald M., Neupane K.D., Ranjit C., Sapkota B.R., Balagon M., Esfandiari J., Carter D., Reed S.G. Selection of antigens and development of prototype tests for point-of-care leprosy diagnosis (2008) Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 15 (10), pp. 1590-1597. Cited 12 times. Misch E.A., Macdonald M., Ranjit C., Sapkota B.R., Wells R.D., Siddiqui M.R., Kaplan G., Hawn T.R. Human TLR1 deficiency is associated with impaired mycobacterial signaling and protection from leprosy reversal reaction (2008) PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2 (5), art. no. e231, . Cited 44 times. Walker S.L., Lewis T.G., Mahat K., Hawksworth R.A. Leprosy type 1 reaction spares the scars in a patch of borderline tuberculoid leprosy [16] (2008) British Journal of Dermatology, 158 (3), pp. 648-649. Cited 1 time. Dhungel S., Ranjit C., Sapkota B.R., Macdonald M. Role of PGL-I of M. leprae in TNF-alpha production by in vitro whole blood assay. (2008) Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 10 (1), pp. 1-3. Cited 3 times. Sapkota B.R., Ranjit C., Neupane K.D., Macdonald M. Development and evaluation of a novel multipleprimer PCR amplification refractory mutation system for the rapid detection of mutations conferring rifampicin resistance in codon 425 of the rpoB gene of Mycobacterium leprae (2008) Journal of Medical Microbiology, 57 (2), pp. 179-184. Cited 5 times. 73 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Baohong J., Brennan P.J., Cho S.-N., Cole S.T., Gupte M.D., Gillis T.P., Htoon M.T., Katoch V.M., Matsuoka M., Pannikar V., Paramasivan C.N., Sapkota B.R., Schurr E., Smith W.C.S., Vissa V.D., Aparna S. Informal consultation on rifampicin resistance in leprosy (2007) Leprosy Review, 78 (3), pp. 295-305. Cited 2 times. Pandey B., Shrestha K., Lewis J., Hawksworth R.A., Walker S.L. Mortality due to dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome complicating multi-drug therapy for leprosy in Nepal (2007) Tropical Doctor, 37 (3), pp. 162-163. Cited 4 times. Sapkota B.R., Ranjit C., Macdonald M. Rapid differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae from sputum by polymerase chain reaction. (2007) Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 9 (1), pp. 12-16. Cited 2 times. Sapkota B.R., Ranjit C., Macdonald M. Reverse line probe assay for the rapid detection of rifampicin resistance in Mycobacterium leprae. (2006) Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 8 (2), pp. 122-127. Cited 6 times. Haslett P.A.J., Roche P., Butlin C.R., Macdonald M., Shrestha N., Manandhar R., LeMaster J., Hawksworth R., Shah M., Lubinsky A.S., Albert M., Worley J., Kaplan G. Effective treatment of erythema nodosum leprosum with thalidomide is associated with immune stimulation (2005) Journal of Infectious Diseases, 192 (12), pp. 2045-2053. Cited 26 times. Marlowe S.N.S., Hawksworth R.A., Butlin C.R., Nicholls P.G., Lockwood D.N.J. Clinical outcomes in a randomized controlled study comparing azathioprine and prednisolone versus prednisolone alone in the treatment of severe leprosy type 1 reactions in Nepal (2004) Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 98 (10), pp. 602-609. Cited 28 times Schwarz R.J., MacDonald M. Assessment of results of opponensplasty (2003) Journal of Hand Surgery, 28 B (6), pp. 593-596. Cited 3 times. Butlin C.R. Nepal network of leprosy NGOs (2003) Leprosy Review, 74 (2), pp. 163-166. Faber W.R., Brandsma J.W., Macdonald M. Comment on 'Reports from the Workshop on the Neurologically Impaired Foot' [3] (multiple letters) (2003) Leprosy Review, 74 (1), pp. 84-86. De Win M.M.L., Theuvenet W.J., Roche P.W., De Bie R.A., Van Mameren H.The paper grip test for screening on intrinsic muscle paralysis in the foot of leprosy patients (2002) International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, 70 (1), pp. 16-24. Cited 8 times. Manandhar R., Shrestha N., Butlin C.R., Roche P.W. High levels of inflammatory cytokines are associated with poor clinical response to steroid treatment and recurrent episodes of type 1 reactions in leprosy (2002) Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 128 (2), pp. 333-338. Cited 22 times. Roche P.W., Neupane K.D., Failbus S.S., Kamath A., Britton W.J. Vaccination with DNA of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis 85B antigen protects mouse foot pad against infection with M.leprae (2001) International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, 69 (2), pp. 93-98. Cited 16 times. Lemaster J.W., John O., Roche P.W. 'Jhum-jhum' - A common paraesthesia in leprosy [1] (2001) Leprosy Review, 72 (1), pp. 100-101. Cited 2 times. Martin E., Roche P.W., Triccas J.A., Britton W.J. DNA encoding a single mycobacterial antigen protects against leprosy infection (2001) Vaccine, 19 (11-12), pp. 1391-1396. Cited 12 times. MacDonald M.R.C., Brandsma J.W., Warren A.G., Cross H., Schwarz R.J., Solomon S., Kazen R., Gravem P.E., Shrinivasan H. Complications and management of the neurologically impaired foot (2001) Leprosy Review, 72 (3), pp. 263-275. Cited 10 times. CIWEC MALARIA Gautret P., Gaudart J., Leder K., Schwartz E., Castelli F., Lim P.L., Murphy H., Keystone J., Cramer J., Shaw M., Boddaert J., Von Sonnenburg F., Parola P. Travel-associated illness in older adults (>60 y) (2012) Journal of Travel Medicine, 19 (3), pp. 169-177. Schlagenhauf P., Chen L.H., Wilson M.E., Freedman D.O., Tcheng D., Schwartz E., Pandey P., Weber R., Nadal D., Berger C., Von Sonnenburg F., Keystone J., Leder K. Sex and gender differences in travelassociated disease (2010) Clinical Infectious Diseases, 50 (6), pp. 826-832. Cited 16 times. Perry T.L., Pandey P., Grant J.M., Kain K.C.Severe atovaquone-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a Canadian traveller returned from the Indian subcontinent (2009) Open Medicine, 3 (1), pp. 10-16. Cited 2 times. Freedman D.O., Weld L.H., Kozarsky P.E., Fisk T., Robins R., Von Sonnenburg F., Keystone J.S., Pandey P., Cetron M.S. Spectrum of disease and relation to place of exposure among ill returned travelers (2006) New England Journal of Medicine, 354 (2), pp. 119-130. Cited 336 times. Batchelor T. Post-travel illness (2003) South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal, 33 (2), pp. 91-97 74 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Batchelor T. Malaria and the traveller (2003) South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal, 33 (1), pp. 11-18. Cited 1 time Cave W, Pandey P, Osrin D, Shlim DR. Chemoprophylaxis use and the risk of malaria in travelers to Nepal. J Travel Med 2003;10: 100-106. DIARRHOEA Pandey P, Bodhidatta L, Lewis M, Murphy H, Shlim DR, Cave W, et al. Travelers` diarrhea in Nepal: an update on the pathogens and antibiotic resistance. J Travel Med. 2011 Mar-Apr;18(2):102-8. Yates JA, Stetz LC. Reiter`s syndrome (reactive arthritis) and travelers` diarrhea. J Travel Med. 2006 JanFeb;13(1):54-6 LEISHMANIASIS Schlagenhauf P., Chen L.H., Wilson M.E., Freedman D.O., Tcheng D., Schwartz E., Pandey P., Weber R., Nadal D., Berger C., Von Sonnenburg F., Keystone J., Leder K. Sex and gender differences in travelassociated disease (2010) Clinical Infectious Diseases, 50 (6), pp. 826-832. Cited 16 times. FILARIASIS Lipner E.M., Law M.A., Barnett E., Keystone J.S., von Sonnenburg F., Loutan L., Prevots D.R., Klion A.D., Nutman T.B., Brown G., Torresi J., Carosi G., Castelli F., Chen L., Connor B., Delmont J., Parola P., Franco C., Kozarsky P., Freedman D., Gelman S., Hall D., Guruman A., Haulman J., Jong E., Kain K., Licitra C., Pandey P., Schlagenhauf P., Steffen R., Schwartz E., Shaw M., Wilson M., Wittner M., Einstein A. Filariasis in travelers presenting to the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network (2007) PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 1 (3), art. no. e88, . Cited 17 times. TYPHOID Freedman D.O., Weld L.H., Kozarsky P.E., Fisk T., Robins R., Von Sonnenburg F., Keystone J.S., Pandey P., Cetron M.S. Spectrum of disease and relation to place of exposure among ill returned travelers (2006) New England Journal of Medicine, 354 (2), pp. 119-130. Cited 336 times. Lewis MD, Serichantalergs O, Pitarangsi C, Chuanak N, Mason CJ, Regmi LR, Pandey P, Laskar R, Shrestha CD, Malla S. Typhoid fever: a massive, single-point source, multidrug-resistant outbreak in Nepal. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Feb 15;40(4):554-61. KANTI CHILDREN HOSPITAL JE Rayamajhi A., Ansari I., Ledger E., Bista K.P., Impoinvil D.E., Nightingale S., BC R.K., Mahaseth C., Solomon T., Griffiths M.J. Clinical and prognostic features among children with acute encephalitis syndrome in Nepal; a retrospective study (2011) BMC Infectious Diseases, 11, art. no. 294, . Rayamajhi A., Singh R., Prasad R., Khanal B., Singhi S. Study of Japanese encephalitis and other viral encephalitis in Nepali children (2007) Pediatrics International, 49 (6), pp. 978-984. Cited 5 times. TYPHOID Joshi B.G., Keyal K., Pandey R., Shrestha B.M. Clinical profile and sensitivity pattern of salmonella serotypes in children: A hospital based study (2011) Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society, 31 (3), pp. 180-183. Prajapati B., Rai G.K., Rai S.K., Upreti H.C., Thapa M., Singh G., Shrestha R.M. Prevalence of Salmonella typhi and paratyphi infection in children: a hospital based study. (2008) Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 10 (4), pp. 238-241. Cited 3 times. KUMS MALARIA Menezes R.G., Pant S., Kharoshah M.A., Senthilkumaran S., Arun M., Nagesh K.R., Bhat N.B., Mahadeshwara Prasad D.R., Karki R.K., Subba S.H., Fazil A. Autopsy discoveries of death from malaria (2012) Legal Medicine, 14 (3), pp. 111-115. DENGUE Blacksell S.D., Sharma N.P., Phumratanaprapin W., Jenjaroen K., Peacock S.J., White N.J., Pukrittayakamee S., Day N.P.J. Serological and blood culture investigations of Nepalese fever patients (2007) Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 101 (7), pp. 686-690. Cited 10 times. 75 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 HELMINTHIASIS Makaju R., Mohammad A., Shakya A. Acute appendicitis: Analysis of 518 histopathologically diagnosed cases at the Kathmandu University Hospital, Nepal (2010) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 8 (30), pp. 227-230. TUBERCULOSIS Marahatta S.B., Gautam S., Dhital S., Pote N., Jha A.K., Mahato R., Mishra S., Poudel B.H., Ramasoota P., Kaewkungwal J., Singhasivanon P. KatG (SER 315 THR) gene mutation in isoniazid resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2011) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 9 (33), pp. 19-23. Makaju R., Mohammad A., Thakur N.K. Scenario of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in a tertiary care center. (2010) Journal of Nepal Health Research Council, 8 (1), pp. 48-50. Cited 1 time. Marahatta S.B. Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis burden and risk factors: An update (2010) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 8 (29), pp. 116-125. Cited 2 times. Khan S.A., Chundru S.D., Rodrigues G.S., Pokharel N., Kansakar P.S. From mono, multiple to extensive drug resistant TB: Where are we heading for? (2007) International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine, 19 (4), pp. 179-185. Shakya R., Rao B.S., Shrestha B. Incidence of hepatotoxicity due to antitubercular medicines and assessment of risk factors (2004) Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 38 (6), pp. 1074-1079. Cited 43 times. Sharma Y.R. Abdominal tuberculosis--a study of 25 cases. (2004) Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ), 2 (2), pp. 137-141. Cited 3 times. Policy and Planning, 17 (1), pp. 78-89. Cited 26 times. TYPHOID Blacksell S.D., Sharma N.P., Phumratanaprapin W., Jenjaroen K., Peacock S.J., White N.J., Pukrittayakamee S., Day N.P.J. Serological and blood culture investigations of Nepalese fever patients (2007) Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 101 (7), pp. 686-690. Cited 10 times. Sharma N.P., Peacock S.J., Phumratanaprapin W., Day N., White N., Pukrittayakamee S. A hospital-based study of bloodstream infections in febrile patients in Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Teaching Hospital, Nepal (2006) Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 37 (2), pp. 351-356. Cited 5 times. MANIPAL COLLEGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES HIV/AIDS Prabhu S., Sripathi H., Gupta S., Prabhu M. Childhood herpes zoster: A clustering of ten cases (2009) Indian Journal of Dermatology, 54 (1), pp. 62-64. Cited 2 times. Budhachandra Y., Ramesh K., Sumitra G. Personality profile among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) positives and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients of injecting drug users (2007) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 5 (17), pp. 38-41. Easow J.M., Mukhopadhyay C., Wilson G., Guha S., Jalan B.Y., Shivananda P.G. Emerging opportunistic protozoa and intestinal pathogenic protozoal infestation profile in children of western Nepal. (2005) Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ., 7 (2), pp. 134-137. Cited 7 times. Shrestha N.K., Bhatta N., Bhatta N. Current status of inpatient HIV care at a tertiary care center in Nepal (2006) Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 38 (5), pp. 366-370. MALARIA Lobo S.W., Menezes R.G., Bodhe A.V., Kanchan T., Pillay V.V., Pant S.Jet-lagged individual vis-à-vis local resident and susceptibility to malaria (2008) Medical Hypotheses, 70 (2), pp. 458-460. Cited 1 time. Biswas R., Dhakal B., Das R.N., Shetty K.J. Resolving diagnostic uncertainty in initially poorly localizable fevers: A prospective study (2004) International Journal of Clinical Practice, 58 (1), pp. 26-28. Cited 4 times LEPROSY Alam K., Poudel A., Palaian S. Fixed dose combination antimicrobials practices in Nepal - review of literature (2010) Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 4 (5), pp. 3255-3260. Sreeramareddy C.T., Menezes R.G., Kishore P.V.Concomitant age old infections of mankind - Tuberculosis and leprosy: A case report (2007) Journal of Medical Case Reports, 1, art. no. 43, . Cited 2 times. Gupta S., Palaian S., Chandradwari B., Prabhu S., Prabhu M., Bista D., Mishra P. Toxic epidermal necrolysis due to dapsone treatment in a patient with Hansen's disease - A case report (2007) Journal of Pakistan Association of Dermatologists, 17 (3), pp. 195-199. 76 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 HELMINTHIASIS Jasti A., Ojha S.C., Singh Y.I. Mental and behavioral effects of parasitic infections: a review. (2007) Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 9 (1), pp. 50-56. Cited 2 times. Easow J.M., Mukhopadhyay C., Wilson G., Guha S., Jalan B.Y., Shivananda P.G. Emerging opportunistic protozoa and intestinal pathogenic protozoal infestation profile in children of western Nepal. (2005) Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ., 7 (2), pp. 134-137. Cited 7 times. TUBERCUlOSIS Gupta A., Mathuria J.P., Singh S.K., Gulati A.K., Anupurba S. Antitubercular drug resistance in four healthcare facilities in north India (2011) Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 29 (6), pp. 583-592. Sreeramareddy C.T., Ramakrishnareddy N., Shah R.K., Baniya R., Swain P.K. Clinico-epidemiological profile and diagnostic procedures of pediatric tuberculosis in a tertiary care hospital of western Nepal-a caseseries analysis (2010) BMC Pediatrics, 10, art. no. 57. Dwari B., Ghosh A., Paudel R., Kishore P. A clinicoepidemiological study of 50 cases of cutaneous tuberculosis in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Pokhara, Nepal (2010) Indian Journal of Dermatology, 55 (3), pp. 233-237. Cited 1 time. Pokhrel A.K., Bates M.N., Verma S.C., Joshi H.S., Sreeramareddy C.T., Smith K.R. Tuberculosis and indoor biomass and kerosene use in Nepal: A Case-Control study (2010) Environmental Health Perspectives, 118 (4), pp. 558-564. Cited 11 times. Mathuria J.P. Nanoparticles in tuberculosis diagnosis, treatment and prevention: A hope for future (2009) Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures, 4 (2), pp. 309-312. Cited 3 times. Sreeramareddy C.T., Panduru K.V., Menten J., Van den Ende J. Time delays in diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: A systematic review of literature (2009) BMC Infectious Diseases, 9, art. no. 91, . Cited 29 times. Tak D.K., Acharya L.D., Gowrinath K., Rao Padma G.M., Subish P. Safety evaluation of antitubercular therapy under Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme in India (2009) Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 3 (2), pp. 1395-1401. Kishore P.V., Palaian S., Ojha P., Shankar P.R. Pattern of adverse drug reactions experienced by tuberculosis patients in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Western Nepal (2008) Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 21 (1), pp. 51-56. Cited 6 times. Chhetri A.K., Saha A., Verma S.C., Palaian S., Mishra P., Shankar P.R.A study of adverse drug reactions caused by first line anti-tubercular drugs used in Directly Observed Treatment, Short course (DOTS) therapy in western Nepal, Pokhara (2008) Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 58 (10), pp. 531-536. Cited 1 time. Sreeramareddy C.T., Panduru K.V., Verma S.C., Joshi H.S., Bates M.N. Comparison of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Nepal - A hospital-based retrospective study (2008) BMC Infectious Diseases, 8, art. no. 8, . Cited 24 times. Dawka S., Jayakumar J., Ghosh A. Primary tuberculosis of the thyroid gland (2007) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 5 (19), pp. 405-407. Cited 1 time. Kishore P.V., Palaian S., Paudel R., Mishra P., Prabhu M., Shankar P.R. Drug induced hepatitis with antitubercular chemotherapy: Challenges and difficulties in treatment (2007) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 5 (18), pp. 256-260. Cited 4 times. Sreeramareddy C.T., Menezes R.G., Kishore P.V. Concomitant age old infections of mankind - Tuberculosis and leprosy: A case report (2007) Journal of Medical Case Reports, 1, art. no. 43, . Cited 2 times. Kishore P.V., Palaian S., Paudel R., Prabhu M., Van Den Ende J. Diagnostic delay in a multi-organ tuberculosis immunocompetent patient: A case report (2007) Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 38 (3), pp. 507-511. Cited 3 times. Mishra P., Hansen E.H., Sabroe S., Kafle K.K. Adherence is associated with the quality of professionalpatient interaction in Directly Observed Treatment Short-course, DOTS (2006) Patient Education and Counseling, 63 (1-2), pp. 29-37. Cited 25 times. Sah S.P., Bhadani P.P., Regmi R., Tewari A., Raj G.A.Fine needle aspiration cytology of tubercular epididymitis and epididymo-orchitis (2006) Acta Cytologica, 50 (3), pp. 243-249. Cited 13 times. Mishra P., Hansen E.H., Sabroe S., Kafle K.K. Socio-economic status and adherence to tuberculosis treatment: A case-control study in a district of Nepal (2005) International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 9 (10), pp. 1134-1139. Cited 22 times. Kokkada S.B., Barthakur R., Natarajan M., Palaian S., Chhetri A.K., Mishra P. Ocular side effects of antitubercular drugs - a focus on prevention, early detection and management.(2005) Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ), 3 (4), pp. 438-441. Cited 5 times. Mukhopadhyay C., Garg A., Ayyagari A. First documented cure of a suggestive exogenous reinfection in polymyositis with same but multidrug resistant M. tuberculosis (2004) BMC Infectious Diseases, 4, 5 p. Cited 5 times. 77 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 FILARIASIS Jasti A., Ojha S.C., Singh Y.I. Mental and behavioral effects of parasitic infections: a review. (2007) Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 9 (1), pp. 50-56. Cited 2 times. NPHL JE Khalakdina A., Shrestha S.K., Malla S., Hills S., Thaisomboonsuk B., Shrestha B., Gibbons R.V., Jacobson J. Field evaluation of commercial Immunoglobulin M antibody capture ELISA diagnostic tests for the detection of Japanese encephalitis virus infection among encephalitis patients in Nepal (2010) International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 14 (SUPPL. 3), pp. e79-e84. Wierzba T.F., Ghimire P., Malla S., Banerjee M.K., Shrestha S., Khanal B., Sedai T.R., Gibbons R.V. Laboratory-based Japanese encephalitis surveillance in Nepal and the implications for a national immunization strategy (2008) American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 78 (6), pp. 1002-1006. Cited 9 times. DIARRHOEA Shrestha S.D., Malla S., Adhikari B.R., Shakya G., Basnyat S.R., Sharma S. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Vibrio cholerae isolates (2010) Journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 49 (3), pp. 232-236. Karki R., Bhatta D.R., Malla S., Dumre S.P. Cholera incidence among patients with Diarrhea visiting national public health laboratory, Nepal (2010) Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 63 (3), pp. 185-187. Cited 6 times. TYPHOID Malla S., Kansakar P., Serichantalergs O., Rahman M., Basnet S. Epidemiology of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Kathmandu: two years study and trends of antimicrobial resistance. (2005) JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 44 (157), pp. 18-22. Cited 2 times. Malta S., Kansakar P., Serichantalergs, Rahman M., Basnet S. Epidemiology of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Kathmandu: Two years study and trends of antimicrobial resistance (2005) Journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 44 (157), pp. 18-22. Cited 5 times. Nobthai P., Serichantalergs O., Wongstitwilairoong B., Srijan A., Bodhidatta L., Malla S., Mason C.J. Emergence and properties of fluoroquinolone resistant salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains isolated from Nepal in 2002 and 2003 (2010) Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 41 (6), pp. 1416-1422. Cited 1 time. NHRC DIARRHOEA Ghimire M., Pradhan Y.V., Maskey M.K. Community-based interventions for diarrhoeal diseases and acute respiratory infections in Nepal (2010) Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 88 (3), pp. 216-221. Cited 5 times. LEPROSY Kumar R., Singhasivanon P., Sherchand J.B., Mahaisavariya P., Kaewkungwal J., Peerapakorn S., Mahotarn K. Gender difference in socio-epidemiological factors for leprosy in the most hyper-endemic district of Nepal. (2004) Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ., 6 (2), pp. 98-105. Cited 2 times. PAHS MALARIA Lafleur L., Stevens D., McKenzie K., Ramachandran S., Spicar-Mihalic P., Singhal M., Arjyal A., Osborn J., Kauffman P., Yager P., Lutz B. Progress toward multiplexed sample-to-result detection in low resource settings using microfluidic immunoassay cards (2012) Lab on a Chip - Miniaturisation for Chemistry and Biology, 12 (6), pp. 1119-1127. Basnyat B. Malaria-attributed death rates in India (2011) The Lancet, 377 (9770), p. 993. Cited 1 time. JE Shrestha S.R., Awale P., Neupane S., Adhikari N., Yadav B.K. Japanese encephalitis in children admitted at Patan Hospital (2009) Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society, 29 (1), pp. 17-21. 78 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Basnyat B., Zimmerman M.D., Shrestha Y., Scott R.M., Endy T.P. Persistent Japanese encephalitis in Kathmandu: The need for immunization (2001) Journal of Travel Medicine, 8 (5), pp. 270-271. Cited 11 times. TUBERCULOSIS Paudyal B.P., Pantha S., Ranjitkar N., Manandhar A., Arjyal A. A diagnosis missed for several yearsWegener's granulomatosis (2011) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 9 (35), pp. 218-221. TYPHOID Koirala KD, Thanh DP, Thapa SD, Arjyal A, Karkey A, Dongol S, Shrestha UM, Farrar JJ, Basnyat B, Baker S.Highly resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi with a novel gyrA mutation raises questions about the long-term efficacy of older fluoroquinolones for treating typhoid fever.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 May;56(5):2761-2. Epub 2012 Feb 27. Lafleur L., Stevens D., McKenzie K., Ramachandran S., Spicar-Mihalic P., Singhal M., Arjyal A., Osborn J., Kauffman P., Yager P., Lutz B. Progress toward multiplexed sample-to-result detection in low resource settings using microfluidic immunoassay cards (2012) Lab on a Chip - Miniaturisation for Chemistry and Biology, 12 (6), pp. 1119-1127. Arjyal A, Basnyat B, Koirala S, Karkey A, Dongol S, Agrawaal KK, Shakya N, Shrestha K, Sharma M, Lama S, Shrestha K, Khatri NS, Shrestha U, Campbell JI, Baker S, Farrar J, Wolbers M, Dolecek C.Gatifloxacin versus chloramphenicol for uncomplicated enteric fever: an open-label, randomised, controlled trial.Lancet Infect Dis. 2011 Jun;11(6):445-54. Epub 2011 Apr 29. Baker S, Holt K E, Clements A, Karkey A, Arjyal A, Boni M F, Dongol S, Hammond N, Koirala S, Duy P T, Nga T V T, Campbell J I, Dolecek C, Basnyat B, Dougan G, Farrar J J. Combined high-resolution genotyping and geospatial analysis reveals modes of endemic urban typhoid fever transmission.Open biology. 10/2011; 1(2):110008. Parry C.M., Wijedoru L., Arjyal A., Baker S. The utility of diagnostic tests for enteric fever in endemic locations (2011) Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 9 (6), pp. 711-725. Cited 2 times. Kelly D.F., Thorson S., Maskey M., Mahat S., Shrestha U., Hamaluba M., Williams E., Dongol S., Werno A.M., Portess H., Yadav B.K., Adhikari N., Guiver M., Thomas K., Murdoch D.R., Pollard A.J. The burden of vaccine-preventable invasive bacterial infections and pneumonia in children admitted to hospital in urban Nepal (2011) International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 15 (1), pp. e17-e23. Cited 3 times. Parry C M, Thuy C T, Dongol S, Karkey A, Vinh H, Chinh N T, Duy P T, Nga T V T, Campbell J I, Hoang N V M, Canh D G, Naheed A, Wain J, Hien T T, Basnyat B, Ochiai L, Clemens J, Farrar J J, Dolecek C, Baker S. Suitable disk antimicrobial susceptibility breakpoints defining Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 12/2010; 54(12):5201-8. Nga T, Karkey A, Dongol S, Thuy H, Dunstan S, Holt K, Tu L, Campbell J, Chau T, Chau N, Arjyal A, Koirala S, Basnyat B, Dolecek C, Farrar J, Baker S. The sensitivity of real-time PCR amplification targeting invasive Salmonella serovars in biological specimens. BMC Infectious Diseases. 01/2010 Karkey A, Arjyal A, Anders K L, Boni M F, Dongol S, Koirala S, My P V T, Nga T V T , Clements A, Holt K E, Duy P T, N Day J N, Campbell J I, Dougan G, Dolecek C, Farrar J, Basnyat B, Baker S. The burden and characteristics of enteric fever at a healthcare facility in a densely populated area of Kathmandu.PloS one. 01/2010; 5(11):e13988. Thapa R., Banskota N., Pokharel J., Subedi B.H., Basnyat B. Another typhoid patient from Japan (2010) Journal of Travel Medicine, 17 (3), pp. 199-200. Pulickal AS, Gautam S, Clutterbuck EA, Thorson S, Basynat B, Adhikari N, Makepeace K, Rijpkema S, Borrow R, Farrar JJ, Pollard AJ.Kinetics of the natural, humoral immune response to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Kathmandu, Nepal. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2009 Oct;16(10):1413-9. Epub 2009 Aug 26. Khatri NS, Maskey P, Poudel S, Jaiswal VK, Karkey A, Koirala S, Shakya N, Agrawal K, Arjyal A, Basnyat B, Day J, Farrar J, Dolecek C, Baker S Gallbladder carriage of Salmonella paratyphi A may be an important factor in the increasing incidence of this infection in South Asia. Ann Intern Med. 2009 Apr 21;150(8):567-8. Holt K.E., Baker S., Dongol S., Basnyat B., Adhikari N., Thorson S., Pulickal A.S., Song Y., Parkhill J., Farrar J.J., Murdoch D.R., Kelly D.F., Pollard A.J., Dougan G. High-throughput bacterial SNP typing identifies distinct clusters of Salmonella Typhi causing typhoid in Nepalese children (2009) BMC Infectious Diseases, 10, art. no. 144, . Cited 12 times. Karkey A, Aryjal A, Basnyat B, Baker S.Kathmandu, Nepal: Still an enteric fever capital of the world. J Infect Developing Countries 2008; 2(6):461-465. Maskey AP, Basnyat B, Thwaites GE, Campbell JI, Farrar JJ, Zimmerman MD. Emerging trends in enteric fever in Nepal: 9124 cases confirmed by blood culture 1993-2003. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008 79 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Jan;102(1):91-5. Pandit A, Arjyal A, Paudyal B, Campbell JC, Day JN, Farrar JJ, Basnyat B.A patient with paratyphoid A fever: an emerging problem in Asia and not always a benign disease. J Travel Med. 2008 Sep-Oct;15(5):3645 Dolecek C., La T.T.P., Rang N.N., Phuong L.T., Vinh H., Tuan P.Q., Du D.C., Bay N.T.B., Long D.T., Ha L.B., Binh N.T., Hong N.T.A., Dung P.N., Lanh M.N., Van Be Bay P., Ho V.A., Van Minh Hoang N., Nga T.T.T., Chau T.T., Schultsz C., Dunstan S.J., Stepniewska K., Campbell J.I., Diep T.S., Basnyat B., Van Vinh Chau N., Van Sach N., Chinh N.T., Hien T.T., Farrar J. A multi-center randomised controlled trial of gatifloxacin versus azithromycin for the treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever in children and adults in Vietnam(2008) PLoS ONE, 3 (5), art. no. e2188, . Cited 22 times. Pandit A, Arjyal A, Day JN, Paudyal B, Dangol S, Zimmerman MD, Yadav B, Stepniewska K, Campbell JI, Dolecek C, Farrar JJ, Basnyat B. An open randomized comparison of gatifloxacin versus cefixime for the treatment of uncomplicated enteric fever. PLoS ONE. 2007 Jun 27;2(6):e542 Chau T.T., Campbell J.I., Galindo C.M., Hoang N.V.M., To S.D., Nga T.T.T., Chau N.V.V., Phung Q.T., Page A.L., Ochiai R.L., Schultsz C., Wain J., Bhutta Z.A., Parry C.M., Bhattacharya S.K., Dutta S., Agtini M., Dong B., Honghui Y., Dang D.A., Do G.C., Naheed A., Albert M.J., Phetsouvanh R., Newton P.N., Basnyat B., Arjyal A., La T.T.P., Nguyen N.R., Le T.P., Bay P.V.B., Von Seidlein L., Dougan G., Clemens J.D., Vinh H., Tran T.H., Nguyen T.C., Acosta C.J., Farrar J., Dolecek C. Antimicrobial drug resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Asia and molecular mechanism of reduced susceptibility to the fluoroquinolones (2007) Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 51 (12), pp. 4315-4323. Cited 49 times. Basnyat B. The treatment of enteric fever. J R Soc Med. 2007 Apr;100(4):161-2. Maskey AP, Day JN, Phung QT, Thwaites GE, Campbell JI, Zimmerman M, Farrar JJ, Basnyat B. Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A and S. enterica serovar Typhi cause indistinguishable clinical syndromes in Kathmandu, Nepal. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 May 1;42(9):1247-53. Woods C.W., Murdoch D.R., Zimmerman M.D., Glover W.A., Basnyat B., Wolf L., Belbase R.H., Reller L.B. Emergence of Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A as a major cause of enteric fever in Kathmandu, Nepal (2006) Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 100 (11), pp. 1063-1067. Cited 14 times. Basnyat B., Maskey A.P., Zimmerman M.D., Murdoch D.R. Enteric (typhoid) fever in travelers (2005) Clinical Infectious Diseases, 41 (10), pp. 1467-1472. Cited 29 times. Ansari I., Adhikari N., Pandey R., Dangal M.M., Karanjit R., Acharya A. Enteric fever: Is ciprofloxacin failing in Nepal (2005) Tropical Doctor, 35 (1), pp. 57-58. Cited 1 time. Murdoch D.R., Woods C.W., Zimmerman M.D., Dull P.M., Belbase R.H., Keenan A.J., Scott R.M., Basnyat B., Archibald L.K., Reller L.B. The etiology of febrile illness in adults presenting to Patan Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal (2004) American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 70 (6), pp. 670-675. Cited 56 times. Woods CW, Murdoch DR, Zimmerman MD, Glover WA, Basnyat B, Wolf L, Belbase RH, Reller LB. Emergence of Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A as a major cause of enteric fever in Kathmandu, Nepal. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2006 Nov;100(11):1063-7. Epub 2006 May 22.Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. SUKRARAJ TROPICAL AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE HOSPITAL HIV/AIDS Amiya R.M., Poudel K.C., Poudel-Tandukar K., Kobayashi J., Pandey B.D., Jimba M. Physicians are a key to encouraging cessation of smoking among people living with HIV/AIDS: A cross-sectional study in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal (2011) BMC Public Health, 11, art. no. 677, MALARIA Thapa S., Hollander J., Linehan M., Cox-Singh J., Bista M.B., Thakur G.D., Davis W.A., Davis T.M.E. Comparison of artemether-lumefantrine with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in eastern Nepal (2007) American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 77 (3), pp. 423-430. Cited 12 times. JE Pandey B., Yamamoto A., Morita K., Kurosawa Y., Rai S., Adhikari S., Kandel P., Kurane I. Serodiagnosis of Japanese encephalitis among Nepalese patients by the particle agglutination assay(2003) Epidemiology and Infection, 131 (2), pp. 881-885. Cited 5 times. 80 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 LEISHMANIASIS Pandey B.D., Pun S.B., Kaneko O., Pandey K., Hirayama K. Case report: Expansion of visceral leishmaniasis to the western hilly part of Nepal (2011) American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 84 (1), pp. 107-108. Cited 1 time. Pandey K., Pandey B.D., Mallik A.K., Kaneko O., Uemura H., Kanbara H., Yanagi T., Hirayama K. Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis by polymerase chain reaction of DNA extracted from Giemsa's solutionstained slides (2010) Parasitology Research, 107 (3), pp. 727-730. Cited 2 times. Pandey B.D., Pandey K., Kaneko O., Yanagi T., Hirayama K.Short report: Relapse of visceral leishmaniasis after miltefosine treatment in a nepalese patient (2009) American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 80 (4), pp. 580-582. Cited 17 times. Pandey K., Pant S., Kanbara H., Shuaibu M.N., Mallik A.K., Pandey B.D., Kaneko O., Yanagi T. Molecular detection of Leishmania parasites from whole bodies of sandflies collected in Nepal (2008) Parasitology Research, 103 (2), pp. 293-297. Cited 10 times. Pandey K., Yanagi T., Pandey B.D., Mallik A.K., Sherchand J.B., Kanbara H. Characterization of Leishmania isolates from Nepalese patients with visceral leishmaniasis (2007) Parasitology Research, 100 (6), pp. 1361-1369. Cited 6 times. Pandey B.D., Babu E., Thapa S., Thapa L.B. First case of cutanous leishmaniasis in Nepalese patient. (2006) Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 8 (3), pp. 213-214. Cited 1 time. TUBERCULOSIS Poudel A., Nakajima C., Fukushima Y., Suzuki H., Pandey B.D., Maharjan B., Suzuki Y. Molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated in Nepal (2012) Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 56 (6), pp. 2831-2836. Poudel A., Pandey B.D., Lekhak B., Rijal B., Sapkota B.R., Suzuki Y. Clinical profiling and use of loopmediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from sputum (2009) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 7 (26), pp. 109-114. Cited 2 times. Pandey B.D., Poudel A., Yoda T., Tamaru A., Oda N., Fukushima Y., Lekhak B., Risal B., Acharya B., Sapkota B., Nakajima C., Taniguchi T., Phetsuksiri B., Suzuki Y. Development of an in-house loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and evaluation in sputum samples of Nepalese patients (2008) Journal of Medical Microbiology, 57 (4), pp. 439-443. Cited 27 times. TU JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS Ghimire P, Wierzba TF, Malla S, Banerjee MK, Shrestha S, Khanal B, Sedai TR, Gibbons RV. Laboratorybased Japanese Encephalitis Surveillance in Nepal and the implications for a national immunization strategy. American J. Trop. Med. & Hygiene 2008; 78(6):1002-1006. FILARIASIS Ghimire P, Thakur GD, Yadav NP, Bhatta DR, Parajuli K, Pokharel RK. Prevalence of lymphatic filariasis in an endemic district of Nepal. Journal of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 2003;26:57-61 HIV/AIDS Shrestha A.C., Ghimre P., Tiwari B.R., Rajkarnikar M. Transfusion-transmissible infections among blood donors in Kathmandu, Nepal (2009) Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 3 (10), pp. 794-797. Cited 6 times. Karki S., Ghimire P., Tiwari B.R., Shrestha A.C., Gautam A., Rajkarnikar M. Seroprevalence of HIV and hepatitis C co-infection among blood donors in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal (2009) Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 40 (1), pp. 66-70. Cited 1 time. Dhungana G.P., Ghimire P., Sharma S., Rijal B.P. Tuberculosis and other clinical presentation of HIV/AIDS in patients with or without undergoing antiretroviral therapy in Kathmandu (2007) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 5 (17), pp. 22-26. Cited 1 time. Adhikari N.A., Rai S.K., Singh A., Dahal S., Ghimire G. Intestinal parasitic infections among HIV seropositive and high risk group subjects for HIV infection in Nepal. (2006) Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 8 (3), pp. 166-170. Cited 1 time. Poudel K.C., Jimba M., Okumora J., Joshi A.B., Wakai S.Migrants' risky sexual behaviours in India and at home in far western Nepal (2004) Tropical Medicine and International Health, 9 (8), pp. 897-903. Cited 23 times. 81 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Singh N.B., Takao S., Ishida T.Serological survey for the infection of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus and human T-lymphotropic virus-1 among isolated ethnic groups in Nepal (2002) Anthropological Science, 110 (2), pp. 179-183. MALARIA Ghimire P, Parajuli K, Epidemiology of malaria in two Eastern districts of Nepal, Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2010 Jan-Mar; 8 (29):45-50. Joshi H.H., Mahakunkijcharoen Y., Tantivanich S., Sharma A.P., Khusmith S. Detection of P. vivax antigens in malaria endemic populations of Nepal by ELISA using monoclonal antibodies raised against thai isolates (2004) Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 35 (4), pp. 828-833. Ghimire P, Samantaray JC, Mirdha BR. Diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum infection by detecting PfHRPII antigen using Parasight-F test in blood and urine samples of malaria patients. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2001; 40:201-208 LEPROSY Kumar A., Pandey V.C., Singh A.G., Tewari D.D. Traditional uses of medicinal plants for dermatological healthcare management practices by the Tharu tribal community of Uttar Pradesh, India (2012) Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, pp. 1-22. Article in Press HELMINTHIASIS Devleesschauwer B, Aryal A, Joshi DD, Rijal S, Sherchand JB, Praet N, Speybroeck N, Duchateau L, Vercruysse J, Dorny P. Epidemiology of Taenia solium in Nepal: is it influenced by the social characteristics of the population and the presence of Taenia asiatica?Trop Med Int Health. 2012 May 30. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.03017.x. [Epub ahead of print] Shrestha A, Rai SK, Basnyat SR, Rai CK, Shakya B. Soil transmitted helminthiasis in Kathmandu, Nepal. Nepal Med Coll J. 2007 Sep;9(3):166-9. Shakya B., Rai S.K., Singh A., Shrestha A. Intestinal parasitosis among the elderly people in Kathmandu Valley. (2006) Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 8 (4), pp. 243-247. Cited 5 times. Rai D.R., Rai S.K., Sharma B.K., Ghimire P., Bhatta D.R. Factors associated with intestinal parasitic infection among school children in a rural area of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. (2005) Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ., 7 (1), pp. 43-46. Cited 5 times. LEISHMANIASIS Adhikari S.R., Supakankunti S., Khan M.M. Choice of providers for treating a neglected tropical disease: An empirical analysis of kala azar in Nepal (2011) Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 4 (3), pp. 234240. Adhikari S.R., Maskay N.M., Sharma B.P. Paying for hospital-based care of Kala-azar in Nepal: Assessing catastrophic, impoverishment and economic consequences (2009) Health Policy and Planning, 24 (2), pp. 129-139. Cited 14 times. TYPHOID Acharya D., Malla S., Bhatta D.R., Dumre S.P. Multidrug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar typhi (2009) Journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 48 (174), pp. 196-197. Amatya N.M., Shrestha B., Lekhak B. Etiological agents of bacteraemia and antibiotic susceptibility pattern in Kathmandu Model Hospital (2007) Journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 46 (167), pp. 112-118. Cited 2 times. Bhatta D.R., Bangtrakulnonth A., Tishyadhigama P., Saroj S.D., Bandekar J.R., Hendriksen R.S., Kapadnis B.P. Serotyping, PCR, phage-typing and antibiotic sensitivity testing of Salmonella serovars isolated from urban drinking water supply systems of Nepal (2007) Letters in Applied Microbiology, 44 (6), pp. 588-594. Cited 16 times. DENGUE Ghimire P, Malla S, Thakur GD, Shrestha SK, Banjeree MK, Thapa LB, Gongal G, Upadhyay BP, Gautam P, Khanal S, Nisaluk A, Jarman RG, Gibbons RV. Identification of All Dengue Serotypes in Nepal. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2008; 14 (10):1669-70 82 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 IOM HIV/AIDS Ghimire L., Smith W.C.S., Van Teijlingen E.R., Dahal R., Luitel N.P. Reasons for non- use of condoms and self- efficacy among female sex workers: A qualitative study in Nepal (2011) BMC Women's Health, 11, art. no. 42, . Poudel K.C., Poudel-Tandukar K., Yasuoka J., Joshi A.B., Jimba M. Correlates of sharing injection equipment among male injecting drug users in Kathmandu, Nepal (2010) International Journal of Drug Policy, 21 (6), pp. 507-510. Cited 1 time. Sharma S., Dhungana G.P., Pokhrel B.M., Rijal B.P. Opportunistic infections in relation to CD4 level among HIV seropositive patients from central Nepal. (2010) Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 12 (1), pp. 1-4. Cited 1 time. Sharma S., Dhungana G.P., Pokherel B.M., Rijal B.P. Clinical features of HIV/AIDS and various opportunistic infections in relation to antiretroviral status among HIV seropositive individuals from Central Nepal (2009) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 7 (28), pp. 355-359. Cited 1 time. Poudel K.C., Jimba M., Joshi A.B., Poudel-Tandukar K., Sharma M., Wakai S. Retention and effectiveness of HIV/AIDS training of traditional healers in far western Nepal (2005) Tropical Medicine and International Health, 10 (7), pp. 640-646. Cited 4 times. Poudel K.C., Okumura J., Sherchand J.B., Jimba M., Murakami I., Wakai S.Mumbai disease in far western Nepal: HIV infection and syphilis among male migrant-returnees and non-migrants(2003) Tropical Medicine and International Health, 8 (10), pp. 933-939. Cited 28 times. MALARIA Ranjitkar S., Schousboe M.L., Thomsen T.T., Adhikari M., Kapel C.M., Bygbjerg I.C.,Alifrangis M. Prevalence of molecular markers of anti-malarial drug resistance in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum in two districts of Nepal (2011) Malaria Journal, 10, art. no. 75 . Parajuli K, Ghimire P.Epidemiology of malaria in two Eastern districts of Nepal. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2010 Jan-Mar;8(29):45-50. Parajuli K, Hanchana S, Inwong M, Pukrittayakayamee S, Ghimire P.Comparative evaluation of microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the diagnosis in suspected malaria patients of Nepal. Nepal Med Coll J. 2009 Mar;11(1):23-7. Banjara M.R., Sirawaraporn W., Petmitr S., Imwong M., Joshi A.B., Chavalitshewinkoon-PetmitrP. Characteristics and risk factors of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Eastern and Central Nepal (2009) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 7 (28), pp. 378-382. Cited 2 times. Joshi AB, Banjara MR.Malaria related knowledge, practices and behaviour of people in Nepal. J Vector Borne Dis. 2008 Mar;45(1):44-50. JoshiA.B.,BanjaraM.R. Malaria related knowledge, practices and behaviour of people in Nepal(2008) Journal of Vector Borne Diseases, 45 (1), pp. 44-50. Cited 7 times. Suzuki A., Hamano S., Shirakawa T., Watanabe K., Endo T., Sharma S., Jha B., Acharya G.P.,Nishiyama K., Fukumaki Y.,Kobayashi S. The distribution of hereditary erythrocytic disorders associated with malaria, in a lowland area of Nepal: A micro-epidemiological study(2007)Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 101 (2), pp. 113-122. Cited 2 times. Sherchand JB. Rapid Immunochromatographic Optimal assay for detection of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria from two endemic district of Nepal. Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 2002; 1: 22-26. JE Joshi A.B., Banjara M.R., Wierzba T.Should vaccination be a priority approach for Japanese encephalitis prevention in Nepal(2005) Journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 44 (157), p. 31. DIARRHOEA Strand T.A., Sharma P.R., Gjessing H.K., Ulak M., Chandyo R.K., Adhikari R.K., Sommerfelt H. Risk factors for extended duration of acute diarrhea in young children (2012) PLoS ONE, 7 (5), art. no. e36436, . Karki R, Bhatta DR, Malla S, Dumre SP, Upadhyay BP, Dahal S, Acharya D.Resistotypes of Vibrio cholerae 01 Ogawa Biotype El Tor in Kathmandu, Nepal. Nepal Med Coll J. 2011 Jun;13(2):84-7. Sherchand JB, Cunliffe NA, Tandukar S, Yokoo M, Pandey BD, Niraula P, Panta AR, Nakagomi O. Rotavirus disease burden and molecular epidemiology in children with acute diarrhea age less than 5 years in Nepal. J Nepal Paediatr Soc, 2011; 31: 209-215. Sherchand JB, Cunliffe NA, Tandukar S, Yokoo M, Pandey BD, Niraula P, Panta AR, Nakagomi O. Rotavirus disease burden and molecular epidemiology in children with acute diarrhea age less than 5 years in Nepal. J Nepal Paediatr Soc, 2011; 31: 209-215. 83 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Sherchand JB, Nakagomi O, Dove W, Nakagomi T, Yokoo M, Pandey BD, Cuevas LE, Hart CA, Cunliffe NA. Molecular epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea among children aged <5 years in nepal: predominance of emergent G12 strains during 2 years. J Infect Dis. 2009 Nov 1;200 Suppl 1:S182-7. Uchida R, Pandey BD, Sherchand JB, Ahmed K, and Nakagomi O. Molecular Epidemiology of Rotavirus diarrhoea among children and adults in Nepal: Detection of G 12 strains with P [6] or P [8] and G11 P[25] strain. American Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2006: 44: 3499-3505. Sherchand JB, Haruki K. Rotavirus diarrhea in children and animals of urban and rural Nepal. Journal of Nepal Health Research Council. 2004; 2: 1-4 Sherchand JB, Cross JH. Parasitic Epidemiological studies of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Nepal. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Pub Hlth 2004; 35: 1-8. Strand, T.A., Adhikari, R.K., Chandyo, R.K., Sharma, P.R., Sommerfelt, H. Predictors of plasma zinc concentrations in children with acute diarrhea. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition2004; 79 (3):451-456. Cited 20 times. Dan-My T, Sherchand JB, Cross JH and Orlandi PA. Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in animal fecal isolates from Nepal using an FTA Filter base polymerase chain reaction method. American journal Trop Med Hyg. 2004; 71: 373-379. Chu D.-M.T., Sherchand J.B., Cross J.H., Orlandi P.A. Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in animal fecal isolates from Nepal using an FTA filter-base polymerase chain reaction method(2004) American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 71 (4), pp. 373-379. Cited 13 times. Strand, T.A., Chandyo, R.K., Bahl, R., Sharma, P.R., Adhikari, R.K., Bhandari, N., Ulvik, R.J., Mølbak, K., Bhan, M.K., Sommerfelt, H. Effectiveness and efficacy of zinc for the treatment of acute diarrhea in young children Pediatrics 2002; 109(5):898-903. Cited 69 times. Sherchand JB, Cross JH. Cyclospora cayetanensis in Nepal: A study of microbiological and epidemiological aspects. Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 2003; 3: 1-8. Rijal B, Oda Y, Basnet R, Rijal B, Parajuli K, Gurung CK, Sherchand JB.Gender variations in the prevalence of parasitic infections and the level of awareness in adolescents in rural Nepal.Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2001 Sep;32(3):575-80. Sherchand JB, Cross JH.Emerging pathogen Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in Nepal. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2001;32 Suppl 2:143-50. LEPROSY Jha R, Karki S.Limitations of clinico-histopathological correlation of skin biopsies in leprosy.JNepal Health Res Counc. 2010 Apr;8(1):40-3. Rajendra, Singhasivanon P, Sherchand JB. Gender difference in socio-epidemiological factors for leprosy in the most hyper-endemic district of Nepal. Nep Med Col Journal. 2004; 6: 98-105. BC RK, Singhasivanon P, Sherchand JB, Mahaisavariya P, Kaewkungwal J, Peerapakorn S, Mahotarn K. Gender differences in epidemiological factors associated with treatment completion status of leprosy patients in the most hyperendemic district of Nepal. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Pub Hlth 2004; 35: 334-339. Rajendra Kumar B.C., Singhasivanon P., Sherchand J.B., Mahaisavariya P., Kaewkungwal J., Peerapakorn S., MahotarnK. Gender differences in epidemiological factors associated with treatment completion status of leprosy patients in the most hyperendemic district of Nepal (2004) Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 35 (2), pp. 334-339. Cited 4 times. NepalB.P.,Shrestha U.D.Ocular findings in leprosy patients in Nepal in the era of multidrug therapy (2004) American Journal of Ophthalmology, 137 (5), pp. 888-892. Cited 8 times. WhitcherJ.P.,Srinivasan M.,Upadhyay M.P. Corneal blindness: A global perspective(2001) Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 79 (3), pp. 214-221. Cited 259 times. Devleesschauwer, B., Aryal, A., Joshi, D.D., Rijal, S., Sherchand, J.B., Praet, N., Speybroeck, N., Duchateau, L., Vercruysse, J., Dorny, P. Epidemiology of Taenia solium in Nepal: Is it influenced by the social characteristics of the population and the presence of Taenia asiatica? Tropical Medicine and International Health 2012 Article in Press. HELMINTHIASIS Thapa Magar D, Rai SK, Lekhak B, Rai KR.Study of parasitic infection among children of Sukumbasi Basti in Kathmandu valley.Nepal Med Coll J. 2011 Mar;13(1):7-10. Williams-Blangero S., VandeBerg J.L., Subedi J., Jha B., Correa-Oliveira R., Blangero J. Localization of multiple quantitative trait loci influencing susceptibility to infection with Ascaris lumbricoides (2008) Journal of Infectious Diseases, 197 (1), pp. 66-71. Cited 22 times. Shakya B, Rai SK, Singh A, Shrestha A.Intestinal parasitosis among the elderly people in Kathmandu Valley. Nepal Med Coll J. 2006 Dec;8(4):243-7. 84 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Kunwar C.B., Chapagain R.H., Subba B., Shrestha M., Jha B., Subedi J., Blangero J., Williams-Blangero S., Towne B. Occurrence of soil-transmitted helminths in women at the Himalayan region of Nepal (2006) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 4 (16), pp. 444-447. Poudyal A.K., Jimba M., Silwal R.C., Murakami I., Sherchand J.B., Wakai S. Targeting newly enrolled lowage school children for the control of the intestinal helminth infection in rural Nepal (2006) Tropical Doctor, 36 (1), pp. 16-19. Rai DR, Rai SK, Sharma BK, Ghimire P, Bhatta DR.Factors associated with intestinal parasitic infection among school children in a rural area of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Nepal Med Coll J. 2005 Jun;7(1):43-6. Poudyal AK, Jimba M, Murakami I, Sherchand JB. Community perception and readiness for anti-helminth programmes in rural Nepal. Tropical Doctor, 2004; 34: 87-89. Williams-Blangero S., Correa-Oliveira R., Vandeberg J.L., Subedi J., Upadhayay R.P., Rai D.R., Jha B., Blangero J. Genetic influences on plasma cytokine variation in a parasitized population (2004) Human Biology, 76 (4), pp. 515-525. Cited 5 times. Jimba M, Joshi AB, Sherchand JB, Wakai S. One Journal for Medline. Soil transmitted helminthes control model in Nepal. The Lancet, 2003; 361: 1388-1389. RijalB.OdaY.,BasnetR.,RijalB.,ParajuliK.,GurungC.K.,SherchandJ.B. Gender variations in the prevalence of parasitic infections and the level of awareness in adolescents in rural Nepal (2001) Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 32 (3), pp. 575-580. Cited 3 times. SherchandJ.B.,CrossJ.H. Emerging pathogen Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in Nepal (2001) Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 32 (SUPPL. 2), pp. 143-150. Cited 13 times. LEISHMANIASIS Banjara MR, Hirve S, Siddiqui NA, Kumar N, Kansal S, Huda MM, Das P, Rijal S, Gurung CK, Malaviya P, Arana B, Kroeger A, Mondal D.Visceral leishmaniasis clinical management in endemic districts of India, Nepal, and bangladesh.J Trop Med. 2012;2012:126093. Epub 2012 May 9. Chowdhury R., Huda M.M., Kumar V., Das P., Joshi A.B., Banjara M.R., Akhter S., Kroeger A., Krishnakumari B., Petzold M., Mondal D., Das M.L. The Indian and Nepalese programmes of indoor residual spraying for the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis: Performance and effectiveness (2011) Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 105 (1), pp. 31-45. Cited 2 times. Joshi AB, Das ML, Akhter S, Chowdhury R, Mondal D, Kumar V, Das P, Kroeger A, Boelaert M, Petzold M.Chemical and environmental vector control as a contribution to the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian subcontinent: cluster randomized controlled trials in Bangladesh, India and Nepal. BMC Med. 2009 Oct 5;7:54. Neupane S, Sharma P, Kumar A, Paudel U, Pokhrel DB.Cutaneous leishmaniasis: report of rare cases in Nepal.Nepal Med Coll J. 2008 Mar;10(1):64-7. Petrucci R, Amer NA, Sherchand JB, Doria L, Cuevas LE. Interferon gamma, Interferon gamma induced protein-10 and tuberculin responses of children at high risk of tuberculosis infection. Paediatric Infect Dis. J 2008;27:21-28. NeupaneS.,SharmaP.,KumarA.,PaudelU.,PokhrelD.B.Cutaneous leishmaniasis: report of rare cases in Nepal.(2008) Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 10 (1), pp. 64-67. Joshi A, Narain JP, Prasittisuk C, Bhatia R, Hashim G, Jorge A, Banjara M, Kroeger A. Can visceral leishmaniasis be eliminated from Asia? J Vector Borne Dis. 2008 Jun;45(2):105-11. Pandey K, Yanagi T, Pandey BD, Mallik AK, Sherchand JB. Characterization of Leishmania isolates from Nepalese patients with visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res. 2007; 100: 1361-1369. Joshi AB, Banjara MR, Pokhrel S, Jimba M, Singhasivanon P, Ashford RW. Elimination of visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal: pipe-dreams and possibilities. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2006 OctDec;4(4):488-96. Joshi A.B., Banjara M.R., Pokhrel S., Jimba M., Singhasivanon P., Ashford R.W. Elimination of visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal: Pipe-dreams and possibilities (2006) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 4 (16), pp. 488-496. Cited 5 times. Sherchand JB, Hommel M. Development of rapid diagnostic immunological test for the detection of urinary antigens in visceral leishmaniasis patients of Nepal. J of Nep Biotechn Asso. 2003; 1: 51- 58. Sherchand JB, Shah SN, Hommel M. Katex test for the detection of urinary antigens in visceral leishmaniasis patients of Nepal. Journal of the Nepal Medical Association 2003; TUBERCULOSIS Kandel H., Adhikari P., Shrestha G.S., Ruokonen E.-L., Shah D.N. Visual function in patients on ethambutol therapy for tuberculosis (2012) Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 28 (2), pp. 174-178. Cuevas L.E., Al-Sonboli N., Lawson L., Yassin M.A., Arbide I., Al-Aghbari N., Sherchand J.B., Al-Absi A., Emenyonu E.N., Merid Y., Okobi M.I., Onuoha J.O., Aschalew M., Aseffa A., Harper G., de Cuevas R.M.A., Theobald S.J., Nathanson C.-M., Joly J., Faragher B., Squire S.B., Ramsay A.LED fluorescence microscopy 85 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: A multi-country cross-sectional evaluation(2011) PLoS Medicine, 8 (7), art. no. e1001057, . Cited 3 times. Adhikari P., Sinha B.K., Baskota D.K. Comparison of fine needle aspiration cytology and histopathology in diagnosing cervical lymphadenopathies (2011) Australasian Medical Journal, 4 (2), pp. 97-99. Cuevas L.E., Yassin M.A., Al-Sonboli N., Lawson L., Arbide I., Al-Aghbari N., Sherchand J.B., Al-Absi A., Emenyonu E.N., Merid Y., Okobi M.I., Onuoha J.O., Aschalew M., Aseffa A., Harper G., de Cuevas R.M.A., Kremer K., van Soolingen D., Nathanson C.-M., Joly J., Faragher B., Squire S.B., Ramsay A. A multicountry non-inferiority cluster randomized trial of frontloaded smear microscopy for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (2011) PLoS Medicine, 8 (7), art. no. e1000443, . Cited 5 times. Ramsay A., Al-Agbhari N., Scherchand J., Al-Sonboli N., Almotawa A., Gammo M., Gauchan P., Yassin M.A., Cuevas L.E. Direct patient costs associated with tuberculosis diagnosis in Yemen and Nepal (2010) International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 14 (2), pp. 165-170. Sharma S., Dhungana G.P., Pokhrel B.M., Rijal B.P. Opportunistic infections in relation to CD4 level among HIV seropositive patients from central Nepal. (2010) Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 12 (1), pp. 1-4. Cited 1 time. Petrucci R., Amer N.A., Gurgel R.Q., Sherchand J.B., Doria L., Lama C., Ravn P., Ruhwald M., Yassin M., Harper G., Cuevas L.E. Interferon gamma, interferon-gamma-induced-protein 10, and tuberculin responses of children at high risk of tuberculosis infection (2008) Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 27 (12), pp. 10731077. Cited 20 times. Dhungana G.P., Ghimire P., Sharma S., Rijal B.P. Characterization of mycobacteria in HIV/AIDS patients of Nepal (2008) Journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 47 (169), pp. 18-23. Cited 2 times. Dhungana G.P., Ghimire P., Sharma S., Rijal B.P. Tuberculosis and other clinical presentation of HIV/AIDS in patients with or without undergoing antiretroviral therapy in Kathmandu (2007) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 5 (17), pp. 22-26. Cited 1 time. Pokharel R.K.Anti-tubercular treatment regime for Musculoskeletal Tuberculosis. (2006) JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 45 (162), pp. 279-280. Mohan C.I., Bishai D., Kumar S., Ten Asbroek G., Niessen L. Changes in utilization of TB health services in Nepal (2005) International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 9 (9), pp. 1054-1056. Cited 1 time. Baskota D.K., Prasad R., Sinha B.K., Amatya R.C.M. Frequency and effective treatment of ulcers and sinuses in cases of tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis (2005) Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 15 (3), pp. 157-159. Cited 1 time. Baskota D.K., Prasad R., Sinha B.K., Amatya R.C.M.Distribution of lymph nodes in the neck in cases of tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis (2004) Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 124 (9), pp. 1095-1098. Cited 4 times. 7335. Cited 26 times.TB/Leprosy Control Programme, Britain-Nepal Medical Trust, Biratnagar, Nepal FILARIASIS Jha A., Shrestha R., Aryal G., Pant A.D., Adhikari R.C., Sayami G. Cytological diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis in lesions clinically anticipated as neoplastic. (2008) Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 10 (2), pp. 108-114. Watanabe K., Itoh M., Matsuyama H., Hamano S., Kobayashi S., Shirakawa T., Suzuki A., Sharma S., Acharya G.P., Itoh K., Kawasaki T., Kimura E., Aoki Y. Bancroftian filariasis in Nepal: A survey for circulating antigenemia of Wuchereria bancrofti and urinary IgG4 antibody in two rural areas of Nepal (2003) Acta Tropica, 88 (1), pp. 11-15. Cited 1 time. Sherchand JB,Obsomer V, Thakur GD, Hommel M.Mapping of lymphatic filariasis in Nepal. Electronic Filarial Journal 2003; 2: 7 (19 March 2003) Full text (16-26). TYPHOID Pokhrel B.M., Karmacharya R., Mishra S.K., Koirala J.Distribution of antibody titer against Salmonella enterica among healthy individuals in Nepal (2009) Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 8, art. no. 1, . Cited 3 times. Pokharel BM, Koirala J, Dahal RK, Mishra SK, Khadga PK, Tuladhar NR.Multidrug-resistant and extendedspectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Salmonella enterica (serotypes Typhi and Paratyphi A) from blood isolates in Nepal: surveillance of resistance and a search for newer alternatives.Int J Infect Dis. 2006 Nov;10(6):434-8. Epub 2006 Sep 15. Pokharel B.M., Koirala J., Dahal R.K., Mishra S.K., Khadga P.K., Tuladhar N.R. Multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Salmonella enterica (serotypes Typhi and Paratyphi A) from blood isolates in Nepal: surveillance of resistance and a search for newer alternatives (2006) International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 10 (6), pp. 434-438. Cited 30 times. Acharya GP, Davis TM, Ho M, Harris S, Chataut C, Acharya S, Tuhladar N, Kafle KE, Pokhrel B, Nosten F, Dance DA, Smith A, Weber A, White NJ.Factors affecting the pharmacokinetics of parenteral chloramphenicol in enteric fever.J Antimicrob Chemother. 1997 Jul;40(1):91-8. 86 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Acharya G, Butler T, Ho M, Sharma PR, Tiwari M, Adhikari RK, Khagda JB, Pokhrel B, Pathak UN.Treatment of typhoid fever: randomized trial of a three-day course of ceftriaxone versus a fourteen-day course of chloramphenicol.Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1995 Feb;52(2):162-5. Acharya G, Crevoisier C, Butler T, Ho M, Tiwari M, Stoeckel K, Bradley CA.Pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in patients with typhoid fever.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994 Oct;38(10):2415-8. Butler T, Ho M, Acharya G, Tiwari M, Gallati H.Interleukin-6, gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factor receptors in typhoid fever related to outcome of antimicrobial therapy.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993 Nov;37(11):2418-21. VBDRTC MALARIA Wijeyaratne P.M., Chand P.B., Valecha N., Shahi B., Adak T., Ansari M.A., Jha J., Pandey S., Bannerjee S., Bista M.B. Therapeutic efficacy of antimalarial drugs along the eastern Indo-Nepal border: A cross-border collaborative study (2005) Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 99 (6), pp. 423-429. Cited 7 times. NAMS HIV/AIDS Poudel B.N., Dhungana G.P. Scenario of HIV/AIDS patients in a government hospital of Nepal. (2010) Journal of Nepal Health Research Council, 8 (2), pp. 103-106. Paudel B.N., Chaudhary S.R., Sharma S., Dhungana G.P., Paudel P. Antiretroviral service to HIV patients of low CD4 count in Seti Zonal Hospital (2009) Journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 48 (173), pp. 24-27. Cited 1 time. JE Impoinvil D.E., Solomon T., Schluter W.W., Rayamajhi A., Bichha R.P., Shakya G., Caminade C., Baylis M.The spatial heterogeneity between Japanese encephalitis incidence distribution and environmental variables in Nepal (2011) PLoS ONE, 6 (7), art. no. e22192, NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS CENTRE Malla P., Kanitz E.E., Akhtar M., Falzon D., Feldm ann K., Gunneberg C., Jha S.S., Maharjan B., Prasai M.K., Shrestha B., Verma S.C., Zignol M. Ambulatory-based standardized therapy for multi-drug resistant tuberculosis: Experience from Nepal, 2005-2006 (2009) PLoS ONE, 4 (12), art. no. e8313, . Cited 6 times. Shrestha K.B., Malla P., Jha K.K., Shakya T.M., Akhtar M., Gunneberg C., Van Der Werf M.J. First national tuberculin survey in Nepal (2008) International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 12 (8), pp. 909915. Cited 1 time. Ten Asbroek A.H., Bijlsma M.W., Malla P., Shrestha B., Delnoij D.M.J. The road to tuberculosis treatment in rural Nepal: A qualitative assessment of 26 journeys (2008) BMC Health Services Research, 8, art. no. 7, . Cited 1 time. Newell J.N., Baral S.C., Pande S.B., Bam D.S., Malla P. Family-member DOTS and community DOTS for tuberculosis control in Nepal: Cluster-randomised controlled trial (2006) Lancet, 367 (9514), pp. 903-909. Cited 50 times. Bam T.S., Gunneberg C., Chamroonsawasdi K., Bam D.S., Aalberg O., Kasland O., Shiyalap K., Srisorrachatr S. Factors affecting patient adherence to DOTS in urban Kathmandu, Nepal (2006) International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 10 (3), pp. 270-276. Cited 15 times. Newell J.N., Pande S.B., Baral S.C., Bam D.S., Malla P. Control of tuberculosis in an urban setting in Nepal: Public-private partnership (2004) Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 82 (2), pp. 92-98. Cited 48 times. Hurtig A.K., Pande S.B., Baral S.C., Newell J., Porter J.D.H., Bam D.S.Linking private and public sectors in tuberculosis treatment in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal (2002) Health NCASC Srikantiah P., Ghidinelli M., Bachani D., Chasombat S., Daoni E., Mustikawati D.E., Nhan D.T., Pathak L.R., San K.O., Vun M.C., Zhang F., Lo Y.-R., Narain J.P. Scale-up of national antiretroviral therapy programs: Progress and challenges in the Asia Pacific region(2010) AIDS, 24 (SUPPL. 3), pp. S62-S71. Cited 8 times. Lamichhane G., Shah D.N., Sharma S., Chaudhary M. Ocular manifestations in HIV/AIDS cases in Nepal.(2010) Nepalese journal of ophthalmology : a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal of the Nepal Ophthalmic Society : NEPJOPH, 2 (1), pp. 45-50. Lumbini Eye Institute, Bhairahawa, Nepal. 87 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Dhungana G.P., Ghimire P., Sharma S., Rijal B.P. Tuberculosis co-infection in HIV infected persons of Kathmandu. (2008) Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 10 (2), pp. 96-99. Cited 1 time.Department of Microbiology, Siddhanath Science Campus, Mahendranagar, Kanchanpur, Nepal. Geary C.W., Burke H.M., Johnson L., Liku J., Castelnau L., Neupane S., Niang C. Personal involvement of young people in HIV prevention campaign messages: The role of message format, culture, and gender (2008) Health Education and Behavior, 35 (2), pp. 190-206. Cited 3 times. Valley Research Group, Kathmandu, Nepal Tiwari B.R., Ghimire P., Malla S. Study on CD4 cell responses in HIV infected subjects in Nepal. (2008) Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 10 (1), pp. 45-47. Nepal Red Cross Society, Central Blood Transfusion Service, Kathmandu, Nepal. Dang S. HIV vulnerabilities and conflict dynamics understanding HIV vulnerabilities in the context of Nepal's conflict (2007) Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 19 (SEPC. ISS.), pp. 70-71. UNAIDS, Kathmandu, Nepal Panda S., Azim T., Rehman N.U., Poudel G., Chaudhuri A. Reaching out to the regular female sex partners of non-injecting and injecting drug users (IDUs): A need highlighted by research findings and ways to address it demonstrated by a regional HIV intervention project from South Asia(2007) Substance Use and Misuse, 42 (5), pp. 895-898. Cited 1 time.NAMUNA Integrated Development Council (NAMUNA), Annapurna Tole-8, Bhairahawa, District - Rupandehi, Nepal Geary C.W., Burke H.M., Castelnau L., Neupane S., Ba Sall Y., Wong E. Exposure to MTV's global HIV prevention campaign in Kathmandu, Nepal; São Paulo, Brazil; and Dakar, Senegal (2007) AIDS Education and Prevention, 19 (1), pp. 36-50. Cited 3 times. Valley Research Group, Kathmandu, Nepal Geary C.W., Burke H.M., Castelnau L., Neupane S., Ba Sall Y., Wong E., Tucker H.T. MTV'S "Staying Alive" global campaign promoted interpersonal communication about HIV and positive beliefs about hiv prevention (2007) AIDS Education and Prevention, 19 (1), pp. 51-67. Cited 8 times.Valley Research Group, Kathmandu, Nepal Suvedi B.K. Transition of HIV epidemic in Nepal (2006) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 4 NO. 1 (13), pp. 115-118. Cited 1 time. Ministry of Health and Population, Ramshahpath, Kathmandu, Nepal Geary C.W., Burke H.M., Neupane S., Castelnau L., Brown J.D. Does MTV reach an appropriate audience for HIV prevention messages? Evidence from MTV viewership data in Nepal and Brazil (2006) Journal of Health Communication, 11 (7), pp. 665-681. Cited 3 times.Valley Research Group, Kathmandu, Nepal Singh S., Mills E., Honeyman S., Suvedi B.K., Pant N.P. HIV in Nepal: Is the violent conflict fuelling the epidemic? (2005) PLoS Medicine, 2 (8), pp. 0705-0709. Cited 13 times.CARE-Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal Thieme S., Bhattrai R., Gurung G., Kollmair M., Manandhar S., Muller-Boker U. Addressing the needs of Nepalese migrant workers in Nepal and in Delhi, India (2005) Mountain Research and Development, 25 (2), pp. 109-114. Cited 9 times. Nepal Institute of Development Studies (NIDS), PO Box 7647, Kathmandu, Nepal Sanders J., Timsina T. Decentralised transformative leadership approaches to HIV/AIDS in Nepal, 20022004 (2004) Development in Practice, 14 (6), pp. 761-767. ICA Nepal, PO Box 20771, Kathmandu, Nepal Poudyal A.K., Jimba M., Murakami I., Silwal R.C., Wakai S., Kuratsuji T. A traditional healers' training model in rural Nepal: Strengthening their roles in community health (2003) Tropical Medicine and International Health, 8 (10), pp. 956-960. Cited 9 times.Primary Health Care Project, GTZ, Kathmandu, Nepal Mishra S.S., Furber A.S., Poudyal P., Rijal N., Bharadwaj A. HIV in Nepal: Times have changed [5] (2002) Tropical Doctor, 32 (2), pp. 122-123.UMN, PO Box 126, Kathmandu, Nepal PUBLICATIONS BY OTHER INSTITUTES KATHMANDU MEDICAL COLLEGE DIARRHOEAL DISEASES Shakya K.N., Dongol U.M.S., Khadka S.B. A study of abdomenal pain in children (2008 Journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 47 (172), pp. 193-196. Cited 1 time. HIV/AIDS Joshi S.K. Human trafficking in Nepal: A rising concern for all (2010) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 8 (29), pp. 3-4. 88 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Poudel A., Pandey B.D., Lekhak B., Rijal B., Sapkota B.R., Suzuki Y. Clinical profiling and use of loopmediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from sputum (2009) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 7 (26), pp. 109-114. Cited 2 times. Jaiswal S., Magar B.S., Thakali K., Pradhan A., Gurubacharya D.L. HIV/AIDS and STI related knowledge, attitude and practice among high school students in Kathmandu valley(2005) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 3 no. 1 (9), pp. 69-75. Cited 5 times. Joshi S.K., Ghimire G.R.Serological prevalence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) among healthy Nepalese males--a retrospective study. (2003) Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ)., 1 (4), pp. 251-255. Cited 5 times. LEISHMANIASIS Joshi S., Bajracharya B.L., Baral M.R. Kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) from Khotang (2006) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 4 NO. 2 (14), pp. 232-234. Cited 3 times. Gurubacharya R.L., Gurubacharya S.M., Gurubacharya D.L., Quinkel J., Gurubacharya V.L. Prevalence of visceral leishmania & HIV co-infection in Nepal (2006) Indian Journal of Medical Research, 123 (3), pp. 473-475. Cited 2 times. LEPROSY Neopane A., Upadhyaya B., Dungana S., Karki D.B. Study of patients presenting with symptoms of peripheral neuropathy and thickened greater auricular nerve. (2003) Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ)., 1 (1), pp. 3-7. Cited 1 time. TYPHOID Bajracharya B.L., Baral M.R., Shakya S., Tuladhar P., Paudel M., Acharya B. Clinical profile and antibiotics response in typhoid fever (2006) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 4 NO. 1 (13), pp. 25-29. Cited 1 time. Neopane A., Poudel M., Pradhan B., Dhakal R., Karki D.B. Enteric fever: Diagnostic value of clinical features (2006) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 4 NO. 3 (15), pp. 307-315. Cited 1 time. Mathura K.C., Gurubacharya D.L., Shrestha A., Pant S., Basnet P., Karki D.B. Clinical profile of typhoid patients. (2003) Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ)., 1 (2), pp. 135-137. Cited 4 times. TB Bam T.S., Enarson D.A., Hinderaker S.G., Bam D.S. Longer delay in accessing treatment among current smokers with new sputum smear-positive tuberculosis in Nepal (2012) International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 16 (6), pp. 822-827. COLLEGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES TB Gautam M.P., Gautam S., Sogunuru G., Subramanyam G. Constrictive pericarditis with a calcified pericardial band at the level of left ventricle causing mid-ventricular obstruction (2012) BMJ Case Reports, . KIST TB Piryani R.M., Kohli S.C., Shrestha G., Rawat T. Tuberculosis diagnosed / managed at NGMC, Teaching Hospital, Kohalpur: a joint private-public effort. (2008) Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ), 6 (1), pp. 28-32. NEPALGUNJ MEDICAL COLLEGE TB Kohli S.C., Piryani R.M. Tuberculosis: An unusual presentation (2007) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 5 (20), pp. 531-533. Cited 1 time. SHREE BIRENDRA HOSPITAL TYPHOID Singh U.K., Neopane A.K., Thapa M., Aryal N., Agrawal K. Salmonella typhi infections and effect of fluroquinolones and third generation cephalosporins in clinical outcome (2011) Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society, 31 (3), pp. 216-221. KANTIPUR COLLEGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES TYPHOID 89 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Acharya D., Bhatta D.R., Malla S., Dumre S.P., Adhikari N., Kandel B.P. Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A: an emerging cause of febrile illness in Nepal. (2011) Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 13 (2), pp. 69-73. NEPAL MEDICAL COLLEGE DIARRHOEAL DISEASES Kimura K., Rai S.K., Rai G., Insisiengmay S., Kawabata M., Karanis P., Uga S. Study on Cyclospora cayetanensis associated with diarrheal disease in Nepal and Lao PDR (2005) Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 36 (6), pp. 1371-1376. Cited 5 times. Uga S., Rai S.K., Kimura K., Rai G., Kimura D., Wakasugi M., Miyake Y., Ishiyama S., Rajbhandari T.P. Parasites detected from diarrheal stool samples collected in Nepal (2004) Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, (1),pp. 19-23. Cited 3 times. MALARIA Shah R.K. Tibialis posterior transfer by interosseous route for the correction of foot drop in leprosy (2009) International Orthopaedics, 33 (6), pp. 1637-1640. HIV/AIDS Tuladhar H., Marahatta R. Awareness and practice of family planning methods in women attending gyne OPD at Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital. (2008) Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 10 (3), pp. 184-191. Cited 3 times. Dhungel B.A., Dhungel K.U., Easow J.M., Singh Y.I. Opportunistic infection among HIV seropositive cases in Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal (2008) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 6 (23), pp. 335-339. Arijit G., Shalini C. Opportunistic infection associated to HIV/AIDS in Nepal [2] (2007) Medical Journal of Malaysia, 62 (1), p. 88. Pramanik T., Pramanik S., Chanda R.Postage stamps as a health promotion tool in the Nepalese community (2004) Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 10 (3), pp. 442-444. HELMINTHIASIS Kimura K., Rai S.K., Rai G., Insisiengmay S., Kawabata M., Karanis P., Uga S. Study on Cyclospora cayetanensis associated with diarrheal disease in Nepal and Lao PDR (2005) Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 36 (6), pp. 1371-1376. Cited 5 times. Sharma B.K., Rai S.K., Rai D.R., Choudhury D.R. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infestation in schoolchildren in the northeastern part of Kathmandu valley, Nepal (2004) Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 35 (3), pp. 501-505. Cited 6 times. Uga S., Rai S.K., Kimura K., Rai G., Kimura D., Wakasugi M., Miyake Y., Ishiyama S., Rajbhandari T.P. Parasites detected from diarrheal stool samples collected in Nepal (2004) Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 35 (1), pp. 19-23. Cited 3 times. TYPHOID Pathak R., Sharma A., Khanal A. Enteric fever with severe pancytopenia in a four year girl (2010) Journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 50 (4), pp. 313-315. TB Shrestha S., Bichha R.P., Sharma A., Upadhyay S., Rijal P. Clinical profile of tuberculosis in children. (2011) Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 13 (2), pp. 119-122. CHITWAN MEDICAL COLLEGE DENGUE Sedhain A., Adhikari S., Regmi S., Chaudhari S.K., Shah M., Shrestha B. Fulminant hepatic failure due to Dengue(2011) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 9 (34), pp. 73-75. LEPROSY Mathur M.C., Ghimire R.B.K., Shrestha P., Kedia S.K. Clinicohistopathological correlation in leprosy (2011) Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 9 (36), pp. 248-251. journal (KUMJ)., 1 (1), pp. 3-7. Cited 1 time. 90 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 TYPHOID Lewis M.D., Serichantalergs O., Pitarangsi C., Chuanak N., Mason C.J., Regmi L.R., Pandey P., Laskar R., Shrestha C.D., Malla S. Typhoid fever: A massive, single-point source, multidrug-resistant outbreak in Nepal (2005) Clinical Infectious Diseases, 40 (4), pp. 554-561. Cited 24 times. UCMS FILARIASIS Rajendra K. Microfilariae in lymph node aspirate associated with metastatic gastric carcinoma: A case report (2010) Acta Cytologica, 54 (3), pp. 319-320. Pokharel D.R., Srikanth E., Rathaur S. Screening of different classes of proteases in microfilarial and adult stages of Setaria cervi (2009) Parasitology Research, 104 (6), pp. 1399-1405. Cited 1 time. HIV/AIDS Chandler A., Pahoa V.K. Evidence for HIV-2 infection in Nepal. (2004) Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 6 (1), pp. 60-61. Cited 3 times. Chander A., Pahwa V.K. Status of infectious disease markers among blood donors in a teaching hospital, Bhairahawa, Western Nepal (2003) Journal of Communicable Diseases, 35 (3), pp. 188-197. Cited 2 times. TB Gautam N., Aryal M., Bhatta N., Bhattacharya S.K., Baral N., Lamsal M. Comparative study of cerebrospinal fluid adenosine deaminase activity in patients with meningitis. (2007) Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 9 (2), pp. 104-106. Cited 8 times. Newell J.N., Pande S.B., Baral S.C., Bam D.S., Malla P. Leadership, management and technical lessons learnt from a successful public-private partnership for TB control in Nepal (2005) International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 9 (9), pp. 1013-1017. Cited 9 times. NEPAL POLICE HOSPITAL DENGUE Paudel D., Jarman R., Limkittikul K., Klungthong C., Chamnanchanunt S., Nisalak A., Gibbons R., Chokejindachai W. Comparison of real-time SYBR green dengue assay with real-time taqman RT-PCR dengue assay and the conventional nested PCR for diagnosis of primary and secondary dengue infection (2011) North American Journal of Medical Sciences, 3 (10), pp. 478-485. NATIONAL COLLEGE DENGUE Sah O.P., Subedi S., Morita K., Inone S., Kurane I., Pandey B.D. Serological study of dengue virus infection in Terai region, Nepal. (2009) Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 11 (2), pp. 104-106. OTHERS TYPHOID Woods CW, Murdoch DR, Zimmerman MD, Glover WA, Basnyat B, Wolf L, Belbase RH, Reller LB. Emergence of Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A as a major cause of enteric fever in Kathmandu, Nepal. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2006 Nov;100(11):1063-7. Epub 2006 May 22. Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. DIARRHOEAL DISEASES Siegel E.H., Kordas K., Stoltzfus R.J., Katz J., Khatry S.K., LeClerq S.C., Tielsch J.M.Inconsistent effects of iron-folic acid and/or zinc supplementation on the cognitive development of infants (2011) Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 29 (6), pp.593-604.Nepal Nutrition Project-Sarlahi, Nepal Netra Jyoti Sangh, Kathmandu, Nepal Khanal S., Sharma J., Vijay Singh G.C., Dawson P., Houston R., Khadka N., Yengden B. Community health workers can identify and manage possible infections in neonates and young infants: Mini-A model from Nepal (2011) Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 29 (3), pp. 255-264. Cited 3 times. Save the Children/Saving Newborn Lives, Kathmandu, Nepal HELMINTHIASIS Shrestha AK, Enriquez FJ.Short report: Prevalence of fecal Encephalitozoon sp. spores among hospitalized patients in Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001 Nov;65(5):648-9. 91 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA. Walson JL, Marshall B, Pokhrel BM, Kafle KK, Levy SB. Carriage of antibiotic-resistant fecal bacteria in Nepal reflects proximity to Kathmandu. J Infect Dis. 2001 Nov 1;184(9):1163-9. Epub 2001 Sep 26. Departments of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111, USA. [email protected] Manandhar S., Horchner F., Morakote N., Kyule M.N., Baumann M.P.O. Occurrence of hydatidosis in slaughter buffaloes (Bos bubalis) and Helminths in stray dogs in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal (2006) Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 119 (7-8), pp. 308-311. Cited 2 times. Department of Livestock Services, Kathmandu, Nepal Christian P., Khatry S.K., West Jr. P.K.P. Antenatal anthelmintic treatment, birthweight, and infant survival in rural Nepal (2004) Lancet, 364 (9438), pp. 981-983. Cited 60 times. Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project, Sarlahi, Society for Prevention of Blindness, Kathmandu, Nepal Albonico M., Mathema P., Montresor A., Khakurel B., Reggi V., Pandey S., Savioli L. Comparative study of the quality and efficacy of originator and generic albendazole for mass treatment of soil-transmitted nematode infections in Nepal (2007) Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 101 (5), pp. 454-460. Cited 11 times. UNICEF HIV/AIDS Wilson E., Pant S.B., Comfort M., Ekstrand M. Stigma and HIV risk among Metis in Nepal (2011) Culture, Health and Sexuality, 13 (3), pp. 253-266. Cited 1 time. Blue Diamond Society, Kathmandu, Nepal Regmi P.R., van Teijlingen E., Simkhada P., Acharya D.R. Barriers to sexual health services for young people in Nepal (2010) Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 28 (6), pp. 619-627. Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences, Purbanchal University, Nepal Adhikari R. Are Nepali students at risk of HIV? A cross-sectional study of condom use at first sexual intercourse among college students in Kathmandu (2010) Journal of the International AIDS Society, 13 (1), art. no. 7, . Cited 2 times. Geography and Population Department, Mahendra Ratna Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal Simkhada P.P., Baral Y.R., Van Teijlingen E.R. Health and medical research in Nepal: A bibliometric review (2010) Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 22 (4), pp. 492-500. Cited 2 times. Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Science, Kathmandu, Nepal Regmi K. Opportunities and challenges of sexual health services among young people: A study in Nepal(2009) Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6 (2), pp. 352-361. Ministry of Health-Infectious Disease Control, Kathmandu, Nepal Poudel K.C., Jimba M., Okumura J., Sharma M., Poudel K., Wakai S. Migration in far western Nepal: A time bomb for a future HIV/AIDS epidemic? (2004) Tropical Doctor, 34 (1), pp. 30-31. Cited 14 times. Rsrc. Centre for Primary Health Care, Kathmandu, Nepal JE Kubo T, Rai SK, Rawal S, Yamano T.Serological study of Japanese encephalitis in Nepal. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1993 Dec;24(4):756-61.Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Faculty, Kathmandu. Ogawa S, Shrestha MP, Rai SK, Parajuli MB, Rai JN, Ghimire SC, Hirai K, Nagata K, Tamura T, Isegawa Y, et al. Serological and virological studies of Japanese encephalitis in the Terai region of Nepal. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1992 Mar;23(1):37-43.Department of Preventive Medicine, Osaka University, Japan. Joshi D.D. Japanese encephalitis vaccination in children population of Nepal during the year 2005, and 2008 (2009) Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society, 29 (2), pp. 85-91. National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre (NZFHRC) LEISHMANIASIS Joshi D.D. Study of visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) in children of Nepal (2009) Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society, 29 (2), pp. 67-73. Cited 1 time. National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre (NZFHRC), GPO Box: 1885 Chagal, Kathmandu, Nepal Joshi D.D., Sharma M., Bhandari S. Visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal during 1980-2006 (2006) Journal of Communicable Diseases, 38 (2), pp. 139-148. Cited 5 times. National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre (NZFHRC) Chagal, House no. 468/32, KMC, Jeevan Smriti Marg, Kathmandu, Nepal TB Yoshiyama T., Shrestha B., Maharjan B. Risk of relapse and failure after retreatment with the Category II 92 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 regimen in Nepal (2010) International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 14 (11), pp. 1418-1423. Cited 1 time. German Nepal Tuberculosis Project, Kathmandu, Nepal Shrestha L., Jha K.K., Malla P. Changing tuberculosis trends in Nepal in the period 2001-2008.(2010) Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 12 (3), pp. 165-170. Save the Children, Nepal. Kirwan D.E., Nicholson B.D., Baral S.C., Newell J.N. The social reality of migrant men with tuberculosis in Kathmandu: Implications for DOT in practice (2009) Tropical Medicine and International Health, 14 (12), pp. 1442-1447. Cited 1 time. Health Research and Social Development Forum, Kathmandu, Nepal Basnet R., Hinderaker S.G., Enarson D., Malla P., Morkve O. Delay in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in Nepal (2009) BMC Public Health, 9, art. no. 236, . Cited 7 times. National Tuberculosis Programme, Kathmandu, Nepal Lakhey M., Bhatta C.P., Mishra S. Diagnosis of tubercular lymphadenopathy by fine needle aspiration cytology, acid-fast staining and mantoux test (2009) Journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 48 (175), pp. 230-233. Medicare National Hospital and Research Centre, Chabahil, Kathmandu, Nepal Mirzoev T.N., Baral S.C., Karki D.K., Green A.T., Newell J.N. Community-based DOTS and family member DOTS for TB control in Nepal: Costs and cost-effectiveness (2008) Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation, 6, art. no. 20, . Health Research and Social Development Forum, PO Box 24133, Kathmandu, Nepal Dhungana G.P., Ghimire P., Sharma S., Rijal B.P. Tuberculosis co-infection in HIV infected persons of Kathmandu. (2008) Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 10 (2), pp. 96-99. Cited 1 time. Department of Microbiology, Siddhanath Science Campus, Mahendranagar, Kanchanpur, Nepal. Thomas C., Newell J.N., Baral S.C., Byanjankar L.The contribution of volunteers to a successful communityorientated tuberculosis treatment centre in an urban setting in Nepal: A qualitative assessment of volunteers' roles and motivations (2007) Journal of Health, Organisation and Management, 21 (6), pp. 554-572. Cited 3 times. Health and Social Development Forum, Kathmandu, Nepal Martin A., Preston C., Byanjankar L., Bam D.S., Pande S.B., Baral S.C., Newell J.N. Estimated numbers of new TB cases in Patan, a city in Nepal (2007) Journal of Health, Organisation and Management, 21 (6), pp. 546-553. Cited 1 time. Health Research and Social and Development Forum, Kathmandu, Nepal Baral S.C., Karki D.K., Newell J.N. Causes of stigma and discrimination associated with tuberculosis in Nepal: A qualitative study (2007) BMC Public Health, 7, art. no. 211, . Cited 22 times. Health Research and Social Development Forum (HERD), PO Box 24133, Kathmandu, Nepal Chiang C.-Y., Trebucq A., Billo N., Khortwong P., Elmoghazy E., Begum V., Aditama T.Y., Ansari A., Baral S.C., Vianzon R.G. A survey of TB services in hospitals in seven large cities in Asia and North Africa (2007) International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 11 (7), pp. 739-746. Cited 5 times. Health Research and Social Development Forum, Kathmandu, Nepal Karki D.K., Mirzoev T.N., Green A.T., Newell J.N., Baral S.C. Costs of a successful public-private partnership for TB control in an urban setting in Nepal (2007) BMC Public Health, 7, art. no. 84, . Cited 4 times. Health Research and Social Development Forum, PO Box 24133, Kathmandu, Nepal Joshi Y.P., Mishra P.N., Joshi D.D. Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in far western Nepal(2005) Journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 44 (158), pp. 47-50. National Zoonosis and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Chagal, Kathmandu, Nepal Spiegel D.A., Singh G.K., Banskota A.K. Tuberculosis of the musculoskeletal system (2005) Techniques in Orthopaedics, 20 (2), pp. 167-178. Cited 6 times. Hospital and Rehabilitation Centre for Disabled Children, Banepa, Nepal Mansour A.M., Frenck Jr. R.W., Darville T., Nakhla I.A., Wierzba T.F., Sultan Y., Bassiouny M.I., McCarthy K., Jacobs R.F. Relationship between intracranial granulomas and cerebrospinal fluid levels of gamma interferon and interleukin-10 in patients with tuberculous meningitis (2005) Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 12 (2), pp. 363-365. Cited 4 times. EPI and Polio Eradication, World Health Organization, Kathmandu, Nepal Urbanczik R., Shrestha B., Maharjan B., Neher A., Feldmann K. Appropriateness of using two instead of a single sputum specimen for monitoring treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis (2004) International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 8 (12), p. 1510. Cited 1 time. Ger. Nepal TB Project (GENETUP), Kalimati, Khatmandu, Nepal 93 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Wares D.F., Singh S., Acharya A.K., Dangi R. Non-adherence to tuberculosis treatment in the eastern Tarai of Nepal (2003) International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 7 (4), pp. 327-335. Cited 26 times. TB/Leprosy Control Programme, Britain-Nepal Medical Trust, Biratnagar, Nepal WHO JE Bhattachan A., Amatya S., Sedai T.R., Upreti S.R., Partridge J. Japanese encephalitis in hill and mountain districts, Nepal (2009) Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15 (10), pp. 1691-1692. Cited 4 times. Pant S.D. Epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in Nepal (2009) Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society, 29 (1), pp. 35-37. Cited 2 times. Partridge J., Ghimire P., Sedai T., Bista M.B., Banerjee M. Endemic Japanese encephalitis in the Kathmandu valley, Nepal (2007) American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 77 (6), pp. 1146-1149. Cited 12 times. Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training JE Sohn Y.M., Tandan J.B., Yoksan S., Ji M., Ohrr H. A 5-year follow-up of antibody response in children vaccinated with single dose of live attenuated SA14-14-2 Japanese encephalitis vaccine: Immunogenicity and anamnestic responses (2008) Vaccine, 26 (13), pp. 1638-1643. Cited 8 times. Tandan J.B., Ohrr H., Sohn Y.M., Yoksan S., Ji M., Nam C.M., Halstead S.B. Single dose of SA 14-14-2 vaccine provides long-term protection against Japanese encephalitis: A case-control study in Nepalese children 5 years after immunization (2007) Vaccine, 25 (27), pp. 5041-5045. Cited 33 times. Ohrr H., Tandan J.B., Sohn Y.M., Shin S.H., Pradhan D.P., Halstead S.B. Effect of single dose of SA 14-142 vaccine 1 year after immunisation in Nepalese children with Japanese encephalitis: A case-control study (2005) Lancet, 366 (9494), pp. 1375-1378. Cited 32 times. EDCD JE Bista M.B., Shrestha J.M. Epidemiological situation of Japanese encephalitis in Nepal (2005) Journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 44 (158), pp. 51-56. Cited 14 times. Bista M.B., Banerjee M.K., Shin S.H., Tandan J.B., Kim M.H., Sohn Y.M., Ohrr H.C., Tang J.L., Halstead S.B. Efficacy of single-dose SA 14-14-2 vaccine against Japanese encephalitis: A case control study (2001) Lancet, 358 (9284), pp. 791-795. Cited 60 times. NYAYA HEALTH LEISHMANIASIS Schwarz D., Andrews J., Gauchan B.Visceral leishmaniasis in Far Western Nepal: Another case and concerns about a new area of endemicity (2011) American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 84 (3), p. 508. TB Schwarz D., Schwarz R., Gauchan B., Andrews J., Sharma R., Karelas G., Rajbhandari R., Acharya B., Mate K., Bista A., Bista M.G., Sox C., Maru D.S.-R. Implementing a systems-oriented morbidity and mortality conference in remote rural Nepal for quality improvement (2011) BMJ Quality and Safety, 20 (12), pp. 10821088. Cuevas L.E., Yassin M.A., Al-Sonboli N., Lawson L., Arbide I., Al-Aghbari N., Sherchand J.B., Al-Absi A., Emenyonu E.N., Merid Y., Okobi M.I., Onuoha J.O., Aschalew M., Aseffa A., Harper G., de Cuevas R.M.A., Kremer K., van Soolingen D., Nathanson C.-M., Joly J., Faragher B., Squire S.B., Ramsay A. A multicountry non-inferiority cluster randomized trial of frontloaded smear microscopy for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (2011) PLoS Medicine, 8 (7), art. no. e1000443, . Cited 5 times. INTERNATIONAL NEPAL FELLOWSHIP Feuth M., Brandsma J.W., Faber W.R., Bhattarai B., Feuth T., Anderson A.M. Erythema nodosum leprosum in Nepal: A retrospective study of clinical features and response to treatment with prednisolone or thalidomide (2008) Leprosy Review, 79 (3), pp. 254-269. Cited 5 times. Brandsma J.W., Harijan T., Wagle P., Baxter K.A. Partnership for rehabilitation: looking beyond impairments. (2008) Indian journal of leprosy, 80 (1), pp. 19-29. 94 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Brandsma J.W., Bhattarai B., Anderson A. Skin lesions in proximity to nerves at risk in leprosy: A reason to start immunosuppressive drugs and an indicator to the transmission of leprosy (2007) Indian Journal of Leprosy, 79 (4), pp. 185-194. Cited 1 time. Marlowe S.N.S., Leekassa R., Bizuneh E., Knuutilla J., Ale P., Bhattarai B., Sigdel H., Anderson A., Nicholls P.G., Johnston A., Holt D., Lockwood D.N.J. Response to ciclosporin treatment in Ethiopian and Nepali patients with severe leprosy Type 1 reactions(2007) Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 101 (10), pp. 1004-1012. Cited 8 times. Schwarz R.J., Brandsma J.W. Re-enablement of the neurologically impaired hand - 2: Surgical correction. Report of a Surgical Workshop held at Green Pastures Hospital and Rehabilitation Centre,November 2004, Pokhara, Nepal (2006) Leprosy Review, 77 (4), pp. 326-342. Schwarz R.J., Macdonald M.R.C., van der Pas M. Results of arthrodesis in neuropathic feet (2006) Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - Series B, 88 (6), pp. 747-750. Cited 2 times. Schwarz R. Reverse medial plantar artery flap (2006) Leprosy Review, 77 (1), pp. 69-75. Van Brakel W.H., Anderson A.M., Mutatkar R.K., Bakirtzief Z., Nicholls P.G., Raju M.S., Das-Pattanayak R.K. The Participation Scale: Measuring a key concept in public health (2006) Disability and Rehabilitation, 28 (4), pp. 193-203. Cited 68 times. Brandsma J.W., Yoder L., Macdonald M. Leprosy acquired by inoculation from a knee injury (2005) Leprosy Review, 76 (2), pp. 175-179. Cited 9 times. Brandsma J.W., Schwarz R.J., Anderson A.M., Herm F.B. Transformation of a leprosy hospital in Nepal into a rehabilitation centre: The Green Pastures Hospital experience (2005) Leprosy Review, 76 (4), pp. 267-276. Cited 3 times. Hari B.C., Schwarz R. Syme's/Boyd prosthesis: A new modification [2] (2005) Leprosy Review, 76 (1), pp. 97-98. Schwarz R.J., Macdonald M. A rational approach to nasal reconstruction in leprosy (2004) Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 114 (4), pp. 876-882. Cited 5 times. Smith W.C.S., Anderson A.M., Withington S.G., Van Brakel W.H., Croft R.P., Nicholls P.G., Richardus J.H. Steroid prophylaxis for prevention of nerve function impairment in leprosy: Randomised placebo controlled trial (TRIPOD 1) (2004) British Medical Journal, 328 (7454), pp. 1459-1462. Cited 36 times. Knuuttila J.P. The fulfilment of health care needs of leprosy patients from Kaski District, Nepal (2004) Leprosy Review, 75 (2), pp. 153-156. Brandsma W., Larsen M., Richard C., Ebenezer M. Inter-rater reliability of WHO 'disability' grading (2004) Leprosy Review, 75 (2), pp. 131-134. Cited 4 times. Brandsma J.W., Schwarz R.J. Re-enablement of the neurologically impaired hand - 1: Terminology, applied anatomy and assessment. Report of a Surgical Workshop held at Green Pastures Hospital and Rehabilitation Centre, November 2004, Pokhara, Nepal (2006) Leprosy Review, 77 (4), pp. 317-325. Cited 1 time. Smith W.C.S., Anderson A.M., Withington S.G., Van Brakel W.H., Croft R.P., Nicholls P.G., Richardus J.H. Steroid prophylaxis for prevention of nerve function impairment in leprosy: Randomised placebo controlled trial (TRIPOD 1) (2004) British Medical Journal, 328 (7454), pp. 1459-1462. Cited 36 times. Brandsma J.W. Lessons from leprosy rehabilitation for general rehablilitation (2003) Ethiopian Medical Journal, 41 (1), pp. 77-87. Cited 3 times. Richardus J.H., Withington S.G., Anderson A.M., Croft R.P., Nicholls P.G., Van Brakel W.H., Smith W.C.S. Treatment with corticosteroids of long-standing nerve function impairment in leprosy: A randomized controlled trial (TRIPOD 3) (2003) Leprosy Review, 74 (4), pp. 311-318. Cited 21 times. Van Brakel W.H., Anderson A.M., Withington S.G., Croft R.P., Nicholls P.G., Richardus J.H., Smith W.C.S. The prognostic importance of detecting mild sensory impairment in leprosy: A randomized controlled trial (TRIPOD 2) (2003) Leprosy Review, 74 (4), pp. 300-310. Cited 24 times. Richardus J.H., Withington S.G., Anderson A.M., Croft R.P., Nicholls P.G., Van Brakel W.H., Smith W.C.S. Adverse events of standardized regimens of corticosteroids for prophylaxis and treatment of nerve function impairment in leprosy: Results from the 'TRIPOD' trials (2003) Leprosy Review, 74 (4), pp. 319-327. Cited 16 times. Brandsma J.W., Van Brakel W.H. WHO disability grading: Operational definitions (2003) Leprosy Review, 74 (4), pp. 366-373. Cited 14 times. Herm F.B., Brandsma J.W., Schwarz R.J. Innovative techniques for medical rehabilitation in developing countries: Experiences with the management of neuropathic limbs in leprosy (2003) Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin, 13 (4), pp. 220-225. Cited 2 times. Richard B.M. Location of the extracranial extent of leprous facial nerve pathology may allow leprous facial palsy to be reanimated by free muscle transfer (2003) British Journal of Plastic Surgery, 56 (1), pp. 14-19. Cited 1 time. Turkof E., Richard B., Assadian O., Khatri B., Knolle E., Lucas S. Leprosy affects facial nerves in a scattered distribution from the main trunk to all peripheral branches and neurolysis improves muscle function of the face (2003) American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 68 (1), pp. 81-88. Cited 9 times. 95 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 McEvitt E., Schwarz R. Tendon transfer for triple nerve paralysis of the hand in leprosy (2002) Leprosy Review, 73 (4), pp. 319-325. Cited 2 times. Brandsma J.W., Van Brakel W.H. Protocol for motor function assessment in leprosy and related research questions (2001) Indian Journal of Leprosy, 73 (2), pp. 145-158. Cited 1 time. Brandsma J.W. Splinting in leprosy (2001) Indian Journal of Leprosy, 73 (1), pp. 37-45. Cited 1 time. Brandsma J.W., MacDonald M.R.C., Warren A.G., Cross H., Schwarz R.J., Solomon S., Kazen R., Gravem P.E., Shrinivasan H. Assessment and examination of the neurologically impaired foot (2001) Leprosy Review, 72 (3), pp. 254-262. Cited 9 times. NEPAL LEPROSY TRUST Cross H., Choudhary R. STEP: An intervention to address the issue of stigma related to leprosy in southern Nepal (2005) Leprosy Review, 76 (4), pp. 316-324. Cited 33 times. Cross H., Newcombe L. An intensive self care training programme reduces admissions for the treatment of plantar ulcers (2001) Leprosy Review, 72 (3), pp. 276-284. Cited 19 times. NEPALGUNJ MEDICAL COLLEGE LEPROSY Jain M.C. Leprosy scenario in Nepal (2008) Journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 47 (172), pp. 259-263. NATIONAL LEPROSY CONTROL PROGRAMME, KATHMANDU, NEPAL Varkevisser C.M., Lever P., Alubo O., Burathoki K., Idawani C., Moreira T.M.A., Patrobas P., Yulizar M. Gender and leprosy: Case studies in Indonesia, Nigeria, Nepal and Brazil (2009) Leprosy Review, 80 (1), pp. 65-76. Cited 6 times. NETHERLANDS LEPROSY RELIEF (NLR), BIRATNAGAR, NEPAL Buhrer-Sekula S., Visschedijk J., Grossi M.A.F., Dhakal K.P., Namadi A.U., Klatser P.R., Oskam L.The ML Flow test as a point of care test for leprosy control programmes: Potential effects on classification of leprosy patients (2007) Leprosy Review, 78 (1), pp. 70-79. Cited 14 times. 96 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 ANNEX II QUESTIONNAIRES USED IN THE SURVEY APPENDIX – I: Two sets of Questionnaires were prepared, one for Heads of Institutions and the other for Principal Investigators. These two types of Questionnaires are represented below. 1. Questionnaire for Institutional Head Mapping of National Centers/Institutions on Tropical Diseases in Nepal QUESTIONNAIRE SECTION – A INSTITUTE’S PROFILE 1. Name of the University: 2. Name of the Director 3. Present Address 4. Tel. No. : 5. E. mail: SECTION – B PROJECT PROFILE 1. Number of Project(s) handled in the Institute on Tropical Disease in last 10 years ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Name of the Tropical Disease(s): i) ________________________________________________________________________________________ ii) ________________________________________________________________________________________ iii) ________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Total number of Scientists in the institute ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Number of Scientists working on Tropical Diseases ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Infrastructure and services 97 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 SECTION – C FUNDING PROFILE 1. Sources of Funding: _________________________________________________________________ i. National: ________________________________________________________________________ ii. International: ________________________________________________________________________ iii. NGO: _______________________________________________________________________ 2. Total Funding for the institute in the past 10 years (Rs in Lakhs): ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Funding allotted for Tropical Diseases in the past 10 years (Rs in Lakhs): ____________________________________________________________________________________________ SECTION – D OUTPUT OF THE PROJECT No. of Research Paper(s) published in the last 10 years: National International a) Published in Journals b) Presented in conference(s) Item Number Details New Product(s) developed: Please attach separate sheets with complete details New Process (es) developed: ____________________________________________ New Instrument(s) developed: ____________________________________________ Prototype(s) developed: ____________________________________________ IPR’s registered: Please attach separate sheet with complete details Patents filed: National Please attach separate sheet with complete details International Please attach separate sheet with complete details Sealed/granted: National Please attach separate sheet with complete details International Please attach separate sheet with complete details Patents Copyright(s) ____________________________________________ New Principle/Theory developed ____________________________________________ Clinical Trials completed Please attach separate sheet with complete details and ongoing 98 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 Brief Description of the problem(s)/constraints faced in implementing the project: ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Any other specific comment(s)/suggestion(s) (please specify): ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Questionnaire for Principal Investigator Mapping of National Centers/Institutions on Tropical Diseases in Nepal QUESTIONNAIRE SECTION – A PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR’S (P.I.) PROFILE 1. Name of the Principal Investigator: ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Present Address of P.I. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Tel. No. : __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. E. mail: ___________________________________________________________________________________ SECTION – B PROJECT PROFILE 1. Number of Project(s) handled on Tropical Disease in last 10 years 2. Name of the Tropical Disease(s): i) __________________________________________________________________________________________ ii) __________________________________________________________________________________________ iii) _________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Title of the project and its duration: i. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ii. __________________________________________________________________________________________ iii. _________________________________________________________________________________________ iv. __________________________________________________________________________________________ v. __________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Department & Institute, where project was implemented: ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 99 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 SECTION – C FUNDING PROFILE 1. Sources of Funding: ______________________________________________________________________ i. National: _______________________________________________________________________ ii. International: _______________________________________________________________________ iii. NGO: _______________________________________________________________________ 2. Total Funding allotted for Tropical Diseases in the past 10 years (Rs in Lakhs): ____________________________________________________________________________________________ SECTION – D OUTPUT OF THE PROJECT No. of Research Paper(s) published in the last 10 years: National International a) Published in Journals b) Presented in conference(s) c) Top 5 most cited papers i. _________________________________________________ _________________ ii. _________________________________________________ _________________ iii. _________________________________________________ _________________ iv. _________________________________________________ _________________ v. _________________________________________________ _________________ Any Monograph /Book/Technical report produced out of the project (Please give numbers): Monograph Item Book Number Technical report Details New Product(s) developed: ____________________________________________ New Process (es) developed: ____________________________________________ New Instrument(s) developed: ____________________________________________ Prototype(s) developed: ____________________________________________ IPR’s registered: ____________________________________________ Patents filed: National ____________________________________________ International ____________________________________________ Patents ____________________________________________ Sealed/granted: National ____________________________________________ 100 | P a g e Mapping of National Tropical Disease Centers/ Institutions in Nepal 2012 International ____________________________________________ Copyright(s) ____________________________________________ New Principle/Theory developed: ____________________________________________ Brief Description of the problem(s)/constraints faced in implementing the project: __________________________________________________________________________________________ Any other specific comment(s)/suggestion(s) (please specify): __________________________________________________________________________________________ APPENDIX – II: Private sector organizations that contribute to Tropical Diseases in the area of Drugs, Diagnostics and Vaccines Drugs Serial No. Company Web-link Company Web-link Company Web-link Diagnostics Serial No. Vaccines Serial No. APPENDIX information Serial No. – III: List of institutes and allied Name of Institution/ University/ School/ Division/ Department 101 | P a g e Web-link Name of Scientist / Clinical Investigator / Doctor Web-link