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EXPERT MODEL - NOISE Noise Adoption Team CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA Working together for a sustainable future since 1889 Influence Diagram - Noise MINING METHOD LAYOUT NOISE PROCESSES / SOURCES EXPOSURE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS HIERACY OF CONTROLS HEALTH EFFECTS Leading the change to zero harm Influence Diagram – Mining Method STRIP MINING MINING METHOD SURFACE MIING TERRACE MINING CONVENTIONAL MINING OPEN-PIT MINING MECHANIZED MINING Leading the change to zero harm Influence Diagram – Processes • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Conventional Mining (coal) Continuous Miner (coal) Long wall Mining (coal) Hand got (coal) Stoping/Pillar Extraction (coal) Rock Mining Coal Opencast Stoping Development (Single shift) Development (Multiblast) Shaft Sinking Raise Boring/Dry Drilling Trackless Mining Scraper Block Caving Ground Handling Conveyor/Loco’s Shafts & Services Roving Underground • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • U/g workshops Raw material Crushing Milling/Pulverizing Screening/Grading Separation Processes Concentrating Heat Process Smelting Chemical Process Refining Final Products Roving Plant Roving Surface Assay/Laboratory Surface Workshops Dumps/Dump Recycling Leading the change to zero harm Influence Diagram – Sources • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Abrasive cutter AC Motors After Cooler Air Hoist Air lines Air Pump Axial Fans Blacks Drills Blower Brute force feeder Bulk air cooler Bulldozer Centrifuges Centrifugal pump Coal Cutter Coal Loader Coal Truck Compressor Concrete mixer air Concrete mixer electrical Continuous Miner Cooling unit Cranes Crusher DC Motors Diamond Drill Diesel Engines Dragline Machine Drill Rigs Drop set winch • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Drying equipment Dump Truck Electric Drill Electrical Pumps Fan Forklift Fridge plants Front End Loader Generator Grinder Grinding equipment Gunite machine Huck bold machine Hydraulic Power packs Hydropower Drills Impact air driven tool Impact Breaker Jaw Jeep Jumbo Drill Rig Land cruiser Load Haul Dumper Mobile Scalar New Era Traction motor Overburden Drill Pebble Press Primary Breaker Production Back Actor PRV station • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Leading the change to zero harm Pulverizer Pump chamber main pump Rear Dumper Reciprocating pump Roadway Grader Rock Drill Shop Rock breaker Rockdrills ROM Mill Roof Bolter Shearer Shield Support Shot blast equipment Shuttle Car Slip ring Motors Synchronous Tractor Turbine UG Bus UG Tractor Underground booster fan Underground Diesel Loco Utility Vehicle V/S Pump Vibrating Feeder Vibrating Road Compactor Roller Water Down Guns Water Jets Winch Influence Diagram – Layout Box Hole (Development) Raise (Development) Winze (Development) Reef Drive Development Haulage (Development) Travelling Way (Development) Return Airway (Development) Conveyor Discharge Point (Tramming) Haulage (Transport Systems) Loading Box (Transport Systems) Tips Boxhole/Oredpass Shaft Station (Shaft Area) Headgear Tipping Point (Shaft) Inclined Shaft Loading Box Vertical Shaft Loading Box Stores Sub Station Hoist Chamber (Machinery Room) Pump Station (Machinery Room) Boiler Maker Shop Electrical Workshop Fitter Shop (Work Shop) Chairlift (Transport Systems) Dam or Sump First Aid Station (Shaft Area) Incline Shaft T/Way (Shaft Area) Waiting Place (Shaft & Services) Inclined Shaft (Shaft Bank) Inclined Shaft Headgear (Shaft Bank) Loading Station (Shaft Bank) Shaft Station (Shaft Bank) Leading the change to zero harm Influence Diagram – Layout - (Cont) Vertical Shaft (Shaft Bank) Vertical Shaft Bank Area Vertical Shaft Bottom (Shaft) Vertical Shaft Headgear Mono Winch Bay Stope Working Face (Stoping) Strike Gully (Stoping) Updip Stope (Stoping) Centre Gully (Stoping) Stope Entrance (Stoping) Stope Travelling Way (Stoping) Reclamation Area (Stoping) Worked Out Area (Stoping) Stope Working Face (Stoping) Surface (Shafts & services) Winding Engine Room Surface Fan House Surface Refrigeration Surface Compressor House Engineering Workshop Engineering Store (All) Mimic Control Hostel Kitchen Hostel Kitchen Store Hostel Liquor Outlet Laundry Room Medical Station General Offices Leading the change to zero harm Influence Diagram – Hierarchy of Controls • elimination of noise sources; • control of noise at source; • collective control measures through work organization and workplace layout; • personal protective equipment. Leading the change to zero harm Influence Diagram – Elimination of noise sources • The elimination of a source of noise is the most effective way to prevent risks to workers, and should always be considered when new work equipment or workplaces are planned. • A ‘no noise or low noise’ procurement policy is usually the most cost-effective way to prevent or control noise. Leading the change to zero harm Influence Diagram – Control of noise at source The reduction of noise, either at its source or in its path should be a major focus of noise management programmes, considering both equipment and workplace design and maintenance. A range of engineering controls can achieve this, including: • isolation of the source, via location, enclosure, or vibration damping using metal or air springs or elastomer supports; • reduction at the source or in the path — using enclosures and barriers, mufflers or silencers on exhausts, or by reducing cutting, fan, or impact speeds; Leading the change to zero harm Influence Diagram – Control of noise at source - (cont) • replacement or alteration of machines — including belt drives as opposed to noisier gears, or electrical rather than pneumatic tools; • application of quieter materials — such as rubber liners in bins, conveyors, and vibrators; • active noise reduction (‘anti-noise’), in certain circumstances; • carrying out preventive maintenance: as parts become worn, noise levels can change. Leading the change to zero harm Influence Diagram – Collective control measures Where noise cannot be adequately controlled at source, Further steps should be taken to reduce the exposure of workers to noise. These can include changing the: • workplace — sound absorption in a room (e.g. a sound absorbing ceiling) can have a significant effect on reducing workers’ exposure to noise; • work organization (e.g. using working methods that require less exposure to noise); and • work equipment — how work equipment is installed, and where it is located, can make a big difference to workers’ noise exposure. Leading the change to zero harm Influence Diagram – VERY IMPORTANT The ergonomics of any noise control measure should be considered. When noise control measures create difficulties for workers to carry out their jobs, they may be modified or removed, rendering them ineffective. Leading the change to zero harm Influence Diagram – Personal protective equipment Personal protective equipment (PPE), such as earplugs and earmuffs, should be used as a last resort after all efforts to eliminate or reduce the source of the noise have been exhausted. Issues to take into account when using PPE include: • making sure the PPE chosen is appropriate for the type and duration of the noise — it should also be compatible with other protective equipment; • employees should have a choice of suitable hearing protection so they can select the most comfortable solution; Leading the change to zero harm Influence Diagram – Personal protective equipment - (cont) • many workers, such as drivers, police officers, pilots, and camera operators, need communication earmuffs or headsets, often with active noise cancellation (ANC) to ensure clear communication and minimise accident risks; • the PPE should be correctly stored and maintained; and • training should be given on why the PPE is necessary, how it should be used, and how to store and maintain it. Leading the change to zero harm Influence Diagram – Exposure Assay Personnel Crushing House Attendant Backfill Labourers Cyanide Plant Conveyor Belt Attendant Banksmen Cyanide Plant Milling Attendant Boilermakers & Platers Dayshift Supervisors Bulldozer Operators Development RDO's Muffled Pneumatic C I P Plant Conveyor Attendant Development RDO's Unmuffeld Pneumatic C I P Plant Milling Attendant Development RDO's Waterhydraulic Carpenters Development Teams Coal Cutter Assistants Diamond Drill Operators Coal Cutter Operators Diesel Fitters & Mechanics Coal Loader Operators Diesel Fuel Bay Attendants Coal Prep Plant Attendant Diesel Loco Operators Coal Truck Drivers Dragline Machine Attendants Compressor Attendant Dump Truckl Operators Continuous Miner Assistants Electric Loco Operators Continuous Miner Dual Scrubber Electric Drill Operator Continuous Miner Operators Electric Drill Operators Continuous Miner Standard Scrubber Filter Attendant Crusher Attendant Fitters & Turners Crusher Attendants Front-End Loader Operators Leading the change to zero harm Front-end Loader Operators Hydrojet Operators Impact Breaker Operators Jeep Occupants Jumbo Drill Rig Operators Land cruiser Occupants LHD Operators LHD Operators Main Fan Attendants Mine Overseers Mine Overseers Miners Miners Miners Assistants Miners in Cont Mining Miscellaneous Workshops Mobile Scaler Operators Nightshift Stope Teams Nightshift Supervisors Onsetters Teams Influence Diagram – Exposure- (cont) Overburden Drill Operators Shield Support Operators UG Tractor Drivers Pipes Tracks & Ventilation Crews Shift Supervisors Underground Artisans Pneumatic Disk Sampler Operator Shuttle Car Operators Underground Boilermakers Pneumatic Loader Operators Smelt House Personnel Underground Electricians Primary Breaker Attendant Stope RDO's Muffled Pneumatic Utility Vehicle Drivers Production Back actor Operators Stope RDO's Unmuffeld Pneumatic Utility Vehicle Operators Production Tyre Dozer Operators Stope RDO's Water hydraulic Vibrating Road Compactor Roller Operators Pump Attendants Stope Teams Winch Bell Operators Raw Coal Screening House Attendant Survey Sampling Ventilation Personnel Winch Operators Reclaiming & Salvage Personnel Surveyors & Samplers Wire Mesh Lace & Barricades Personnel Refrigeration Plant Attendants Team Leaders Rehab Back actor Operators Team Leaders Conventional Mining Rehab Bulldozer Operators Team Leaders in Continuous Mining Rehab Rear Dumper Operators Team Leaders in Longwall Mining Roadway Grader Operators Team Supervisors Rockdrill Repair Workshop Timber Crews Roof Bolter Operators Tip Attendants Roof Bolter Operators Tip Labourers Shearer Assistants Tramming Crews Shearer Operators UG Bus Drivers Leading the change to zero harm Influence Diagram – Effects of Exposure The effects of noise can be simplified into three general categories: 1. Primary Effects 2. Effects on Communication and Performance 3. Other Effects In some cases, the effects of hearing loss may be classified by cause. Leading the change to zero harm Influence Diagram – Primary Effects The primary effects of excessive noise exposure may include: • Acoustic trauma refers to a temporary or permanent hearing loss due to a sudden, intense acoustic or noise event, such as an explosion. • Tinnitus describes the condition of "ringing in the ears." • Individuals often describe the sound as a hum, buzz, roar, ring, or whistle. • The inner ear or neural system produces the actual sound. • The predominant cause of tinnitus is long-term exposure to high sound levels, though it can also be caused by short-term exposure to very high sound levels, such as gunshots. Non-acoustic events, such as a blow to the head, dietary issues, stress, jaw joint disorders, debris on the eardrum, or prolonged use of aspirin may also cause tinnitus. • Many people experience tinnitus during their lives. Most of the time the sensation is only temporary, however, it can be permanent and debilitating. • Diagnosis and treatment of tinnitus can be difficult because it is a subjective measurement. Leading the change to zero harm Influence Diagram – Primary Effects - (cont) • A noise-induced temporary threshold shift (NITTS) is a temporary loss in hearing sensitivity. NITTS may be the result of: • The acoustic reflex of the stapedial muscle. • Short-term exposure to noise. • Fatigue of the inner ear. With NITTS, hearing sensitivity will return to the pre-exposed level in a matter of hours or days, assuming that there is not continued exposure to excessive noise. • A noise-induced permanent threshold shift (NIPTS) is a permanent loss in hearing sensitivity due to the destruction of sensory cells in the inner ear. This damage can be caused by: • Long-term exposure to noise. • Acoustic trauma. Leading the change to zero harm Influence Diagram – Effects on Communication and Performance The effects of excessive noise exposure on communication and Performance may include: • Difficulty understanding speech. • Annoyance. • Difficulty concentrating. • Reduced efficiency. • Low morale. • Adverse social behavior. Leading the change to zero harm Influence Diagram – Other Effects Other effects of excessive noise exposure may include: • Quickened pulse rate; increased blood pressure; and narrowing of the body's blood vessels as a result of noise may, over a long period of time, place an added burden on the heart. • Abnormal secretion of hormones. • Muscle tension. • Ulcers. • Loss of sleep. • Fatigue. • Stress reactions. Leading the change to zero harm Influence Diagram – Classified By Cause Hearing loss may also be categorized in terms of possible cause: • Presbycusis: Loss caused by the aging process. • Noise-induced hearing loss. • Industrial hearing loss: Loss caused by work-related noise exposure. • Sociacusis: Loss attributed to the noises of everyday life. • Nosoacusis: Loss attributable to health deficiencies and diseases, including: • Hereditary progressive deafness. • Mumps. • Rubella. • Meniere's disease. • Ototoxic drugs and chemicals. • Barotrauma. • Trauma from blows to the head. Leading the change to zero harm